Chapter XXIX: Book XII: Chap

—Napoleon's journey from Smorgony to Paris—Impression produced in the army by his departure—Dreadful effects of the increased cold —Picture of the sufferings of the army from the cold and the climate —Arrival at Wilna—Consternation of the inhabitants—Fatal effects of not distributing the provisions collected among the troops—State of the wounded in the hospitals—Arrival of the Russians—Flight of Murat—Evacuation of Wilna—Immense losses which that occasioned—Disaster at Ponari —Details of Ney's mode of retreat—Losses occasioned to the Russians by the severity of the winter—Arrival at Kowno—Ney's defence and evacuation of that place —First symptoms of Murat's defection—Arrival at Königsberg —Marshal Macdonald's retreat from Riga—Details of the defection of the Prussian Army under Yorck —Marshal Macdonald's retreat from Riga—Details of the defection of the Prussian Army under Yorck (Cont.) —Marshal Macdonald's retreat from Riga—Details of the defection of the Prussian Army under Yorck (Cont.) —Marshal Macdonald's retreat from Riga—Details of the defection of the Prussian Army under Yorck (Cont.) —Conduct of Schwartzenberg and defection of the Austrians—Atrocities committed on the French prisoners at Wilna and Königsberg —Defection of Murat —Conclusion PLATES Portrait of Napoleon Map of the countries between Paris and Moscow Passage of the Niemen Portrait of Murat, King of Naples Portrait of the Emperor Alexander Conflagration of Moscow Portrait of Marshal Ney Passage of the Berezina

AT ABOUKIR AND ACRE A Story of Napoleon's Invasion of Egypt By G. A. Henty

CONTENTS Chap. Page I. Making a Friend 11 II. A Bedouin Tribe 31 III. Left Behind 49 IV. The Battle of the Pyramids 66 V. A Street Attack 86 VI. The Rising in Cairo 105 VII. Saved 122 VIII. An Egyptian Tomb 142 IX. Sir Sidney Smith 162 X. A Sea-fight 182 XI. Acre 199 XII. A Desperate Siege 217 XIII. An Independent Command 234 XIV. A Pirate Hold 251 XV. Cruising 270 XVI. A Visit Home 287 XVII. Abercrombie's Expedition 304 XVIII. The Battle of Alexandria 322 XIX. Quiet and Rest 340 ILLUSTRATIONS "Well, my lad, who are you?" Frontispiece Ali and Ayala appeared 144 Edgar hits out 184 With a tremendous Cheer, flung themselves upon the Pirates 256 Giving a Yell of Derision and Defiance 328 Plan of the Battle of the Nile 84 Plan of the Siege of St. Jean D'Acre 209 Plan of the Battle of Alexandria 329

THROUGH RUSSIAN SNOWS A STORY OF NAPOLEON'S RETREAT FROM MOSCOW By G.A. Henty

CONTENTS Two Brothers, Before the Justices, In a Fresh Scrape, The Smuggler's Cave, Following a Trail, A Commission, A French Prison, Pistol Practice, A Duel, Smolensk, With the Russian Army, Borodino, With the Rear-guard, Ney's Retreat, In Comfortable Quarters, An Unexpected Meeting, ILLUSTRATIONS Sergeant Julian Wyatt receives the Cross of the Legion of Honour, "Mark my words, you young scoundrel, I will be even with you yet," Julian finds himself a Prisoner among the Smugglers, "Captain Marshall's pistol fell to the ground, and he staggered back a pace," "On the march little Stephanie often chose to be carried on Julian's shoulder," "I am the Countess Stephanie Woronski. I am glad to see you," The Last of a Veteran of Napoleon's Grande Armée, Julian introduces Stephanie to his Brother Frank, Map showing the Route of Napoleon's March to Moscow, Plan of the Battle of Smolensk, Plan of the Battle of Borodino,

THE LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE By William Milligan Sloane VOLUME I

CONTENTS Introduction. 1 The Bonapartes in Corsica. 20 Napoleon's Birth and Childhood. 35 Napoleon's School-days. 48 In Paris and Valence. 60 Private Study and Garrison Life. 73 Further Attempts at Authorship. 83 The Revolution in France. 100 Buonaparte and Revolution in Corsica. 111 First Lessons in Revolution. 123 Traits of Character. 135 The Revolution in the Rhone Valley. 148 Buonaparte the Corsican Jacobin. 160 Buonaparte the French Jacobin. 180 A Jacobin Hegira. 199 "The Supper of Beaucaire" 212 Toulon. 222 A Jacobin General. 236 Vicissitudes in War and Diplomacy. 247 The End of Apprenticeship. 260 The Antechamber To Success. 272 Bonaparte the General of the Convention. 287 The Day of the Paris Sections. 302 A Marriage of Inclination and Interest. 313 Europe and the Directory. 324 Bonaparte on a Great Stage. 339 The Conquest of Piedmont and the Milanese. 352 An Insubordinate Conqueror and Diplomatist. 363 Bassano and Arcola. 378 Bonaparte's Imperious Spirit. 393 Rivoli and the Capitulation of Mantua. 406 Humiliation of the Papacy and of Venice. 419 The Preliminaries of Peace—Leoben. 430 The Fall of Venice. 444 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Napoleon Bonaparte in 1785, aged sixteen. Frontispiece Facing Page Marie-Lætitia Ramolino Bonaparte "Madame Mère"—Mother of Napoleon 50 Charles Bonaparte, Father of the Emperor Napoleon, 1785. 96 Bonaparte, General in Chief of the Army of Italy. 176 Josephine. 226 Marie-Josephine-Rose Tascher de la Pagerie, called Josephine, Empress of the French. 276 Bonaparte. 326 Map of Northern Italy, illustrating the Campaigns of 1796 and 1797. 354 Josephine, Empress of the French. 374 Map illustrating the Campaign preceding the Treaty of Campo-Formio, 1797. 414

THE LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE By William Milligan Sloane VOLUME II

CONTENTS Rescue of the Directory 1 The Treaty of Campo Formio 15 Bonaparte and Talleyrand 26 Commotions in European Politics 36 The Expedition To Egypt 46 The Landing in Egypt 55 The Disaster at Acre 65 Aboukir and the Great Desertion 77 "The Return of the Hero" 86 Bonaparte Seizes His Opportunity 100 The Overthrow of the Directory 111 Bonaparte the First Consul 121 Bonaparte Embodies the Revolution 136 A Constitutional Despotism 149 Statesmanship and Strategy 162 Marengo 174 The Peace of Lunéville 190 The Pacification of Europe 203 The Reorganization of France 213 The Code and the University 221 Steps Toward Monarchy 229 The Life Consulate 239 The Threshold of Monarchy 250 Expansion of the Revolutionary System 261 Tension Between England and France 275 France and England in Arms 286 Warnings To Royalists and Republicans 295 Declaration of the Empire 314 The Descent Into England 325 The Coronation of Napoleon I 339 The Third Coalition 354 Trafalgar and Austerlitz 370 Napoleon, War Lord and Emperor 393 The War With Russia 413 The Devastation of Prussia 435 The Continental System 446 ILLUSTRATIONS General Bonaparte Frontispiece Map of Egypt 58 Napoleon—by Ingres 78 Napoleon working by the glimmer of the lamp 128 Map of the Marengo Campaigns 176 Two Maps of Marengo, 14th July, 1800 183-184 Napoleon as First Consul 226 Napoleon Bonaparte, First Consul 276 Napoleon as First Consul 326 Napoleon, First Consul—by Ingres 376 Napoleon Bonaparte as First Consul 426

THE LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE William Milligan Sloane VOLUME III CONTENTS War with Russia: Pultusk 1 Check to the Grand Army: Eylau 12 An Indecisive Victory: Friedland 24 Napoleon and Alexander at Tilsit 39 The Treaty of Tilsit 54 The Path of Napoleonic Empire 66 The New Feudalism 80 The Empires of Land and Ocean 97 French Empire and European Nationality 115 The Awakening of Spain 137 The First Revolt of Nations 153 Napoleon and Alexander at Erfurt 171 The Failure of the Spanish Campaign 182 The Transformation of Austria 192 The Fifth War with Austria—Eckmühl 202 Aspern, Essling, and Wagram 218 The Peace of Schönbrunn 233 Napoleon's Fatal Decision 244 The Austrian Marriage 251 Rigors of the Continental System 262 The Continental System Completed 274 The Course of the Peninsular War 282 Birth of the King of Rome 293 Tension Between Emperor and Czar 303 The Array of Nations 313 The Congress of Kings 325 The Invasion of Russia—Borodino 335 The Evacuation of Moscow 346 The Retreat from Russia 357 The Horrors of the Beresina 368 The Prodigal's Return 378 The Revolt of the Nations 388 The First Campaign in Saxony 401 The Nations in Grand Array 413 ILLUSTRATIONS The Emperor Napoleon Frontispiece Map of the Battle of Eylau 14 Map of the Battle of Heilsberg 28 Map of the Battle of Friedland 36 Napoleon—by Ingres 50 Queen Hortense 98 Napoleon in his Study 146 Map of the Spanish Campaign 184 Joseph Bonaparte 196 Map of the Battle of Eckmühl 212 Two Maps of the Battles of Aspern and Essling 221 Map of the Battle of Wagram 228 Eugène Beauharnais 246 Napoleon Bonaparte in 1809 296 Map of the Russian Campaign, 1812 340

THE LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE By William Milligan Sloane

CONTENTS The Last Imperial Victory 1 Politics and Strategy 11 The End of the Grand Army 23 The Frankfort Proposals 37 The Invasion of France 47 Napoleon's Supreme Effort 59 The Great Captain at Bay 71 The Struggles of Exhaustion 84 The Beginning of the End 101 The Fall of Paris 111 Napoleon's First Abdication 123 The Emperor of Elba 137 Napoleon the Liberator 151 The Dynasties Implacable 164 Ligny and Quatre Bras 175 The Eve of Waterloo 189 Waterloo 199 The Surrender 212 St. Helena 224 Soldier, Statesman, Despot 247 Napoleon and the United States 268 Napoleon's Place in History 285 Historical Sources 303 General Bibliography 307 Index 355 ILLUSTRATIONS Empress Marie Louise Frontispiece Napoleon in 1813 50 Napoleon, François Charles Joseph, Prince Imperial; King of Rome; Duke of Reichstadt 98 Map of the Field of Operations in 1814 104 The King of Rome 148 Map of the Campaign of 1815 194 Napoleon, François Charles Joseph, Duke of Reichstadt, etc., etc., son of Napoleon Bonaparte 200 Napoleon sleeping by Las Cases on board the Bellerophon 224 Napoleon at St. Helena 230 Napoleon I 274

THE SURRENDER OF NAPOLEON Rear-Admiral Sir Frederick Lewis Maitland, K.C.B. CONTENTS Page MEMOIR OF SIR FREDERICK MAITLAND xxv NARRATIVE. [The summary of the contents of the Narrative given here is that prefixed to the original edition. Sir Walter Scott's notes are printed at pp. 70, 84, 155, 165, 208, 223, 225, and 229.]

Captain Maitland sets sail in the Bellerophon, with sealed instructions 1 He arrives off l'Isle Dieu. Proceeds off Rochefort 2 Reconnoitres the French ships of war under l'Isle d'Aix 3 Is joined by the Cephalus 4 Captain Maitland hears of the victory of Waterloo. On June 30 receives a communication, sent from Bourdeaux within a quill, respecting the probable flight of Buonaparte by sea 4, 5 Blockades Rochefort, Bourdeaux, and la Teste d'Arcasson 8 Destroys his prizes 9 A man and boy in a flat punt saved 10 (p. xvi)Captain Maitland watches the frigates at l'Isle d'Aix closely 11 Receives Sir Henry Hotham's instructions 12, 13, 14, 16 The Mouche schooner, with Savary and Las Cases with a flag of truce, approaches the Bellerophon 21 Secret orders from Sir Henry Hotham 21, 22, 24 Letter of Count Bertrand, announcing Napoleon's intention of sailing to North America 26 The captain's answer to Bertrand 29 Conversation with Savary and Las Cases 31 Receives private information by a row-boat 35 Captain Maitland guards the Mamusson passage 36 The white flag is hoisted at Rochelle 37, 38 The Bellerophon fires a royal salute 37 The French frigates appear ready to put to sea 38 English guard-boats continue to row near the frigates 38 British flag of truce, its colour 39 The Mouche schooner, with Las Cases and General Lallemand, returns to the Bellerophon 39, 40 Communication delivered from Napoleon 42 Captain Maitland's reply 42 Buonaparte stated to be at Rochefort, but is at l'Isle d'Aix 44 Design for effecting the escape of Buonaparte in a cask on board of a Danish vessel 45 Las Cases, with General Gourgaud, returns to the Bellerophon 46 They bring an important letter from Bertrand 47 List of Napoleon's suite 51 The Emperor's letter to H.R.H. the Prince Regent 54 Captain Maitland promises to receive Buonaparte 56 Captain Sartorius is despatched to England, with a letter from Captain Maitland, and with General Gourgaud 58 Advice of Buonaparte's wish to escape repeatedly given 62 (p. xvii)July 15, Napoleon reaches the Bellerophon, in the barge of that ship. He comes on board. His uniform described 67, 68 Napoleon cheered by the crew of l'Épervier 69 His address to Captain Maitland 69 The ship's officers are introduced to him 71 His small knowledge of English 72 He examines the Bellerophon 72 Conversations between Napoleon and Captain Maitland 73, 74, 75, 76, 90, 95, 106 Buonaparte's naval opinions 73, 74, 77 Breakfast on board the Bellerophon 78 Rear-Admiral Sir Henry Hotham arrives off Rochefort. His conference with Captain Maitland 79, 80 The Admiral comes on board the Bellerophon 81 Conversation at dinner 83 Buonaparte's portable library and camp bed 82, 84 He breakfasts on board the Admiral's ship 85, 91 Attachment for him evinced by the officers of his suite 92, 228 The Bellerophon sets sail for Torbay 93, 96 Buonaparte speaks of Sir Sydney Smith 96 The passage to England described 98, 105, 107 Card-parties 99 The captain's despatch to Lord Keith 100 His conversation with Countess Bertrand relative to a portrait of Napoleon 103 Speaks with the Swiftsure, Captain Webley 104 Count Las Cases 107 English coast in sight 107 The Bellerophon anchors in Torbay 108 Buonaparte's exclamation on viewing the shore 108 Admiral Lord Keith's orders 109 English newspapers read by Napoleon 112 Observations of Madame Bertrand 114, 120 Persons refused admission on board the Bellerophon 115 (p. xviii)Lord Keith's approval of Captain Maitland's line of conduct 116, 117 Concourse of spectators in boats 115, 118 Remarks of Buonaparte respecting the fishermen 119 The ships sail for Plymouth 119 Observations on the breakwater 121 Communications of civility interchanged between Buonaparte and Lord Keith 117, 122 Lord Keith's precautions 123, 125 Buonaparte complains of the guard-ships 127 The Lords of the Admiralty approve of Captain Maitland's proceedings 128 Napoleon's letter to the Regent is forwarded 129 He is considered as a general officer 130 Orders received from the Admiralty 130 Sir Richard and Lady Strachan come alongside the ship 131 Napoleon's compliment on seeing Mrs Maitland 132 Admiral Lord Keith is introduced to Napoleon 134 Repugnance of the prisoners to their banishment to St Helena 129, 134 Crowd of boats round the ship 135 Buonaparte's habits on board ship 136 Bertrand, Savary, and Lallemand fear proscription 137, 140, 142 Buonaparte informed that he was to be sent to St Helena 139 Sir Henry Bunbury visits him 140 He complains bitterly 141 He writes again to the Regent 142 Captain Maitland's letter favourable to Savary and Lallemand 145, 152 Buonaparte shows himself on deck 147 Countess Bertrand much agitated at the thoughts of her husband going to St Helena 149 Lallemand is reproved by Captain Maitland 150 (p. xix)Buonaparte's assertion that "he would not go to St Helena" 148, 151, 164 Extravagant conversation of the attendant generals 151 Mr O'Meara 153 Countess Bertrand attempts to cast herself into the sea 153 Her retrospect of Buonaparte's conduct 154, 156 Her impatience. She writes to Lord Keith 155 She is overheard by the generals 157 Buonaparte's inquiries as to St Helena 158 Report of an attempt to escape 159 Rumour of an intention of serving a Habeas Corpus to bring Buonaparte ashore 162 Ship prepared for sea 162 The Northumberland ordered to convey Buonaparte 162 The Bellerophon weighs anchor 164 Service of a subpœna on Buonaparte frustrated by keeping the lawyer at bay 165 Note respecting writs of Habeas Corpus and subpœnas 165 Buonaparte again writes to the Regent 168 He keeps entirely to the cabin; prepares a protest 169 Buonaparte's protest 170 He declares himself to be the guest of England, and no prisoner 171 Captain Maitland's observations thereon 174 Conversation on this subject with Count Las Cases 176 Buonaparte speaks of the Army of the Loire, and of his party 178 Mr O'Meara requested by Buonaparte to become his surgeon 179 The Northumberland in sight 180 Arms required to be delivered up 181 Lists of articles essential for the Trench officers and ladies forwarded to Plymouth 182 Sir George Cockburn is introduced to Buonaparte 182 Buonaparte permitted to wear his sword 183 (p. xx)He requests an interview with Captain Maitland 183 He expresses his wish of living on a small estate in England 185 He speaks in favour of Savary and Lallemand 185 Captain Maitland's letter to Count Bertrand 186 Lord Keith's order to the captain to deliver up General Buonaparte and others 187 General Gourgaud 190 Countess Bertrand's remonstrances 192 A misunderstanding and reconciliation 193 Napoleon returns thanks to Captain Maitland 194 He speaks with regard of Count Bertrand 195 Search of the baggage 196 The box of money temporarily taken charge of 197 Parting of Buonaparte with the captain 200 Buonaparte, accompanying Admiral Lord Keith, quits the Bellerophon 200 Count Montholon's polite intimation to Captain Maitland 201 The captain declines the present of a portrait 202 Savary and Lallemand; their affecting parting with Napoleon in the presence of Captain Maitland 203 The Northumberland sails for St Helena 204 Description of Napoleon Buonaparte 205 His manners and conversation 206 Anecdotes 207, 210, 215, 216 He speaks of his wife and his son 211 Their pictures 211, 212 Conversation respecting Kleber and Dessaix 213 Napoleon's resources in money 214 The midshipmen act plays 217 Buonaparte's observations on the British cavalry, and relative to the Duke of Wellington 218, 219 Character of Count Bertrand 222 Countess Bertrand, a daughter of General Dillon 222 Savary, Duke of Rovigo, described 224 (p. xxi)Savary, Lallemand, and Planat are sent to Malta, and allowed to go to Smyrna 225 Character of Lallemand 225 Count and Countess Montholon 226 Count Las Cases and his son 227 APPENDIX. On what terms Captain Maitland received Buonaparte on board his ship; and documents relating thereto 231 ADDITIONAL APPENDIX. 1. List of officers borne on the books of H.M.S. Bellerophon in July 1815 241 2. Letter from Ephraim Graebke, assistant-surgeon on board the Bellerophon, to his mother, giving an account of Napoleon's surrender, dated July 30, 1815 242 3. Extracts from Memoirs of an Aristocrat, by a Midshipman of the Bellerophon [George Home] 246 (p. xxiii) ILLUSTRATIONS. Portrait of Sir Frederick Maitland Frontispiece From an engraving by Henry Meyer, after Samuel Woodford, R.A. Portrait of Lady Maitland lxviii From a miniature at Lindores. Chart of the Basque Roads 1 Portrait of Napoleon 68 From a sketch taken on board the Bellerophon by Colonel Planat. Napoleon on board the Bellerophon 108 From the picture by W. Q. Orchardson, R.A., in the Tate Gallery. H.M.S. Bellerophon at Plymouth 132 From the picture by J. J. Chalon, R.A., in the Painted Hall at Greenwich. Tumbler given to Captain Maitland by Napoleon 202 Photograph from the original at Lindores. Facsimile of part of Sir Walter Scott's Notes on the "Narrative" 230 Photograph from the original at Lindores.

MILITARY CAREER OF NAPOLEON THE GREAT By Montgomery B. Gibbs

CONTENTS