Chapter LIX: Appendix: IX (2)

Treaty of Paris, relations of, to Great Powers, 92;
provision of, as to Bessarabia, 100;
provision of, as to Bosphorus, etc., 110;
relations of, to Ottoman Empire, 211;
provisions of, as to privateering, neutral goods, enemy's goods, and
blockade, 247, 254, 398.

Trent, case of, 309.

Tribunal, none, of international law, 11.

Triple Alliance, nations parties to, 92.

Troops, internment of belligerent, 286, 290;
enlistment of, for belligerent service, 295.

Troppau, Congress of, 90.

Truce. _See_ Flags of Truce.

Turkey, recognition of, 44;
suzerainty of, 53;
application of balance of power to, 83;
policy as to territory of, 91, 92;
portion of, ceded to Roumania, 100;
treaty of, with Russia as to Bosphorus, etc., 110;
convention of, as to Suez Canal, 111;
letters of minister to, 163.

Uniform of enemy, use of, 252.

United States, agrees to the Treaty of Paris, 33;
diplomatic papers of, 34;
recognition of other countries by, 44-49;
suzerainty of, over Indians, 53;
intervention of, in case of Venezuela, 78;
Cuba, 85;
attitude of, as to the Monroe Doctrine, 93;
extinguishment of Indian title by, 99;
cession of "Horse-shoe Reef" to, by Great Britain, 100;
sale of Alaska, Louisiana, and the Philippines to, 101;
territory of, formed by alluvium, 102;
claim of, to jurisdiction over Chesapeake and Delaware bays, 108;
attitude of, as to sound dues, 109;
Dardanelles, 110;
Bering Sea, 113, 116, 117;
jurisdiction of, over foreign-born subjects, 122-124;
as to marriage, 125;
laws of, as to naturalization, 125-130;
attitude of, as to Koszta, 129, 130;
jurisdiction of, over aliens, 131;
courts of consuls of, 140, 141;
attitude of, as to diplomatic agents, 178 _et seq._;
diplomatic practice of, 183-186;
French language used in treaties of, 206;
making and ratification of treaties of, 207-209;
termination of treaty of, with Spain, 215;
attitude of, as to embargo of 1807, 222;
naval war code of, 222, 400;
vessels of, during war with Spain, 222;
attitude of, as to, blockade of Crete, 223, 224;
Spanish vessels during war with Spain, 246;
Declaration of Paris during war with Spain, 247, 255, 302;
volunteer navy of, 256;
destruction of vessels by, in War of 1812, 259;
attitude of, as to ransom, 259;
salvage, 260, 261;
practice of, as to exchange of prisoners, 263;
guaranty by, of neutrality of trans-isthmian canal, 279;
neutrality laws of, 283, 296, 417;
attitude of, as to Alabama case, 297;
treaties of, as to free ships making free goods, 300 _et seq._;
articles enumerated by, as contraband of war, 304 _et seq._;
attitude of, as to convoy, 313;
blockade, 319, 320;
continuous voyages, 322;
practice of, as to prize courts, 325 _et seq._;
repeal by, of law as to prize money, 327.

Unneutral service, what it is, 308-310.

_Uti possidetis_, Doctrine of, 273, 274.

Utrecht, Peace of, as an epoch in international law, 21 _et seq._, 77,
206.

Venezuela, boundary line of, 78.

Verona, Congress of, 77, 91.

Vessels, classes of, 117;
nationality of, how determined, 117;
jurisdiction over, 117-121;
status of, at sea, 245 _et seq._;
in port at outbreak of hostilities, 246;
voluntary and auxiliary navy, 255-257;
capture and ransom of, 257-258;
postliminium, 260-262;
cartel, 265;
in case of neutral relations between states and individuals, 298-328;
visit and search of, 310-343.
_See_ Privateering, Right of Asylum.

Vienna, Congress of, settling of court precedence by, 89;
determination of rank of state agents by, 155 _et seq._;
language used in, 206;
as to neutralization, 278, 279.

Visit and search, right of, 310, 311;
object of, 311;
method of, 311, 312;
seizure in case of, 312, 313.

Volunteer and auxiliary navy of, Prussia, 255, 256;
Greece, 256;
Russia, 256;
Great Britain, 256;
United States, 256.

War, definition of, 229;
commencement of, 229, 230;
declaration of, 231, 232;
object of, 232, 233;
general effects of, 233, 234;
persons affected by, 235;
combatants in, 235-237;
non-combatants in, 237, 238;
public property of the enemy in, 239, 240;
real property of enemy subjects in, 240, 244;
personal property of enemy subjects in, 241-244;
vessels, 245, 246;
goods, 247;
submarine telegraphic cables, 248, 249;
belligerent occupation during, 250-252;
forbidden methods in, 252-254;
privateers in, 254, 255;
voluntary and auxiliary navy in, 255, 257;
capture and ransom in, 257-259;
postliminium in, 260-262;
prisoners and their treatment in, 262-264;
non-hostile relations of belligerents in, 264-269;
methods of termination of, 270-274.

Warlike expedition, what is a, 289.

Washington, President, attitude of, as to neutrality, 282.

Waters, as affecting jurisdiction, 102 _et seq._

Webster, Daniel, views of, in case of the "Caroline," 435.

Westphalia, Peace of, as an epoch in international law, 19.

Wisby, laws of. _See_ Sea Laws.

Women, nationality of, 125.

Works of art, exemption of, 239, 247.

Writers, upon international law, 24-28, 33, 34.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Hall, Introductory chapter.

[2] Dicey, "Conflict of Laws," English, with notes of American
cases, by J. B. Moore.

[3] Wheaton's "International Law," translated and made a textbook
for Chinese officials in 1864.

[4] "Inst.," I., 1, 1.

[5] "De Jure Belli," Bk. I., Ch. I., § 10.

[6] I. "Political Ethics," 2d ed., p. 68.

[7] Maine, "Ancient Law," Ch. IV.

[8] "Inst.," I., 2, 1.

[9] "Inst.," I., 2, 2.

[10] Heffter, "Völkerrecht," § 2.]

[11] Cicero, "De Republica," 2. 17.

[12] _Droit international_ is the French term, subsequently adopted.

[13] Last hostages given in Europe 1748, by England to France.

[14] "Lectures on Jurisprudence," I.

[15] Walker, "Science of International Law," Chs. I. and II., fully
discusses Austin's definition.

[16] Bluntschli, "Völkerrecht," Introduction; Lawrence, § 20.

[17] Walker, "Science of International Law," Ch. III., p. 58. "But
when, beside the vague and fleeting World Law, the law of all
humanity, was recognized a law special to certain peoples, when the
distinction was drawn between the progressive and the stationary,
between civilization and barbarity, when the Greek noted [Greek] ta
nomima tôn Hellênôn, and the Roman felt the ties of a particular
_Jus Fetiale_ and a particular _Jus Belli_, International Law cast
off its swaddling bands, and began its walk on earth."

[18] Cicero, "Pro Lege Manilia," Ch. XIII.

[19] Justinian Digest, 14. 2, "If goods are thrown overboard to
lighten the ship, as this is done for the sake of all, the loss
shall be made good by a contribution of all."

[20] Bluntschli, "Völkerrecht," Introduction; Thucydides,
"Peloponnesian War," II., 12, 22, 29.

[21] The Amphyetionic League recognized some principles of
interstate right and comity, as well as preserved Grecian
institutions and religious traditions. This is shown in the oath of
the members, "We will not destroy any Amphyctionic town nor cut it
off from running water, in war or peace; if any one shall do this,
we will march against him and destroy his city. If any one shall
plunder the property of the god, or shall be cognizant thereof, or
shall take treacherous counsel against the things in his temple at
Delphi, we will punish him with foot and hand and voice, and by
every means in our power." They also agreed to make and observe
humane rules of warfare. See also Bluntschli, "Völkerrecht,"
Introduction.

[22] Maine, "Ancient Law," Ch. III. The idea as to what _jus
gentium_ was, of course varied with times. Under the Empire it lost
its old meaning. See Cicero, "De Officiis," III., 17; Livy, VI., 17;
IX., 11; I., 14; V., 36; Sallust, "Bell. Jug.," XXII.; Tacitus,
"Ann.," 1, 42; "Quintus Curtius," IV., 11, 17.

[23] Bryce, "Holy Roman Empire," Ch. VII.

[24] Bryce, "Holy Roman Empire," Chs. VII, and XV. The "Truce of
God" introduced by the clergy (1034) left only about eighty days in
a year for fighting and settling feuds.

[25] On effects of Crusades, see Milman, "Latin Christianity," VII.,
6; Hallam, "Middle Ages," Ch. III., Pt. I.; Bryce, "Holy Roman
Empire," Chs. XI., XIII.

[26] Hall, § 268, p. 740.

[27] Laws of Wisby contain early reference to marine insurance, §
66.

[28] Expanded in 1614.

[29] De Valroger, "Droit Maritime," I., § 1.

[30] The Marine Ordinance of Louis XIV, 1681, became the basis of
sea law.

[31] With the decline of the influence of the "Holy Roman Empire,"
the use of Latin in diplomacy became less general.

[32] Abbé Saint-Pierre, in three volumes, 1729, "Abrégé du Projet de
Paix perpétuelle," outlines a plan for peace by fixed system of
balance of power.

[33] "Institutes," II., 1, 21, 22.

[34] Declaration of Russia, Feb. 28, 1780.

[35] The works of Moser (1701-1786) and his immediate followers
attempt to make practical the principles of International Law.

[36] I. Hertslet, 317.

[37] I. Hertslet, 573.

[38] _Ibid._, 658.

[39] Hall, § 88, p. 297.

[40] Walker, "Hist. Law of Nations," pp. 283, 336.

[41] See p. xix for list of authors and works.

[42] Jenks, "Law and Politics in the Middle Ages," p. 30.

[43] The Santa Cruz, 1 C. Rob., 49, 61.

[44] Act of Congress, March 3, 1891. 26 U. S. Sts. at Large, 826.

[45] Lawrence, § 64.

[46] Bolton _v._ Gladstone, 5 East, 155, 160.

[47] United States _v._ Rauscher, 1886, 119 U. S., 407.

[48] United States Constitution, Art. III., § 2. For English view,
see Walker, p. 46, who quotes 3 Burr, 1480.

[49] Declarations, protocols, conventions, proclamations, notes,
etc.

[50] III. Hertslet, 1904.

[51] Holtzendorff, "Introduction droit public," 44.

[52] Hall, § 1 p. 18; I., Rivier, § 3, 9, I.

[53] Hall, § 1, p. 20.

[54] The internal acts of a _de facto_ state are valid, whatever the
attitude of the international circle. As an example, in 1777, during
the Revolutionary War, the British governor of Florida made a grant
of land in what is now the southern part of the United States. Fifty
years later a descendant of the grantee laid claim to the land, but
the Supreme Court of the United States declared, "It has never been
admitted by the United States that they acquired anything by way of
cession from Great Britain by that treaty [of Peace, 1783]. It has
been viewed only as a recognition of preëxisting rights, and on that
principle the soil and the sovereignty, within their acknowledged
limits, were as much theirs at the Declaration of Independence as at
this hour. By reference to the treaty, it will be found that it
amounts to a simple recognition of the independence and limits of
the United States, without any language purporting a cession or
relinquishment of the right, on the part of Great Britain ... grants
of soil made _flagrante bello_ by the party that fails, can only
derive validity from treaty stipulations." Harcourt _v._ Gaillard,
12 Wheat., 523, 527. See also M'Ilvaine _v._ Coxe's Lessee, 4 Cr.,
209, 212.

[55] Suarez, "De Legibus," 6.

[56] Wheat., D., 41 n.

[57] United States of Central America, Nov. 1, 1898, from Republics
of Nicaragua, Salvador, and Honduras.

[58] Japan has been generally recognized since 1894, and her foreign
relations have been in course of readjustment.

[59] 1 Whart., § 70.

[60] I. Rivier, §§ 44, 125.

[61] See on this subject 1 Whart., § 70.

[62] 13 Pet., 415. See also Jones _v._ United States, 137 U. S. 202;
Foster _v._ Neilson, 2 Pet., 253.

[63] State of Mississippi _v._ Johnson, President, 4 Wall., 475,
500. For late review of the question, see 32 Amer. Law Rev., 390, W.
L. Penfield.

[64] I. Rivier, _Droit des gens_, §§ 3, 11.

[65] Hall, § 26*, note 1, p. 93.

[66] Hall, § 27, p. 100.

[67] Lawrence, § 51, p. 75.

[68] "Political Annuals," since 1887 rich in discussion of
neutralization.

[69] Statesman's Year Book 1901, p. 591.

[70] _Ibid._, pp. 657, 1237.

[71] 6 American Cycl., 376.

[72] Lawrence, p. 82, § 54.

[73] Wheat., D., note 15, p. 37.

[74] For full discussion see Wilson, "Insurgency" lectures U. S.
Naval College, 1900.

[75] Hall, § 5, p. 31, ff.

[76] 3 Whart., § 381; United States _v._ "Ambrose Light," 25 Fed.
Rep. 408. Snow, 206, "Montezuma."

[77] President Cleveland's Message, Dec. 2, 1885. U. S. For. Rel.
1885, pp. 254, 273.

[78] Parl. Papers, 1887, 1 Peru, 18.

[79] 3 Whart., § 381, "Huascar."

[80] 33 Albany Law Jour., 125.

[81] Lawrence, § 162.

[82] 1885, For. Rel. U. S. 252, 264.

[83] 1885, For. Rel. U. S. 254, 273.

[84] See 3 Whart., § 381; Bluntschli, § 512; Hall, § 5, p. 34; U. S.
For. Rel. (1885), 252, 254, 264, 273.

[85] See numerous references in 51 Br. and Fr. St. Papers; also
Hall, § 5, p. 39.

[86] Hall, § 5, p. 35.

[87] Wheat., D., note 15, p. 34.

[88] 1 Whart., §§ 69, 71.

[89] Story, "Santissima Trinidad," 7 Wheat. 354.

[90] Hall, § 83, p. 281.

[91] "Caroline," 1 Whart., § 50 c; 2 _ibid._, § 224. See Appendix,
p. 434.

[92] 3 Whart., § 327, p. 147. Snow's Cases, § 179.

[93] § 87, p. 291.

[94] Hall, § 87, p. 294.

[95] Von Gentz, "Fragments upon the Balance of Power in Europe,"
1806.

[96] Hume, "Essays," VII.

[97] Nys, "Origines," pp. 165 ff.

[98] Bernard Lectures on "Diplomacy," 98.

[99] Tucker, "Monroe Doctrine," 4.

[100] "The Monroe Doctrine," VI.

[101] See Tucker, "Monroe Doctrine."

[102] Ann. Cycl. (1895), p. 741; (1896), p. 804; (1899), p. 845,
also U. S. For. Rel. 1896.

[103] Bonfils, No. 295; Pradier-Fodéré, No. 355.

[104] § 92, p. 304.

[105] Hall, § 88, p. 297.

[106] Bonfils, 295.

[107] "Letters to Historicus," p. 41.

[108] See Rolin-Jaequemyns, R. D. I., XVIII., 591.

[109] Hall, § 91, p. 301.

[110] Hertslet, 1181, 1193.

[111] § 85, p. 129. See also 1 Halleck, 507.

[112] 1 Hertslet, 317. _Ibid._, 658.

[113] Walker, p. 151.

[114] Ann. Cycl. 1898, p. 159; U. S. For. Rel., 1898, p. 760.

[115] 30 U. S. Sts. at Large, 738.

[116] Bluntschli, § 477.

[117] § 94, p. 307.

[118] 1 Hertslet, 664 ff.

[119] See ch. XV.

[120] See § 70 (_b_).

[121] 1 Hertslet, 574.

[122] For detailed summary, 1826-1881, see Holland, "European
Concert in the Eastern Question," Ch. II.

[123] "European Concert in the Eastern Question," p. 221.

[124] Lawrence, "Disputed Questions," V.

[125] Lawrence, "Disputed Questions," V., end.

[126] 3 Kent Com., 379, 380; 1 Gould and Tucker, 484.

[127] In case of the United States, while the President may after
declaration of war conquer and hold foreign territory, the joint
action of the President and Senate is necessary to make the title
complete by treaty.

[128] Treaties of U. S., 444.

[129] Woolsey, 496.

[130] See discussion in Hall, § 36, note 1, p. 124.

[131] The "Anna," 5 C. Rob., 373.

[132] "Institutes," II., 1, 20.

[133] See Lawrence, 153, 161, 164-167; Reinsch, "World Politics,"
pp. 60, 113, 184.

[134] Wheat., D., § 193, p. 274.

[135] Ed. Engelhardt, "Du régime conventionnel des fleuves
internationaux," Ch. II.

[136] Grotius, II., ii., 12-14; Pufendorf, III., 3, 4; Vattel, §§
104, 126-130, 132-134; Bluntschli, § 314; Calvo, §§ 259, 290-291;
Fiore, §§ 758, 768; Carnazza-Amari, "Traite," § 2, Ch. VII., 17;
Heffter, § 77; Wheat., D., § 193.

[137] Wheat., D., §§ 197-204; Whart., § 30; Pradier-Fodéré,
"Traite," §§ 727-755.

[138] Justinian, "Inst.," 2, t. 1, §§ 1-5.

[139] 3 Whart., § 305 _a_.

[140] Parl. Papers, 1889, Commercial, No. 2; Holland, "Studies in
International Law," p. 270.

[141] See Tucker, "Monroe Doctrine," pp. 43-76; Lawrence, "Disputed
Questions," 72-146.

[142] See Regina _v._ Keyn, 2 L. R. (Exch. Div.), 63.

[143] Ann. Cycl. (1894), 292.

[144] Lawrence, pp. 138, 182.

[145] See Cushing's "Treaty of Washington."

[146] 24 U. S. Sts. at Large, 475.

[147] See Whart., §§ 301-308.

[148] Treaties of U. S., 940.

[149] Proceedings Fur Seal Arbitration, 1893; also 27 U. S. Sts. at
Large, 947.

[150] Note 63, § 105.

[151] IV. Hertslet, 2783.

[152] Art. 28, Gen. Act Brussels Conference, July 2, 1890.

[153] Wildenhus's Case, 120 U. S. 1, 18.

[154] Bonfils, "De la compétence des tribunaux français," § 326.

[155] Statutes, 41 and 42, Vict., p. 579.

[156] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 1993; 1 Gould and Tucker, 478; 2 _ibid._,
178, 203.

[157] Civil Code, Art. 28.

[158] Law of June 1, 1870.

[159] Dec. 24, 1879.

[160] Feb. 27, 1858.

[161] July 3, 1876.

[162] Whart., § 183 ff.

[163] 3 Pradier-Fodéré, 1648-1653.

[164] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 1994; 1 Gould and Tucker, 479; 2 _ibid._,
178.

[165] 3 Pradier-Fodéré, 1656 ff.

[166] Constitution of U. S., Art. I., § 8.

[167] U. S. Rev. Sts., §§ 2165-2174; 1 Gould and Tucker, 513; 2
_ibid._, 202.

[168] 2 Pradier-Fodéré, 863; 3 _ibid._, 1671 ff.

[169] Treaties of U. S., 1262; 2 Whart., § 181.

[170] Hall, § 71, p. 240 ff.

[171] 2 Whart., § 175, Frelinghuysen to Wallace, March 25, 1887.

[172] 2 Whart., § 175, Bayard to Williams, Oct. 29, 1885.

[173] 2 Whart., § 193, Marcy to Seibels, May 27, 1854.

[174] 2 Whart., § 193, Marcy to Fay, May 27, 1854.

[175] 2 Whart., § 198, Marcy to Hüselmann, Sept. 26, 1853.

[176] 6 Messages and Papers of President, 168.

[177] Bonfils, 337.

[178] § 48, p. 173.

[179] Snow's "Cases," 72 ff., for this and other cases.

[180] Snow's "Cases," 82, Rothschild _v._ Queen of Portugal;
Bynkershoek, "De Foro Legatorum," C. XVI.

[181] See § 80 (_f_) for full discussion.

[182] Exchange _v._ M'Faddon, 7 Cr., 116, 139.

[183] "International Law," Naval War Col., 2d ed., p. 23.

[184] Hall, § 55.

[185] Snow's "Cases," p. 114.

[186] § 55, p. 205.

[187] 1 Whart., § 125.

[188] By treaties with Japan, going into effect 1899, such courts
were abolished in that empire. 29 U. S. Sts. at Large, 848.

[189] 1 U. S. Rev. Sts., §§ 4083-4130; 1 Gould and Tucker, 770-772;
2 _ibid._, 503; Treaties of U. S., 1279, 1288; 1 Whart., § 125.

[190] Proclamation of March 27, 1876; 19 U. S. Sts. at Large, 662.

[191] "The surrender of fugitives from justice is a matter of
conventional arrangement between states, as no such obligation is
imposed by the law of nations." In the Matter of Metzger, 5 How.
176, 188.

[192] 2 Whart., § 268.

[193] Snow's "Cases," 151 ff.; Treaties of U. S., 1289-1293.

[194] I. Moore, "Extradition," 156.

[195] 26 U. S. Sts. at Large, 1508; Snow's "Cases," 151 _et seq._; 2
Whart., § 270; 1 Moore, "Extradition," 196 ff.; Treaties of U. S.,
1289 _et seq._; 1 Gould and Tucker, 987.

[196] Treaties of U. S., 437 and 1289-1293; 26 U. S. Sts. at Large,
1510; U. S. Rev. Sts., §§ 5270-5280; 1 Gould and Tucker, 979-989; 2
Whart., §§ 274-280.

[197] In case of Chesapeake, 1863, the consul acted as agent.
Wheat., D., § 428, note 207; 3 Pradier-Fodéré, 1876.

[198] 3 Pradier-Fodéré, 1877.

[199] "Annuaire de l'Institut de droit international," 1881-1882, p.
128.

[200] IV. Hertslet, 2783.

[201] _Ibid._

[202] For the general question, see 2 Pradier-Fodéré, 834, 845.

[203] § 43, p. 167.

[204] U. S. Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882, 1 Gould and Tucker, 502 _et
seq._; 2 _ibid._, 193 _et seq._

[205] Digest, LVII., 17.

[206] 3 Pradier-Fodéré, 1233.

[207] Nys, "Les Origines du Droit International," 297.

[208] Walton, "Life of Wotton," 155.

[209] Calvo, § 1311 ff.

[210] I. Hertslet, 62, 63.

[211] I. Hertslet, 575. These rules have been adopted by the U. S.
Department of State.

[212] Calvo, § 1328 ff.

[213] March 1, 1893, 27 U. S. Sts. at Large, c. 182.

[214] 1 Whart., §§ 82, 82 _a_, 83.

[215] "The American Passport," U. S. Dept. State, 1898, p. 7.

[216] Wicquefort, "The Embassador and his Functions," Digby's
translation, Ch. XXII., p. 201.

[217] "Droit des gens," Liv. IV., Ch. VI.

[218] Calvo, § 1328 ff.

[219] Lehr, "Manuel des Agents Diplomatiques," § 367 ff.

[220] The Department of State instructs the representatives of the
United States to follow this practice.

[221] U.S. Rev. Sts., § 2000.

[222] U.S. Rev. Sts., § 4075.

[223] Till the reign of Louis XIV., Latin was the language of
diplomacy; from that time, French became more and more used. Since
the Congress of Vienna, 1815, any language may be used without
offense, Art. 120.

[224] 22 U. S. Sts. at Large, 216, § 5.

[225] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 1750; 1 Gould and Tucker, 446; 2 _ibid._,
158.

[226] Hall, § 53, n. 1., p. 192.

[227] 16 Ann. Cycl., 833.

[228] 1 Whart., § 84.

[229] "Droit Int.," § 1481, ff.

[230] Lehr, "Manuel," §§ 988-998.

[231] Despagnet, "Droit international public," 2d ed., § 235;
Heffter, § 204.

[232] Grotius, "De Jure Belli," II., 18.

[233] § 50.

[234] U. S. Rev. Sts., §§ 4063, 4064; Wheat., D., 308-310.

[235] Instructions to Diplomatic Officers, § 47.

[236] 1 Whart., § 98.

[237] _Ibid._

[238] De Martens, "Causes Cél.," I., 174.

[239] Instructions to Diplomatic Officers, 1897, § 50.

[240] Hall, § 52, p. 189.

[241] See the "Right of Asylum in the Legations of the United States
in Central and South America," by Barry Gilbert, in _Harvard Law
Review_ for June, 1901, p. 118.

[242] U. S. Constitution, Art. III., § 2, 2.

[243] U. S. Constitution, Art. I., § 9, 8.

[244] 1 Whart., § 100.

[245] 1 Whart., § 105.

[246] Instructions to Diplomatic Officers, U. S., 1897, §§ 68, 69.

[247] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 1751.

[248] 1 Whart., § 99.

[249] 1 Whart., § 102.

[250] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 1226.

[251] _Ibid._, § 1688.

[252] Schuyler, "Amer. Dip.," 144.

[253] Instructions to Diplomatic Officers, U. S., § 67.

[254] U. S. Rev. Sts., §§ 1674-1752; 1 Gould and Tucker, 439-447; 2
_ibid._ 155-158.

[255] Nys, "Les origines du droit international," "Le Commerce," p.
286.

[256] Lawrence, "Commentaire sur Wheaton," IV., p. 6.

[257] Consular Regulations, 1896, 1.

[258] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 1674.

[259] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 1674.

[260] § 105, p. 331.

[261] See Treaties: United States and Colombia (New Granada), 1850;
United States and France, 1853; United States and Austria, 1870;
United States and Germany, 1871; Austria and Portugal, 1873; Germany
and Russia, 1874; France and Russia, 1874; United States and Italy,
1878; Portugal and Belgium, 1880; United States and Roumania, 1881;
United States and Congo Free State, 1891, and others.

[262] 29 U. S. Sts. at Large, 848.

[263] See § 64 for extent of jurisdiction.

[264] U. S. Treaty with Borneo, June 23, 1850, Art. IX., Treaties of
U. S., 102.

[265] U. S. Treaty with China, Nov. 17, 1880, Art. IV., Treaties in
Force, 120.

[266] Hall, § 105 note, p. 338.

[267] Lehr, § 1236 ff.

[268] "De Clercq et de Vallat," I., pp. 106, 107.

[269] § 244.

[270] For various protocols, see Treaties of U. S., 824, 1148; 30 U.
S. Sts. at Large, 1593; _ibid._, 1596. For the recent protocol
between the United States and Spain as to terms of peace, see 30 U.
S. Sts. at Large, 1742.

[271] Wheat., D., §§ 254, 344.

[272] The Holy Alliance of 1815 was signed by three sovereigns.

[273] See p. 163.

[274] The Declaration of Paris, 1856.

[275] 17 U. S. Sts. at Large, 863; Treaties of U. S., 478.

[276] Art. II., § 2, 2.

[277] Calvo, §§ 643-668.

[278] Grotius, II., 16; Vattel, II., 17. The rules of Vattel are
briefly and well stated by Baker, "First Steps in International
Law," 1899, p. 105.

[279] For the subject of interpretation, see Hall, §§ 111, 112, p.
350 ff.; 2 Phillimore, Pt. V., Ch. VIII.; Calvo, §§ 1649-1650;
Pradier-Fodéré, §§ 1171-1188.

[280] For discussion of the "most favored nation" clause, see 2
Whart., § 134, also Appendix to Vol. III., p. 888.

[281] § 116, p. 367.

[282] See Holls's "Hague Peace Conference," 176 _et seq._

[283] See, on this entire subject, Moore's "International
Arbitration"; Holls's "Hague Peace Conference," 176-305; Cushing's
"Treaty of Washington."

[284] 3 Phillimore, 21, 22.

[285] Pradier-Fodéré, 2634-2636.

[286] Art. 15, U. S. Naval War Code; Proclamations and Decrees, p.
77. See Appendix, p. 405.

[287] 30 U. S. Sts. at Large, 1770.

[288] Proclamations and Decrees, p. 93.

[289] Parl. Papers, Greece, No. 4, 1886.

[290] _The London Gazette_, March 19, 1897.

[291] U. S. For. Rel., 1897, p. 255.

[292] "De Jure Belli," I., II., "Bellum est publicorum armorum justa
contentio;" Instr. U. S. Armies, § 20.

[293] Halleck, Ch. XIV.; Calvo, § 1866 ff.

[294] 30 U. S. Sts. at Large, 1769, 1776.

[295] Takahashi, 42 _et seq._

[296] Prize Cases, 2 Black, U. S. 635.

[297] Takahashi, 38 _et seq._

[298] Calvo, § 1910.

[299] 30 U. S. Sts. at Large, 364.

[300] The French declaration of war against Prussia in 1870 is given
in 2 Lorrimer, 443.

[301] Inst. U. S. Armies, § 29; Appendix p. 338.

[302] Appendix, p. 369.

[303] Hall, § 126, p. 405; Instr. U. S. Armies, §§ 20, 21, 22;
Appendix, pp. 336, 337.

[304] See Appendix, p. 386.

[305] Appendix, pp. 353, 372, 388.

[306] "De Jure Belli," III., ix., 4.

[307] "De Jure et Officiis Bellicis," l., v., 25.

[308] 4 Ellis and Blackburn's Reports, 217.

[309] Appendix, pp. 340, 385.

[310] Holls, "Hague Peace Conference," 451.

[311] Appendix, pp. 339, 385.

[312] 8 Cr., 110.

[313] See Index U. S. Treaties, "Reciprocal Privileges of Citizens."

[314] Holls, "Hague Peace Conference," 447.

[315] Appendix, pp. 339, 377.

[316] Lawrence, § 198.

[317] 3 Whart., § 339.

[318] U. S. Naval War Code, Art. 4. See Appendix, p. 401.

[319] Appendix, p. 401.

[320] Appendix, p. 404.

[321] Appendix, p. 404.

[322] Proclamation of April 26, 1898.

[323] Decree of April 23, 1898.

[324] Takahashi, p. 178.

[325] Appendix, p. 398.

[326] U. S. Proclamation, April 26, 1898; Spain, Decree of April 23,
1898.

[327] Treaties U. S., p. 1176 ff.

[328] U. S. Naval War Code, Art. 5. Appendix, p. 402.

[329] Captain C. H. Stockton, "Submarine Telegraph Cables in Time of
War," Proceed. U. S. Naval Inst., Vol. XXIV., p. 451.

[330] For the discussion of the laws and customs of war, at The
Hague Peace Conference, see Holls, 134 _et seq._

[331] See Appendix, p. 375.

[332] Oxford Manual, 51; Appendix, p. 377.

[333] Appendix, pp. 341, 369, 391.

[334] Appendix, p. 370.

[335] Appendix, pp. 370, 387.

[336] Appendix, p. 402.

[337] Appendix, pp. 370, 387.

[338] Appendix, p. 387.

[339] Appendix, p. 364.

[340] U. S. Naval War Code, Art. 4; Appendix, p. 401.

[341] Holls, "Hague Peace Conference," 93 _et seq._, 455.

[342] Appendix, pp. 348, 370, 386, 387, 401.

[343] See Holls, "Hague Peace Conference," 93 _et seq._, 461.

[344] For form, see United States _v._ Baker, 5 Blatchford, 6; 2
Halleck, 110.

[345] See article of Dr. Stark on "Privateering," in Columbia
University Publications (1897), Vol. VIII., No. 3.

[346] 1 Kent Com., 97.

[347] Appendix, p. 398.

[348] Proclamation and Decrees (April 25, 1898), p. 77.

[349] Hall, p. 547, § 181.

[350] R. D. I., IV., 695.

[351] See Act of May 10, 1892; 27 U. S. Sts. at Large, 27.

[352] Treaties of U. S., pp. 905, 906.

[353] 3 Whart., § 342.

[354] Appendix, 403.

[355] _Ibid._

[356] The "Grotius," 9 Cr., 368, 370.

[357] See rules of the "Inst. of Int. Law," 1882; "Annuaire," 1883,
p. 221.

[358] Justinian, I., xii., 5.

[359] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 4652.

[360] The "Two Friends," 1 C. Rob., 271.

[361] Instr. U. S. Armies, 50; Appendix, p. 344, 345.

[362] U. S. Naval War Code, Art. 11. See Appendix, p. 403.

[363] Instr. U. S. Armies, 28. See Appendix, p. 338.

[364] Oxford Manual, 71. See Appendix, p. 380.

[365] Instr. U. S. Armies, 124. See, as to prisoners of war,
Appendix, pp. 359, 381, 390.

[366] For details, see Geneva Convention, Appendix, p. 395; Holls,
"Hague Peace Conference," 120 _et seq._; U. S. Naval War Code,
Appendix, p. 406.

[367] Appendix, p. 392.

[368] "International Law," Naval War College, 2d ed., p. 93.

[369] The "Venus," 4 C. Rob., 355.

[370] Appendix, p. 352.

[371] Halleck (3d ed.), 325.

[372] The "Sea Lion," 5 Wall., 630.

[373] Hall, § 196, pp. 575-578.

[374] § 192, p. 565.

[375] 2 Halleck (3d ed.), 314 _et seq._

[376] Calvo, "Droit Int.," §§ 2440-2446.

[377] 2 Halleck (3d ed.), 310 _et seq._

[378] Lawrence, p. 453.

[379] See 1 Halleck (3d ed.), 277.

[380] Heffter-Geffcken, "Droit Int.," II., §§ 176-190.

[381] See above, § 97.

[382] Case of Hesse Cassel, Hall, § 204, p. 588.

[383] 30 U. S. Sts. at Large, 1742.

[384] The Treaty of Ghent, Dec. 24, 1814, between U. S. and Great
Britain is a marked exception. See Treaties of U. S., 399; Wheaton,
"Hist. Int. Law," 585; Schurz, "Henry Clay," I., pp. 105 _et seq._

[385] Treaty between Spain and U. S., Dec. 10, 1898; 30 U. S. Sts.
at Large, 1754.

[386] Case of Swineherd, 1801, 1 Kent Com., 173, note (_b_);
"Sophie," 1 Kent Com., 174; 6 C. Rob., 138.

[387] Hall, § 198, p. 579.

[388] Treaties of U. S., 386.

[389] Lawrence, § 239.

[390] Lawrence, p. 566.

[391] 1 Hertslet, 64.

[392] _Ibid._, 370; see also "La Neutralité de Suisse," S. Bury, R.
D. I., II., 636.

[393] 2 Hertslet, 863.

[394] 3 _ibid._, 1592.

[395] Art. XXXV., Treaty of Dec. 12, 1846; Treaties of U. S., 204.

[396] Art. XV., Treaty of Jan. 21, 1867; Treaties of U. S., 1784.

[397] Parl. Papers, 1889, Commercial, No. 2. See also Holland,
"Studies in Int. Law," p. 216.

[398] Articles I. and II.; Appendix, pp. 395, 396.

[399] U. S. Naval War Code, § IV.; Appendix, p. 370.

[400] "De Jure Belli ac Pacis," Lib. III., C. XVI., iii., 1.

[401] "Le Droit de la Nature et des Gens," Liv. VIII., C. VI., vii.,
n. 2.

[402] "Quaestiones Juris Publici," I., ix.

[403] "Droit des Gens," III., viii.

[404] 5 Speeches, 50.

[405] 1 Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 156.

[406] U. S. Rev. Sts., §§ 5281-5291, see Appendix, p. 417. For
cases, see 1 Gould and Tucker, 990, and 2 _ibid._, 627.

[407] 33 and 34 Vict., c. 90, p. 560. See also 2 Lorimer, 490.

[408] Proc. and Decrees during the war with Spain, p. 31.

[409] Proc. and Decrees during the war with Spain, p. 63. President
Cleveland's neutrality proclamations as to the late war in Cuba are
given in 29 U. S. Sts. at Large, 870, 881.

[410] Wheat., D., p. 509.

[411] "Internat. Law," Naval War College, p. 118.

[412] Case of the "Gen. Armstrong," 2 Whart., § 227; the "Anne," 3
Wheat., 435; 3 Whart., § 399.

[413] Perels, "Droit Maritime," § 39.

[414] 3 C. Rob., 164.

[415] Hall, § 221, p. 627.

[416] 3 Phillimore, 287-299.

[417] Hall, § 222, p. 631. For the case of the "Caroline," see
Appendix, p. 434.

[418] Oxford Manual, §§ 79, 80, 81. See Appendix, pp. 357.

[419] Perels, "Droit Maritime," § 39, p. 244. The Netherlands
Proclamation of Neutrality prescribed, in 1898, that "If ships of
war, pursued by the enemy, seek refuge within our territory, they
shall liberate their prizes."

[420] 7 Attorney-generals' Opinions, 122.

[421] As to the British Neutrality Regulations, see 2 Ferguson,
Appendix F, p. 77; 2 Lorimer, 446.

[422] 3 Whart., § 402; U. S. For. Rel., 1870.

[423] Proc. and Decrees of the war with Spain, Brazil, XVI, p. 15.

[424] Wheat, D., § 425; Dana, _contra_, note 203; 1 Kent Com., pp.
49, 116; Bluntschli, § 759; Woolsey, § 165.

[425] Hall, § 217, p. 621.

[426] 15 U. S. Sts. at Large, 259.

[427] 3 Whart., § 391.

[428] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 5288.

[429] 1 Amer. State Papers, 116.

[430] p. 627, § 221.

[431] See Appendix, p. 435.

[432] 3 Whart., § 402 _a_, p. 632.

[433] Bonfils, "Droit Int. Public," § 1494 ff.; Despagnet, "Droit
Int. Public," § 682 ff.

[434] Walker, "Science of Int. Law," p. 296.

[435] See Treaties of U. S. under respective dates.

[436] See Appendix, p. 398.

[437] For the discussion of "the immunity of private property on the
high seas," at the Hague Peace Conference, see Holls, 306 _et seq._

[438] Proclamations and Decrees during the war with Spain, pp. 77,
93.

[439] 3 Whart., § 391.

[440] Appendix, p. 365.

[441] "De Jure Belli," Bk. III., Ch. i., 5; The "Petershoff," 5
Wall., 28, 58.

[442] Woolsey, "Int. Law," § 194.

[443] U. S. Naval War Code, Arts. 34, 36; Appendix, p. 412; see
Propositions Institute Int. Law, Cambridge, 1895, §§ 3 and 4.

[444] The "Commercen," 1 Wheat., 382.

[445] See article of John Bassett Moore in _Review of Reviews_, May,
1899.

[446] The "Jonge Tobias," 1 C. Rob. 329.

[447] The "Staadt Embden," 1 C. Rob. 26; Takahashi, p. 94.

[448] Perels, "Manuel Droit Maritime," § 46, p. 283.

[449] p. 690, § 247.

[450] In some cases, belligerents exercise the so-called right of
using or destroying belligerent property on the plea of necessity,
giving compensation. This practice is called "angary" or
"prestation," and is by most jurists either condemned or regarded
with disfavor. An illustration is the sinking, during the
Franco-Prussian War of 1870, by the Germans, of several British
merchant ships in the Seine to prevent French gunboats from going up
the river. During the same war, the Germans seized in Alsace, for
military purposes, certain railway carriages of the Central Swiss
Railway and certain Austrian rolling stock, all of which remained in
the possession of the Germans for some time. See Lawrence, § 252;
Hall, p. 765, § 278. See Appendix, p. 402.

[451] 6 C. Rob. 440, 454.

[452] U. S. Naval War Code, Art. 20; Appendix, p. 406.

[453] The "Orozembo," 6 C. Rob. 430.

[454] Wheat., D., p. 648.

[455] The "Kow-Shing," Takahashi, 24-51.

[456] 1 C. Rob. 340, 359.

[457] The "Marianna Flora," 11 Wheat., 1.

[458] "International Law," Naval War College, p. 164; Lawrence, §§
124, 210.

[459] U. S. Naval War Code, Art. 31; Appendix, p. 409.

[460] U. S. Naval War Code, Art. 32; Appendix, p. 410.

[461] U. S. Naval War Code, Art. 33; Appendix, p. 410. Most of the
forms are given in Glass's "Marine International Law."

[462] Hall, p. 644, § 277.

[463] Takahashi, 16-23.

[464] Gessner, "Le droit des neutres sur mer," Ch. IV.; Perels,
"Manuel Droit Maritime," § 56.

[465] U. S. Naval War Code, Art. 30.

[466] Takahashi, p. 13.

[467] Lawrence, § 268; Appendix, p. 409.

[468] Walker, "Science of Int. Law," p. 304.

[469] Appendix, p. 398.

[470] President McKinley's Proclamation of Blockade, during the war
with Spain, is given in Proclamations and Decrees, p. 75, and
President Lincoln's, during the war with the South, in 12 U. S. Sts.
at Large. Appendix, ii, iii.

[471] Declaration of Paris, Appendix, p. 398.

[472] Art. 37; see Appendix, 412.

[473] Calvo, § 2841.

[474] "International Law," Naval War College, p. 155.

[475] "Juffrow Maria Schroeder," 3 C. Rob., 147, 153, 154.

[476] See 3 Phillimore, Chap. XI.

[477] The "Maria," 5 C. Rob., 365, 368.

[478] 5 C. Rob., 385, 396.

[479] p. 695 n, § 247.

[480] 3 Wall., 514.

[481] Blatchford's Prize Cases, 387, 405, 407; Snow's "Cases," p.
509.

[482] Appendix, p. 398.

[483] U. S. Naval War Code, Arts. 13, 14, 21.

[484] Lawrence, § 212.

[485] Takahashi, p. 105.

[486] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 563, cl. 8; 18 St., 316, c. 80.

[487] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 4618, also 1624, par. 16-17; 4615, 4617,
4621; The "Nassau," 4 Wall., 634.

[488] Wheat., D., n. 186, III.; U. S. Rev. Sts. § 4622.

[489] Wheat., D., n. 186, III.; The "Springbok" 5 Wall., 1; The "Sir
William Peel," _ibid._, 517.

[490] Wheat., D., n, 186, III.

[491] The "La Manche," 2 Sprague, 207. The method of procedure in a
prize court, in case of enemy property, is given in Appendix, p. 421
_et seq._ With a few changes, the same forms may be used in the case
of neutral property. See further on the method of procedure in a
prize court, Takahashi, pp. 11 _et seq._, 73-107, 172-191.

[492] Lawrence, § 212.

[493] Perels, "Manuel Droit Maritime Int.," p. 457.

[494] 30 U. S. Sts. at Large, 1007.

[495] U. S. Naval War Code, Art. 50; Appendix, p. 415; U. S. Rev.
Sts. §§ 4615, 4627, 4628.

[496] This translation is by W. E. Hall, member of the Institute.

[497] See Holls, "Hague Peace Conference," 457.

[498] The modified text alone is given. The entire report of the
proceedings by Sir A. Horsford will be found in 2 Lorimer, 337 _et
seq._

[499] See Glenn, 373; Holls, "Hague Peace Conference," 457.

[500] See Holls, "Hague Peace Conference," 121 _et seq._

[501] The British Foreign Enlistment Acts of 1819 and 1870 may be
found in 2 Lorimer, 476 _et seq._

[502] See late U. S. statute cited on p. 327.

[503] See 1 Whart., § 67.

[504] See _ibid._, §§ 21, 50 c., 3 _ibid._, § 350.

[505] Attorney Gen'l _v._ Sillem _et als_, 2 Hurlstone _v._ Coltman,
Exchequer Reports, 431.

[506] Page 544. For the cases of the "Pampero" and the two iron-clad
rams, see Wheat., D., note p. 572 _et seq._

[507] The American view may be found in Cushing's "Treaty of
Washington," and the British in Bernard's "Historical Account of the
Neutrality of Great Britain during the American Civil War."

[508] See Wheat., D., note p. 553 _et seq._

[509] Hall, § 225.

[510] U. S. Treaties, 481.

[511] Argument of Sir R. Palmer in the "Argument at Geneva,"
published by the United States at p. 426 _et seq._

[512] 7 Cranch, 116.

[513] Argument of Mr. Evarts in "Argument at Geneva," p. 448 _et
seq._

[514] Decision and Award of the Tribunal of Arbitration in 3
Wharton, § 402 a.

[515] pp. 553, 554.

* * * * *

Transcriber's note:

Obvious errors of punctuation have been corrected. A list of the
other changes follows.

In " +Calvo, Ch.+ Droit International. 5e éd. 6 vols. 1896." "ed."
changed to "éd." (for French édition)

In "Nearly all the important states of the world acceded" "acceeded"
changed to "acceded"

In "from a failure to fulfill the obligations of neutrality" "fulfil"
changed to "fulfill"

In 455 "Kow-shing" changed to "Kow-Shing"

In index entry "Guerrilla troops" "Guerilla" changed to "Guerrilla"
to match spelling on referenced page