Chapter III: {xi}48 (7)

_Sandstone of Transition. Old Red Sandstone of Werner?_--Throughout the whole extent of the transition formation before mentioned, a sandstone occurs, evidently belonging to the oldest depositions of that rock. It is for the most part distinctly stratified, and in all cases its stratifications are inclined. It consists of grains of quartz, united by a scanty cement, and usually more or less rounded, as if by attrition and the operation of currents of water. Their fragments vary in magnitude from the finest sand to boulders of several pounds weight. Among the Alleghany mountains are many extensive beds of puddingstone or coarse conglomerate, usually coloured by oxide of iron. It is also to be observed, that this formation of transition sandstone sometimes embraces extensive beds, whose integrant particles have by no means the appearance of having been rounded by attrition. As in the case of almost all the rocks of secondary formation, there appear to have been periods during the time of its deposition when the waters of the superincumbent ocean ceased to throw down the mechanical _débris_ of former rocks, and deposited earthy matter from a state of chymical solution. It is perhaps one of the most interesting and most difficult problems which remain unsolved, to account for the alternation through the whole series of lower secondary and fletz rocks, of {329} beds of strata of mechanical with those of chymical deposition.

The Alleghany mountains in New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, are made up principally of rocks belonging to the transition class, and among these sandstone is perhaps of more frequent occurrence than any other aggregate. We are aware that Maclure has not considered the sandstones of the Alleghany mountains generally, as belonging to the old red sandstone formation of Werner; and it must be acknowledged there is some difference, at least in colour, between the ferruginous sand-rock, which commences on the shore of Tappan bay near Nyac, and extends south and west by the way of Newark, Amboy, and Brunswick, in New Jersey, and that which forms the body of the Cove, Sideling and Alleghany ridges farther to the west. But we cannot discover so marked a difference between the sandstone of the localities last mentioned, and that which occurs about the South mountain in Pennsylvania, that at Hagerstown in Maryland, and near Harper's ferry, in Virginia, which Maclure considers as the _old red sandstone_. Indeed, this last appears to us in almost every respect to resemble the inclined sandstone which prevails so generally throughout the middle and eastern ridges of the Alleghany mountains in Pennsylvania and Maryland. We have already stated the opinion, in part sanctioned by the observations of Maclure, that the old red sandstone is the great substratum of the part of the secondary formation south of Lake Ontario. If this be the case, what stratum, if not the old red sandstone, should be seen emerging from beneath that secondary along its south-eastern margin? We will not, however, contend for the name. It is sufficient for our purpose to state, that the sandstone so abundant in all the principal ridges accessory to the Alleghany on the east, has the character of a rock belonging to the transition class of the Wernerians; that is, its {330} strata have a somewhat regular dip and inclination; it contains no beds of bituminous coal, though many of anthracite, and few organised remains. Near the summit of the ridge called particularly the Alleghany, the change to secondary begins to appear. Without the interposition of any other stratum, and without any sudden change of features, the strata of sandstone become nearly horizontal, assuming gradually all the characters of secondary rocks. About one mile west of the summit of the Alleghany, on the road from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, the first indications of coal are observed. Descending into the vallies, the transition strata again emerge to the light. The same thing happens in the case of Coatskill and other mountains west of the Hudson, their basis being of transition, and their summits crossed with secondary.

The horizontal sandstones connected with the depositions of coal occurring along the Ohio from Pittsburgh to the confluence of Green river, assume various characters,[97] and often support extensive formations of compact limestone.

FOOTNOTES:

[79] The Report from which these observations are extracted was drawn up at Smithland, Kentucky, in January, 1820, soon after the return of the exploring party from the Rocky Mountains. Since that time, opportunities have been wanting to supply the deficiency of study and comparison, for which that place, remote from all collections of books and minerals, did not afford the means. We may be allowed to mention these circumstances in extenuation of our apparent neglect of many recent innovations in geology, and of some late works, with which we had not the opportunity to be acquainted.--JAMES.

[80] Lewis and Clarke's History, vol. i. p. 83. Philadelphia, 1814.--JAMES.

[81] What explanation the advocates for the doctrine of the recent _emersion_ of our continent will give of the highly and exclusively primitive character of the Rocky Mountains, we are at a loss to conjecture. The organized remains hitherto observed in the secondary aggregates along the base of those mountains, are mostly of animals supposed to have inhabited the depths of the ocean. But if the granite of the Rocky Mountains has been _forced up_ at a recent period, where are the traces of all those older secondary, and fletz rocks, which should have intervened between it and the horizontal sandstones? If these mountains had formed the shores of that ocean, in which the greater part of our continent was so long immersed, after the elevation of the _old world_, we should have expected to find along their base, the remains of littoral animals, and not of those which inhabited the depths of the ocean. It would be proper, however, before we refer to the character of the Rocky Mountains, as invalidating or confirming any system of opinions, to ascertain that their eastern and western sides are in all respects similar.--JAMES.

[82] Personal Narrative, vol. i. p. 87. American edition.--JAMES.

[83] Pinkerton.--JAMES.

[84] The valley of Red river abounds in limestone, often presenting the shells of oysters and other molluscous animals in a state of petrifaction, scattered in profusion over the surface of the ground, and retaining their original form entire, while on the Arkansa, the rocks are generally sandstone, no limestone being found, except of the Illinois, Grand, and Canadian rivers. _Major Long's_ MS. Journal. Several organic relics from the country about the confluence of the Kiamesha, have been obligingly communicated by Mr. Nuttall: among these is a shell which approaches nearest to the variety of the gryphœa dilatata of Sowerby, 149. fig. 2, but the lobe is far less distinct, and the shell is more narrowed towards the hinge, and is somewhat less dilated, and much more like an ostrea. It may be thus described: G. _corrugata_, SAY.--Small valve, flat, and very much wrinkled, and like the other, narrowed near the hinge. The beak is short, and curved upwards, and laterally, and the sulcus is very distinct. Length, and greatest breadth of the small valve nearly equal; from 1½ to 2 inches. It is in a very perfect state of preservation. Mr. Nuttall brought also from Red river, a species of ostrea, which to the eye appears hardly changed. The anterior portion of the specimens are wanting, but the greatest breadth of the remaining portion of the largest one is nearly three inches. The hinge fosse in this species is proportionably much more contracted, and smaller in every respect, than any other species of the genus we have seen; that of the specimen above mentioned is less than one-half of an inch. The specimens were evidently those of old shells, being much thickened. Another species of ostrea, a hinge fragment of an old and thickened individual, which appears to have been long, and narrow; the hinge fosse itself is long and wide. Length of the hinge more than three inches, greatest width more than one inch.--JAMES.

[85] "A very extensive bed of native argil occurs on the right bank of the Mississippi, commencing near the head of Tiawapeti Bottom, at the Little Chain, about forty miles above the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi, and extending with very little interruption near six miles above the Grand Tower, a distance of thirty-four miles. Beyond these limits I have not observed it. Its colour is snow-white; structure fine, pulverulent; fracture dull earthy. It is amorphous, and adheres to the tongue. It does not effervesce with acids, even in the slightest degree. The bed of argil reposes on horizontal strata of siliceous sandstone, and is overlaid by shell limestone. In the vein of argil, nodules and veins of flint are arranged so as to make with the horizon an angle of about fifty degrees. The argil has been taken to New Orleans, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, &c. in considerable quantities, supposing it to be chalk, for which substance it has been used." _Mr. Jessup's_ MS. Report.

"_Flint._--This occurs in nodules and veins in a bed of native argil, above Tiawapeti Bottom. Its colours are bluish-gray and greenish-black. It gives fire with steel; fracture is conchoidal, and the edges are translucent. The veins of flint dip to the south-east." _Ibid._

Imbedded in the chalk of Cape Girardeau, are occasionally found nodules of flint, which are enveloped by a hard crust of calcareous carbonate, arranged in concentric layers. Its colour is grayish-black, breaks with a perfectly conchoidal fracture, is translucent on the edges, and readily gives fire with the steel. _Schoolcraft's_ View of the Lead Mines, p. 180.--JAMES.

[86] Jameson in the Edinburgh Encyclopedia, Art. Mineralogy.--JAMES.

[87] Humboldt's Personal Narrative, vol. iv. p. 171. 195. vol. v. p. 553.--JAMES.

[88] Stoddart's Louisiana, p. 391.--JAMES.

[89] Copper has been found in Illinois, near the sources of Cache river.--JAMES.

[90] "_Fluate of Lime._--This mineral occurs in great abundance seventeen miles south of Shawaneetown, Illinois, on Peter's creek, and proceeding about thirteen miles in a south-west direction, it again appears on and near the surface of the ground; at the three forks of the Grand Pierre creek, maintaining the same course, it breaks out in several places for near twenty miles. This beautiful and useful species of lime occurs at Peter's creek, almost invariably in a crystallized form; the crystals are universally cubes: at the three forks of the Grand Pierre creek, it occurs in masses of several feet in diameter. Both the crystallized and massive varieties, possess almost all the shades of colour and have been observed in the European specimens: viz. green, violet, blue, red, yellow, white, black, and rose-coloured. This mineral varies in transparency, some specimens being perfectly limpid, others opaque. Some of the violet and rose-coloured specimens, when recently fractured or pulverized, yield a strong bituminous odor; this character (which has never been observed heretofore as belonging to this species of lime) is perceptible only in the crystallized specimens.

"The vein of fluate of lime is apparently very extensive; very few minerals have been found associated with it, at the above localities. I saw at Peter's creek a few specimens of laminated calcareous spar, and a few of sulphuret of lead. Excavations have been made by several gentlemen who reside in that vicinity, for lead, but no veins or beds of this ore have been found.

"From examination of the situation of those specimens which I found, and the general appearance of the vein of fluor spar, I do not think that there is a sufficiency of lead ore, to reimburse the expenses that would be necessarily incurred in mining. The accompanying rocks of the vein of spar are compact limestone, sandstone, and oolite." _Jessup's_ MS. Report.

"_Concreted Carbonate of Lime, variety Oolite._--This occurs on Peter's creek, seventeen miles south of Shawaneetown, Illinois, associated with compact limestone, and sandstone, in the gangue of the fluate of lime. It is composed of globular masses, about the size of English mustard-seed, which are united by a calcareous cement; the nucleus of the globules are detached, leaving a small cavity in the centre of each; its colour is yellowish-white; fracture dull." _Ibid._

"_Sulphuretted Hydrogen Gas._--This gas is very abundant in the water of many of the springs and wells in Missouri territory. Its origin is probably owing to the decomposition of sulphuret of iron. Six miles west of St. Louis is a large spring of water strongly impregnated with this gas; its odour is perceptible to the distance of four or five hundred yards from the spring. It is reported, that the water has proved beneficial in cases of cutaneous disorders and rheumatic complaints." _Ibid._

"_Red Oxide of Iron._--This occurs, though not very abundant, in the hills near Isle a Loutre, on the Missouri river. Its texture is compact, fracture earthy. Its external colour is brownish red; its streak and powder is blood red. This variety of ore produces good iron, and yields from sixty to eighty per cent." _Ibid._

"_Hematitic Brown Oxide of Iron._--This variety of iron ore occurs in considerable quantity in the vicinity of the vein of fluate of lime, near Shawaneetown, Illinois. It occurs there under a number of imitative forms, such as tubular, stalactitical, nodular, botryoidal, and reniform. Its colour is blackish and yellow brown; it is easily fused, and will produce near sixty per cent. of good malleable iron." _Ibid._

"_Argillaceous Oxide of Iron._--This variety of iron ore is abundant in the western parts of Pennsylvania and Virginia, and in Kentucky, where it is almost the only ore of iron that is worked. The principal furnaces in Pennsylvania, are in Cumberland, Northumberland, and Centre counties, and on the Juniata river." _Ibid._

"_Columnar Argillaceous Oxide of Iron._--Near the confluence of the Ohio and Tennessee rivers, is a locality of argillaceous oxide of iron, of a columnar structure, and so rising from the surface of the ground as to have some resemblance to cypress trees. This mineral has by many been thought of volcanic origin; at least, that the cause of its peculiar form is, in some measure, connected with the operation of volcanic causes." _Ibid._

"_Sulphuret of Lead, or Galena._--This mineral is abundant in Missouri territory, about sixty miles south-west of St. Louis; but as I had not an opportunity of visiting the mines I cannot say any thing respecting its geological situation or quantity. There are two reservations for lead in the vicinity of the United States' Saline, Illinois. From external appearances, I should judge, the ore was abundant; but from the success of former diggings, and the situation of the ore, which has not as yet been found there, either in beds or veins, but sparingly diffused in small masses (attached to the fluate of lime) not exceeding in weight two or three pounds, I think the quantity inconsiderable. Every specimen of sulphuret of lead that I saw there, possessed a crystalline form." _Ibid._

"_Sulphuret of Zinc, or Blende._--Fifteen miles south of Shawaneetown, Illinois, uniform masses of argillaceous iron ore enclosed in concentric layers of slate clay, are found in a bed of slate clay. In the argillaceous iron ore small particles of sulphuret of zinc occur. This is the only locality west of the Alleghany mountains that I have seen of this ore." _Ibid._--JAMES.

[91] For sketch of Mackenzie, see Franchère's _Narrative_, in our volume vi, note 4.--ED.

[92] Lafora, cited in Humboldt's New Spain.--JAMES.

[93] The banks of the river Montmorenci, from the natural steps downward to the St. Lawrence, are composed of a lime slate placed in horizontal strata from the depth of five to twenty-four inches, each connected by fibrous gypsum of a whitish colour. Heriot's Travels, p. 88. The island of Cape Breton abounds in sandstone, coal, and plaster. _Ibid._ 431.--JAMES.

[94] Schoolcraft.--JAMES.

[95] See his speech at the opening of the session of 1822.--JAMES.

[96] Observations on the Geology of the United States, p. 57.--JAMES.

[97] The following are descriptions of the rocks that alternate with each other as they occur, in connection with the coal-beds at Pittsburgh; commencing with the uppermost and proceeding in a regular gradation to the lowest, that we have had an opportunity of examining.

No. 1. A loose-grained argillaceous sandstone, composed of minute grains of quartz and decomposed felspar, united by an argillaceous cement. Its colour is yellowish gray; fracture uneven; stratifications imperfect. It contains no organic remains; depth of the bed near four feet.

No. 2. Bituminous shale; natural colour brownish black, that of the streak dark gray. Before the blow-pipe it decrepitates, burns with a bright flame, emits a bituminous odour, and soon becomes nearly white. Its structure is slaty; no animal or vegetable is contained in it, small veins of clay are dispersed irregularly between the layers. Depth of the strata ten feet.

No. 3. A bed of bituminous coal; its colour is brownish black, cross fracture uneven, longitudinal slaty; fragments tabular, right angled; lustre resinous; is semihard, sectile and very brittle. Vertical and horizontal beds of indurated clay, containing a small quantity of bitumen, occur in the coal. Depth of the bed from two to eight feet.

No. 4. Bituminous shale possesses the same character as No. 2. Varies in depth.

No. 5. Indurated clay; its colour is lead-gray; fracture, in situations where it has been subjected to the combined actions of moisture and the atmosphere, irregularly slatose; in others uneven. Depth of this bed seven feet.

No. 6. Argillaceous chlorite slate, passing by regular gradations into argillaceous chlorite sandstone. Natural colour, yellowish green, that of the streak light gray; cross fracture uneven. Its powder is soft and slightly greasy to the touch; it contains no organic remains. The depth of this bed varies.

No. 7. Compact limestone, intimately mixed with alumine; it contains small veins of calcareous spar dispersed throughout the mass. Veins of angular fragments of carbonate of lime, united by a calcareous and argillaceous cement, extend irregularly through the rock. The fracture, in some specimens, is compact and earthy, in others uneven.

No. 8. Argillaceous chlorite sandstone, consisting of minute grains of quartz, chlorite slate, and talc, united by an argillaceous cement; its colour is yellowish green; fracture uneven; the powder is soft, and feels greasy to the touch; it is destitute of organic remains.

No. 9. A loose-grained argillaceous sandstone, thickly interspersed with thin laminæ of talc; its colour is light gray; fracture uneven; texture loose; it is liable to disintegration.

No. 10. Argillaceous sandstone, irregularly slatose; its colour is gray, with a tinge of yellow. Nodules of clay ironstone occur in considerable quantities through the mass of rock.

No. 11. Fine-grained argillaceous sandstone, composed of quartz and magnesia united by an argillaceous cement. Its colour is yellowish gray, which by the action of the blow-pipe passes into reddish brown. This rock contains great numbers of the impressions of the phytolites.

No. 12. Indurated clay; its colour is bluish gray, structure slatose; fracture approaching uneven; hardness inconsiderable. Impressions of small leaves occur in this, but are not numerous; they apparently consist of one species alone.

No. 13. Compact argillaceous sandstone; composed of quartz, felspar, and their laminæ of talc, united by an argillaceous cement; its colour is brownish gray. Nodules of clay ironstone occur in considerable abundance in this rock; they are formed by concentric layers, around a nucleus, which is the same in composition as the mass of their bed. Their size varies from that of a nut to an apple.

From _Mr. Jessup's_ MS. Report.--JAMES.

[PART II][98]

_Containing the Calculations of Observations made by Major
Long and Lieutenant Swift, on a tour from the Council Bluffs
on the Missouri river, westward along the river Platte to
its head waters in the Rocky Mountains,--thence southwardly
to the head waters of the Arkansa and Canadian rivers,--and
down said rivers to Belle Point, performed in 1820, under
the command of Major S. H. Long, of the United States'
Topographical Engineers._

* * * * *

_Note._--The instruments used in making the following astronomical observations, were a portable sextant of 5 inches radius, graduated by the assistance of the vernier to 30˝, made by Cary, London, accompanied by a mercurial artificial horizon with a glass frame, and an excellent patent-lever watch, by Robert Roskell.

* * * * *

_Camp on the river Platte, at the fording place of the Pawnee
Indians, twenty-seven miles below the confluence of the North
and South, or Padouca Forks._

June 20, 1820.|Meridian altitude of sun's lower } | 72° 23´
| limb } |
|Extent of horizon, (a level sheet of }| 700 yards.
| water) }|
|Height of observer's eye above } | 3½ feet.
| horizon } |
+--------------------------------------+-----------
|Index error--4´ 15˝. Latitude } | 40° 59´ 15˝ N.
| deduced } |
+--------------------------------------+-----------

_Equal altitudes of Sun to find error of Watch._

|Time from Noon,|Time from Noon,| Error of Watch.
| A.M. | P.M. |
|---------------+---------------+----------------
June 20, 1820.| 2ʰ 32´ 26˝ | 2ʰ 32´ 34˝ } | 1´ 15˝ fast.
| 2 29 36 | 2 29 46 } | Mean time.
--------------+---------------+---------------+----------------

_Camp on the Platte, thirty-two miles below the point where it issues
from the Rocky Mountains._

-------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------
July 4, 1820.| Meridian double altitude of star } | 48° 10´ 00˝
| Antares, (ᵅ. Scorpii) } |
| Index error--3´ 45˝. Latitude } | 39° 57´ 40˝ N.
| deduced } |
-------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------

{xxxvii} _Observations made on the River Platte, seven minutes of latitude south of the Camp of July 4th._

_Equal altitudes of Sun to find error of watch, at noon._

| Time from | Time from | Error
| Noon, A.M. | Noon, P.M. | of Watch.
-------------+------------------+------------------+-------------
July 5, 1820.| 2ʰ 30´ 19˝ | 2ʰ 21´ 17˝ }| 8´ 41˝ slow.
| 2 28 57 | 2 19 55 }| Mean time.
| 2 27 30 | 2 18 22 }|
+------------------+------------------+-------------

_A mean of eight lunar distances from sun and times
correspondent, to find the longitude. Latitude by account 39°
50´ 40˝ N. Assumed longitude 7ʰ 01´ W._

| Time per Watch, | Distance of |
| A.M. | nearest limbs. | Index error.
-------------+------------------+------------------+--------------
July 5, 1820.| 7ʰ 33´ 07˝ | 56° 09´ 26˝ | --4´
+------------------+------------------+--------------

Daily variation of watch 1´ 41˝ losing.

Longitude deduced, 7ʰ 01´ 23˝, or 105° 20´ 45˝ W. of Greenwich.

--------------+------------------------------------+-----------------
_Camp at the base of the Rocky Mountains._

July 8, 1820. |Meridian double altitude of Antares | 49° 17´ 30˝
| +-----------------
|Index error --3´ 45˝. Latitude }| 39 23 52 N.
| deduced }|
+------------------------------------+-----------------
July 9, 1820. |Meridian double altitude of Antares | 49 18 15
| +-----------------
|Index error -3´ 45˝. Latitude }| 39 23 29 N.
| deduced }|
+------------------------------------+-----------------
|Mean latitude of the camp | 39 23 40 N.
--------------+------------------------------------+-----------------

At our camp on Boiling-spring Creek, at the distance of about 25 miles from James's Peak, (the same designated by Pike as the highest peak,) trigonometrical observations were made for determining the height of the peak above the level of the adjacent country. A base of 1048½ feet was accurately measured, and angles taken at its extremities, to ascertain another side of the triangle, to serve as a base to determine the height of the mountain. The angles at the extremities of the primary base, corrected for the index error of sextant, were 104° 32´ 15˝ and 65° 28´ 45˝--and the extent of the secondary base as found by calculation, 133372.5 feet. The angles taken at the extremities of the secondary base, included between that line and the lines of vision, to an object distinctly visible at the summit of the peak, were 96° 21´ 15˝ and 81° 17´ 45˝, corrected as above. The angle of elevation of the top of the peak, observed at the extremity {xxxviii} of the secondary base, most remote from the peak, was 3° 41´ 15˝, corrected also for index error of sextant. The final result of these observations, gives for the height of the peak above the plain in which the observations were made, 8507½ feet.

In order to ascertain with precision, the angle of elevation of the summit of the peak, an artificial horizon of water was employed, and the double angle of elevation observed. The angle of elevation as it stands corrected for refraction, is 3° 39´ 26˝. The estimate as above gives the height of the peak above the true level of the place of observation, no correction having been made for the spherical figure of the earth.

Allowing the perpendicular fall of the river Platte, from the mountains to its mouth, to be on an average nineteen inches per mile, (which appears reasonable from the rapidity of its current compared with that of the Missouri,) the fall of the Missouri from the place where it receives the Platte to its mouth, to be 16 inches per mile, which agrees with the result from _leveling_ at Engineer Cantonment--and that of the Mississippi from the mouth of the Missouri to the Gulf of Mexico to be 12 inches per mile, it would give for the height of the Platte at the base of the mountains, say at the place of the above observations, 3000 feet above the level of the ocean, and consequently the height of James's Peak would be 11507½ above the same level.

This mountain was clothed in snow for a considerable distance below its summit, when the exploring party visited it, in the middle of July, and at the same time they experienced excessive heat at its base.

* * * * *

_Observations made on the Arkansa, at our camp, situated about
twenty-five miles below the point where the river issues from
the mountains._

_Equal altitudes of Sun to find error of watch, at noon._

| Time from Noon, | Time from Noon, | Error of Watch.
| A.M. | P.M. |
+------------------+--------------------+----------------
July 17, 1820. | 3ʰ 27´ 17˝ | 3ʰ 08´ 35˝ } | 15´ 03˝ slow.
| 3 25 58 | 3 07 15 } | Mean time.
| 3 24 36 | 3 05 54 } |
+------------------+--------------------+----------------
July 17, 1820. | Meridian double altitude of Antares | 51° 28´
| Index error 3´ 22˝. Latitude } |
| deduced } | 38 18 19 N.
+---------------------------------------+----------------

_A mean of eight lunar observations. Distance of nearest limbs of sun
and moon for calculating the longitude._

| Time per Watch, | Distance of Sun |
| P.M. | and Moon. | Index Error.
+------------------+------------------+-------------
July 17, 1820. | 3ʰ 26´ 49˝ | 84° 08´ 30˝ | - 3´ 22˝
+------------------+------------------+-------------

{xxxix} Assumed longitude 7ʰ 01´ west. Allowance to be made for error and rate of time-piece, as before.

Longitude of Camp deduced, 7ʰ 02´ 39˝, or 105° 39´ 45˝ W.

_Camp on the Arkansa, two miles below the river St. Charles, or third
fork of Pike._

July 19, 1820. | Meridian double altitude of Antares | 51° 36´ 00˝
| Index error--3´ 22˝. Latitude } |
| deduced } | 38 14 18 N.
+-------------------------------------+---------------

_Camp on the Arkansa, at the place where the Exploring Party was
divided into two detachments._

_Equal altitudes of Sun to find error of watch, at midnight._

| Time before | Time after | Error of Watch.
| Midnight | Midnight |
---------------+-----------------+-------------------+-----------------
July 21, 1820. | 8ʰ 39´ 58˝ | 8ʰ 17´ 50˝ }| 17´ 19˝ slow.
| 8 38 38 | 8 16 30 }| Mean time.
| 8 37 18 | 8 15 1 }|
+-----------------+-------------------+-----------------

_A mean of eight lunar distances and times correspondent,--nearest
limb of moon from star Spicæ Virginis._

| Time per Watch | Distance of Moon | Index error.
| P.M. | and Star. |
---------------+-----------------+-------------------+---------------
July 21, 1820. | 9ʰ 40´ 54˝ | 51° 45´ 47˝ | - 3´ 30˝
+-----------------+-------------------+---------------

Variation of watch 47˝ per 12 hours losing. Error of watch to be estimated. Longitude by account 6ʰ 58´ W. Lat. determined by subsequent observations.

Longitude of Camp, 6ʰ 55´ 05˝ or 103° 46´ 15˝ W. of Greenwich.

_Equal altitudes of Sun to find error of watch, at noon._

| Time from Noon, | Time from Noon, | Error of Watch.
| A.M. | P.M. |
+-------------------+-------------------+-----------------
July 22, 1820.| 2ʰ 58´ 21˝ | 2ʰ 34´ 09˝ } | 18´ 06˝ slow.
| 2 56 59 | 2 32 47 } | Mean time.
| 2 55 36 | 2 31 23 } |
+-------------------+-------------------+-----------------
July 22, 1820.| Meridian double altitude of Antares | 51° 40´
| +-----------------
| Index error--3´ 30˝. Latitude } |
| deduced } | 38 12 22 N.
--------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------

{xl} _Camp on the Canadian River of August 6th._

Aug. 6, 1820. | Meridian of altitude sun's lower limb | 71° 52´
| Extent of natural horizon, or sheet }|
| of water }| 82 yards.
| Height of observer's eye above }|
| horizon }| 38 inches.
| Index error of sextant | - 3´
| +--------------
| Latitude deduced |35° 16´ 19˝ N.
---------------+---------------------------------------+--------------

_Camp on the Canadian River of August 22d._

Aug. 22, 1820. | Meridian double altitude of moon's } |
| lower limb } | 72° 18´ 15˝
| +----------------
| Index error--4´ 00˝. Latitude } |
| deduced } | 35 26 29 N.
---------------+---------------------------------------+----------------

_Camp on the Canadian River of August 31st._

_Equal altitudes of Sun to find error of watch, at noon._

| Time from Noon, | Time from Noon, | Error of Watch.
| A.M. | P.M. |
--------------+-----------------+------------------+-----------------
Aug. 31, 1820 | 3ʰ 27´ 43˝ | 2ʰ 23´ 40˝ }| 31´ 52½˝ slow.
| 3 26 21 | 2 22 18 }| Mean time.
| 3 24 55 | 2 20 57 }|
+-----------------+------------------+-----------------

_Altitudes of Sun and times correspondent, to find the Latitude._

| Times per Watch, | Double altitudes of | Index error.
| A.M. | sun's upper limb. |
+------------------+---------------------+----------------
Aug. 31, 1820.| 10ʰ 29´ 20˝ | 121° 18´ 00˝ | - 4´
| 10 30 24 | 121 32 00 | Error and
| 10 32 05 | 121 52 30 | variation of
| 10 33 12 | 122 06 30 | watch to be
| 10 34 13 | 122 17 30 | allowed.
| | | Lat. by account
| | | 34° 57´ N.
+------------------+---------------------+----------------
Mean 10ʰ 31´ 51˝ | 121° 49´ 18˝ |
-------------------+---------------------+----------------
Latitude of Camp deduced from the above | 34° 57´ 35˝
-------------------------------------------------------+----------------

_A mean of seven Lunar distances, and times correspondent--nearest
limbs of Sun and Moon._

| Time per Watch, | Distance of Sun | Index error.
| A.M. | and Moon. |
+---------------------+-------------------+--------------
Aug. 31, 1820.| 7ʰ 32´ 06˝ | 77° 50´ 15˝ | - 4´
+---------------------+-------------------+--------------

{xli} Allowance to be made for error and variation of watch. Longitude by account, 6ʰ 26´ W.

Longitude deduced, 6ʰ 26´ 12˝, or 96° 33´ 00˝ W. of Greenwich.

_Camp on the Canadian river, fifteen miles above its mouth._

Sept. 9, 1820. | Meridian double altitude of sun's }| 120° 13´ 00˝
| lower limb }|
| +----------------
| Index error - 4'. Lat. deduced | 34 50 15 N.
+------------------------------------+----------------

_Observations made on the Arkansa river, at Fort Smith, Belle Point,
situated at the confluence of the Arkansa and Poteau rivers._

Sept. 14, 1820. | Meridian double altitude of sun's } | 116° 22´ 00˝
| lower limb } |
| +-----------------
| Index error - 4´. Latitude deduced | 34 51 07 N.
+-------------------------------------+-----------------
Sept. 15, 1820. | Meridian double altitude of sun's } |
| lower limb } | 115 36 00
| +-----------------
| Index error - 4´. Latitude deduced | 34 51 00 N.
+-------------------------------------+-----------------
Sept. 16, 1820. | Meridian double altitude of sun's } |
| lower limb } | 114 50 30
| +-----------------
| Index error - 4´. Latitude deduced | 34 50 35 N.
+-------------------------------------+-----------------
| Mean latitude of Belle Point | 34 50 54 N.
+-------------------------------------+-----------------

_Equal altitudes of Sun to find error of watch, at noon._

| Time from Noon, | Time from Noon, | Error of Watch.
| A.M. | P.M. |
+-----------------+-------------------+----------------
Sept. 15, 1820. | 3ʰ 41´ 21˝ | 3ʰ 36´ 32˝ }| 2´ 47˝ fast.
| 3 38 35 | 3 33 46 }| Mean time.
+-----------------+-------------------+----------------

_A mean of seven lunar distances and times correspondent--nearest
limbs of Sun and Moon._

| Time per Watch, | Distance of Sun | Index error.
| P.M. | and Moon. |
+-----------------+-------------------+-------------
Sept. 15, 1820. | 3ʰ 55´ 46˝ | 93° 59´ 30˝ | - 4´
+-----------------+-------------------+-------------

Allowance for error of watch as usual. Longitude by account, 6ʰ 18´ west of Greenwich.

Longitude of Belle Point deduced from the foregoing data, 6ʰ 17´ 24˝, or 94° 21´ 00˝ west of Greenwich.

{xlii} A TABLE OF LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE,

_Embracing the deductions recorded in the foregoing account of Astronomical
Observations and Calculations._

=======================+===============+==============+===============
| | Longitude W. | Longitude W.
Places of Observation | Latitude N | from |from Washington
| | Greenwich | City
-----------------------+---------------+--------------+---------------
Shippingsport, Ky | 38° 15´ 23˝ | |
Camp on Mississippi, | | |
June 8 | 38 26 09 | |
Mouth of Merameg river | 38 23 39 | |
St. Louis, Missouri | 38 36 18 |90° 02´ 35˝ |13° 02´ 35˝
Camp on Missouri | | |
river, June 28 | 38 34 33 | |
Franklin, Missouri | 38 57 09 |92 57 05 |15 57 05
Fort Osage, Missouri | 39 09 33 | |
Cow Island, Missouri | | |
river | 39 25 05 | |
Camp on Missouri river,| | |
Aug. 31 | 39 49 01 | |
Fort Lisa, Missouri Fur| | |
Co.'s Establishment | 41 24 13 | |
Engineer Cantonment | 41 25 04 |95 43 53 |18 43 53
Mouth of river Platte | 41 03 13 | |
Mouth of Elk-horn, | | |
tributary to Platte | 41 12 00 | |
Boyer river at | | |
commencement of | | |
High Lands | 41 32 15 | |
Elk-horn river, near | | |
Pawnee Trace | 41 26 07 | |
Village of | | |
Republican Pawnees | 41 17 03 | |
Mouth of Missouri river| 38 51 39 |90 00 40 |13 00 40
Mouth of De Moyen river| 40 21 48 | |
Mouth of Illinois river| 38 58 23 |90 18 00 |13 18 00
Cape Girardeau, | | |
Mississippi river | 37 18 39 |89 17 00 |12 17 00
Spanish Fort at Natchez| 31 33 45 | |
Camp on the Platte, | | |
July 4 | 39 57 40 | |
Do. do. | | |
July 5 | 39 50 40 |105 20 45 |28 20 45
Camp at the base of the| | |
Rocky Mountains, | | |
July 8 | 39 23 40 | |
1st Camp on Arkansa, | | |
July 17 | 38 18 19 |105 39 45 |28 39 45
Camp on Arkansa, | | |
July 19 | 38 14 18 | |
Camp where Exploring | | |
Party separated | 38 12 22 |103 46 15 |26 46 15
Camp on Canadian river,| | |
Aug. 6 | 35 16 19 | |
Do. do. Aug. 22 | 35 26 29 | |
Do. do. Aug. 31 | 34 57 35 |96 33 00 |19 33 00
Do. do. Sept. 9 | 34 50 15 | |
Belle Point, | | |
Arkansa Territory | 34 50 54 |94 21 00 |17 21 00
-----------------------+---------------+--------------+---------------

METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER

_Preliminary Explanations_

The observations on the modifications of the clouds were particularly detailed in the Journal by Mr. Say, who being often remote from the party on detached expeditions, the phases observed by him cannot always be considered as precisely corresponding with those that occurred where the observations noted in the remaining columns of the tables were made by Lieut. Graham. As they would occupy too much space, if introduced into the body of this work agreeably to the manuscript notes, it was judged proper to modify and condense them into the smallest possible space. With this view, the nomenclature of Messrs. Howard and Forster has been adopted, and is now inserted in the meteorological tables, under the indications of the following abbreviations, viz.

S - Stratus.
C - Cirrus.
Cs - Cirrostratus--the addition of a full point, thus Cs. shows
that this cloud was almost or entirely universal; and a
comma, thus, Cs, indicates its partial occurrence. The
same observations also relate to the signs for the following
clouds.
Cm - Cumulus.
Cml - Cirrocumulus.
Cms - Cumulostratus.
Cmc - Cumulocirrostratus.
Ns - Nimbus.

But as the particular varieties of appearance which these respective clouds exhibited, could not be indicated in the allotted columns of the tables, they are altogether omitted. The column headed with the word _courses_ indicates the points of the heavens from which the clouds proceed; thus | C. | S.W. | shows the occurrence of the Cirrus form of clouds proceeding from the south-west.

The letter L. sometimes inserted in the column of remarks on the state of the weather, indicates _lightning_; T. _thunder_, and R. _rain_.

Observations, by means of the Cyanometer, on the colour of the atmosphere, were also made, three times each day, by Mr. Graham; but as the instrument became imperfect in consequence of the fading of its colours, from the necessary exposure to the action of light, they have been rejected.

No record was made of the humidity of the atmosphere, as the Hygrometer provided for the use of the Expedition, proved entirely useless.

Simultaneous meteorological observations were made at Germantown, near Philadelphia, by Mr. Reuben Haines; from which the average temperature of that place during several months has been deduced and inserted for the sake of comparison, in the following tables.

Observations on the state of the weather were regularly made during the whole term of the expedition, but being too voluminous to be inserted in the work, it was thought best to select those of an entire year and reject the remainder.

{xliv} _Meteorological Register_ {xlv} _for the Month of_ JUNE, 1819

=====+=================+=================+=================+=====+
| | | | |
| | | | |
Day | MORNING | MID-DAY | EVENING | |
of +-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+Mean |
Month|Temp.| Wind |Temp.| Wind |Temp.| Wind |Temp.|
-----+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+
1 | 68 | N.W. | 76 | N.N.W. | 77 | W. | 73 |
2 | 65 | Calm | 77 | W.N.W. | 75 | N.W. | 72 |
3 | 65 | Calm | 82 | S.E. | 80 | S.S.E. | 75 |
4 | 72 | Calm | 83 | Sy. | 81 | S. | 78 |
5 | 73 | S. | 85 | S.E. | 83 | Sy. | 80 |
6 | 73 | Calm | 85 | S.E. | 84 | E.S.E. | 80 |
7 | 79 | S.W. | 85 | S.W. | 84 | Sy. | 82 |
8 | 78 | S.S.W. | 83 | S.S.W. | 83 | S. | 81 |
9 | 75 | S.W. | 85 | S.W. | 80 | W.S.W. | 80 |
10 | 68 | S.E. | 83 | E.S.E. | 75 | S.E. | 75 |
11 | 64 | S.S.E. | 76 | W.N.W. | 72 | N.W. | 70 |
| | | | | | | |
12 | 66 | N.N.E. | 73 | N.N.W. | 73 | N.N.W. | 70 |
13 | 68 | Calm | 78 | S.S.E. | 72 | S.S.W. | 72 |
14 | 72 |S.E. by E. | 81 | S. by E. | 80 | S. | 77 |
15 | 77 | S. by E. | 84 | E. | 75 | S. | 80 |
| | | | | | | |
16 | 72 | S.E. | 84 | Calm | 86 | Calm | 77 |
17 | 80 | Calm | 87 | Calm | 86 | Calm | 84 |
18 | 80 | Calm | 86 |N.W. by N. | 81 | N.W. | 82 |
| | | | | | | |
19 | 69 |N.E. by N. | 74 | N. by E. | 73 | N. by E. | 72 |
20 | 66 | W.S.W. | 81 | W. | 80 | Calm | 75 |
21 | 70 | S.W. | 83 | N.W. | 83 | N. by W. | 78 |
22 | 70 | E. by S. | 83 | E.N.E. | 84 | Calm | 79 |
23 | 72 | Calm | 82 | E.S.E. | 82 | S. | 78 |
24 | 71 | Calm | 84 | Calm | 86 | S.W. | 80 |
| | | | | | | |
25 | 75 | Calm | 85 | N.E. | 86 | N. | 82 |
| | | | | | | |
26 | 77 | N.W. | 84 | S. | 87 | W.N.W. | 82 |
27 | 70 |N.W. by N. | 84 | N.N.E. | 86 | N.N.E. | 80 |
28 | 75 | Calm | 83 | S. by W. | 86 | E. | 81 |
29 | 71 | Calm | 88 | N.W. | 89 |N.W. by W. | 82 |
30 | 74 | N.W. | 81 | W.N.W. | 78 |S.W. by S. | 77 |
-----+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+

=====+=======+====================================+=======================+
| Mean | | BAROMETER |
| Temp. | +-----------------------+
Day | at | | |
of |German-| +-------+-------+-------+
Month| town | REMARKS |Morning| Noon |Evening|
-----+-------+------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+
1 | -- |Windy during the day | 29.40 | 29.26 | 29.32 |
2 | -- | | 29.36 | 29.17 | 29.31 |
3 | -- | | 29.41 | 29.26 | 29.20 |
4 | 68 | | 29.32 | 29.16 | 29.17 |
5 | -- | | 29.25 | 29.10 | 29.18 |
6 | 79 | | 29.29 | 29.15 | 29.16 |
7 | 79 | | 29.24 | 29.19 | 29.19 |
8 | -- | | 29.20 | 29.15 | 29.16 |
9 | -- | | 29.18 | 29.20 | 29.15 |
10 | 71 | | 29.28 | 29.21 | 29.20 |
11 | 69 |Thunder shower before daylight this | 29.15 | 29.16 | 29.18 |
| |morning | | | |
12 | 69 | | 29.36 | 29.27 | 29.28 |
13 | -- | | 29.40 | 29.26 | 29.20 |
14 | 65 | | 29.29 | 29.16 | 29.15 |
15 | -- |Violent thunder gust commenced at 6 | 29.21 | 29.22 | 29.23 |
| | P.M. and continued till 7 | | | |
16 | 71 |Sultry | 29.26 | 29.21 | 29.18 |
17 | 76 |Sultry | 29.22 | 29.17 | 29.14 |
18 | 79 |Light breezes. Thermometer at 88½ | 29.16 | 29.13 | 29.14 |
| |at 11 o'clock, A.M. | | | |
19 | 78 |Light breezes | 29.29 | 29.27 | 29.14 |
20 | 68 |Light breezes | 29.35 | 29.22 | 29.20 |
21 | 71 |Light breezes | 29.21 | 29.16 | 29.11 |
22 | -- |Light breezes | 29.22 | 29.19 | 29.13 |
23 | -- |Light breezes | 29.20 | 29.17 | 29.09 |
24 | 70 |Light showers of rain in the | 29.24 | 29.18 | 29.14 |
| |afternoon | | | |
25 | 69 |Thermometer at 88 at 5 P.M. Light | 29.25 | 29.20 | 29.19 |
| |breezes. L. in evening | | | |
26 | 68 |Light and variable breezes | 29.25 | 29.15 | 29.15 |
27 | 73 |Light breezes | 29.29 | 29.09 | 29.10 |
28 | 76 |Light breezes | 29.15 | 29.08 | 29.06 |
29 | -- |Strong breezes | 29.04 | 28.90 | 28.87 |
30 | 77 |Strong gales of wind last night and | 29.00 | 28.99 | 29.00 |
| |also during this day | | | |
-----+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------

=====+=======================================================================
| MODIFICATIONS AND COURSES OF CLOUDS
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------
Day | Morning | Mid-Day | Evening
of +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
Month| Clouds | Courses | Clouds | Courses | Clouds | Courses
-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
1 | Fair | -- | Cs, Cms, | -- | -- |
2 | | | | | |
3 | | | | | |
4 | | | | | |
5 | | | | | |
6 | | | | | |
7 | | | | | |
8 | | | | | |
9 | | | | | |
10 | | | | | |
11 | | | | | |
| | | | | |
12 | | | | | |
13 | | | | | |
14 | | | | | |
15 | | | | | |
| | | | | |
16 | | | | | |
17 | | | | | |
18 | | | | | |
| | | | | |
19 | | | | | |
20 | | | | | |
21 | | | | | | --
22 | Cs, Fair | -- -- -- | Cs. Cm, | -- -- -- | Cs. Cms, | --
23 | Fair | | Cms. Ns, | | Ns, | --
24 | | | | | | --
| | | | | |
25 | Fair | -- | Cms, | -- | Cm, Cml, | --
| | | | | |
26 | Fair -- | -- -- -- | Cms, Cs. | -- -- -- |-- -- Fair | --
27 | Fair Cs. | -- -- | -- Cml, | -- -- | Cml, Cm, | --
28 | Fair | | Fair Cm. | | Cm, | --
29 | | | | | | W.
30 | | | | | | --
-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------

{xlvi} Meteorological Register {xlvii} for the Month of JULY, 1819

=====+=================+=================+=================+=====+
| | | | |
| | | | |
Day | MORNING | MID-DAY | EVENING | |
of +-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+Mean |
Month|Temp.| Wind |Temp.| Wind |Temp.| Wind |Temp.|
-----+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+
1 | 69 | Calm | 83 | W.S.W. | 83 | Calm | 78 |
2 | 71 | Calm | 74 | W. by S. | 80 |N.E. by N. | 75 |
3 | 67 | N.N.W. | 80 |N.W. by N | 78 |N.E. by E. | 75 |
4 | 64 | N.N.W. | 81 | E.S.E. | 77 | E.S.E. | 74 |
5 | 65 |S.E. by E. | 80 | E. by N. | 79 | E.N.E. | 74 |
| | | | | | | |
6 | 76 | Calm | 81 | W.S.W. | 84 | E.N.E. | 80 |
7 | 72 | E.N.E. | 86 |N.W. by W. | 86 |S.E. by E. | 81 |
8 | 76 | Calm | 90 | S.W. | 88 | E.N.E. | 84 |
9 | 78 | E.N.E. | 83 |S.W. by S. | 85 | S.W. | 82 |
| | | | | | | |
10 | 80 | W.S.W. | 85 | N.W. | | | |
11 | 71 | N.E. | 85 |N.W. by N. | 82 | S.W. | 79 |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
12 | 76 | Calm | 87 | N.W. | 81 |N.W. by N. | 81 |
13 | 79 | S. | 85 | W. | 86 | Calm | 83 |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
14 | 77 | W.S.W. | 81 | N.E. | 82 | Calm | 80 |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
15 | 75 | W.S.W. | 84 | W.N.W. | 82 | | 80 |
16 | 69 | W.N.W. | 77 | N.W. | 76 | N.N.W. | 74 |
17 | 54 | N.N.E. | 73 | S.S.E. | 72 | N.W. | 66 |
18 | 54 | N.W. | 73 | E. by N. | 74 | N.N.W. | 67 |
19 | 54 | N.N.E. | 75 | E. | 76 | S.S.E. | 68 |
20 | 64 | S.E. | 80 | W.N.W. | 73 | E. by S. | 72 |
21 | 68 | E. by S. | 75 | E. by S. | 70 | S.S.E. | 71 |
22 | 70 | E. | 80 | S. by W. | 77 | S.E. | 75 |
23 | 68 | Calm | 73 | S.S.E. | | | |
| | | | | | | |
24 | 72 | Calm | 83 | S.E. | 82 | N.E. | 79 |
25 | 72 |N.W. by N. | 83 | N.N.E. | 80 | N. by W. | 78 |
| | | | | | | |
26 | 65 | Calm | 83 | N. | 72 | W. | 73 |
27 | 64 | N.W. | 84 | S.S.E. | 75 | E.S.E. | 74 |
28 | 69 | E. | 86 | S. by E. | 84 | N.E. | 79 |
| | | | | | | |
29 | 72 | E.N.E. | 88 |S.W. by S. | 80 | S. | 80 |
30 | 74 | W.S.W. | 89 | E.S.E. | 83 |S.E. by E. | 82 |
31 | 72 |N.E. by N. | 86 | N.N.W. | 82 | E. by N. | 80 |
-----+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+

=====+=======+====================================+=======================+
| Mean | | BAROMETER |
| Temp. | +-----------------------+
Day | at | | |
of |German-| +-------+-------+-------+
Month| town | REMARKS |Morning| Noon |Evening|
-----+-------+------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+
1 | -- |Fresh gales in middle of the day | 29.09 | 29.00 | 29.00 |
2 | -- |Fresh gales in middle of the day | 29.16 | 29.18 | 29.18 |
3 | 70 |Fresh and variable brs.--night fair | 29.33 | 29.20 | 29.20 |
4 | 70 |Fresh breezes | 29.39 | 29.20 | 29.20 |
5 | 69 |Light breezes | 29.25 | 29.08 | 29.07 |
| | | | | |
6 | 69 |Freq. showers of R. during the day | 29.07 | 29.05 | 29.06 |
7 | 65 |Hard shower this forenoon | 29.12 | 29.00 | 29.02 |
8 | 67 |Light brs.--mackerel sky in even. | 29.04 | 28.96 | 28.96 |
9 | 77 |Hard shower this forenoon. L. in | 29.04 | 29.00 | 28.98 |
| |the evening | | | |
10 | 79 |Rained greater part of forenoon | 28.99 | 29.05 | |
11 | 80 |Fresh breezes this afternoon, N. | 29.18 | 29.10 | 29.04 |
| |N.W. horizon red after twilight. | | | |
| |Lightning. Storm of wind | | | |
12 | 79 |Lightning in the evening | 29.00 | 28.97 | 29.04 |
13 | 81 |Thunder shower and heavy wind from | 29.07 | 29.00 | 29.03 |
| |from N.W. about 1 o'clock this | | | |
| |morning--rain 1½ inches | | | |
14 | 78 |Thunder showers and heavy wind | 29.03 | 29.13 | 29.13 |
| |this morning about 1 o'clk. rain ½ | | | |
| |inch--noon L. ¼ inch rain | | | |
15 | 81 |Very light breezes | 29.22 | 29.21 | 29.23 |
16 | 78 |Very light breezes | 29.27 | 29.27 | 29.25 |
17 | 73 |Very light breezes. Stratus at night| 29.34 | 29.31 | 29.31 |
18 | 70 |Pleasant wea. Even. S. in N.E. | 29.34 | 29.34 | 29.31 |
19 | 72 |Pleasant weather | 29.34 | 29.34 | 29.34 |
20 | 72 |Light breezes | 29.34 | 29.30 | 29.24 |
21 | 72 |Light breezes | 29.21 | 29.15 | 29.15 |
22 | 75 |Fresh breezes. T. storm in even. | 29.06 | 28.97 | 28.97 |
23 | 75 |Several showers of rain to-day. L. | 29.00 | 29.00 | |
| |incessant in the evening | | | |
24 | 75 |Fr. brs. T. storm with R. in even. | 29.02 | 29.10 | 29.12 |
25 | 76 |Fresh breezes. Light rain this | 29.16 | 29.17 | 29.16 |
| |morning. L. in the evening | | | |
26 | 76 |Fresh breezes | 29.20 | 29.20 | 29.13 |
27 | 76 |Thick fog over the river this morn. | 29.13 | 29.13 | 29.06 |
28 | 78 |Strong breezes in the afternoon. | 29.10 | 29.10 | 29.06 |
| |Evening L. and shower at night | | | |
29 | 77 |Strong breezes | 29.12 | 29.06 | 29.03 |
30 | 82 |Moderate brs. Noon T. Even. L. | 29.08 | 29.01 | 29.00 |
31 | 86 |Moderate breezes | 29.00 | 28.90 | 28.88 |
-----+-------+------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+