Chapter LXIV: Introduction: 1. the Chassidim (1)

2. NACHMAN KROCHMAL AND THE “PERPLEXITIES OF THE TIME.”

3. RABBI ELIJAH WILNA, GAON.

4. NACHMANIDES.

5. A JEWISH BOSWELL.

6. THE DOGMAS OF JUDAISM.

7. THE HISTORY OF JEWISH TRADITION.

8. THE DOCTRINE OF DIVINE RETRIBUTION IN RABBINICAL LITERATURE.

9. THE LAW AND RECENT CRITICISM.

10. THE HEBREW COLLECTION OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM.

11. TITLES OF JEWISH BOOKS.

12. THE CHILD IN JEWISH LITERATURE.

13. WOMAN IN TEMPLE AND SYNAGOGUE.

14. THE EARLIEST JEWISH COMMUNITY IN EUROPE.

NOTES.

INDEX.

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FOOTNOTES

1 Compare Heinrici _Theologische Encyclopaedie_, p. 4; Enc. Brit. art.
Theology.

2 Heinrici, l. c., p. 14 f., 212; Hagenbach-Kautsch: _Encyc. d.
theolog. Wiss._, p. 28-30; Rauwenhoff: _Religionsphilosophie_,
Einl., xiii; Margolis: “The Theological Aspect of Reformed Judaism,”
in Yearbook of C. C. A. R., 1903, p. 188-192. Lauterbach, J. E.,
art. Theology.

3 See, however, Geiger: _Nachgel. Schriften_, II, 3-8; also Margolis,
l. c., p. 192-196.

4 A fine beginning in this direction has been made by Professor
Schechter in _Some Aspects of Rabbinic Theology_, New York, 1909.

5 See Joel: “D. Mosaismus u. d. Heidenthum,” in Jahrb. f. Jued. Gesch.
und Lit., 1904, p. 70-73.

6 See Schaff-Herzog’s Encycl., art. Apostles’ Creed and Symbol.

7 See Schechter: _Studies in Judaism_, Intr., XXI-XXII; p. 147, 198
f.; Foster: _The Finality of the Christian Religion_, Chicago, 1906;
Friedr. Delitzsch: _Zur Weiterentwicklung der Religion_, 1908; and
comp. Orelli: _Religionsgeschichte_, 276 f., and Dorner: _Beitr. z.
Weitrentwicklung d. christl. Religion_, 173.

8 For the origin of the name Judaism, see Esther VIII, 17. Compare
_Yahduth_, Esther Rabbah III, 7; II Macc. II, 21; VIII, 1, 14, 38;
Graetz: _G. d. J._, II, 174 f.; Jost: _G.d. Jud._, I, 1-12; _J. E._,
art. Judaism. Regarding the unfairness of Christian authors in their
estimate of Judaism, see Schechter, l. c., 232-251; M. Schreiner:
_D. juengst. Urtheile u. d. Judenthum_, p. 48-58. Dubnow, Asher
Ginsberg and the rest of the nationalists underrate the religious
power of the Jew’s soul, which forms the essence of his character
and the motive power of all his aspirations and hopes, as well as of
all his achievements in history.

_ 9 Erub._ 13 b.

10 Neh. VIII, 1-18; Ez. VII, 12-28.

11 See M. Bloch: _Tekanot_, and art. Tekanot J. E. Regarding
inspiration see J. E.; Sanh, 99 a; Meg. 7 a; Maim.: _Moreh_, II, 45;
comp. Yerush. Ab. Zar., I, 40; Horay. III, 48 c; Levit. R. VI, 1;
IX, 9; and Yoma 9 b. The laying on of hands for ordination
(_Semikah_) implied originally the imparting of the holy spirit, see
J. E., art. Authority.

12 See Geiger, J. Z., I, p. 7.

13 Aboth d. R. Nathan, I; Shab. 30 b with reference to Ezek.
XLIII-XLIV.

14 See Geiger: Z. D. M. G., XII, 536; Schechter, _Wisdom of Ben Sira_,
p. 35.

15 See J. E., art. Jubilees, Book of. Very instructive in this
connection is a comparative study of the Falashas, the Samaritans,
especially the Dosithean sect, and the still problematical sect
discovered through the document found by Schechter, edited by him
under the title _Fragments of a Zadokite Sect_.

16 See Yer. Hag., I, 76, and elsewhere.

_ 17 Ethics of Judaism_, I, 8-10; Geiger: J. Z., IX, 263.

18 See _Pesik. R._, V, p. 146; _Midr. Tanhuma_, ed. Buber, Wayera 6 and
Ki Thissa, 17. Comp. the legend of Moses and Akiba, Men. 29 b.

19 Comp. Geiger: _Nachgel. Schr._, II, 37-41; also his _Jud. u. s.
Gesch._, I, 20-35; Beck: _D. Wesen d. Judenthums_; Eschelbacher: _D.
Judenthum u. d. Wesen d. Christenthums_; Schreiner, l. c., 26-34.

20 Deut. VI, 7; XI, 19.

21 See Geiger: _Nachgel. Schr._, II, 37 f.

22 John XIV, 6. Comp. Dorner, l. c., 173; and his _Grundprobleme d.
Religionsphilosophie_; Orelli: _Religionsgeschichte_, 276 f.

23 Gen. R. VIII, 5.

24 See Schechter: _Studies_, 147-181 and notes 351 f.; Mendelssohn:
_Ges. Schr._, III, 321. Comp. Schlesinger: _Buch Ikkarim_, 630-632;
Bousset: _Religion d. Judenthums_, 170 f., 175, and thereto Perles:
_Bousset_, 112 f.; Martin Schreiner: l. c., 35 f.; J. E., art. Faith
and Articles of Faith (E. G. Hirsch); Felsenthal, Margolis, and
Kohler, in Y. B. C. C. A. R., 1897, p. 54; 1903, p. 188-193; 1905,
p. 83; Neumark: art. Ikkarim in _Ozar ha Yahduth_; D. Fr. Strauss:
_D. christl. Glaubenslehre_, I, 25.

25 See Gen. XV, 6; Mek. to Ex. XIV; J. E., art. Faith.

26 Deut. VI, 1-6; XI, 13-21; Num. XV, 37-41.

27 See Bousset, II, 224 f. The term _Pistis_ = faith, assumes a new
meaning in Hellenistic Literature.

28 See J. E., art. Emeth we Yatzib.

29 See J. E., art. Alenu.

30 See J. E., art. Abraham in Apocryphical and Rabbinical Lit.

_ 31 Sifra_ Behukothai, III, 6; _Sanh._ 38 b; _Targ. Y._ to Gen. IV, 8.

32 Ber. II, 2; see Kohler: _Monatsschrift_, 1883, p. 445.

33 Kohler, l. c.

34 The Mishnaic _Apicoros_ corresponded to the Greek, _Epicoureios_,
and was no longer understood by the Talmudists; see Schechter:
_Studies in Judaism_, I, 157. It is defined by Josephus:
_Antiquities_, X, 11, 7: “The Epicureans ... are in a state of
error, who cast Providence out of life, and do not believe that God
takes care of the affairs of the world, nor that the universe is
governed by a Being which outlives all things in everlasting
self-sufficiency and bliss, but declare it to be self-sustaining and
void of a ruler and protector ... like a ship without a helmsman and
like a chariot without a driver.” Comp. also Oppenheim in
_Monatsschr._, 1864, p. 149.

35 See Rappaport; “Biography of R. Hananel,” in _Bikkure ha Ittim_,
1842.

_ 36 Contra Apionem_, II, 22. See J. G. Mueller: _Josephus’ Schrift
gegen Apion_, 311-313.

37 See Alfred v. Kremer: _Gesch. d. herrsch. Ideen d. Islam_, 39-41;
Goldziher, D. M. L. Z., XLIV, p. 168 f.; XLI, p. 72 f., which
passages cast much light upon the Jewish _Ani Maamin_.

38 See Jost: _Gesch. d. Jud._, II, 330 f.; Frankl: art. Karaites in
_Ersch und Gruber’s Encyclopaedie_; Loew: _Juedische Dogmen_, Ges.
s. I, 154; Schechter, l. c.

39 J. Guttman: _D. Religionsphil, v. Abraham Ibn Daud_; David Kaufmann,
_Gesch. d. Attributenlehre_; Neumark: _Gesch. d. juedisch. Phil._
vols. I and II.

40 Maimonides: Commentary on Mishnah, Sanh., X, 1; Schechter, l. c.,
163; Holzer: _Gesch. d. Dogmenlehre_, Berlin, 1901.

41 See Loew, l. c., 156; Schechter, l. c, 165.

42 See P. Bloch: “Luzzatto als Religionsphilosoph” in _Samuel David
Luzzatto_, p. 49-71. Comp. Hochmuth: _Gotteskenntniss und
Gottesverehrung_, Einleitung.

43 See Schechter, l. c., 167 and the notes.

44 See Horowitz: _D. Psychologie u. d. jued. Religionsphilosophie_,
1883.

45 See J. E., art. Albo by E. G. Hirsch, and the bibliography there.

46 See Schechter, l. c., p. 162.

47 Isa. XLIX, 9, and elsewhere.

48 See Schechter, l. c., p. 169.

49 Aboth, III, 1; Gen. R. XXI, 5.

50 See Schechter, l. c.

51 See Loew, l. c., 157, and his “_Mafteah_,” p. 331; Schechter, l. c.

52 Makk. 23 b.

53 See J. E., art. Catechism by E. Schreiber.

54 Gen. XX, 11.

55 Ps. CXI, 10; Prov. IX, 10; Job XXVIII, 28.

56 Ex. XX, 20.

57 Hos. IV, 1, 6; II. 3; XIII, 4-5.

58 Jer. IX, 23; XXII, 16; XXXI, 32-33.

59 Deut. IV, 39; VII, 9.

60 Knowledge as intellect is brought out as early as the Book of
Wisdom, XIII, 1; see especially Maimonides: _Yesode ha Torah_, I,
1-3; _Moreh_, I, 39; III, 28. In opposition, see Rosin: _Ethik des
Maimonides_, 101; Luzzatto and Hochmuth, l. c.; also Dillmann: H. B.
d. alttestamentl. Theol., 204 f.

61 Ch. IV.

62 Gen. XV, 6; see J. E., art. Abraham.

63 Shab. 97 a.

64 Mek. Beshallak 6, p. 41 ab.

65 Deut. VI, 5; X, 12; XI, 1; XIII, 22; XXX, 6, 16, 20.

66 Sifre to Deut. VI, 5.

67 Judges V, 31.

68 Shab. 88 b.

69 See Testament of Job, and notes by Kohler, in _Semitic Studies in
Memory of Alexander Kohut_, 271, and Sota, V, 5.

70 Sifre, l. c.

71 See Yoma, 86 a; T. d. El. R., XXIV; Maimonides, _H. Teshubah_, X;
Crescas: _Or Adonai_, I, 3. Comp. _Testaments Twelve Patriarchs_,
Simeon 3, 4; Issachar, 5; Philo: Quod omnis probus liber, 12 and
elsewhere.

72 Song of Songs VII, 6, 7.

73 See Sifre Deut. XXVI, 8; Sanh. X, 1; J. E., art. Revelation;
Dillmann, 61 f.; Geiger, D. Jud. u. s. Gesch. I, 34 f.

74 See Deut. XIII, 2-6, where prophet forms a parallel to dreamer of
dreams. God appears in a dream to Abraham (Gen. XV, 1, 12), to
Abimelek (Gen. XX, 3, 6), to Jacob (XXVIII, 12; XXXI, 11; XLVI, 2),
to Laban (XXXI, 24), to Balaam (Num. XXIV, 3), and to Eliphaz (Job
IV, 3-6). Dream-like visions open the prophetic career of Moses
(Exod. III, 3-6), Samuel (I Sam. III, 1, 15, 21), Isaiah (Is. VI, 1
f.), Jeremiah (Jer. I, 11 f.), Ezekiel (Ezek. I, 4), and others.
Revelation in the Bible is _Mahazeh_, _hazon_, and _hizayon_,
“vision”—whence _hozeh_, “seer”; or _mareh_, “sight,” whence _roeh_,
“seer.” See also Geiger: _Urschrift_, 340; 390. Prophecy without
dream or vision is claimed for Moses (Num. XII, 6-8; Exod. XXX, 11;
Deut. XXXIV, 10; see Maimonides: _Moreh_, II, 43-47; Albo,
_Ikkarim_, III, 8). The revelation on Sinai is described as “the
great vision,” or _mareh:_ Exod. III, 3; XXIV, 17; compare Deut. IV,
11-V, 23, according to which only a “voice” is heard. Instead of God
the later prophets see an angel, as Zach. I, 8, 11; II, 2 f. Compare
Yebam. 49 b, as to the difference between Isaiah, who saw God in a
vision, and Moses, who saw Him “in a shining mirror.” He will appear
in the latter way to the righteous in the future world, Suc. 45 b;
Lev. R. I, 14; I Cor. XIII, 12.

75 See Gen. XX, 6; XXXI, 29; Num. XXIV; Job IV, 16 f.; XXXVIII, 1.

76 The Hebrew word for prophecy is passive,—_nibba’_ or _hithnabbe’_,
“to be made to speak,” or “to bubble forth,”—the Deity being the
active power, while the prophet is His mouthpiece.

77 Ex. XXXIII, 11; Deut. XXXIV, 10.

78 Ex. XIX, 19; XX, 19.

79 Ex. XIX, 1-8.

80 Shab. 88 a after Ex. XXIV, 7.

_ 81 Seder Olam_ R., I and XXI; Lev. Rab. I, 12-14; B. B. 15 b.

82 Hag. 13 b; Sanh. 89 a; Lev. R. l. c.

83 See Schmiedl: _Stud. u. jued.-arabische Religionsphilosophie_,
191-192; S. Horowitz: _D. Prophetologie i. d. jued.
Religionsphilosophie_; Sandler: _D. Problem d. Prophetie i. d. jued.
Religionsphilosophie_; J. E., art. Prophets and Prophecy; _Emunoth_
III, 4; _Cuzari_, I, 95; II, 10-12; _Emunah Ramah_, II, 5, 1;
_Moreh_, II, 32-48; _Yesode ha Torah_, VII; _Or Adonai_, II, 4, 1;
_Ikkarim_, III, 8-12, 17; Nachmanides to Gen. XVIII, 2; Abravanel to
Gen. XXI, 27; Comp. Husik, _Hist. Med. Jew. Phil._, Index s. v.
Prophecy; Enc. Rel. Ethics, art. Philosophy and Prophecy.

84 Horowitz, l. c. p. 11-16; Gen. R. XVII, 6; Lev. R, l. c; Sanh. 17 b;
Philo: De Decalog., 21; de Migratione Abrahami, 7; comp. I Corinth.
XIII, 12.

_ 85 Moreh_, l. c.

_ 86 Cuzari_, l. c.

_ 87 Kol Nibra_: _Moreh_, I, 65; _Emunoth_, II, 8; _Cuzari_, I, 89.

88 According to the rabbis, the working of the holy spirit ceased with
Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi, who, with Ezra, were included also
among the “Men of the Great Synagogue.” See Tos. Sota XIII, 2; Seder
Olam R. XXX; Sanh. 11 a. See J. E., art. Synagogue, Men of the
Great; Holy Spirit; Inspiration. Comp. B. B. 14 b, 15 a; Yoma 9 b;
Meg. 3 a, 7 a; I Macc. IV, 46; Ps. LXXIV, 9; Josephus, _Con.
Apion._, I, 8; Philo: _Vita Mosis_, II, 7; Aristeas, 305-307. As to
the difference between the spirit of prophecy and the holy spirit,
see _Cuzari_, III, 32-35; _Moreh_, II, 35-37. The Essenes claimed
the holy spirit for their apocryphal writings; see IV Esdras XIV,
38; Book of Wisdom VII, 27.

89 On the disputes concerning canonical books, see Yadayim III, 5; Ab.
d. R. N., I, ed. Schechter, 2-3; Shab. 30 b; Meg. 7 a. Comp. B. K.
92 b, where Ben Sira is quoted as one of the Hagiographa.

90 See Tos. Pes. I, 27; IV, 2; Sota XIII, 3; Yer. Horay. III, 48 c;
Lev. R. XXI, 7.

91 R. h. Sh. 27 a; Mak. 22 b.

92 Sifre Deut. VI, 4.

93 On the term Torah see Smend: _Lehrb. d. alttest. Religionsgesch._;
Stade: Bibl. Theol. d. Alt. Test., Index s. v. Torah; W. J. Beecher:
_Jour. Bibl. Lit._, 1905, 1-16; “Thora a Word Study in the Old
Testament.” For Torah as _Law_, see Neh. VIII, 1; Joshua I, 7, and
throughout the Pentateuch; as _moral instruction_, see Hos. IV, 6;
VIII, 1; Is. I, 10; V, 24; XXX, 9; LI, 4; Mic. IV, 2; Jer. XXXVI, 4
f.; XXXI, 32; Ps. XVI, 8; Prov. VI, 22; VII, 2; Guedeman: _Quell. z.
G. d. Unterrichts_, at the beginning; Claude Montefiore: _Hibbert
Lectures_, 1892, p. 465 f.

_ 94 Nehematha_, which means the Messianic hope; see Kohut: Aruch V, 328
and Appendix 59.

95 See B. B. 13 b; Meg. III, 1; IV, 4; comp. Ned. 22 b; Taan. 9 a;
Shab. 104 a; _Sifra_ Behukothai at end; Eccl. R. I, 10; Ex. R.
XXXVIII, 6. Zunz: _Gottesd. Vortr._, 46 f., and art. _Canon_ and
_Bible_ in the various encyclopedias. As to Torah for the whole
Bible, see Mek. Shira I; Sanh. 37 a, 91 b; Ab. Zar. 17 a; M. K. 5 a;
comp. I Cor. XIV, 21; John X, 34; XII, 34; XV, 25. For Torah as
Nomos, or Law, see II Macc. XV, 9.

96 Bousset, l. c., 128-129.

97 On the divine origin of the Torah, see Sanh. 99 a; _Sifra_ Kedoshim
8; Behar I; Behukothay 8. Regarding the meaning of _metammin eth ha
yadayim_ in the sense of taboo for the holy writings, see Geiger:
_Urschrift_, p. 146.

98 Sanh. 99 a; Maim. H. Teshubah III, 8.

99 Comp. Kohler: _Hebrew Union College Annual_, 1904, “The Four Ells of
the Halakah.”

100 Deut. XXXIII, 4.

101 Mak. 23 b.

102 Jerem. XXXI, 32.

103 Comp. Schechter, _Aspects_, p. 120-136, and see Ben Sira, XXIV,
8-23; XVII, 11; Baruch III, 38 f.; Apoc. Baruch XXXVIII, 4; XLIV,
16; IV Esdras VIII, 12; IX, 37; Philo: _Vita Mosis_, II, 3, 9; Gen.
R. I; P. d. R. El. III.

104 This apotheosis of the Torah is put in a wrong light by Weber,
_Juedische Theologie_, 157 f., 197, but is stated better in Bousset,
l. c., 136-142.

_ 105 Dibre Kabbalah_, R. h. Sh. 7 a, 19 a; Yer. Halla I, 57 b; see Levy,
W. B., s. v. Kabbalah.

106 The personality of Moses was at first exalted to almost superhuman
height; see _Ben Sira_, XLV, 2; _Assumptio Mosis_, I, 14; XI, 16;
Philo: _Vita Mosis_, III, 39; Josephus: _Antiquities_, IV, 32 b;
Bousset, l. c., 140 f. In contrast to the Church view of Jesus the
rabbis later emphasized the human frailties of Moses: “Never did
divine majesty descend to the habitations of mortal man, nor did
ever a mortal man such as Moses and Elijah ascend to heaven, the
dwelling-place of God,” taught Rabbi Jose (Suk. 5 a).

107 See Deut. IV, 6-8; Jer. XXXI, 34-35; Philo: _Vita Mosis_, II, 14;
Josephus: _Apion_, II, 277.

108 See Herodotus, III, 8; IV, 70; Jer. XXIV, 18; H. Clay Trumbull: _The
Blood Covenant_, New York, 1885; Kraetschmar: _D. Bundervorstellung
i. A. Test._, 1896; J. E. and Encyl. of Rel. and Ethics, art.
Covenant.

109 See Gen. IX, 1-17; Tos. Ab. Zar. VIII, 4; San. 56 a; Gen. R. XVI,
XXIV; Jubilees VI, 10 f.; Bernays: _Ges. Abh._ I, 252 f., 272 f.;
II, 71-80.

110 Gen. XV, 18; XVII, 2 f.; XVIII, 19; Lev. XXVI, 42; Jubilees I, 51.

111 Ex. XIX, 5; XXIV, 6-8; XXXIV, 28; Deut. IV-V, XXVIII, XXIX; Comp. I
Kings XIX, 10, 14; Jer. XI; XXXI; XXXIV, 13; Ezek. XVI-XVII.

112 Hos. II, 18-20.

113 Jer. XXXI, 30-32, 34-35; XXXIII, 25; Deut. XXIX, 14.

114 See Ep. Hebrews VIII, 8 f.; Gal. III, 15; I Cor. XI, 25; Matt. XXIV,
21, and parallels.

115 Gen. XVII, 11.

116 Ex. XXXI, 13-17; comp. Deut. X, 16; Josh. V, 9; Isa. LVI, 4-6. See
Mek. to Ex. XIX, 5, the controversy between R. Eliezer and R. Akiba,
whether the Sabbath or circumcision was the essential sign of the
covenant.

117 Ker. 9 a; Yeb. 45-48 and see Chapter LVI below.

118 Ps. XXII, 28 f.; CXV, 11; CXVIII, 4; Is. LVI, 6.

119 Isaiah XLIX, 6-8.

120 Acts XV, 20, 29.

121 See J. E., art. Saul of Tarsus; Enc. Rel. Eth. art. Paul.

122 Isaac ben Shesheth: Responsa, 119. Comp, J. E., art. Christianity.

123 See further, Chapter XLIX.

124 Jer. X, 11; 16 and 10.

125 Shab. 89 b.

126 Lev. XVIII, 2, 27 f.; Num. XXV, 3-8; Hos. IV, 10; V, 4.

127 Num. XV, 39; Ex. XXIII, 24; Deut. XX, 18; Sanh. XII, 5; X, 4-6; Ab.
Zar. II-IV; Sanh. 106 a: “Israel’s God hates lewdness.”

128 Ex. XX, 5; Deut. IV, 24; VI, 15.

129 See Philo: De Humanitate; Doellinger: _Heidenthum u. Judenthum_,
682, 700 f.; I. H. Weiss: _Dor Dor we Doreshav_, II, 19 f.

130 See J. E., art. Christianity.

131 Isa. XLII, 8. Scripture always emphasizes the contrast between
Israel’s God and the heathen gods. See Ex. XII, 12; XV, 11; XVIII,
11; Deut. X, 17; also in the prophets, Isa. XL; XLIV, 9; Jer. X; and
the Psalms, XCVI, CXV, CXXXV. Absolute monotheism was a slow growth
from this basis.

132 See Ex. R. V, 18.

133 Deut. VII; XVII, 2 f.; XX, 16; Maimonides: _H. Akkum_, II-VII;
_Melakim_, VI, 4; _Yoreh Deah_, CXII-XLVIII.

134 Ps. XCVI-XCIX.

135 See Singer’s _Prayerbook_, p, 76-77, and J. E., art. Alenu.

136 See Cheyne’s Dict. Bibl. art. Name and Names with Bibliography;
Jacob: _Im Namen Gottes_; Heitmueller, _Im Namen Jesu_, 1903, p.
24-25. The _Name_ for the Lord occurs Lev, XXIV, 11, 16; Deut.
XXVIII, 58; Geiger, _Urschrift_, 261 f.

137 See Baudissin, _Stud. z. Sem. Religionsgesch._, I, 47; 177; Robinson
Smith: _Religion of the Semites_; Max Mueller, _Chips from a German
Workshop_, I, 336-374.

138 See J. E., art. God. Comp. also Encycl. of Religion and Ethics, art.
God. Primitive and Biblical; Name of God, Jewish.

139 Gen. XVII, 11; Ex. VI, 3, and commentators; Gen. R. XLVI. The Book
of Job, where the name _Shaddai_ is constantly used, refers to the
patriarchal age.

140 Ex. III, 14, and commentators, espec. Dillmann. Comp. art. Jahweh in
Prot. Realencyc. and Cheyne’s Dict. Bible, art. _Names_, § 109 ff.,
where different etymologies are given.

141 Ex. III, 14.

142 Ex. XIX, 5, 6.

143 See Prot. Enc., art. Jahveh, p, 530 f.

144 See J. E., art. Adonai; Bousset, l. c., 352 f.

145 Ber. 40 b. On the alleged “Judaisirung des Gottesbegriffs,” see
Weber, l. c., 148-158.

146 Sifre to Deut. VI, 4.

147 Gen. XXIV, 3.

148 Gen. R. XXIV, 3.

149 Shab. 87 a, 89 b; Mek. Yithro IV.

150 See J. E., art. Alenu.

151 See J. E., art. _Abba_ and Names of God; Weber, l. c, 148 f.;
Bousset, II, 356-361; Schechter: _Aspects_, II, 21-28.

152 See J. E., art. Heaven; Levy, W. B.: “Shamayim.”

153 See Pes. X, 5; Ber. 16 b; Ab. Zar. 40 b; Gen. R. LXVIII, 9,
referring to Gen. XXVIII, 11 and Ex. XXXIII, 21; P. d. R. El. XXXV;
Pes. Rab. 104 a; comp. LXX, Ex. XXIV, 10; see also Siegfried:
_Philo_, p. 202, 204, 217; Schechter, l. c., 26, 34. The passage in
Mekilta on Ex. XVII, 7, which refers _Makom_ to the Sanhedrin (after
Deut. XVII, 8), seems originally to have been a marginal note
belonging to Ex. XXI, 13, where _Makom_ is the equivalent of
_Makam_, a place of refuge, and put here at the wrong place by an
error;—Against Schechter, l. c., 27 note 1, Bousset (p. 591) thinks
that _ha Makom_ for God is Persian, where both space and time were
deified. See Spiegel: _Eranisches Alterthum_, II, 15 f.

154 See Gen. R. XII, 15; XXX, 3; Targum to Psalm LVI, 11; comp. Philo,
I, 496; Siegfried, l. c., 203, 213.

155 Metaphysical proofs for God’s existence have been outlawed since
Kant. God is the postulate of man’s moral consciousness. See
Rauwenhoff, l. c., 236-357.

156 See art. Atheism, in J. E. and in Enc. Reli. and Ethics, II, 18 f.

157 Jer. V, 12; Psalm X, 4; XIV, 1; LIII, 1.

158 B. B. 16 b; Targ. to Gen. IV, 8.

159 See above, Chapter IV, 3.

160 Isa. XL, 12-26; XLVI, 10.

161 See Bousset, l. c., 295-298.

162 See J. E., art. Abraham.

163 Ch. XIII.

164 Philo: De Somniis, I, 43, 44; Zeller: _D. Philosophie d. Griechen_,
III, 2, 307 f.; Drummond: _Philo Judæus_, II, 4-5.

165 See D. F. Strauss: _Christl. Glaubenslehre_, I, 364-399; Windelband:
_Hist. of Phil._, transl. by J. H. Tufts, 2d ed., 1914, p. 54, 98,
128, 327.

166 See Windelband-Tufts, l. c., 145, 292.

167 See Strauss, l. c.; Kaufmann, l. c., 2-3, 58; _D. Theologie d.
Bachya_, p. 222 f.; Husik: _Hist. Jew. Phil._, p. 32 ff., 89 ff.

168 Kaufmann, l. c., p. 341 f., 431 f.; Husik, l. c., 218 f., 254 f.

169 See D. F. Strauss, l. c.; Windelband-Tufts, p. 292, 393.

170 D. F. Strauss, l. c., 375, 394; Windelband-Tufts, l. c., 450.

171 See Windelband-Tufts, l. c., 549-550.

172 See Kaufmann, l. c., p. 223 f., and, opposed to him, Neumark:
_Jehuda Halevi’s Philosophy_, Cincinnati, 1909. See also Husik, l.
c., 157 ff.

173 Compare C. Seligman: _Judenth. u. moderne Anschauung_. The
philosophy of Bergson, which eliminates design and purpose from the
cosmos and places Deity itself into the process as the vital urgent
of it all, and thus sees God forever in the making, is pantheistic
and un-Jewish, and therefore cannot be considered in a theology of
Judaism. This does not exclude our accepting minor elements of his
system, which contains suggestive hints. H. G. Wells’ _God the
Invisible King_ (Macmillan, 1917) is likewise a God in the making,
_man-made_, not the Maker and Ruler of man.

174 Job XI, 7.

175 Ex. XXXIII, 23; Maim.; _Yesode ha Torah_, I, 8, 10; _Moreh_, I, 21
a; Kaufmann, l. c., 431; Philo: Mutatio Nom., 2; Vita Mosis, I, 28;
Leg. All., I, 29, and elsewhere. See J. Drummond: _Philo Judæus_,
II, 18-24.

176 Ex. R. XXIX, at the close.

177 Jer. X, 10.

178 Isaiah XLIV, 6.

179 Comp. Dillmann, l. c., 226-235; D. F. Strauss, l. c., I, 525-553.

180 See J. E., art. Anthropomorphism and Anthropopathism. Comp.
Schmiedl, l. c., 1-30.

181 Ps. XXXIII, 13-14.

182 Deut. IV, 36; Ex. XIX, 20. Comp. Gen. XI, 5.

183 Isa. XLVI, 1.

184 Ps. CXXXIX, 7-10.

185 Ps. XCIV, 9.

186 See Ab. d. R. Nathan II; Bacher: _D. Exegetische Terminologie_, I,
8; Schechter, l. c., 35.

187 Gen. R. XXVII; Mek. Ex. XV; Pes. d. R. K. 109 b; Tanh. to Ex. XXII,
16; Schechter, l. c., 43 f.

188 Gen. R. IV, 3; comp, Pes. d. R. K. 2 b; Schechter, l. c., 29 f.

189 Hul. 59, 60; Sanh. 39 a; Philo: De Abrahamo, 16.

190 Mid. Teh. Ps. CIII, 1; Sanh. 39 a.

191 See Weber, l. c., 149 f., 157; Bousset, l. c., 302, 313; von
Hartman: _Das religioese Bewusstsein_. Against this Schreiner, l.
c., 49-58, and Schechter, _Aspects_ 33 f.

192 Mek. and Tanh. to Ex. XV, 11.

193 Deut. IV, 7; Yer. Ber. IX, 13 a.

194 Isa. LVII, 15. See also Deut. X, 17-18; Ps. LXXXVI, 5-6. Comp. R.
Johanan, Meg, 31 a.

195 Ex. R. II, 9; Mid. Teh. Ps. LXVIII, 7.

196 Ps. XLVI, 2.

197 Ab. Zar. 3 b.

198 Ps. CXIII, 5, 6.

199 Ber. 60 b. Singer’s _Prayerbook_, 291.

200 On pantheism in Judaism see Seligman, l. c.

201 See Sachs: _D. religioese Poesie d. Juden. in Spanien_, 225-228;
Kaufmann: _Stud u. Solomon Ibn Gabirol._

202 See Siegfried: _Philo_, 199-203, 292; Gen. R. LXVIII, 10; comp.
Geiger: Zeitschr., XI, 218; Hamburger: R. W. B., II, 986.

203 See Graetz: G. d. J., X, 319.

204 See Maimonides: _H. Teshubah_, III, 7 and R. A. B. D., notes.

205 Jer. XXIII, 23.

206 Isa. XL, 25.

207 Lev. XIX, 4; XXVI, 1; Isaiah II, 8, 11; Psalm XCVI, 5.

208 Comp. Ex. XX, 3; XXII, 19; XXIII, 13; with Deut. VI, 4; IV, 35, 39;
XXXII, 39; Isaiah XL to XLVIII.

209 See Dillmann, l. c., 235-241; D. F. Strauss, l. c., 402-408; A. B.
Davidson: _Theology of O. T._, p. 105; 149 f.

210 Zach. XIV, 9.

211 Deut. IV, 19; Jer. X, 2.

212 Bousset, l. c., 221 f., 348.

213 See Chapter LVI, below.

214 Isa. XLV, 5-7.

215 Lam. III, 38.

_ 216 Shethe Reshuyoth_, see Hag. 15 a; Deut. R. I. 10; Eccl. R. II, 12;
Weber, l. c., 152; Joel, _Blicke in d. Religionsgesch._, II, 157.

217 D. F. Strauss, l. c., 409-501; J. E., art. Christianity.

218 Meg. 13 a.

219 Comp. Lange: _Gesch. d. Materialismus_, I, 149-158.

220 Alfred v. Kremer, l. c., 9-33; J. E., art. Arabic and Arabic-Jewish
Philosophy.

221 See Draper’s _Conflict between Religion and Science_.

222 Maim.: _Yesode ha Torah_, I, 7.

223 Sachs, l. c., 3.

224 See Schmiedl, l. c., 239-258.

225 See Hebrew Dictionary, _El_; comp. Dillmann, l. c., 210, 244.

226 See Levy, W. B.: _Geburah_.

227 See Septuagint to Job V, 17; VIII, 3, and II Sam. V, 10; VII, 8, and
Ber. 31 b.

228 See Schmiedl, l. c., 67 ff. David Neumark thinks that both the
prophet Jeremiah and the Mishnah knew and rejected the belief in
angels. See his article _Ikkarim_ in Ozar Ha Yahduth.

229 Gen. XVIII, 14; Num. XI, 13; Is. XL, 12; Jer. V, 22; X, 12; XXVII,
5; XXXII, 17; Zach. VIII, 6; Job XXXVIII, 7; XLII, 1.

230 Deut. III. 24; XI, 3; XXVI, 8; XXIX, 2; Jer. X, 6; Ps. LXV, 7; LXVI,
7; LXIV-LXXVIII; I Chron. XXIX, 11, 12.

231 Ex. XII, 12; Judges V, 10.

232 Daniel IV, 35.

233 Ps. XI, 4; XXXIII, 13 f.; CXXXIX; Jer. XI, 20; XVII, 10; Job XII,
13; Dan. II, 20 f.

234 Aboth II, 1.

235 Mal. III, 16; Ps. LVI, 9.

236 See New Year liturgy, Singer’s _Prayerbook_, 249.

237 Amos III, 7.; Gen. XVIII, 17.

238 Gen. VI, 5; XI, 5; XVIII, 21.

239 Isa. LV, 8, 9.

240 Gen. IV, 16; XI, 5; XVIII, 21; XXVIII, 16; Deut. XXVI, 15; Micah I,
3; see Strauss, l. c., I, 548 f.

241 I Kings VIII, 27; Isa. LXVI, 1.

242 See above, Chapter XII, 5.

243 Comp. Amos IX, 2; Jer. XXIII, 24.

244 Sanh. 39 a.

245 Comp. Kaufmann, l. c., 70 and 71, notes 130, 131; Strauss, l. c., I,
551.

_ 246 Makom_, see above, Chapter X, 8-9; Schechter, _Aspects_, 26 f.

247 Luk. 45 b; comp. I Corinth. XIII, 12, based on Ex. XXXIII, 28; Ps.
XVII, 15.

248 See Kaufmann, l. c., 100 f.

249 Isa. XLVIII, 12; Ps. XC, 2 f.; CII, 26, 27. On the process of
development of the idea of eternity, see Neumark, l. c., II, 77.

250 Adon Olam, Singer’s _Prayerbook_, p. 3.

251 See Strauss, l. c., 562, 651; Kaufmann, l. c., 306 f.; Drummond:
_Philo_, II, 46.

252 See Chapter XXV below.

253 Tanh. Naso ed. Buber, 8; Gen. R. IX, 9 with reference to Jer. XXIII,
24.

254 Lev. XIX, 1.

255 Comp. Dillmann, l. c., 252 f.; Strauss, l. c., 593 f.; Rauwenhoff,
l. c., 498-505; Lazarus: _Ethics of Judaism_, Chapters IV-V.

256 I Sam. II, 21.

257 Ps. LXXVII, 14.

258 Deut. X, 12; XI, 22, and elsewhere.

259 Gen. XVIII, 19.

260 Ex. XXXIII, 13-23.

261 See J. E., art. Holiness. The Assyrian _Kuddisu_ denotes “bright,”
“pure,” according to Zimmern in _Religion und Sprache_, K. A. T., 3d
ed., 603.

262 Deut. XXXIII, 3; Job V, 1; VI, 10; XV, 15; Ps. LXXXIX, 6, 8.

263 Ex. XIX, 21 f.; XXIV, 17; I Sam. VI, 20; Josh. XXIV, 19; Isa. IV, 3;
VI, 3, 13; X, 17; XXXI, 9; XXXIII, 14; Hab. I, 13.

264 Deut. IV, 24; Ex. XXIV, 17.

265 Comp. the name _Kadesh_ and _Kedesha_ for the hierodules consecrated
to Astarte. See Deut. XXIII, 18; I Kings XIV, 24; XV, 12; Hosea IV,
14. Comp. Zimmern, l. c., p. 423.

266 Isa. I, 4; V, 12; X, 20; XII, 6; XLI, 14; XLIII, 3 f.; XLV, 11; and
elsewhere.

267 Ezek. XX, 12; XXXVII, 28; Ex. XXXI, 13, and elsewhere.

268 See Sifra and Rabba to Lev. XIX, 2.

_ 269 Cusari_ IV, 3; Kaufmann, l. c., 162 f.

270 Aboth, I, 3.

271 Rauwenhoff, l. c., 504.

272 Hab. I, 13.

273 Psalm XXIV, 4-5.

274 L. Lazarus: _Z. Characteristik d. juedisch. Ethik_, 40-45; M.
Lazarus: _Ethics of Judaism_, p. 184.

275 Isa. V, 16.

276 Comp. Dillmann, l. c., 258 f.; J. E., art. “Anger.”

277 Ex. XX, 5; Isa. XXX, 27 f.; Nahum I, 5 f.

278 Ex. XXII, 23; Num. XVII, 10 f.; XXV, 3; Deut. XXIX, 19; XXXII, 21;
Isa. IX, 16.

279 Hosea XI, 9.

280 Psalm XXX.

281 Targum to Ex. XX, 3; Sanh. 27 b.

282 Isa. XXXIII, 14-17.

283 Mal. III, 2, 19 f.

284 Deut. XXXII, 35; comp. Sifre, 325; Geiger: _Urschrift_, 247,
regarding Samaritan text. Zeph. I, 15; Isa. LXVI, 15-16.

285 Isa. XVLI, 24.

286 See J. E., art. “Gehenna”; Mid. Teh. to Ps. LXXVI, 11, and LXXIX;
Ned. 32 a; Taan. 9 b; Yer. Taan. II, 65 b; Ab. Zar. 4 a and b; 18 b;
Ber. 7 a; Shab. 118 a; Sanh. 110 b; Gen. R. VI, 9; XXVI, 11, et al.;
comp. Romans II, 5; Eph. V, 6; I Thess. I, 10.

287 Sibyll. II, 170, 285; III, 541, 556 f., 672-697, 760, 810; Enoch
XCI, 7-9.

288 Ber. 10 a; Midr. Teh. to Ps. CIV, 35.

289 Tan. 23 b.

_ 290 Cusari_ IV, 5; _Moreh_ I, 36, and Commentary to Sanh. X, I.

291 Testament of Abraham, A, X.

292 Hab. III, 2.

293 Ezek. XVIII, 23, 32; XXXIII, 11.

294 Ex. XXXII-XXXIV, 7. Comp. Num. XIV, 18.

295 Gen. XIX, 1-28; Ex. XX, 5-6.

296 Hosea I-III; XI, 1-9; XIV, 5. Comp. Micah XIII, 18; Jer. III, 8-12;
Isa. LIV, 6-8; LVII, 16 f.; Joel II, 13; Jonah IV, 2, 10 f.; Lam.
III, 31; Ps. LXXVIII, 38 et al. See Dillmann, l. c., 263 f.;
Davidson _Theology of O. T._, 132 f.

297 Gen. VI, 6; I Sam. XV, 11; Jer. XVIII, 7-10; Joel II, 14; Jonah III,
10; IV, 2.

298 Num. XXIII, 19; I Sam. XV, 29; see Targum and commentaries.

299 See J. E., art. Anthropomorphism and Allegorical Interpretation.

300 Tanh. Waethhanan, ed. Buber, 3.

301 Gen. R. VIII, 4-5. See Morris Joseph: _Judaism as Creed and Life_,
p. 59, 90-95.

302 R. h. Sh. 17 b; compare, J. Davidson, 134; Koeberle: _Suende und
Gnade_, 1905, p. 625, 634 f.; but p. 658, 614, are misleading;
Weber, l. c., 154, 260, 303 f., altogether misrepresents the Jewish
doctrine of grace.

303 Gen. XVIII, 19.

304 Gen. XVIII, 25.

305 Jer. XII, 1.

306 Ps. LXXIII, 12.

307 Job X, 22 f.

308 Yer. Hag. II, 1; Elisha ben Abuyah.

309 Ps. LXXXIX, 15.

310 Ps. XXXVI, 7; see Davidson, l. c., 143 f.; J. E., art. Justice;
Hamburger: _Realencyclopaedie_, art. Gerechtigkeit; Dillmann, l. c.,
270 f.; Strauss, l. c., 596-604. Bousset, 437 f., is misleading.

311 Deut. XXXII, 4.

312 Tanh., Jithro 5.

313 Deut. X, 17-18.

314 Deut. I, 17.

315 Yeb. 92 a; Yer. Sanh. I, 18 b.

316 Amos V, 24; Isa. I, 17, 28; XXVIII, 17; LIV, 14.

317 Ps. V, 5-6.

318 Isa. LXVI, 16.

319 Ps. XCIX, 4; Tanh. Mishpatim 1.

320 Ps. XCVI, 13; XCVIII, 9.

321 See Bousset, l. c., 357-366; Weber, l. c., 259-279, and comp. Suk.
30 a, where it is stated, referring to Isa. LXI, 8, that “good deeds
can never justify evil acts.”

322 Hosea VI, 6; Ps. XXXVII, 6; I Sam. II, 9.

323 Sota I, 7-8; Tos. Sota III; Mek. Shirah 4; B. Wisdom XV, 3; XIX, 17
Jubilees IV, 3, elsewhere, comp. Math. VII, 2, and parallels.

324 Aboth IV, 2.

325 See Levy, W. B.: _Zidduk_; comp. Ex. IX, 27; Lam. I, 18; Neh. IX,
33.

326 Gen. R. XLIX, 19; Yoma 37 a.

327 Prov. X, 25.

328 See Tos. Sanh. XIII, 2; Sanh. 105 a; Yalkut Isaiah 296; Crescas: _Or
Adonai_, III, 44.

329 Gen. R. VIII, 4-5; XII, 15; Midr. Teh. to Ps. LXXXIX, 2; comp. Ben
Sira, XVIII, 11; Testaments of XII Patr.: Zebulon 9; Ap. Baruch
XLVIII, 14; IV Esdras VIII, 31; Psalms of Solomon IX, 7; Prayer of
Manasseh, 8, 13.

330 See J. E., art. “Love.” Both Weber, l. c., 57 f. and Bousset, l. c.,
443 f. show Christian bias.

331 Ps. CXXX, 4.

332 Aboth III, 19; comp. B. Wisdom XI, 23, 26; XII, 16, 18; Ben Sira,
II, 18.

333 Ps. CXLIV, 8-9; comp. Ben Sira, XVIII, 13.

334 Tos. Sanh. XIII, 3.

335 Yer. R. h. Sh. I, 57 a.

336 Ber. 7 a.

337 Tos. Sota IV, 1, with reference to Ex. XX, 5-6. The plural,
_laalafim_, is taken to mean _two thousand_.

338 Ex. XXII, 26; comp. 21, 23.

339 See Harper: _Code of Hammurabi_, 1900; Oettli: _D. Gesetz Hammurabis
und d. Thora Israels_, 1903; Cohn: _D. Gesetz Hammurabis_, Zürich,
1903; Grimm: _D. Gesetz Chammurabis und Moses_, Cologne, 1903. Also
M. Jastrow, _Hebrew and Babylonian Traditions_, p. 255-319.

340 Deut. X, 18; Ps. LXXIII.

341 Isa. XXV, 4.

342 Ex. XXII, 24.

343 Ex. R. XXVII, 5; Eccles. R. to III, 15.

344 Gen. XXIV, 19.

345 Ex. XXIII, 5.

346 Deut. XXV, 4.

347 Lev. XX, 28; Deut. XXII, 6.

348 Git. 62 a, with reference to Deut. XI, 15.

349 Ps. CXLV, 9.

350 B. M. 85 a; Yer. Kil. IX, 4.

351 Tos. B. K. IX, 30; Sifre, Deut. 96.

352 Sifre, Deut. § 49; Shab. 133 b; comp. Philo: _De Humanitate._

353 See Concordance to _ahabah_ and _hesed_. Note especially Hos. VI, 6.

354 Hos. III, 1; XI, 1, 4; XIV, 5.

355 Jer. XXXI, 2, 19.

356 Deut. VII, 8; X, 15.

357 Deut. VIII, 5; see Sifre, Deut. 32.

358 Prov. III, 13.

359 Ber. 5 a; Sifre, l. c.; Mek. Yithro 10.

360 See Mek. and Sifre, l. c.

361 Ex. IV, 22.

362 Deut. XXXII, 6, 10 f.

363 Jer. II, 2.

364 Song of Songs, R. to III, 7. Comp. Davidson, l. c., 235-287.

365 See Schreiner, l. c., 103-112; Perles: _Bousset_, 58 f.

366 Pesik, 16-17; Mek. Yithro 6, at end.

367 Aboth III, 14.

368 XI, 23-26.

369 IV Esdra VIII, 47.

370 III, 10.

371 Zohar I, 44 b; II, 97 a.

372 See _Or Adonai_, I, 3, 5, and Joel: _Crescas_ 36-37.

_ 373 Dialoghi di Amore_; see Zimmels: _Leo Hebraeus_, 1886.

374 Ethics V, proposition XXXV.

375 “The Theosophy of Julius”: “God.”

_ 376 Middath tobah._

377 Gen. I, 4, 10, 12, 18, 21, 23, 31.

378 Gen. R. IX, 5, 9; Ber. 60 a; Yer. Ber. IX, 13 c-14 b; Taan. 21 a.

379 Isa. LXV, 16.

380 Deut. XXXII, 40.

381 Deut. XXXII, 4.

382 Num. XXIII, 19; Isa. XL, 8; Jer. X, 10; Ps. XXXI, 6; comp. Dillmann,
l. c. 269 f.

383 Ps. XXXVI, 6; LXXXIX, 3, 38; CXLVI, 6; Benediction at seeing the
rainbow, Singer’s _Prayerbook_, p. 291.

384 Gen. IX, 11.

385 Ps. CIV, 9; Job XXXVIII, 11; Jer. XXXI, 34.

386 Deut. XXXIII, 27.

387 Jer. X, 10, 15.

_ 388 Emuna Rama_ 54. See Kaufmann, l. c., 333 f., 352 f.; comp.
Guttmann: _Religionsphilosophie des Ibn Daud_, 136 f.; Albo II, 27,
at the end; Maimonides: _Yesode ha Torah_, I, 3-4; Hillel of Verona
refers even to Aristotle’s “Metaphysics.” See Kaufmann, l. c., 334,
note; Neumark, l. c., and Husik., l. c. _passim_.

389 See Yer. Sanh. I, 18 a.

_ 390 Contra Apionem_, II, 22; compare J. E., art. “Alpha and Omega.”

391 See Yer. Sanh. I, 18 a.

392 Ber. 33 b.

393 Jedayah ha Penini.

394 Ps. LXV, 2.

395 Jer. X, 12; Amos IV, 13; Job XXXVIII-XXXIX.

396 Prov. VI, 6.

397 Job XXXVIII-XXXIX.

398 Ps. CIV, 24.

399 Gen. L, 20; see Dillmann, l. c., 280; Strauss, l. c., 575 f.;
Hamburger, l. c., art. “Weisheit Gottes”; A. B. Davidson, l. c.,
180-182.

400 Gen. XLI, 38; I Kings III, 12; Ex. XXXV, 31; Prov. II, 6.

401 Isa. XXV, 1; XXVII, 29.

402 Isa. XL-LV.

403 Prov. IX, 1. Comp. A. Jeremias: _D. A. Test. i. L. d. i. alt.
Orients_, 5, 80, 336, 367.

404 Ben Sira XXIV, 3-6, 14, 21; Enoch XLII, 1-2; Slavonic Enoch XXX, 8;
Baruch III, 9-IV, 4; comp. Bousset, l. c., 337 f.; J. E., art.
Wisdom; Bentwich: _Philo_, pp. 141-147.

405 Targ. Ver. to Gen. I, 1. Gen. R. I. 2, 5. See Schechter: _Aspects_,
127-137.

406 Kaufmann, l. c., 16, 107, 113, 163, 325, 418.

407 Job IX, 4; _Cuzari_, II, 2.

408 Sachs, cl, 6, 227.

409 Ps. XVIII, 36.

410 Meg. 35 a.

411 Isa. LVII, 15.

412 Deut. X, 17-18.

413 Ps. LXVIII, 5-6.

414 Ps. CXIII, 5-6.

415 Weber, l. c., 154.

416 Deut. IV, 7; Yer. Ber. IX, 19 a, where the plural, _Kerobim_,
suggests the idea, “all kinds of nearness.”

417 Ps. XXIX, 4; Tanh. Yithro, ed. Buber, 17.

418 Ps. XCI, 15; Isa. LXIII, 9; Sifre Num. 84.

419 Ber. 6 a; 7 a; R. ha Sh. 17 b; Hag. 5 b; Sanh. 39 a. Comp.
Schechter, _Aspects_, p. 21-50.

420 Weber, l. c., 157-160.

421 Plutarch: “De placitis philosophiae,” II, 1; comp. for the entire
chapter Dillmann, l. c., 284-295; Smend: 1. c., 454 f.; H.
Steinthal: “Die Idee der Schöpfung” in J. B. z. Jued. Gesch. u.
Lit., II, 39-44.

422 Ps. XXXIII, 9.

423 Job XXXVIII; Ps. CIV.

424 Comp. Albo I, 12, and Schlesinger’s Notes, 625.

425 Ps. CII, 25-27.

426 Job XXV, 2.

427 Ber. 60 b.

_ 428 Gam su le tobah_, an allusion to his own name. Taan. 21 b.

429 Gen. R. IX, 5.

430 Gen. R. IX, 9-10.

431 Sifre Deut. 307.

432 Jer. X, 11-12 and 10.

433 See his commentary to Gen. I, 1; comp. Neumark, l. c., I, 70, 71, 80
f., 87, 412, 439, 515; Husik, l. c., p. 190; D. Strauss, l. c.,
619-660.

434 II Macc. VII, 28.

435 Gen. R. I, 12; X. 3; Hag. II b-13 a; Slavonic Enoch, XXV; see J. E.,
art. Cosmogony and Creation; Enc. Rel. and Eth., 151 ff., 167 f.

436 Gen. R. IX, 1.

437 See Strauss, l. c., 645 f.

438 See Schmiedl, l. c., 91-128; Kaufmann, l. c., 280 f., 306, 387 f.

439 See C. Seligman, _Judenthum und Moderne Weltanchauung_.

440 The first benediction before the Shema.

441 Gen. VII, 11; VIII, 2.

442 Isa. XL, 26.

443 Job XXXVI, 6.

444 Job XXXVIII, 25.

445 Gen. XX, 17-18; XXX, 22.

446 Ps. CXLVII, 8-9.

447 Ps. CIV, 27-30.

448 Gen. I, 11.

449 Ps. CIV, 8.

450 Gen. VIII, 22; Job XXXVIII, 33.

451 Jer. XXXI, 39; XXXIII, 25.

452 Gen. IX, 12 f.

453 Job XXV, 2.

454 See Dillmann, l. c., 295 f.; D. Strauss, l. c., 629-643.

455 Enoch LXIX, 15-25; Prayer of Manasseh, 3; Suk. 53 a b; Hag. 12 a.

456 See Singer’s _Prayerbook_, 37, 96, 290, 292.

457 Ps. CIII, 20.

458 Shab. 119 b.

459 Ps. CII, 27; Isa. XXXIV, 4.

460 Isa. LXV, 17.

461 See J. E. and Enc. of Rel. and Eth., art. “Eschatology”; Schuerer,
_G. V. I._ II, 545.

462 Ex. XV, 11.

_ 463 Oth_, sign for miracle, Ex. IV, 8, 17, and elsewhere.

_ 464 Mopheth_, Ex. VII, 3, and elsewhere.

465 Gen. XVIII, 14.

466 Num. XI, 23.

467 Ex. XXXIV, 10; Num. XVI, 30.

468 Ex. IV, 11.

469 Josh. X, 12-14. See Joel: “D. Mosaismus u. d. Wunder,” in Jb. d.
Jued. Gesch. u. Lit., 1904, p. 66-94.

470 Mek. Beshallah 3; Gen. R. V, 4.

471 Aboth V, 6; comp. Ab. d. R. N., ed. Schechter, 95; Mek. Beshallah,
5; Sifre Debarim, 355; Pes. 54 a; P. d. R. Eli., XIX; Targ. Y. to
Num. XXII, 28, where a different list of ten wondrous things is
given.

472 Emunoth we Deoth II, 44, 68. Comp. Ibn Ezra to Gen. III, 1, and Num.
XXII, 28.

_ 473 Moreh_, II, 25, 35, 37; III, 24; _Yesode ha Torah_, VII, 7; VIII,
1-3. Comp. Joel: _Moses Maimonides_, p. 77.

_ 474 Ikkarim_, I, 18.

475 Or _Adonai_, III, 5; comp. Joel: _Don Chasdai Crescas_, p. 70.

_ 476 Milhamoth Adonai_, last chapters; comp. J. E., art. Levi ben
Gershom.

_ 477 Cuzari_, II, 54.

478 The _Anshe maaseh_, mentioned together with the _Hasidim_ in Suk. V,
4, and Sot. IX, 15, are wonderworkers, of whom Haninah ben Dosa, the
last, is singled out. The same epithet was given to Simeon ben
Yochai in Aramaic, _Iskan_, see Lev. Rabba XXII, 2, and to R. Assi,
eod. XIX, 1,—where it means, worker in nature’s realm. Thus Nahum of
Gimzo is called “trained in the skill to perform miracles”—Taan. 21
a; Phinehas ben Jair was also a wonderworker—Hul. 7 a. The whole
portion regarding rain-miracles seems to be taken from a work on the
miracles of saints.

479 Taan, 18 b.

480 Pes. 118 a; Ned. 41 a.

481 Shab. 53 b.

482 Ab. Za. IV, 7; comp. Ber. 4 a, 20 a; Sanh. 97 b.

483 B. M. 59 b.

484 Deut. XIII, 2-6.

_ 485 Yesode ha Torah_, VIII, 1-5.

_ 486 Ikkarim_, I, 18.

487 Mendelssohn: G. Sch., III, 65, 120 f., 320 f.

488 II Kings VI, 6.

489 Joshua X, 13.

_ 490 Moreh_, II, 33.

491 The Hebrew term _Hashgaha_—Providence—is derived from Ps. XXXIII,
14, _hishgiah_, “He observes.” See J. E., art. Providence; Davidson,
l. c., 178-182; Hamburger, R. W. B. II, art. Bestimmung; Rauwenhoff,
l. c., 538 f.; Ludwig Philippson: “_Israel. Religionsl._,” II, 98
f.; Formstecher: “_Religion des Geistes_,” 114-119.

492 Jer. X, 2. See art. Divination, in J. E.; Dict. Bible; Enc. R. and
Eth.

493 See Lev. XVI, 8 f.; Num. XXVI, 56; Josh. XVIII-XIX; Prov. XVIII, 18.

494 Ex. XVIII, 30; I Sam. see LXX; XIV, 41.

495 Ex. XXXIII, 32; Ps. LVI, 9; CXXXIX, 16; comp., however, the
Babylonian “tables of destinies.”

496 Isa. XL, 21; XLI, 4, 22 f.; Amos III, 7.

497 Isa. LIV, 16.

498 Isa. X, 5, 15.

499 Isa. VIII. 11; Ps. II, 2 f.; Deut. XXIII, 6.

500 Jer. X, 33.

501 Aboth III, 15.

502 Hul. 7 a.

503 Gen. XXIV, 50; M. K. 18 b.

504 Ch. XXXIV.

505 Ber. 33 b.

506 R. h. Sh. 17 b; New Year’s liturgy.

_ 507 H. Teshubah_, V, 1-2.

508 See, on the Zagmuk festival, Zimmern, K. A. T., p. 514 f.

509 Tos. R. h. Sh, I, 13; R. h. Sh. 16 a.

510 Saadia: _Emunoth_, IV, 7; Bahya: _Hoboth ha Lebaboth_, III, 8; IV,
3.

_ 511 H. Teshubah_ V; _Moreh_, I, 23; III, 16-19; comp. _Cuzari_, V,
20-21; Albo: _Ikkarim_, IV, 1-11; Gersonides: _Milhamoth_, III, 2;
VI, 1-18; Isaac ben Shesheth: Responsa, 119; Lipman Heller to Aboth
III, 15. See Joel: _Levi ben Gerson_, p. 56.

512 See _Or Adonai_, II, 3; comp. Joel: _Hasdai Crescas_, 41-49, 54-55;
Neumark: “_Crescas and Spinoza_,” in Y. B. C. C. A. R., 1908, vol.
XVIII, p. 277-319.

_ 513 Or Adonai_, III, 24.

514 Gen. R. LXXIX, 16; comp. Matt. X, 29.

515 B. B. 16 a; comp. Matt. X, 30; Luke XII, 7.

516 Deut. XXXII, 11.

517 Mek. Yithro 2; Sifre ad loc.

518 Shab. 119 b.

519 Ps. XLVI, 2; CXXI, 4.

520 See David Kaufmann: “_Theol. d. B. b. Pakudah_,” p. 240.

521 Mid. Teh. to Ps. XXXIV; L. Ginzberg, _Legends of the Jews_, IV,
89-90; _Alphabet of Ben Sira_.

_ 522 Comp. Maasehhbuch_; Tendlau: _Sagen d. jued. Vorzeit_.

523 See Gen. R. IX, 5, 10, 11; Dillmann, l. c., 309-318; D. F. Strauss,
l. c., II, 343-384.

524 Shab. 55 a.

525 Ber. 5 a, after Deut. VIII, 5; Prov. III, 12.

526 Isa. XLV, 7.

527 Deut. XI, 27; see the Midrash ad loc.

_ 528 Emunah Ramah_, ed. Weil, 93 f.; _Moreh_, III, 10.

529 See M. Lefkovitz, “The Attitude of Judaism to Christian Science,” in
Y. B. C. C. A. R. XXII, 300-318.

530 See Morris Joseph, l. c., p. 108, 127 ff.; C. Seligman, l. c.,
50-68.

531 Gen. VI, 2; Job I, 6; II, 1; XXXIII, 7; Gen. XXXII, 29; XXXIII, 10;
Jud. XIII, 22; Ps. VIII, 6.

532 Comp. Mek. Yithro 7 through 10; Hul. 40; Tos. Hul. II, 18; Ab. Z. 42
b; Maimonides to Sanh. X; Targ. Y. to Ex. XX, 3.

533 Deut. IV, 39.

534 Deut. XXXII, 39.

535 Isa. XLIV, 24; XL, 5.

536 Gen. XVIII and XVII, 11, 13.

537 Gen. VI, 1 f.

538 Comp. Ezek. XXVIII, 13 f.

539 Ps. LXXVIII, 25.

540 See Dillmann, l. c., 318-333; Davidson, l. c., 289-300; J. E., art.
Angelology; Enc. Rel. and Eth. IV, 594-601, art. Demons.

541 Lev. XVII, 7; Deut. XXXII, 17; Isa. XXXIV, 14.

542 Gen. XVIII.

543 Ex. XXIII, 20; II Sam. XXIV, 16; II Kings XIX, 35 _et al._ See J.
E., art. Angelology.

544 Ex. III, 2-4; XXIII, 20-21; Isa. LXIII, 9.

545 Zech. I, 9 f.; II, 1 f.

546 See J. E., art. Angelology.

547 Ezek. I, 4-24; X, 1-22; Isa. VI, 2; Dan. IV, 10 f.; VII, 9 f.; VIII,
16 f.; X, 13 f; Enoch XV, 1 f., and elsewhere.

548 See J. E., art. Merkabah, though still doubted by Bousset, l. c., p.
406. For Akathriel see Ber. 7 and J. E., art. Sandalfon.

549 Jubilees II, 2; Slav. Enoch. XXIX, 3; I, 3; Gen. R, III, 11.

550 Yer. Ber. IX; Sanh. 93 a; Hul. 91 b; Ned. 32 a; Gen. R. VIII, XXI;
Midr. Teh. to Ps. CIII, 18; CIV, 1.

551 Neumark, l. c.

552 Schmiedl, l. c., 69-87.

_ 553 Yesode ha Torah_, II, 4-9; _Moreh_, I, 43; II, 3-7, 41; III, 13;
Husik, l. c., 303 f.

_ 554 Emunoth_, IV, 1; VI, 2; _Hoboth ha Lebaboth_, I, 6; _Cuzari_, IV,
3; _Emunah Ramah_, IV, 2; VI, 1; _Ikkarim_, II, 28, 31.

555 Zohar, III, 68; Joel: _Religionsphilosophie des Zohar_, 278 f.

556 Ned. 20 b; Midr. Teh. Ps. CIII, 17-18; Ibn Ezra: Introduction to his
commentary on the Pentateuch.

557 Compare Gen. R. to Gen. I, 31.

558 Ps. CIII, 19-20.

559 Job I, 6.

560 See J. E., art. Demonology; Satan; Belial; Enc. Rel. and Eth., art.
Demons and Spirits, Jewish; Davidson, l. c., 300-306; Dillmann, l.
c., 334-340; D. F. Strauss, l. c., II, 1-18.

561 Lev. XVII, 7; Deut. XXXII, 17; Isa. XIII, 21; XXXIV, 14.

562 Lev. XVI, 8; see Ibn Ezra; J. E. and Enc. Rel. and Eth., art.
Azazel.

563 J. E., art. Beelzebub.

564 J. E., art. Belial.

565 Enoch VI, 7; J. E., art. Ashmodai; Levy: W. B., Shemachzai.

566 Levy: W. B., Lilith; Iggereth.

567 J. E., art. Demonology.

568 Aboth V, 6; P. d. R. El., XIX; Gen. R. VII, 7.

569 Enoch VII; Yalkut Gen. 44, 47.

570 Erubin, 18 b.

571 P. d. R. El., XIII; Yalkut Gen. 25.

572 See Abrahams’ Ann. to Singers’ _Prayerb_. XLIV f. and for the
Church, Enc. Rel, and Eth., Demons and Spirits, Christian.

573 Abrahams, l. c., p. 7, 196; XX, CCXV.

574 Ps. CIX, 6.

575 Zech. III, 1; Job I, 6.

576 I Chron. XXI, 1.

577 See B. Wisdom II, 24; P. d. R. El., XIII.

578 Shab. 146 a; Yeb. 103 b; Ab. Zar. 22 b.

579 Suk. 52 a.

580 Targ. to Isa. XI, 4.

581 B. B. 16 a.

582 De Gigantibus, 2-4.

583 Sifra Lev. XVI, 8; Yoma, 67 b.

584 See the Ethiopic “Adam and Eve”; C. Bezold, _Die Schalzhochle_, p.
18; comp. Gen. R. XXVI.

585 See D. Cassel: _Cuzari_, p. 402 note.

_ 586 Moreh_ III, 29-37, 46; Ibn Ezra to Job I, 6; comp. Finkelscherer:
_Maimunis’ Stellung zum Aberglauben_, 1894, p. 40-51.

_ 587 Christliche Glaubenslehre_, II, 18.

588 Euken, _D. Wahrheitsgehalt d. Religion_, p. 384, 402; Bousset,
_Wesen d. Rel._, p. 239.

589 See H. Cohen: _Ethik des reinen Willens_, 282 f., 341 f., 428 f.,
593: “Eine Macht des Boesen gibt es nur im Mythos.” “Dieser Mythos
fuehrt folgerichtig sum mythologischen Gottmenschen.” M. Joel, in
his article, “Der Mosaismus und das Heidenthum,” in J. B. j. Gesch.
u. Lit, 1904, p. 49-66, ascribes the belief in demons to Greek
influence. He holds that the prophetic teaching of God’s unity was
the best bulwark against demonology and mysticism.

590 See Dillmann, l. c., 341-351; Weber, l. c., 177-190; Bousset, l. c.,
336, 346; Davidson, l. c, 36-38, 115-129; Schechter, Aspects, p.
21-45; Schmiedl, l. c., 35-48; J. E., art. Holy Spirit; Logos;
Memra; Metatron; Name of God; Shekinah; Enc. Rel. and Eth., I,
308-312.

591 Ps. LXXXII, 1.

592 Ex. XXV, 8.

593 Ber. 17 a.

594 See Ber., l. c., Rab’s reference to Ex. XXIV, 11.

595 John I, 1-6.

596 Singer’s _Prayerbook_, p. 96, 292.

597 Ch. XXII. See Prov. VIII, 22.

598 XXIV, 9 f.

599 Weber, l. c., 197 f.

600 L. c., 178 f.

601 See Kohut: _Jued, Angelologie_, 36-38; Schorr: He Halutz, VIII, 3;
J. E., art. Merkabah.

602 See Targ. Yer. to Gen. V, 24; J. E., art. Metatron. Comp. Eth. Enoch
LXX, 1, and Slav. Enoch III-XXIV.

603 Gen. I, 2.

604 Gen. II, 7; VI, 3; Job XXXII, 8.

605 Num. XI, 17 f.; XXIV, 2; XXVII, 18; Ex. XXVIII, 3; XXXI, 3 f.; Isa.
XI, 2; LXI, 1; Ezek. I, 12, 20.

606 Isa. LXIII, 10; Ps. LI, 13.

607 See J. E., art. Holy Spirit.

608 See J. E. art., Bath Kol.

609 See Tos. Sota XIII, 2; XXLV, 11; compare Levy: W. B., _Shem;_
Geiger: _Urschrift_, 273 f.

610 Deut. XII, 5, 11; II Sam. XII, 28; Neh. I, 9; Jer. VII, 12, 14.

611 Ex. XXIII, 21.

612 Jer. XLIV, 26; Isa. XLV, 23.

613 Midr. Teh. to Ps. XXXVIII, 8; XCI, 8.

614 Taan. III, 8.

615 Prayer of Manasses, 3.

616 P. d. R. El. III.

617 See Levy: W. B., _Geburah_.

618 Ex. XXI, 6.

619 Ex. XXXIV, 5 f.

620 Gen. R. XXI, 8; Targ. Ps. LVI, 11, and see Siegfried: _Philo_, 213
f.

621 Gen. R. VIII, 5, after Ps. LXXXV, 11-12.

622 P. d. R. El. III; Midr. Teh. Ps. L, 1, ref. to Prov. III, 19-20.

623 A. d. R. N. XXXVII, ref. to Prov. III, 19 f.; Ps. LXV, 7; LXXXV,
21-22; Job XXVII, 11.

624 Ref. to Hosea II, 21-22.

625 Hag. 12 a.

626 See J. E., art. Sefiroth, the Ten; Yezirah, Sefer.

627 See J. E., art. Shekinah; _Cuzari_, II, 4; IV, 3.

628 Gen. I, 26, and the commentaries.

629 Gen. R. VIII, 9.

630 Gen. R. XIV, 1.

631 Gen. I, 28.

632 Gen. R. VIII, 12; P. d. R. El., XI.

633 Sanh. IV, 5, correctly preserved in the Yerushalmi, and the addition
in the Babli, _Me Yisrael_, ought not to have been inserted by
Schechter, Ab. d. R.N., p. 90.

634 Lev. R. XXXIV, 3.

635 Ab. d. R. N. XXXI.

636 See Jubilees XV, 27; comp. Gen. R. VIII, 7-9; Ab. d. R. N., ed.
Schechter, p. 153.

637 See Jellinek: _Bezelem Elohim;_ Philippson, l. c., II, 58-72;
Dillmann, l. c., 325. The words of Plato (_State_, X, 613, and
_Theætetos_, 176), “Man should strive for God-likeness through
virtue, and be holy, righteous and wise like the Deity,” may have
influenced the ethical interpretation of the Biblical term.

638 Gen. R. VIII, 1.

639 See Gen. I, 26; Comm. of Rashi, Saadia, Ibn Ezra, Nahmanides, and
Ob. Sforno.

640 Job XXXII, 8.

641 Zach. III, 7; see comm.

642 Gen. VI, 12, 19.

643 Gen. IX, 21; Lev. XVII, 11, 14.

644 See Dillmann, l. c., 355-361; Davidson, l. c., 182-203; comp. Gen.
R. XIV, 11, where these three terms are given, and also _yehidah_,
Ps. XXII, 21; XXXV, 17, and _hayah_, Ps. XCLIII, 3; Job XXXIII, 1.

645 De Leg. Alleg. III, 38.

646 See Horovitz: _D. Psychologie Saadias_; Scheyer: _D. psycholog.
System d. Maimonides_; Cassel’s _Cuzari_, p. 382-400; Husik, l. c.,
IX, 41; and see also Index: _Soul_.

647 Sanh. 91 a, b; Nid. 30 b-31 b; Sifre Deut. 306, ref. to Deut. XXXII,
1; Lev. IV, 5-8.

648 Ab. Z. 5 a; Gen. R. VIII, 1.

649 B. Wisdom, VIII, 20; Slav. Enoch XXIII, 5; Philo I, 15, 32; II, 356;
comp. Bousset, l. c., p. 508 f.

650 Gen. VI, 5; VIII, 21; B. Sira XV, 14; XVII, 31; XXI, 11; Ber. 5 a;
Kid. 30 b; Suk. 52 a, b; Shab. 152 b; Eccl. R. XII, 7; comp. F. Ch.
Porter: “The Yezer ha Ra” in _Biblical and Semitic Studies_, 93-156;
Bousset, l. c., 462 f.