Chapter I: Preface

The authors have aimed to prepare a brief introduction to the subject of International Law. They have freely used the substantive material as found in cases, codes, etc., which involve the principles of International Law. Owing to the increasing importance of international negotiation, relatively more attention than usual has been given to matters connected with diplomacy. The appendices contain material which the authors have found advantageous to have easily accessible to each student. The study of this book should in all cases be supplemented by reference to a considerable number of the books mentioned in the bibliography.

G. G. W.
G. F. T.

+September+, 1901.

CONTENTS

PAGE

+Bibliography+ xix

+Abbreviation of Cases Cited+ xxi

+Table of Cases Cited+ xxiii

PART I

_GENERAL AND HISTORICAL_

CHAPTER I

+Definition and General Scope+ 3

1. +Definition.+
(_a_) Philosophical: what ought to be.
(_b_) Scientific: what is.

2. +Divisions.+
(_a_) Public.
(_b_) Private.

3. Scope.

CHAPTER II

+Nature+ 6

4. +Early Terminology.+
(_a_) _Jus naturale._
(_b_) _Jus gentium._
(_c_) Other terms.

5. +Historical Bases.+

6. +Ethical Bases.+

7. +Jural Bases.+
(_a_) Roman law.
(_b_) Canon law.
(_c_) Common law.
(_d_) Equity.
(_e_) Admiralty law.

8. +International Law and Statute Law.+

9. +How far is International Law entitled to
be called Law?+

CHAPTER III

+Historical Development+ 12

10. +Early Period.+
(_a_) Greece.
(_b_) Rome.

11. +Middle Period.+
(_a_) Roman Empire.
(_b_) The Church.
(_c_) Feudalism.
(_d_) Crusades.
(_e_) Chivalry.
(_f_) Commerce and Sea Laws.
(_g_) Consulates.
(_h_) Discovery of America.
(_i_) Conclusion.

12. +Modern Period from 1648.+
(_a_) 1648-1713.
(_b_) 1713-1815.
(_c_) 1815- .

13. +Writers.+

CHAPTER IV

+Sources+ 29

14. +Practice and Usage.+

15. +Precedent and Decisions.+
(_a_) Prize and Admiralty Courts.
(_b_) Domestic Courts.
(_c_) Courts of Arbitration.

16. +Treaties and State Papers.+

17. +Text Writers.+

18. +Diplomatic Papers.+

PART II

_PERSONS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW_

CHAPTER V

+States+ 39

19. +Definition.+
(_a_) Political.
(_b_) Sovereign.

20. +Nature.+
(_a_) Moral.
(_b_) Physical.
(_c_) Communal.
(_d_) External conditions.

21. +Recognition of New States.+
(_a_) _De facto_ existence.
(_b_) Circumstances of recognition.
(1) By division.
(2) By union.
(3) By admission of old states.
(4) By admission of former barbarous communities.
(5) Individual and collective recognition.
(_c_) Act of recognition.
(_d_) Premature recognition.
(_e_) Conditions.
(_f_) Recognition irrevocable.
(_g_) Consequences.
(1) The Recognizing state.
(2) The Recognized state.
(3) The Parent state.
(4) Other States.

CHAPTER VI

+Legal Persons having Qualified Status+ 50

22. +Members of Confederations and Other Unions.+

23. +Neutralized States.+

24. +Protectorates, Suzerainties.+

25. +Corporations.+
(_a_) Private.
(_b_) Exercising political powers.

26. +Individuals.+

27. +Insurgents.+
(_a_) Definition.
(_b_) Effect of admission of insurgency.

28. +Belligerents.+
(_a_) Definition.
(_b_) Conditions prior to recognition.
(_c_) Grounds of recognition.
(_d_) Who may recognize.
(_e_) Consequences.
(1) Recognition by a foreign state.
(2) Recognition by the parent state.

29. +Communities not fully Civilized.+

PART III

_INTERNATIONAL LAW OF PEACE_

CHAPTER VII

+General Rights and Obligations of States+ 67

30. +Existence.+

31. +Independence.+

32. +Equality.+

33. +Jurisdiction.+

34. +Property.+

35. +Intercourse.+

CHAPTER VIII

+Existence+ 71

36. +Application of the Right in General.+

37. +Extension of the Right to Subjects of the
State.+

CHAPTER IX

+Independence+ 74

38. +Manner of Exercise.+

39. +Balance of Power.+

40. +Monroe Doctrine.+

41. +Non-intervention.+

42. +Practice in Regard to Intervention.+
(_a_) For self-preservation.
(_b_) To prevent illegal acts.
(_c_) By general sanction.
(_d_) Other grounds.
(1) +Treaty stipulations.+
(2) +Balance of power.+
(3) +Humanity.+
(4) +Civil war.+
(5) +Financial.+
(_e_) Conclusion.

CHAPTER X

+Equality+ 88

43. +Equality in General.+

44. +Inequalities among States.+
(_a_) Court precedence.
(_b_) Matters of ceremonial.
(_c_) Weight of influence in affairs.