Chapter IV: Thirty Years of Jewish History

I. _Russia._
1. Treatment of the Jews after the partitions of Poland 56
2. Pale of Jewish Settlement: special Jewish laws 57
3. Attitude of Russian government toward the Jews 57
4. Alexander II and liberalism 58
5. Reaction: antagonism to the Jews 59
6. Economic attack: the May Laws 60
7. Effect of the May Laws 61
8. Educational restrictions: the "percentage rule" 62
9. _Pogroms: pogroms of 1881-2_ 63
10. Expulsions from Moscow 64
11. Nicholas II: anti-Jewish agitation: Kishineff 64
12. War and revolution: effect upon the Jews 65
13. _Pogroms_ as counter-revolution 66
14. Results: economic and social pressure 67
15. Jewish policy of reactionary regime 68

II. _Roumania._
1. Early legal status of the Jews 69
2. Convention of Paris 69
3. Anti-Jewish activities of the government: Article VII 70
4. Berlin Congress 70
5. Article 44 of the Berlin Treaty 71
6. The revised Article VII 71
7. Legal status of the Jews fixed 72
8. Campaign of discrimination 73
9. Exclusion of Jews from economic activities 73
10. Educational restrictions: restrictions to
professional service 74
11. Political basis of anti-Jewish policy 75
12. Results: economic and social pressure 76
13. Jewish policy of Roumanian government: Hay's
circular note 76

III. _Austria-Hungary._
1. Early legal status of the Jews: emancipation 77
2. Jews attacked as liberals and capitalists 78
3. Rise of political antisemitism: its triumph: the
clericals 78
Galicia 78
1. Rise of a Polish middle class: displacement of Jews
in industry and commerce 79
2. Economic boycott of Jewish artisans and traders 79
3. Anti-Jewish activity of local authorities 79
4. Over-competition and surplus of Jews in industry and
commerce 80
5. Historical role of the Jews: antagonism of peasantry
and clergy 80

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

PART II.--JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES

A. ITS MOVEMENT

CHAPTER I

DETERMINATION OF NUMBER OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS

1. Construction of table: difficulties 87
2. Sources utilized: reports of Jewish societies 87
3. Rearrangement of numbers from 1886 to 1898 88
4. Determination of numbers by country of nativity:
methods used 88
5. Determination of numbers from 1881 to 1885: methods
used 90
6. Tendency to magnify numbers of Jewish immigrants 91
7. Results 92

CHAPTER II

IMMIGRATION OF JEWS FROM EASTERN EUROPE
1. Jewish immigration East-European 95
2. Summary by decades of Jewish immigration from Russia,
Roumania and Austria-Hungary 95
3. Annual contributions of Jewish immigration from
Russia, Roumania and Austria-Hungary 96

CHAPTER III

IMMIGRATION OF JEWS FROM RUSSIA
1. Russian Jewish immigration a movement of steady
growth 98
a. Summary by decades 98
b. Annual variations: effect of the Moscow expulsions 98
2. Participation of Jews in the immigration from Russia 101
a. Annual variations 101
b. Summary by decades 102
c. Relative predominance of Jewish in total 102
3. Intensity of Jewish immigration from Russia 103
a. Rate of immigration 103
b. Fluctuations of rate 104

CHAPTER IV

IMMIGRATION OF JEWS FROM ROUMANIA
1. Roumanian Jewish immigration a rising movement 105
a. Summary by decades 105
b. Annual variations 105
2. Participation of Jews in the immigration from
Roumania 107
a. Jewish and total synonymous 107
b. Annual variations 107
3. Intensity of Jewish immigration from Roumania 108
a. Rate of immigration 108
b. Fluctuations of rate 108