Chapter LXV: Introduction: 1. the Chassidim (2)

651 Suk. 52 a, b.

652 Gen. R. VIII, 11.

653 Ab. d. R. N. XXXI.

654 Aboth III, 18.

655 Ber. 10 a; Midr. Teh. Ps. CIII, 4-5.

656 Gen. XVIII, 19; Deut. VIII, 6; X, 12; XXXII, 4.

657 Micah VI, 8.

658 Gen. V. 22; VI, 9; XVII, 1-2.

659 Gen. R. XII, 8; XIV, 6, ref. to Josh. XIV, 15.

660 Ezek. XXVIII, 14.

661 Prov. III, 18.

662 Gen. R. XVI, 10; Shab. 55 b.

663 B. B. 15 a.

664 Shab. 146 a; Yeb. 103 b; Ab. Zar. 22 b; Shab. 55 b.

665 B. Wisdom, II, 24.

666 Romans V, 12 f.

667 Shab. 146 a.

668 Deut. XXIV, 16; Ezek. XVIII, 4.

669 Shab. 55 a, b.

670 Shab. 32 b.

671 B. Sira XXV, 24.

672 Yer. Shab. II, 5 b.

673 Gen. R. XIX, 10, ref. to Gen. III, 6-7.

674 Apoc. Baruch XXIII, 4; XLVIII, 42 f.; LVI, 6; and especially LIV,
14-19; IV Esdras III, 7; VII, 11, 118.

675 Pesik. 160 b; Num. R. XIII, 5.

676 P. d. R. El., XX; comp. Adam and Eve, I; Erub. 18 b.

677 Gen. R. XII, 5; XIX, 11; XXI, 4 f.; comp. Shab. 55 b.

678 See Windishman: _Zoroastrische Studien_, p. 27 f.

679 Eccl. VII, 29.

680 Tanh. Yelamdenu to Gen. III, 22.

681 Eccl. XII, 7.

682 Shab. 152 b.

683 Ber. 80 a. The rabbis did not have the belief that the body is
morally impure and therefore the seat of the _yezer ha ra_, as is
stated by Weber, l. c., 228 f. See Potter, l. c., 98-107; Schechter:
_Aspects_, 242-292. It is wrong also to explain Ps. LI, 7, “Behold I
was brought forth in iniquity, and in sin did my mother conceive
me,” as inherited sinfulness, as Delitzsch and other Christian
commentators have done, following Ibn Ezra, who refers this to Eve,
the mother of all men. The correct interpretation is given by R.
Ahha in Lev. R. XIV, 5; “Every sexual act is the work of sensuality,
the _Yezer ha ra_.” Comp. Yoma 69 b. Needless to say that Hosea VI,
7; Isa. XLIII, 37; Job XXXI, 33 do not refer to the sin of Adam.

684 See Ibn Ezra to Gen. III, 1.

685 See Taan. 10 a; Ber. 34 b; D. comp. Enoch XXIX-XXXII; _Seder Gan
Eden_, in Jellinek, _Beth ha Midrash_, II, III.

_ 686 Moreh_, II, 30; Nahmanides to Gen. III, 1.

687 Gen. R. XVI, 8, ref. to Gen. II, 15.

688 Pes. 111 a; Gen. R. XX, 24.

_ 689 Seder Olam_ at the close; Gen. R. XXIV, 2.

690 Prov. XX, 27.

691 Job XXXII, 8.

692 Isa. XI, 2.

693 Dan. II, 20-21.

694 Tanh. Miketz 9; comp. Tanh. Yelamdenu Wayakhel, where the story is
told differently.

695 Singer’s _Prayerbook_, p. 46.

696 Cuzari III, 19.

697 Ber. 58 a; Singer’s _Prayerb._, p. 291.

_ 698 Yesode ha Torah_, II, 2.

_ 699 Nethibot Olam_, XIV.

700 Pes. 94 b.

_ 701 Shaare Shamayim_, IV, 3.

702 R. h. Sh. 21 b.

703 II Sam. XXIII, 2.

704 Job IV, 12-16.

705 Gen. R. XXIV, 7; comp. Jubilees III, 12.

706 See Dillmann, l. c., 301 f., 375; J. E., art. Freedom of Will.

707 Gen. IV, 7.

708 Deut. XXX, 15-19.

709 Jer. XXI, 8.

710 See Sifre Deut. 53-54; J. E., art. Didache.

711 Gen. III, 22; Mek. Beshallah 6; Gen. R. XXI. 5; Mid. Teh. Ps. XXXVI,
3; LVIII, 2.

712 Aboth III, 15, but see Schechter: _Aspects_, 285, note 4.

713 Ben Sira XV, 11-20.

714 Enoch XCVIII, 4.

715 IX, 7.

716 IV Ezra VII, 127-129; IX, 10-11.

717 Quod deus immutabilis, 10, I, 279; Di confusione linguarum, 35, I,
432; Quod deterius potiori insid.

718 Josephus, J. W., II, 8, 14; Ant. XVIII, I, 3.

719 Ber. 33 b.

720 Gen. R. LXVII, 7. Comp. P. R. El. XV.

721 Tanh. Toledoth, ed. Buber, 21.

722 Shab. 104 a; Yoma 38 b-39 a; Yer. Kid. I, 67 d.

723 Mak. 10 b; ref. to Ex. XXI, 12; Num. XXII, 12; Isa. XLVIII, 17;
Prov. III, 34.

724 Ex. IV, 21; VII, 3, and elsewhere; see the Jewish commentaries to
these passages. Comp. Pes. 165 a; Num. R. XV, 16. See Schechter,
_Aspects_, 289-292.

725 Saadia: _Emunoth_, III, 154; IV, 7 f.; Bahya: _Hoboth haleboboth_,
III, 8; _Cuzari_, V, 20; _Moreh_ I, 23; III, 16; _H. Teshuba_, V;
Gersonides: _Milhamoth_, III, 106; Albo: _Ikkarim_, IV, 5-10; see
Cassel notes, _Cuzari_, p. 414.

_ 726 Or Adonai_ II, 4; comp. Bloch: _Willensfreiheit des Hisdai
Crescas_; Neumark: _Crescas and Spinoza_, Y. B. C. C. A. R. 1908.

727 Ex. XX, 5.

728 Sanh. 27 b.

729 Job XIV, 4.

730 Pesik. 29 b.

_ 731 H. Teshubah_, V.

732 See Morgenstern, “_The Doctrine of Sin in the Babylonian Religion_,”
in Mitth. Vorderas. Gesellsch. 1905.

733 Gen. VI, 3; Ps. LXXVIII, 39.

734 Sota 3 a.

735 Suk. 52 a, b. Comp. Schechter, “The Evil Yezer, Source of Rebellion
and Victory over the Evil Yezer,” l. c., 242-292.

736 Prov. XX, 9.

737 Eccl. VII, 20.

738 Job IV, 17; XV, 14 f; XXV, 5.

739 Num. XX, 12; XXVII, 14.

740 Yeb. 121 b.

741 Mid. Teh. Ps. XVI, 2.

742 Job XV, 15.

743 Midr. Teh. eodem.

744 Morgenstern, l. c.

745 Ex. XXX, 33, 38; Lev. X, 2; XVI, 1-2; Num. XVII, 28; XVIII, 7.

746 Ezek. XVIII, 6 f.; XX, 13 f.; Isa. LVI, 2 f.

747 Hos. VI, 6; Mic. VI, 8; Isa. I, 11 f.

748 I Sam. XV, 22-23.

749 Job XXXV, 6-8.

750 Ps. LI, 6.

751 Sanh. 107 a.

752 Isa. LIX, 2.

753 Gen. IV, 13; XV, 16; XIX, 15; Ps. XL, 13.

754 Gen. XXVI, 10; XLII, 21; Ps. XXXIV, 22.

755 Lev. IV, 13 f.; Num. V, 6.

756 Ps. XIX, 13.

757 Num. R. XXI, 19.

758 Num. XVI, 22.

759 Tanh. Korah, ed. Buber, 19.

760 Habak. I, 13.

761 Isa. XXXIII, 14.

762 Isa. VI, 5-7.

763 Pes. 45 b; Gen. R. XXIII, 9.

764 See J. E., art. Cabala; Abelson, _Jewish Mysticism_, p. 127 f., 171
f.

765 See J. E., art. Repentance; Claude Montefiore: “Rabbinical
Conceptions of Repentance,” in J. Q. R., Jan. 1904; Schechter,
_Aspects_, 313-343. The works of Weber (p. 261 f.), Bousset (p. 446
f.), and Davidson (l. c., 327-338) do not do justice to the Jewish
teachings.

766 Ezek. XVIII, 4; Ps. XXXIV, 21; Prov. XIV, 12.

767 Ezek. XVIII, 32; XXXIII, 11.

768 Prov. XIII, 21.

769 Ezek. XVIII, 4.

770 Lev. I, 4; IV, 26-31.

771 Ps. XXV, 8.

772 Yer. Mak. II, 37 d; Pesik. 158 b. See Schechter, l. c., p. 294, note
1.

773 Amos V, 4.

774 Isa. LV, 7.

775 Deut. IV, 30; XXX, 2-3.

776 Amos IV, 6 f.

777 Hos. VI, 1; XIV, 2 f.

778 Jer. III, 12-13; IV, 3; 14; XVIII, 11.

779 Ezek. XVIII, 1-32.

780 Zech. I, 3.

781 Mal. III, 7.

782 Joel II, 12-13.

783 See Ps. XXXII, 1 f.

784 Jonah III-IV.

785 The Hebrew _teshubah_ is translated in Greek _metanoia_, meaning a
change of mind.

786 Pes. 119 a; P. d. R. El. XLIII.

787 Pes. 54 a; Gen, R. I, 5; P. d. R. El. III; Singer’s _Prayerb._ 267
f.

788 Shab. 56 a; Ab. Z. 4 b-5 a; Midr. Teh. Ps. XL, 3; LI, 13.

789 Ter. Sanh. X, 78 c; Sanh. 103 a; Pes. 162; Prayer of Manasseh.

790 Pesik. 160 a-162; Shab. 56 a, b; Gen. R. XI, 6; XXII, 12-13;
XXXVIII, 9; XLIX, 6; P. R. El. XX; XLIII; Num. R. XVIII, 6; Ab. d.
R. N. I, 32; Sanh. 102 b.

791 Yoma 86 a, b; Pes. R. XLIX.

792 Mek. Shira 5; Gen. R. XXI, 6; XXX, 4; XXXII, 10; XXXVIII, 14;
LXXXIV, 18; Ex. R. XII, 1; Num. R. XII, 13; B. Wisdom XI, 23; XII,
10, 19.

793 Sanh. 108; Sibyllines, I, 125-198.

794 Cant. R. VII, 5, ref. to the name _Hadrach_, Zech. IX, 1.

795 Weber, l. c., 261 f.; Bousset, l. c., 446 f.; comp. Perles:
_Bousset._

796 Gen. R. XXII, 27; comp. Sanh 107 b.

797 Mek. Yithro I.

798 Erub. 19 a.

799 Mid. Teh. Ps. I, 21 f.; IX, 13, 15; XI, 5.

800 See Maimonides, Bahya, and others on _Teshubah;_ comp. J. E., art.
Repentance; Tobit XIII, 6; XIV, 6; Philo II, 435.

801 See Schechter, l. c., 323 f.

802 Sanh. 99 a, Luke XV, 7. The third Gospel more than the others
preserved the original Jewish doctrines of the Church.

803 Job XIX, 25. The Hebrew _Goel_ signifies kinsman as well as redeemer
and avenger, implying blood-relationship. In Job it means
vindicator.

804 Deut. XIV, 1.

805 Mal. II, 10.

806 Ps. CIII, 13.

807 Jer. II, 27.

808 Hosea II, 1.

809 See Jer. III, 4.

810 Jer. XXXI, 9; Deut. XXXII, 7; Isa. LXIII, 16; LXIV, 7; Mal. I, 4; I
Chron. XXIX, 10.

811 Yoma VIII, 9.

812 Sota IX, 15.

813 See next paragraph, and the art. _Abba_ in J. E.

814 II Sam. VII, 14.

815 Ps. LXXXIX, 27-28.

816 Jubilees I, 24.

817 Wisdom II, 16; V, 5.

818 Psalms of Solomon XVII, 27.

819 Taan. III, 8.

820 Ber. V, 1.

821 Midr. Teh. Ps. CXXI, 1.

822 Mek. Yithro 11.

823 Sifre Deut. 96; Hosea I, 10.

824 Ex. IV, 22.

825 Sifre Deut. 49.

826 Sifre Deut. 96.

827 Beza 32 b.

828 Yeb. 61 a.

829 Aboth III, 13, quoted above, Chap. XXXIV, par. 6.

_ 830 Sifra Ahare_ 13, p. 86.

831 Ps. XLII, 3.

832 Mal. I, 11.

833 With its _azkarah_, the flame of incense rising in “pyramidal” form,
generally translated “memorial,” or “memorial-part.” Lev. II, 9, 16.
For sacrifice as means of atonement see Schechter: _Aspects_,
295-301.

834 Amos V, 21-24.

835 Hosea VI, 6.

836 Isa. I, 11-18.

837 Jer. VII, 21-23.

838 Ps. L, 7-13.

839 Ps. XL, 7.

840 I Sam. I, 13-14.

841 Often mentioned in the Psalms, under such terms as “the congregation
of the righteous,” “the holy ones,” “the devout ones,” etc.

842 See I Kings VIII, 48; Dan. VI, 11.

843 Isa. LVI, 7.

844 Tamid V, 1; comp. Kohler: Monatsschr., 1893, p. 441.

845 Sifre Deut. 41: “What is meant by, ‘To serve Him with all your
heart?’ this is prayer.”

846 Ber. 26 a.

847 Ber. 32 b; Midr. to Sam. I, 7.

848 P. d. R. El. XVI.

849 R. ha Sh. 17 b.

850 Meg. 31 b; Yer. Taan. IV, 68 c. But compare Isaac Aboab: _Menorath
ha Maor_, III, 3 a; Bahya ben Asher: _Kad ha Kemah_, art.
_Tefillah_.

851 Jer. VI, 22.

852 Lev. R. XXII, 5.

_ 853 Cuzari_, II, 25, see note by Cassel; _Moreh_, III, 32; comp.
Midrash Tadshe 12; I, 177 f.; comp. Hebrews IX-X; _Barnabas_, I, 25.
S. R. Hirsch in _Horeb_ p. 639 f.

854 See Philipson: _The Reform Movement in Judaism_ for the various
views and debates on sacrifice and prayer. I. Elbogen: _D. jued.
Gottesdienst i. s. geschichtl. Entwicklung_, p. 374 f., 435 f., is
written in a more conservative spirit and unfavorable to American
Reform Judaism. Comp. for the traditional liturgy: Dembitz: _Jewish
Services in the Synagogue and Home_, especially on the Prayerbook,
p. 233-246, and for America, 497-499.

855 Ex. XV, 2.

856 Ps. LXV, 3. See Wm. James: _Varieties of Rel. Experience_, 463-477;
Foster: _Function of Religion_, 183-185; Abelson: _Jewish
Mysticism_, p. 15 and elsewhere.

857 Yoma 53 b.

858 Yeb. 64 a; Ex. R. XXI, 6.

859 Ber. 55 a.

860 Ber. 10 a.

861 Ber. 7 a.

862 Taan. III, 8; Ber. V, 6; Babl. 34 b; Yer. 9 d.

863 Pes. R. XXII, p. 114 b; Midr. Teh. Ps. XCI, 8; see Schechter:
_Aspects_, 156; 42.

864 I Sam. II, 31.

865 Prov. XVI, 32.

866 Gen. R. LIX, 1; Yeb. 105 a, where R. Johanan ben Zakkai is mentioned
instead of R. Meir; Albo: _Ikkarim_, IV, 18.

867 See Steinschneider: _Abraham Ibn Ezra_, 126 ff.

868 Ps. CXLV, 18.

869 Ps. CXXXIX, 4.

870 Ps. LV, 23.

871 Ber. 29 b; Tos. Ber. III, 7; comp. Albo: _Ikkarim_, IV, 24.

872 Job XVI, 17; Ex. R. XXII, 4; comp. Schechter: _Aspects_, 228.

873 Ab. Z. 76.

874 Ber. 8 a.

875 Ber. 30 a.

876 Hab. II, 20.

877 Sifre Deut. 41.

878 Isa. LV, 6.

879 Ps. LXXIII, 25, 28.

880 Gen. III, 22.

881 Gen. V, 24; II Kings II, 1.

882 Isa., XXV, 8.

883 Isa. XXXVIII, 11; Ps. CXVI, 9.

884 Ps. XVIII, 5, and J. E., art. Belial.

885 Ps. CXV, 17; LXXXVIII, 13.

886 Isa. XXVI, 14, 19; Ps. LXXXVIII, 11; Prov. IX, 18; Job XXVI, 5.

887 Ps. XLIX, 15.

888 See Isa. VIII, 19; XXVIII, 15, 18; I Sam. XXIX, 7-14.

889 Job XVIII, 14; Ps. XLIX, 15.

890 Ps. XLIX, 16; Job XIV, 13.

891 Ps. CXXXIX, 8.

892 Ps. XVI, 10-11; Hosea XIII is a late emendation of the text.

893 Deut. XXX, 19; Jer. XXI, 8; Ezek. XX, 11; Lev. XVIII, 5; Ps. XXXIV,
3; Prov. III, 22; V, 5 f.

894 Isa. XXXVIII, 10-20.

895 Ps. LXXIII, 25-28.

896 Job XIX, 25 f., challenges God to be his vindicator on earth or on
his tomb, testifying to his righteousness. Resurrection is denied
directly: VII, 8-21; XIV, 12-22. The whole argument of the book
excludes the thought.

897 Ber. 64 a, with ref. to Ps. LXXXIV, 4.

898 Isa. XXVI, 19. Read, “_thy_ dead instead of _My_ dead.” The
translation given here differs from the new translation.

899 I Sam. II, 6.

900 II Kings IV, 20-37.

901 Ezek. XXXVII, 1-14.

902 Dan. XII, 2, and comp. II Macc. VII, 9-36; XII, 43, and the
Apocalyptic books such as Enoch, Test. Twelve Patriarchs, Jubilees,
Psalms of Solomon, IV Ezra and Baruch Apocalypse, whereas I Macc.,
Judith and Tobit, belonging to the Sadducean circles, never allude
to the future life.

903 Passages like Ps. IX, 18; XI, 6; XLIX, 15, comp. with Isa. XXXIII,
14; LXV, 24; Mal. III, 19, lent themselves especially to this
conception of Sheol as a fiery place of punishment identified
afterwards with _Gehinnom_. Jer. VII, 31 f.; XIX, 6. See J. E., art.
Gehenna, and R. H. Charles, _Hebrew, Jewish and Christian
Eschatology_, 2d, 1913, p. 75 f., 132, 160 f., 292 f.

904 Midr. Teh. Ps. XI, 5-6; Erub. 19 a.

905 Sanh. 90 b; comp. Matt. XXII, 32.

906 Sanh. X, 1; see J. E., art. Resurrection, and Neumark, art. Ikkarim
in l. c.

907 See Singer’s _Prayerb._, 44 f., and Abrahams’ Notes, LIX.

908 Prov. XII, 28, comp. LXX, and see Kittel: _Bibl. Hebr._, note.

909 Ps. XLVIII, 15; see Kittel, note; Midr. Teh. to Psalms and note by
Buber; Yer. Meg. II, 73 b; M. K. 83 b; Lev. R. XI, 9.

910 See Tylor: _Primitive Culture_, Index, s. v. Soul.

911 Gen. II, 7.

912 Eccl. XII, 7.

913 See J. E., art. Birds as Souls.

914 Prov. XX, 27.

915 Ber. 60 b; Singer’s _Prayerb._, 5.

916 Isa. XXVI, 19; Dan. XII, 2.

917 Ezek. XXXVII, 1 f.

918 Eccl. R. XII, 5: J. E., art. Luz.

919 Judg. I, 26.

920 Sota 46 b.

921 Brugsch: _Religion u. Mythologie d. alt. Aegypten_, p. 618, 634.

922 P. d. R. El. XXXIV.

923 Ber. 18 b.

924 Shab. 152 b.

925 Midr. Teh. Ps. CIII, 1.

926 Sanh. 39 b.

927 Nid. 30 b.

928 B. Wisd. VIII, 19; Slav. Enoch XXII, 4, comp, Bousset, l. c., 313 f.

929 Philo: Leg. All. III, 38; Migrat. Abrah. 12; De Concupiscentia, 2;
De Fortitudine, 3; Drummond: _Philo_, I, 318 f.; Bentwich: _Philo_,
178, 181; Windleband-Tufts on Plato, 123 f., on Philo, 231, comp.
Bousset, l. c., 508; Rhode: _Psyche_, 557 f.

_ 930 Emunoth_, Ch. VI; Schmiedl, l. c., 135 f.; Neumark, l. c., I, 536
f.; Husik, l. c., 376.

931 Neumark, l. c., 495; Husik, l. c., 108 f.; J. E., art. Bahya.

_ 932 Cuzari_, V, 12. See Cassel, notes; Schmiedl, l. c., 141; Neumark,
l. c., 561; Husik, l. c., 179 f.

933 Schmiedl, l. c., 149; Neumark, l. c., 536 f., 551, 558, 573, 586;
Husik, l. c., 281 f. Comp. Scheyer: _d. Psychol. Syst. d. Maim._;
Simon, _Aspects of the Hebrew Genius_, 75-78, 86.

_ 934 Or Adonai_, II, 6; Joel: “_Crescas_”; Husik, l. c., 400.

_ 935 Emunah Ramah_, 39; Husik, l. c., 259 b.

_ 936 Emunoth_, VII.

937 H. _Teshubah_, VIII, 2.

_ 938 Maamar Tehiyyath ha Metim_, see Schmiedl, l. c., 172.

_ 939 In Schaar ha Gemul._

_ 940 Ikkarim_, IV, 35.

_ 941 Zohar_, I, 96 b; _Yalk. Reubeni_ to Deut. XIX, 2; J. E., art.
Cabala.

942 See Kayserling: _Moses Mendelssohn_, 148 ff.

943 Ps. XVII, 15.

944 See J. Jastrow: _Fact and Fable in Psychology._

945 Singer’s _Prayerb._, 45. The Rabb. Conf. of Philadelphia in 1869
passed the resolution: “The belief in the Resurrection of the Body
has no religious foundation (in Judaism), and the doctrine of
Immortality refers to the after-existence of the Soul only,” Comp.
D. Philipson: l. c., p. 489 and 492.

946 Jer. XXXII, 18.

947 Targ. to Ex. XX, 5; Sanh. 27 b.

948 Deut. XXIV, 16.

949 Ezek. XVIII, 2.

950 Ezek. XVIII, 20.

951 XVIII, 23, 32.

952 Ex. XVIII, 11; XXI, 23-25; Sota I, 7-9; Tos. Sota III-IV; Sanh. 90
a; B. Wisdom XVI-XIX; Jubilees IV, 31; II Macc. V, 10; XV, 32.

953 Prov. XI, 31; XIII, 21.

954 See especially Sanh. 90 b-92 b, ref. to Ex. VI, 4; Deut. XI, 9; IV,
5; XXXI, 16; Isa. XXVI, 19; Dan. XII, 13; Ps. LXXII, 16; also Ex.
XV, 1; Josh. VIII, 30; and Song of Songs, VII, 10. On the Second
Death see _Targ._ to Deut. XXXIII, 6; Isa. XIV, 19; LXV, 6; Jer. LI,
39; and Revelation XX, 6, 14; XXI, 8.

955 IV Ezra VII, 31 f.; comp. Baruch Apoc. 42 ff.; Adam et Eva, 42; II
Sibyll., 220-236; IV Sibyll., 180 f.

956 Aboth IV, 22.

957 See Stave, _Ueb. d. Einfluss d. Parsismus a. d._ Judenth., 145 ff.;
Boecklen: _D. Verwandtschaft d. jued, christl. u. d._ pars.
_Eschatologie_; Schorr: _He Haluz_, VII-VIII.

958 Sanb. 91 a, b; Matt. XXII, 31 f.

959 The parable is found in an Apocryphon ascribed to the prophet
Ezekiel, see Epiphanius Haeres, LXIV, ed. Dindorf, II, 683 f. and
ascribed to R. Ishmael, Lev. R. IV, 5; in Sanh. 91 a, b it is given
in a dialogue with Antonius; in Tanh. Wayithro, ed. Buber, § 12, it
is anonymous.

960 Ps. L, 4.

961 Isa. LXVI, 24; see Yalkut; Bousset, 308-321; J. E., art.
Eschatology.

962 Aboth III, 1, 19, 20; Ber. 28 b.

963 Aboth IV, 21.

964 Tos. Sanh. XIII, 3; R. H. 16 b; see J. E., art. Purgatory.

965 See Testament of Abraham XIV; comp. Kohler in J. Q. R. VII, 587.

966 T. d. b. El. Zuta XVII, ed. Friedman, p. 23. See note, Kalla R. II.,
J. E., art. Kaddish, but comp. IV Ezra VII, 102-115.

967 Tos. Sanh. XIII, 2; Sanh. 105 a; Midr. Teh. Ps. IX, 18: “The wicked
shall return to Sheol, all the nations that forget God,” R. Joshua
taking the last sense as restrictive and R. Eliezer as a
generalization.

968 For the banquet of the pious see Aboth. III, 16; Shab. 153 a; Pes.
R. XLI; comp. Luke XIII, 28; XXII, 30, and parallels. The idea rests
on Isa. LXV, 13, which is taken literally, and Ps. XXIII, 5; see
Midr. Teh., ad loc. For the Leviathan and Behemoth see Job XL,
15-30; B. B. 74 b-75 a; Enoch LX, 7 f.; IV Ezra VI, 52; Baruch Apoc.
XXIX, 4; Targ. Ps. CIV, 26; Lev. R. XIII, 3. For the giant bird Ziz
see Ps. L, 40-41; Targ. and Midr. Teh., ad loc.; Tanh. Beshallah,
ed. Buber, 24; Jellinek, B. H. III, 76, 80. For the heavenly manna
Ps. LXXVIII, 24; Joma 75 b; Hag. 12 b; Tanh. Beshallah, ed. Buber,
21; Sibyll. Prœmium 87; II, 318; III, 746; IV Ezra IX, 19. For the
wine see Ex. R. XXV, 10; Ber. 34 b; Sanh. 99 a; Matt. XXVI, 29;
comp. also Num. R. XIII, 3 for other fruits of Paradise. For the
Persian origin of these ideas see _Bundahish_, XIX, 13; XXX, 25. The
Behemoth corresponds with the primeval ox Hadhayos, whose flesh
produces the sap of immortality; the giant fish and bird with
_Bundahish_, XVIII, 5-8; XIX, 16-19; the wine corresponds with the
Parsee Hom: _Bundahish_, XXX, 25. See Windishman: _Zoroastr. Stud._,
92 f., 252 f., and Boeklen, l. c., p. 68.

969 Shab. 153 a, with ref. to Isa. LXV, 13-14; LXVI, 24; IV Ezra VII,
83, 93.

970 Ber. 17 a.

971 Ber. 34 b; with ref. to Isa., LXIV, 3.

972 Ab. Zar. 36 with ref. to Mal. III, 19-22.

973 See Jellinek, B. H. I, II and III, the Treatise on _Gehinnom_ and
_Gan Eden_.

_ 974 Emunoth_ VII, IX, and comp. J. Guttman; _Religionsphil. des
Saadia_, 208 f., 249 f.

975 See Joel, _Religionsphil. d. Mose b. Maimon_., p. 40.

_ 976 Cuzari_, I, 15; V, 14; _Or Adonai_ III, 4, 2. See Joel: _Crescas_,
p. 74 f.; Albo: _Ikkarim_, IV, 29-41.

977 Nahmanides, l. c., last chapter; Manasse b. Israel in _Nishmat
Chayim_.

978 Aboth. IV, 2.

979 Com. to Sanh. XI and _H. Teshubah_, VIII.

980 Ps. LXXIII, 28.

_ 981 Or Adonai_, II, 55; VI, 1; comp. Joel, l. c., 56-62; comp. Bahya:
_Hoboth, Halebaboth, Shaar Bitahon_.

982 See Joel: _Z. Gen. d. Lehre Spinoza_, p. 64.

_ 983 Ikkarim_, IV, 35-38.

984 Ber. 64 a, with ref. to Ps. LXXXIV, 8; see also Midr. Teh. ad loc.

985 See J. E., art. Adam, and Jellinek: _Bezelem Elohim_, Sermon IV. The
term _humanity_ arose among the Stoics. See Reizenstein: _Wesen u.
Werden d. Humanität_; comp. Schmidt, _Ethik d. Griechen_, II, 324,
477; and Zeller, _Griech. Philo._ III, 1, 287, 299. For the
rabbinical _Berioth_ for humanity see B. Sira, XVI, 16.

986 Ps. CXXXIX, 16.

987 Midr. Teh., ad loc.; Pesik. R. XXIII; Gen. R. XXIV, 2; Sanh. 38 b
after _Seder Olam_ at the close.

988 Gen. R. VIII, 1.

989 Eodem; Midr. Teh. to Ps. CXXXIX, 5; Ber. 61 a.

990 Gen. R. XXIV, 8.

991 Tos. Ber. VII, 2; Ber. 58 a.

992 Ber. 6 b; Shab. 30 b; see Rashi (against Bacher: _Ag. Tann._, I,
432).

993 I Sam. II, 2.

994 Gen. R. LVI, 9.

995 Isa. LXV, 18; see Yeb. 62 a.

996 Gen. R. XVII, 2.

997 For the term _Aguddah Ahath_ in the New Year and Atonement Day
Prayer, Singer’s _Prayerbook_, p. 239, comp. Gen. R. LXXXVIII, 6,
and XXXIX, 3.

998 Isa. XLV, 18.

999 Yeb. 62 a, b

1000 Yoma I, 1.

1001 Prov. XXII, 29.

1002 Ps. CXXVIII, 2.

1003 Ber. 8 a.

1004 Ned. 49 b.

1005 Keth. V, 5, 59 b.

1006 Kid. 29 a; comp. R. Simeon b. Yohai, Mek. Beshallah, 56.

1007 Kid. 82 a.

1008 Abot. I, 10; II, 2; B. B. 11 a.

1009 Taan. 11 a.

1010 Yer. Kid. IV at the close.

1011 Taan. 23 a.

1012 Abot. V, 19.

1013 Prov. XXVII, 17.

1014 Taan. 7 a.

1015 See J. E., art. Abraham.

1016 Abot. IV, 1; B. K. 79 b; Ber. 19 b.

1017 Sota 14 a.

1018 Jer. XXIX, 7; comp. Abot. III, 2.

1019 B. K. 113 a and elsewhere.

1020 Ber. 58 a.

1021 Ex. XIX, 4-5.

1022 Deut. VII, 6-8; X, 15; XIV, 2. Comp. Schechter: _Aspects_, 57 ff.

1023 See Singer’s _Prayerbook_, 226 f.

1024 Hos. XI, 1; XII, 10; XIII, 4.

1025 Jer. II, 3.

1026 Amos III, 2.

1027 Isa. XLI, 8 f.; XLII, 6; XLIII, 10; XLIX, 8.

1028 CV, 7 f., comp. Neh. IX, 7.

1029 Singer’s _Prayerb._, p. 40.

1030 Isa. LII, 3-LIII, 12.

1031 Meg. 16 a.

1032 Beza 25 b.

1033 Yeb. 79 a.

1034 Shab. 88 a.

1035 Cant. R. IV, 2; Tanh. Tezaveh 1.

1036 Menah. 53 b with ref. to Jer. XI, 16.

1037 Sifre to Deut. XIV, 2.

1038 Deut. VII, 6; XIV, 2.

1039 Isa. II, 3; Micah IV, 2—passages considered by modern critics to be
of exilic origin.

1040 See Bousset, l. c., 60-99.

1041 Gen. R. to Gen. XII, 4, and see J. E., art. Abraham.

1042 Pes. 87 b. with ref. to Hosea II, 25.

_ 1043 Cuzari_ IV, 23; Maim. H. Melakim XI, 4.

1044 See Geiger: Zeitschr. 1868, p. 18 ff.; 1869, 55 ff.

1045 J. E., art. _Alenu_; Singer’s _Prayerb._, 76 f.

1046 J. E., art. Kaddish.

1047 Zech. XIV, 9.

1048 See Schechter: _Aspects_, 89 f., 93 f.

1049 Isa. XLIX, 6.

1050 Isa. LII, 10

1051 Micah V, 6.

1052 Judg. VIII, 23.

1053 I Sam. VIII, 7; XII, 12, 17 f.

1054 Hos. XIII, 11.

1055 Isa. IX, 5; XI, 1-10.

1056 Isa. IV, 2; Jer. XXIII, 5; XXXII, 15; and Zech. III, 8; VI, 12. Here
Zerubbabel is referred to.

1057 Isa. XLI, 21; XLIII, 15; XLIV, 6. Comp. XLIII, 22.

1058 Isa. XLV, 1.

1059 Isa. XI, 9; Hab. II, 14.

1060 Isa. VI, 5; XXIV, 23. Comp. Jer. XLVI, 18; XLVIII, 15.

1061 Zech. XIV, 9; Mal. I, 14.

1062 Ps. XXII, 29; XCIII, 1; XCV, 99.

1063 Jer. X, 7. This chapter is post-exilic; comp. Jer. XLVI, 18; XLVIII,
15 and I Chron. XXIX, 11.

1064 Singer’s _Prayerb._, 239.

1065 Ps. XLVIII, 3.

_ 1066 Cont. Apion_, II, 16, 7.

1067 Dan. VII, 27.

1068 See J. E., art. Zealots.

1069 Shab. 31 a.

1070 Ps. XXII, 28; LXVII, 3; LXXXVI, 10; CXVII, 1.

1071 Ps. CV, 15.

1072 Ps. LXXXVII, 5. See Commentaries and LXX.

1073 Ruth II, 12. Comp. Lev. R. II, 8.

1074 See both Enoch books and B. Sira XLIV, 16.

1075 Sibyll. I, 128-170; Sanh. 108 a.

1076 Gen. R. XXXIX, 21.

1077 Sifre Deut. 313, with ref. to Gen. XXIV, 3.

1078 See Dillmann’s Comm. to Gen. XII, 2; XXII, 18; and Kuenen: _The
Prophets and Prophecy_, 373, 457.

1079 Gen. XVII, 5.

1080 Ezek. XX, 33.

1081 Sifre, l. c.

1082 P. D. R. El. XI; Mek. Yithro 6; Lev. R. II, 4.

_ 1083 Sifra_ Behukkothai VIII with ref. to Ezek. XX, 33; Sanh. 105 a.

1084 Mek. Beshallah X, p. 52.

1085 Tanh. Lek leka 6.

1086 Tobit XIII, 1-11; Sibyll. III, 47, 76 b.

1087 Ps. CXVII; CXVIII, 4. See chapter LVI.

1088 Singer’s _Prayerb._, 48.

1089 Mek. Amalek at close; Cant. R. II, 28; IV Ezra VI, 9-10.

1090 B. Wisdom V, 16; Sibyll. III, 76 b.

_ 1091 Sifra_ Kedoshim at close; Sifre Deut. 323.

_ 1092 Cuzari_ IV, 23; Maim. _H. Melakim_ XI, 4.

1093 Maim.: Commentary to Eduyoth at close.

1094 Pes. R. XXXIV, p. 158 ref. to Zeph. III, 8. See Friedman’s note.

1095 Zech. IV, 6.

1096 Tos. Sanh. XIII, 2.

1097 P. 374-378.

1098 Isa. LXVI, 22.

1099 Part II, p. 332.

1100 Isa. LXI, 6.

1101 Ex. XIX, 22 f.

1102 Lev. XXI, 6; XXII, 2.

1103 Lev. VIII, 2, 8.

1104 Num. XVIII, 7.

1105 M. K. 28 b.

1106 Ezek. XL-XLVIII.

1107 Deut. X, 16. Comp. Jer. IX, 24.

1108 Gen. XVII, 9.

1109 Lev. XXV, 1-24.

1110 Deut. XIV, 2-11; Lev. XI. Comp. Ezek. XLIV, 31, and Judg. XIII, 4.

1111 Num. XV, 40.

1112 See J. E., art. Pharisees.

1113 II Macc. II, 17.

1114 Aboth. I, 1.

1115 See Perles: _Bousset_, 68, 89.

1116 Aristeas 139-152.

1117 Ned. 20 a.

1118 See Schechter, _Studies_, I, 233 ff. I. Abrahams in J. Q. R. XI, 62;
b ff., and Claude Montefiore, J. Q. R. XIII, 161-217.

1119 Lev. XXII, 32.

_ 1120 Sifra Emor._ IX.

_ 1121 Yesode ha Torah_ V. Comp. Lazarus: _Ethics_, 29, 184.

1122 Isa. XLIII, 12.

1123 Pesik. 102 b.

1124 Perles, l. c., 68 f.

1125 Yer. B. M. II, 8 c.

_ 1126 Sifra_ Kedoshim 1.

1127 Mak. 23 b.

1128 Ps. XXIV, 3-4; XV, 1-5.

1129 Deut. XXXIII, 4.

1130 Num. XI, 29.

1131 Jer. XXXI, 34.

1132 Isa. LIV, 13.

1133 Deut. IV, 6.

1134 Isa. XLII, 4.

1135 Isa. II, 3; Micah IV, 2.

1136 See Guedemann: _Das Judenthum_, 67 f.; _Jued. Apologetik_, 12b;
Schechter: _Studies_, I, 233 f., and _Aspects_, I, 116 f.

1137 II Kings XXII, 8 f.

1138 Neh. VIII-X.

1139 See Gunkel: _Israel u. Babylonien_; Jeremias: _Moses u. Hammurabi_;
H. Grimme: _D. Gesetz Chammurabi’s u. Moses’_; George Cohen: _D.
Gesetze Hammurabi’s_; D. M. Mueller: _D. Gesetz Hammurabi’s u. d.
mosaische Gesetzgebung_.

1140 See Chapter LIX.

1141 Sota 14 a.

1142 Yer. Kid. IV, 1; 65 c.

_ 1143 Sifra_ Ahare Moth 13.

1144 Deut. VI, 7; XI, 19; XXX, 14; Ex. XIII, 9.

1145 Deut. XXXI, 12.

1146 See Elbogen: _D. Jued. Gottesdienst_, 174 f.

1147 Isa. LI, 4, 7-8.

1148 Ps. XIX, 7-10.

1149 Aboth I, 2.

1150 Mek. Beshallah 45 b, note by Friedman; Yalkut Yithro 286.

1151 B. Sira XXIV, 8-10; comp. Bousset, l. c., 136 f.

1152 See Josephus: _Cont. Apion._ II, 36 f., 39; Aristobulus in Eusebius:
Prep. Ev. XIII, 121, 413; _Cuzari_, I, 63 f.; II, 66; comp. Cassel,
l. c. ad loc.

1153 Josephus, l. c., I, 22; Gutschmidt: _Kleine Schriften_, IV, 578; Th.
Reinach: _Textes Relatifs au Judaism_, 11-13.

1154 J. E., art. Adonai.

1155 Ps. CXV, 11; CXVIII, 4; comp. Bernays: _Ges. Abh._, II, 71;
Schuerer, l. c., III, 124 f.

1156 Shab. 88 b.; Ex. R. V, 9; Tanh. Shemoth, ed. Buber, 22; Midr. Teh.
Ps. LXVIII, 6; Acts II, 6; Spitta: _Apostelgeschichte_, 27,
referring to Philo II, 295.

1157 Sifre Deut. XXXIII, 2; XXVII, 8; Sota 35 b.

1158 Shab., 88 a, b.

1159 Aboth I, 12.

1160 J. E., art. Zealots.

1161 Ber. 61 b.

1162 Weber, l. c., 46-56; he fails completely to grasp this spirit.

1163 Song of Songs, V, 2.

1164 Aboth. III, 21.

1165 Deut. XXXIII, 18. See Gen. R. XCIX, 11.

1166 Gen. L, 20.

1167 See J. E., art. “Commerce”; American Encyclopedia, art. Jewish
Commerce; Publ. Am. Hist. Soc. X, 47; Schulman in _Judaean
Addresses_, II, 77 ff., and Lecky: _Rationalism in Europe_, II, 272.

1168 See Saadia: _Emunoth_, III, 17, quoted by Schechter: _Aspects_, 105.

1169 Isa. II, 2; Micah IV, 1; see Pesik 144 b; Midr. Teh. Ps. XXXVI, 6;
LXXXVII, 3.

1170 Ps. XLIV, 12-25.

1171 Ezek. XXXIX, 23-26.

1172 Lev. XXVI, 40-42.

1173 I Kings VIII, 47-50.

1174 Ps. CXIX, 92.

1175 Pesik. 139 b.

1176 Ezek. XVIII, 2.

1177 Isa. XL, 2.

1178 Job I, 8; II, 3; XLII, 7, 8.

1179 Isa. XLII, 1 f.; XLIX, 1; L, 4; LII, 13-LIII, 12.

1180 See Ibn Ezra, quoting Saadia; Ewald and Giesebrecht, commentaries;
Sellin: _Serubabel_, 96 f., 144 f.; also Davidson, l. c., p.
356-398.

1181 Isa. LII, 13-LIII, 12. In LIII, 9, we should read “the evil-doers”
instead of “the rich” by a slight amendment of the text.

1182 Isa. L, 6.

1183 Isa. XLII, 4.

1184 Isa. XLIX, 1-6.

1185 Job XLII, 10-17.

1186 The disappointment is especially voiced in Ps. LXXX, 16 f.; LXXIX,
40-46.

1187 See Targum and Abravanel to Isa. LII, 13; comp. Pes. R.
XXXVI-XXXVII; Sanh. 98 b.

1188 He is called Taeb “Moses redivivus,” after Deut. XVIII, 18. Merk, E.
_Samarit. Fragment ueb. d. Taeb_. See Bousset, l. c., 258; J. E.,
art. Samaritans.

1189 Suk. 52 a; Jellinek: B. H. III, 141 f; Schuerer, l. c., II, 535.

1190 J. E., art. Messiah.

1191 Contra Celsum I, 155.

1192 See commentaries of Cheyne, Duhm, Giesebrecht, and others.

1193 Isa. L, 8-9.

1194 Comp. Pesik. 131 b; Ex. R. II, 7.

1195 Zech. II, 12. See Geiger: _Urschrift_, 324, as to the Soferic
Emendation.

1196 Pesik. 76 a; Eccl. R. III, 19; Lev. R. XXVII, 5.

1197 Yoma 23 a, referring to Jud. V, 31.

1198 See Gressmann: _Urspr. d. israel. u. jued. Eschatologie_,—an
instructive work, but full of unsubstantiated assertions, thus
failing to do justice to the creative genius of the Jewish prophets.

1199 Isa. XI, 1-8.

1200 Isa. IX, 5; the note in the new Jewish translation takes the words
in a different sense.

1201 Jer. XXIII, 5; XXXIII, 15; Zech. III, 8; VI, 12; see Sellin. l. c.
Compare Ps. LXXX, 16 f.; LXXXIV, 10; LXXXIX, 39, 52; CXXX, 10; see
Ewald’s commentary.

1202 Ezek. XXXVIII-XXXIX; Sibyll. III, 663; J. E., art. Gog u. Magog;
Bousset, l. c., 231 f.

1203 For the prince of peace, see, for example, Zech. IX, 9.

1204 See Bousset, l. c., 255-261.

1205 See Targum to Isa. XI, 4, where the older Mss. read Arimalyus, later
on corrupted into Armillus. See Bousset, l. c., 589.

1206 Dan. II; VII; IX; see J. E., art. Eschatology.

1207 Sota IX, 15; Enoch XCIX, 4; C, 1; Matt. XXIV, 8; Bousset, l. c.,
286.

1208 Mal. III, 23; B. Sira XLVIII, 10 f.; Sibyll. II, 187.

1209 Isa. XXVII, 13; B. Sira XXXVI, 13; Tobit XIII, 13; Enoch XC, 32; II
Macc. II, 18; Bousset, l. c., 271.

1210 See Chap. LII.

1211 IV Ezra VIII, 28.

1212 Sanh. 96 f.; J. E., art. Eschatology; Bousset, l. c.

1213 Sanh. 97 a, b, 99.

1214 Midr. Teh. Ps. CXLVI, 4; see Buber’s note.

1215 Ket. 111-112; comp. Irenæus: Adver. Haeres. V, 32.

1216 See Ekah. R. II, 2; J. E., art. Bar Kokba.

1217 Pesik. 144 a, b.

1218 Ber. 34 b.

1219 Sanh. 97 b.

1220 Sanh. 97 a.

1221 Sanh. 98 b.

1222 Commentary to San. X; Yad, H. _Melakim_, XI-XII; _H. Teshubah_
VIII-IX.

1223 Notes of R. A. B. D. to Maimuni.

_ 1224 Ikkarim_, IV, 42.

1225 See Philipson: _The Reform Movement in Judaism_, 246 f.

1226 See Einhorn: Sinai I, 133; Leopold Stein: _Schrift des Lebens_, 320,
336. For the term Messiah comp. Ps. LV, 15; Hab. III, 13; also Ps.
XXVIII, 8; LXXXIV, 10; LXXXIX, 39, 52.

1227 See J. E., art. Resurrection.

1228 Deut. XXXII, 39; see Sifre ad loc.

1229 I Sam. II, 6; see Midr. Sh’muel, ad loc.

1230 Isa. XXVI, 19; Dan. XII, 2.

1231 Hosea VI, 1-2; comp. XIII, 14.

1232 Ezek. XXXVII, 1-14.

1233 Isa. XXV, 8.

1234 Isa. XXVI, 19. Instead of “my dead bodies” in the new Bible
translation, read “thy dead,” and instead of “light” translate
_oroth_, after II Kings IV, 39, “herb,” which means “dew of
revival”; the last is also a rabbinic term.

1235 Dan. XII, 2.

1236 See II Macc. VII, 9-36; XII, 43; XIV, 46; Sibyll. II, 47; Midr. Teh.
Ps. XVII, 13.

1237 See Joel IV, 2; Erub. 19 a, ref. to Isa. XXXI., 9; Enoch XXVIII, 1.

1238 Isa. LX, 21.

1239 Sanh. X, 1.

1240 Kid. I, 10; Matt. V, 5, ref. to Ps. XXXVII, 11; Enoch V, 7.

1241 Ezek. XXVI, 20.

1242 Isa. XLII, 5.

1243 Keth. 111 a.

1244 Ps. CXVI, 9; Yer. Keth. XII, 35 b; Pesik. R, I, 2 b.

1245 Ber. 15 b; Alphabet d. R. Akiba in Jellinek, B. H. III, 31; Targum
Yer. to Ex. XX, 15; I Cor. XV, 52.

1246 Keth. l. c.

1247 Ex. IV, 22.

1248 Isa. XIX, 25.

1249 Isa. XLII, 4; XLV, 23; LI, 5; Zeph. III, 9; Zech. VIII, 22; XIV, 9.

1250 Lev. XX, 26; Deut. XX, 16-18; comp. Gen. R. II, 4; III, 10.

1251 Weber. l. c., 57-79.

1252 Gen. XIV, 13; XXI, 32.

1253 I Kings XX, 31.

1254 Amos I-II; Isa. XXIX-XXXIII; Jer. XXV f.; Hab. I.

1255 Gen. XVIII, 25.

1256 Gen. XX, 3.

1257 Job XXXI.

1258 Kid. 31 a.

1259 Tos. Sanh. XIII, 2; B. B. 10 b.

1260 See Lazarus: _Ethics_, 49 and appendix.

1261 Ex. XXIII, 32.

1262 Deut. VII, 2; XX, 16 f.

1263 Shab. 27 b; Jubil. XXII, 16.

1264 Isa. LX, 12; LXIII, 6; LXVI, 14 f.; Zech. XIV, 2 f.; Joel IV, 9-19;
Jer. X, 25; Ps. IX, 16, 18, 20; X, 17.

1265 Tos. Sanh. XIII, 2.

1266 Jonah III-IV.

1267 Isa. LXVI, 19-21.

1268 Zech. IX, 1; Cant. R. VII, 10.

1269 Sanh. 108 a; Sibyll. I, 129 f.

1270 B. B. 15 b; Seder Olam R. XXI.

1271 Mek. Yithro V; Ab. Z. 2 b-3 a.

1272 Deut. IV, 19; XXIX, 25; Jer. X, 16; B. Sira XVIII, 17; comp.
Bousset, l. c., 350.

1273 Jubil. XI, 3-5; XIX, 20; Enoch XV; XIX; XCIX, 7; see Bousset, l. c.,
350-351.

1274 Yeb. 98 a, ref. to Ezek. XXIII, 20; Ab. Z., l. c. In this sense we
must take the Talmudic passage: “Israel are really men, not the
heathen,” Yeb. 61 a; B. M. 114 b; B. B. 16 b; whereas the passage,
Lev. XVIII, 5, “which man doth to live thereby,” is declared to
include all who observe the laws of humanity, _Sifra_ eodem; Midr.
Teh. Ps. I, 1-2.

1275 Lazarus, l. c., 49.

1276 Tos. Sanh. XIII, 2.

1277 Yer. R. Sh. I, 57 a.

1278 Ezek. XXVIII, 10; XXXI, 18; XXXII, 19-32. Possibly the prophet in
speaking of _arelim_ had in mind the Babylonian _Arallu_, “the
nether-world”; see Ex. R. XIX, 5; Gen. R. XL; VIII, 7; Tanh. Lek
Leka, ed. Buber, 27.

1279 Tos. Sanh. XIII, 4-5; Rosh ha Shana, 17 a.

1280 B. B. 10 b; A. d. R. N. IV.

1281 Suk. 55 b; Pesik. 193 b; Philo; Vita Mosis, 2 f; De Special; I, 3;
II, 104, 227. 238.

_ 1282 Sifra_, Ahare Moth 13.

1283 Gen. R. L; LXV, 16; Ruth R. I, 8; J. E., art. Œnomaos.

1284 J. E. art. Antoninus in the Talmud; Kraus: _Antoninus_.

1285 Ab. Z. 30 a.

1286 Deut. VII, 3; Sanh. 57 a-59 b.

1287 H. Melakim VIII, 9-10.

1288 H. Shemitta we Yobel XIII, 13.

1289 Mal. I. 11.

1290 Ex. XXII, 26; Philo II, 166; Josephus: _Ant._, IV, 8, 10; _Con.
Apio._, II, 34; comp. Kohler: “The Halakic Portions in Josephus’
Antiquities,” in H. U. C. Monthly III, 117.

1291 See Meg. 16 a; J. E., art. Aristotle; Neumark, l. c., Index:
Aristoteles, Plato, Plotin; comp. Bahya: _Hoboth ha Lebaboth_, and
other medieval philosophic works.

1292 Deut. IV, 37.

1293 Ex. XXXIII, 12; Lev. XXVI, 42; Ex. R. XLIV, 7-8; Lev. R. XXXVI, 2-5.

1294 Cant. R. I, 5.

1295 Isa. LIV, 10; Shab. 55 a; comp. S. Hirsch: “The Doctrine of Original
Virtue” in Jew. Lit. Annual, 1905; Schechter, l. c., 170 f.

1296 Ex. XXII, 20; XXIII, 9.

1297 Deut. X, 18-19.

1298 Lev. XIV, 22.

1299 Gen. XXIII, 4; Lev. XX, 35. On the term _Ger_ see W. R. Smith: _The
Religion of the Semites_, 75 ff.; Bertholet: _Die Stellung d.
Israeliten und Juden zu den Fremden_, 28, 178; Schuerer, l. c., III,
150-188; Encyc. Biblica, art. Stranger and Sojourner; Cheyne,
_Bampton Lectures_, 1889, p. 429. Commerce between the Phoenicians
and Greeks was protected by the Greek god of the stranger (Zeus
Xenios); see Ihering: _D. Gastfreundschaft im Alterthum, Deutsche
Rundschau_, 1887, showing how the Phoenicians developed the _Ger_
idea in the direction of international commerce, just as the Jews
developed it toward international religion; M. J. Kohler: “Right of
Asylum” in Am. Law Review, LI, p. 381.

1300 Ex. XX, 10.

1301 Lev. XVI, 29; XVII, 8-15; XVIII, 26; XXIV, 16-29.

1302 Ex. XII, 48; see Yeb., 46 a-47 b; Mas. Gerim I-III. The opinion of
Bertholet and Schuerer concerning the semi-proselyte or _Ger Toshab_
is contradicted by both the Book of Jubilees and the Talmudic
sources, as will be shown below.

1303 Jer. XVI, 19.

1304 Zech. VIII, 21-23.

1305 Isa. XIV, 1.

1306 Ps. XXII, 30; LXVII, 3; LXVIII, 30 f; LXXXVII, 4 f.

1307 II. Chron. II, 16; XXX, 25.

1308 Ps. CXV, 11; CXVIII, 4; CXXXV, 20; comp. LXVII, 8; CII, 16; Job I,
1; Tobit LXIV, 6; Sibyll. III, 572, 756; Acts X, 2; XXI, 13; V, 26
f.; XVI, 44; XVII, 4; XVIII, 7; Midr. Teh. Ps. XXII, 29; Lev. III,
2; Mek. to Ex. XXII, 20; see Bernays: Ges. Abh., II, 74.

1309 Tos. Ab. Z. IX, 4; Sanh. 56 b-57; Gen. R. XXXIV, 7; Jubil. VII, 20
f.; Sibyll. III, 38, 762. For the thirty commandments, see Yer. Ab.
Z. II, 40 c; Midr. Teh. Ps. II. 5; Gen. R. XCVIII, 9; J. Q. R.,
1894, p. 259. Comp. also Pseudo-Phocylides in Bernays’ _Ges. Abh._,
I, 291 ff.; Seeberg: _D. beiden Wege u. d. Aposteldecret_, p. 25.
Klein: _Der aelteste christl. Katechismus_; J. E., art.
Commandments.

1310 See Schuerer, l. c., 165, 175; Harnack, _D. Mission u. Ausbreitung
d. Christentums_, chapter I.

1311 Ant. XVI, 7.

1312 Gen. R. XXVIII, 5; Cant. R. I, 4; see Matt. XXIII, 15; Jellinek, B.
H. VI, Introd., p. XLVI.

1313 II Kings C, 1-15; see LXX to verse 14; Sanh 96 b.

1314 See Sota, 12 b; Sibyll. IV, 164; comp. Gen. R. II, 5; J. E., art.
Baptism and Birth, New; Enc. Religion and Ethics, art. Baptism,
Jewish.

1315 See J. E., art. Asenath, and the passages quoted there.

1316 Sifre and Targum to Deut. XXIII, 16-19.

1317 Tos. Negaim VI, 2; Mas. Gerim III.

1318 Philo, De Monarchia, I, 7.

1319 Ps, XV, 1-2; see Cheyne’s Commentary.

1320 The article _ha Zedek_ seems to point to Jerusalem, called “the
city” or “dwelling place of righteousness” (Zedek). See Isa. I, 21;
Jer. XXXI, 23; L, 7. Comp. “Gates of righteousness” (Zedek) for the
Temple gates, in Ps. CXVIII, 19, and the ancient legendary hero of
Jerusalem, _Malki-Zedek_, Gen. XIV, 18; Josephus, J. W. VI, 10;
Epis. Heb. VII, 10; and _Adoni Zedek_, first king of Jerusalem,
Josh. X, 3.

1321 Sifre and Targum to Deut. XXXIII, 19.

1322 Singer’s _Prayerb._ p. 48.

1323 See Mek. Mishpatim XVIII; comp. A. d. R. N. XXXVI ref. to Isa. XLIV,
5.

1324 Arak. 29 a.

1325 Vita 25.

1326 J. W. II, 20, 2.

1327 Josephus: Ant. XIII, 9, 1; 11, 3; XVIII, 3, 5; XX, 8, 11; Mek. Bo
XV: Beluria (Fulvia or Valeria); Schuerer, III, 176; _Gemeindeverf.
v. Juden in Rome_; Graetz: _D. juedisch, Proselyten im Roemerreich_;
Radin: _Jews among Greeks and Romans_, p. 389. See also Crooks: _The
Jewish Rate in Ancient and Roman History._

1328 Josephus: Ant. XX, 2-4; Yoma III, 10; Yoma 37 a.; Suk. 2 b; B. B. 11
a; Gen. R. XLVI, 8.

1329 Midrash Tadshe in Jellinek: B. H. III, 111; Epstein: Jued.
_Alierthumskunde_, XLIII.

1330 See J. E., art. Asenath.

1331 Comp. Sifre Num. 178.

1332 I Chron. IV, 18; Meg. 13 a.

1333 Meg. 15 b.

1334 Philo: De Nobilitate, 6; II, 443.

1335 Ruth II, 12.

1336 Ab. d. R. N., ed. Schechter, 53 f.; Shab. 31 a; Lev. R. II, 8.

1337 See Bertholet, l. c., 285-287.

1338 Ab. d. R. N., l. c.

1339 Mek. to Ex. XVIII, 27.

1340 Gen. R. XXXIX, 14; Yeb. 22 a; comp. Pes. VIII, 8.

1341 Yeb. 46 a; comp. Josephus: Ant. XX, 2-4.

1342 Shab. 31 a.

1343 Lev, R. II, 8.

1344 Gen. R. LXX, 5; B. M. 59 b.

1345 Mekilta, l. c.; comp. Ab. d. R. N. XXXVI, ed. Schechter, 107.

1346 Midr. Teh. Ps. CXLVI, 9; Num. R. VIII, 2.

1347 Prov. VIII, 17; Num. R., l. c.

1348 Schuerer, l. c., III, 4; Radin, l. c.

1349 Yeb. 24 b; Yer. Kid., IV, 65 b.

1350 Apion, II, 10, 3.

1351 Yeb. 47 a; comp. Mas. Gerim I.

1352 See J. E., art. Didache and Klein, l. c.

1353 Git. 56 b; Ab. Z. 10 b; on Clemens see Graetz: H. J. II, 387-389;
but see literature in Schuerer, l. c., III, 169.

1354 Git. 56 b-57.

1355 Ex. R. XIX, 4; comp. Midr. Teh. Ps. LXXXVII, 4, ref. to I Sam. II,
36 and Isa. LXVI, 2; comp. Bacher: _Agada d. Palest. Amorder_., III,
45, 363.

1356 Yeb. 47 b; 109 b; Kid. 70 b, ref. Isa. XIV to Lev. XIV, 56.

1357 Ex. R. XIX, 5.

1358 See Bacher, l. c., II, 115-118.

1359 Num. R. VIII, 1.

1360 Gen. R. LXX, 5.

1361 Ab. Z. 3 b.

1362 B. M. 59 b.

1363 Midr. Teh. Ps. XXII, 34; here also a later Haggadist removes the
reference to the half-proselytes. See Buber, l. c.; Yer. Meg. I, 72
b.

1364 Num. R. VIII, 10.

1365 Shab. 31 a.

1366 See com. to Ps. LXXXVII, and LXX version.

1367 Yearb. C. C. A. R., 1891, 1892, 1895.

1368 Isa. XXVI, 2.

1369 Philo, De Penitentia, 2.

1370 See J. E., art. Apostasy and Apostates.

1371 See J. E., art. Apologetic and Polemical Literature.

1372 Ber. 28 a; Singer’s _Prayerb._ 48.

1373 Cant. R. I. 6.

1374 Deut. XXV, 3 and Sifre ad loc.; Sanh. 44 a.

_ 1375 Sifra_ Wayikra 2.

1376 Sifre Num. 112; R. H., 17 a; Tos. Sanh. XIII, 5.

1377 Zech. XIV, 8-9.

_ 1378 Cusari_, IV, 23; Maim.: H. Melakim XI, 41; _Responsa_, 58;
Nahmanides: _Derashah_, ed. Jellinek, 5; see Rashi and Tosafot to
Ab. Z. 2 a, 57 b; Sanh. 63 b.

1379 Solomon ben Adret; _Responsa_, 302; Yore Deah CXLVIII, 12; Jacob
Emden, Comm. to Abot. V, 17; comp. Chwolson: _D. Blutanklage_,
64-79.

1380 Isaac ben Sheshet’s _Responsa_, 119.

1381 Yer. Shab. XIV, 14 d; Ab. Z. II, 40 d; Sota, 47 a; Sanh. 103 a;
Eccl. R. I, 24-25.

1382 See J. E., art. Christianity; Ebionites; Minim; and comp. the
various Church Histories.

1383 See J. E., art. Saul of Tarsus.

1384 Sanh. 97 a.

1385 Lev. XIII, 13: _Kullo happak laben_, instead of _laban_.

1386 Ab. d. R. N. XXXIV; Lev. R. XIII, 4 ref. to Ps. LXXX, 14; Midr. Teh.
Ps., l. c.

1387 H. Akkum IX, 4.

1388 Tosaf. Sanh. 63 b; Isserles Sh. Ar. Orah Hayim, 156; comp. J. E.
art. Sanhedrin, Napoleonic.

1389 Edom, the name for Rome since the time of the Idumean Herod, became
the name for the Church of Rome, while _Yavan_ = Greek was the name
given to the Greek Church.

1390 On Ishmael and Edom see Steinschneider: _Polemisch. u. Apologet.
Literatur_, 256-273; on Mohammed, eodem, 302-388.

1391 See Wuensche: “Urspr. d. Parabel v. d. drei Ringen” in
_Lessing-Mendelssohn Gedenkbuch_, Leipzig, 1879; comp.
Steinschneider, l. c., 37, 317, 319; _Hebr. Bibliogr._ IV, 79; XII,
21; Dunlop-Liebrecht: _Gesch. d. Prosadichtung_, p. 221, note to 294
f.

1392 See Schreiner: _D. juengst. Urteile u. d. Judenth._, 3-5.

_ 1393 Shebet Yehudah_, ed. Wiener, p. 107. See Steinschneider: Heb.
Bibl., l. c.

1394 Deut. XXXIII, 2; see Steinschneider: “Pol. u. Apol. Lit.,” 317 f.

1395 Tos. Sanh. XIII, 2; Sanh. 105 a; Maimonides: H. Teshubah III, 5.

1396 Matt. III, 2; Luke III, 3; Josephus: Ant. XVIII, 5, 2; see J. E.,
art. John the Baptist. Perhaps John was identical with Hanan, “the
hidden one,” a popular saint called “father” by the people, and
believed to be a descendant of Moses, a grandson of Onias the
rainmaker, and a rain-invoking saint himself. See Taan. 23 b; Tanh.
Waera, ed. Buber, II, 37.

1397 Matt. III, 33; Mark I, 7; Luke III, 21; John I, 29-40.

1398 Matt. IV, 12; XIV, 10.

1399 J. E., art. Christianity; Jesus; New Testament; Simon Kaifa. Among
the Gospels, that of Luke has the oldest records, rather than Mark.
See also Spitta: _D. Synoptische Grundschrift_.

1400 See J. E., art. John the Baptist.

1401 Matt. XXI, 12, and parallels; comp. Yer. Taan. IV, 8; Tos. Menah.
XIII, 21.

1402 Matt. XXVII, 37-42, and parallels.

1403 John XX; the latter part of the Gospel of John belonged originally
to Matthew.

1404 Matt. XIV, 24 f.; XVII, 1; see Wellhausen: Comm.

1405 See J. E., art. Ebionites.

1406 See J. E., art. Apostles.

1407 J. E., art. Didache and Didascalia; Klein, l. c.

1408 Acts XV, 5-29; comp. R. Seeberg: _Das Aposteldecret; Didache u. d.
Urchristenheit_.

1409 J. E., art. Saul of Tarsus.

1410 Paul’s opposition to the law includes the moral law, and even the
Decalogue. See Romans VII-VIII; X, 4; XIV; I Cor. VI, 1-3, 15; VII,
31; VIII; II Cor. III, 3.

1411 See J. E., art. Cross.

1412 Luke VI, 20-49; comp. with Matt. V-VII; XXIII, 15-36. See Claude
Montefiore, _The Synoptic Gospels_, I and II; G. Friedlander,
_Jewish Sources of the Sermon on the Mount_; Kohler: “D.
Naechstenliebe im Judenth.,” _Judaica_, Berlin, 1912.

1413 Matt. V, 17-18.

1414 See J. E., and Enc. Rel. and Ethics, art. Pharisees; Lauterbach,
“The Sad. and Phar.,” in _Stud. in Jew. Lit._, Berlin, 1913;
Herford: _Pharisaism_; Wuensche: _Neue Beitr. z. Erläuterung d.
Evangelien_.

1415 See J. E., art. Mohammed; Islam; and the works of Muir, W. Robertson
Smith, Hirschfeld; of Geiger, Weil, Sprenger, von Kremer, Noeldeke,
Grimme, Dozy, and above all Goldziher, on the Koran, Mohammed and
Islam; also Enc. Religion and Ethics, VIII, 871-907.

1416 See Draper, _Conflict of Religion with Science_; _Intellectual
Development of Europe_; Lecky, _History of Rationalism_; Andrew D.
White: _Warfare between Religion and Science_; Krauskopf: _Jews and
Moors in Spain_.

1417 Zech. XIV, 6-9.

1418 Isa. LXVI, 20.

1419 Isa. XXVIII, 16.

1420 Ex. XIX, 6; Num. XXIII, 9; Deut. VII, 2-6; Isa. LXI, 6; 9; Maim. H.
Issure Biah XII, 1; Sh. A. Eben ha Ezer XVI, 1; Einhorn in _Jewish
Times_ 1876, against Sam. Hirsch; Samuel Schulman in Y. B. C. C. A.
R. 1909, comp. D. Philipson, l. c. Index s. v. Intermarriage; J. E.,
art. Intermarriage; also Mielziner: _The Jewish Law of Marriage and
Divorce_, p. 45-54, where the opinions of L. Philippson, Geiger,
Aub, Einhorn and I. M. Wise are quoted.

1421 Lazarus, l. c., § 159.

1422 See Kohler: “Origin a. Function of Ceremonies in Judaism,” in Y. B.
C. C. of Am. R., 1907. Rosenau: _Jewish Ceremonies, Institutions a.
Customs_, 1912.

1423 See art. Synagogue, in various encyclopedias; Enelow: _The Synagogue
in Modern Life_; Schuerer, l. c., II, 429; Bousset, l. c., 197 ff.

1424 See Chapter LVI above; J. E., art. Proselyte.

1425 See J. E., art. Bar Mizwah and Confirmation.

1426 Gen. XVII, 10-14.

1427 Singer’s _Prayerb._, p. 305.

1428 Ex. IV, 25; see commentaries; Ebers: _Ægypten_, B. M. I, 183.

1429 Josephus: Ant. XX, 2,4; Shab. 130 b, 133 b, 156 a; Men. 42 a; Ab. Z.
26 b; comp. Gen. R. XLVI, 9.

1430 Ab. Z. 27 a.

1431 Ex. IV, 25; Josh. V, 2; comp. Tylor: _Early History of Mankind_,
217-222; J. E. and Encyc. of Rel. and Ethics, art. Circumcision;
Ploss: _Knabenbeschneidung_, p. 11.

1432 Gen. XVII, 10-14; comp. Deut. X, 16; Jer. IX, 25; Claude Montefiore:
Hibbert Lectures, 229, 337.

1433 I Macc. I, 15, 48, 60; Josephus: Ant. XII, 5, 1; Aboth III, 11; Tos.
Shab. XV, 9; Yer. Peah I, 16 b; Gen. R. XLVI, 9; Jubil. XV, 26 f.

1434 Yer. Shab. XIX, 6; Yeb. 71 b.

1435 Gen. R. XLVIII, 7; Tanh. Lek Leka, ed. Buber, 27; Singer’s
_Prayerb._, 304, after Tos. Ber. VI, 12, 13; Shab. 137 b.

1436 P. d. R. El. XIX.

1437 Ploss: _Geschicht. u. Ethnol. ue. Knabenbeschneidung_, 1844; Encyc.
Rel. and Ethics, art. Circumcision.

1438 Zunz: _Ges. Schr._ II, 197; comp. _Rabbin Gutachlen ue. d.
Beschneidung_, 1844; Frankel: Zeitsch., 1844, p. 66-67.

1439 See J. E., art. Circumcision; Sam. Cohn: _Gesch. d. Beschneidung b.
d. Juden_ (Hebrew), Cracaw, 1903, for the extensive literature.

1440 Philo II, 210; Josephus: Con. Apion. II, 13; Saadia: _Emunoth_, III,
10; Maimonides: _Moreh_, III, 49; Michaelis: _Mosaisches Recht_, IV,
184-186.

1441 Maimonides, l. c., III, 48; Samuel ben Meir to Lev. XI, 3;
Michaelis, l. c., IV, 202.

1442 Lev. XI; Deut. XIV, 3-21; Ex. XXII, 30; Lev. VII, 23; XVII, 9 f.;
see Kalisch’s: commentary to Lev. vol. II, 2-189; J. E., art.
Dietary Laws.

1443 Lev. XX, 24-26, which belongs to Lev. XI, 1-47; comp. Deut. XIV,
3-21.

1444 See Ezek. XLIV, 31; IV, 14; Jud. XIII, 7, 14. The law in Ex. XXII,
30, “Ye shall be holy men unto Me, therefore ye shall not eat any
flesh that is torn of beasts in the field,” seems to have been
originally only for priests and other holy men.

1445 See _Laws of Manu_, V, 7; 11-20 in _Sacred Books of the East_, XXV,
171 f.; comp. II, 64; XIV, 38-48; 74; 184; _Bundahish_, XIV; S. B.
E. V, 47; Chwolson: _Die Szabier_, II, 7; 102; Porphyrius: _De
Abstinentia_, IV, 7; Sommer, _Bibl. Abh._ 271-322; J. E., l. c.,
599.

1446 Ex. XIX, 6.

1447 Gen. VII, 2, 8.

1448 II Macc. VI, 18; VII, 41.

1449 Aristeas, 144-170.

1450 Sifra to Lev. XX, 26; Tanh. to Lev. XI, 2.

1451 Shab. 17 b; Ab. Z. 36 b, 38 a, 8 a; Sanh. 104 a; P. d. R. El. XXIX.

_ 1452 Moreh_, III, 25; see also Morris Joseph, l. c., 180-189.

1453 For the orthodox view, see S. R. Hirsch: _Horeb_, Chap. LXVIII; M.
Friedlander: _The Jewish Religion_, 237; for the reform, Einhorn:
_Sinai_, 1859; Kohler: _Jewish Times_, 1872; Geiger: _Ges. Schr._ I,
253 f.

1454 Deut. VI, 8-9; XI, 18-20; Num. XV, 38-39.

1455 Comp. Prov. III, 3; Samuel ben Meir to Ex. XIII, 9.

1456 Ex. XIII, 9 and commentaries.

1457 Stanley: _Hist. of the Jewish Church_, I, 561; Peterman: _Reisen im
Orient_, I, 237.

1458 Curtiss: _Ursemitische Religion_, Chap. XX-XXI; Kohler:
_Monatsschrift_, 1893, p. 445, note.