Chapter III: Part 3

(1) °Ngoo tau° tien° °li chi° khoen°-kyien° too-hau° meh-z°, dan°-°z
°ma-’veh-°chi kuh.
(2) °Taung sing °tseu °hau.
(3) °Taung sing di°-kuh° yang-dien, faung° °hau la° siang-°ts °li.
(4) Zung-kwaung an° tse, zieu° chi° kwhung°.
(5) Kyung-tsau °ngoo ’m-sa° °hau, lok-’veh-°chi.
(6) °Ngoo °soo kau°-soo° noong° kuh ih tsaung z°-°thi ’veh iau° te°
bih nyung wo°.
(7) Yoong°-nyung wan ’veh zung le °z peh °ngoo hyi-ji.
(8) °Taung-sing° di°-°po tau °z ’man kwha° kuh.
(9) Yi te° °ngoo wo° kuh z°-°thi °z °hau-siau° kuh.
(10) °Ngoo loo° °laung bang yi ’veh dzak, ’veh °hyau-tuh tau°
°‘a-°li chi° tse.
(11) Di°-°po dzo-‘oo tan tau° sien-sang han-deu chi°.
(12) I-kuh nyung tsi° °seu °sia z°, da°-ke nyung yeu° °seu °sia
kuh.
(13) Nyih-°li °soo tsak kuh i-zaung, ya°-°li kwhung° kuh z-eu° iau°
thoeh-theh kuh.
(14) Nga-kok sien-sang tsing° mung-kheu thoeh-theh mau°-°ts,
tsoong-kok nyung ’veh thoeh-theh kuh.
(15) I-tsak mau ’man °hau khoen°, dan°-°z °i tsak °keu °z
pho°-le-°si.
(16) Too-hau° nyung hwen-°hyi chuh dien kuh meh-z°, ’m-nyung
hwen-°hyi chuh °khoo kuh.
(17) Dzung °li °yeu °kyi-hau° nyung? Khoong-pho° °yeu zeh man°.
(18) Di°-kuh ‘auh-sang-°ts, ’man yoong° sing dok su, la° ih pan °li °z
deu ih.
(19) Ih kuh nyung tan le ih pak ling san kuh doong-dien.

(一) 我到店裡去看見多化物事但是買勿起個.
(二) 當心走好.
(三) 當心第個洋錢放好拉箱子裡.
(四) 辰光晚哉就去睏.
(五) 今朝我無啥好䟿勿起.
(六) 我所告訴儂個一莊事體勿要對別人話.
(七) 用人還勿曾來是撥我希奇.
(八) 當心第把刀是蠻快個.
(九) 伊對我話個事體是好笑個.
(十) 我路上掽伊勿着勿曉得到那裏去哉.
(十一) 第把茶壺担到先生壗頭去.
(十二) 伊個人左手寫字大槩人右手寫個.
(十三) 日裏所著個衣裳夜裏睏個時候要脫脫個.
(十四) 外國先生進門口脫脫帽子中國人勿脫脫個.
(十五) 一隻猫蠻好看但是一隻狗是怕來死.
(十六) 多化人歡喜吃甜個物事嘸人歡喜吃苦個.
(十七) 城裏有幾化人? 恐怕有十萬.
(十八) 第個學生子蠻用心讀書拉一班裏是頭一.
(十九) 一個人担來一百零三個銅錢.

(Translate into Chinese)

(1) When I was in the carriage, I told the coachman to take care.
(2) The clothes which that maiden wears are very pretty.
(3) The boat is by the side of the river.
(4) Yesterday I met a man who told me that he saw a carpenter kill a
man with a sharp knife.
(5) Although I do not speak Chinese well, please do not laugh at me.
(6) I asked a man which road to take; he told me to go to the right.
(7) I did not meet a single person on the road.
(8) This bird is very beautiful; can it sing?
(9) When it is warm you do not want to wear many clothes.
(10) This tea is bitter and not good to drink.
(11) Yesterday I walked very far, and so could not get up to-day.
(12) Take this letter to the teacher.

(一) 我拉馬車裏個辰光叫馬夫當心.
(二) 伊個小姐着個衣裳蠻趣.
(三) 一隻船拉河邊上.
(四) 昨日我掽着一個人告訴我話伊看見一個木匠担之快個刀殺一個人.
(五) 我雖然中國話話來勿好請儂勿要笑我.
(六) 我問一個人走那裏一條路伊話右手一條.
(七) 我路上一個人也掽勿着.
(八) 第隻窵蠻趣會唱否?
(九) 天熱末儂勿要着多化衣裳.
(十) 第個茶苦個勿好吃個.
(十一) 昨日我走之多化路所以今朝䟿勿起哉.
(十二) 第封信担到先生壗頭去.

Notes.

(1) {Han-deu} is very frequently used with persons and personal
pronouns. Thus you do not say {Tan tau° yi} for take it to him,
but {Tan tau° yi han-deu chi°}. “Leave it with me” would be {°Pa
la° °ngoo han-deu}.
(2) The second sentence of the First Exercise is often used in
speaking to a guest when he is departing. When he is about to
go, he announces the fact by saying {Chi° tse} (去哉), meaning “I
am going.” You say {Man° chi°} (慢去), meaning “Go slowly,” and
then when he is walking away, {°Taung sing °tseu °hau} (當心走好).
(3) In the fifth sentence of the First Exercise {M-sa° °hau} means
“not at all well.”
(4) In the tenth sentence of the First Exercise notice how the
object {yi} splits up the verb into two parts.
(5) In the sixth sentence of the Second Exercise “to the right” is
expressed by {yeu° °seu} (右手).

LESSON XVI

Verbal Idioms

The idea of there being time to accomplish a thing is expressed by adding the words \{tuh-ji°}/ (得及) after the principal verb. If there is not sufficient time to do a thing you add \{’veh-ji°}/ (勿及) after the principal verb. Thus, \{Tsoo°-tuh-ji°}/ (做得及) means “there is time to do a thing.” \{Tsoo°-’veh-ji°}/ (做勿及) means “there is not time.”

This expression is used most frequently with the verb \{le}/ (來). \{Le-tuh ji}/ means “there is time,” and \{le-’veh-ji}/ means “there is not time.”

The idea of a thing being important is expressed by the words \{iau°-°kyung kuh}/ (要緊個). “Not being important,” by the words \{’veh iau° °kyung}/ (勿要緊), or \{’veh nge° sa°}/ (勿礙啥). “Is it important?” or “Does it make any difference?” would be \{nge° sa° va°}/ (礙啥否).

\{’Veh lauh}/ is often used after verbs giving the idea of inability to do a thing. Thus \{Chuh ’veh lauh}/ (吃勿落) means “unable to eat.” \{°Zoo ’veh lauh}/ (坐勿落) “Unable to sit because of lack of room.” We also have the affirmative forms \{°zoo tuh lauh}/ (坐得落) and \{chuh tuh lauh}/ (吃得落).

VOCABULARY

Lest, \°sang-ts/ 省之.
Either, or, \ok-°z/ 或是, \ok-tse/ 或者.
Difficult, \van-nan/ 煩難, or \nan/ 難.
Easy, \yoong-yi°/ 容易.
Slowly, gently, \man°-man°-nung/ 慢慢能.
Walk slowly, \man°-man°-ts °tseu/ 慢慢之走.
Besides, in addition, \ling°-nga°/ 另外, \dze-nga°/ 在外, or \wan/ 還.
How much more, \‘oo-°hwaung/ 何况 (with \nyi/ at the end of the
clause).
Still more, \kung°-°ka/ 更加, \yoeh°-°ka/ 越加.
To start (on a journey), \°doong-sung/ 動身. (Lit. to move the body.)
To become ill, \sang bing°/ 生病.
To heal, \i-°hau /醫好, or \khoen°-°hau/ 看好.
To welcome (a guest), \nyung-tsih/ 迎接.
To return (a debt or thing borrowed), \wan/ 還.
To cry, \khok/ 哭.
To lead, \°ling/ 領.
To borrow or to lend, \tsia°/ 借. (See Note).
To wash, \zing°/ 淨.
Illness, \mau-bing°/ 毛病.
A sedan coolie, \ih kuh jau°-pan/ 一個轎班, or \ih kuh jau°-foo/
一個轎夫.
A star, \ih kuh sing/ 一個星.
A grave mound, \ih kuh vung-san/ 一個墳山.
A goat, \ih tsak san-yang/ 一隻山羊.
A hog or pig, \ih tsak ts-loo/ 一隻猪獹.
A stool, \ih tsak ngeh-°ts/ 一隻杌子.
A chest of drawers, \ih tsak tsheu-deu/ 一隻抽頭.
A drawer, \ih tsak tsheu thi/ 一隻抽屜.
A wash bowl, \ih tsak mien°-bung/ 一隻面盆.
A plate, \ih tsak bung-°ts/ 一隻盆子.
A Chinese eating bowl, \ih tsak °wen/ 一隻碗.
A farmer, \ih kuh tsoong°-dien nyung/ 一個種田人.

\{°Kwen}/ (管) is the classifier for tubular things.

A Chinese or foreign pen, \ih °kwen pih/ 一管筆.
A Chinese ink tablet, \ih kuh nyien°-°ts/ 一個硯子, or \nyien°-de/ 硯台.
A piece of ink, \ih khwe° muh/ 一塊墨.
Foreign ink, \muh-°s/ 墨水.
Clean, \koen-zing°/ 乾淨.
Stop, \ding/ 停.
Moon, \nyoeh-liang°/ 月亮.
Precious, \°pau-pe°/ 寶貝.

EXERCISES

(Translate into English)

(1) Di°-kuh °z iau° °kyung kuh, °tshing noong° ’veh iau° maung-kyi°.
(2) Di°-kuh °siau-noen van° chuh ’veh lauh, °khoong-pho° °yeu
mau-bing°.
(3) Kyung-tsau le-’veh-ji°, ming-tsau °lau tsoo°.
(4) °Liang kuh nyung ih tsak iui°-°ts laung° °zoo-’veh-lauh.
(5) ‘Auh-sang-°ts mung° sien-sang °‘a-°li-deu dok °chi °lau
°‘a-°li-deu ding.
(6) Tshau zing°-°hau-°ts meh, faung° la° tsheu-thi °li.
(7) Tsoong°-dien-nyung °i-kyung °ma-°ts san tsak san-yang, i-kuh
bang-°yeu ling°-nga° wan iau° °ma s° tsak.
(8) Noong° iung-ke °de loong-tsoong nyung °hau, ‘oo-°hwaung °de z°-ka
nyung °hau nyi.
(9) Bung-°ts °lau °wen iau° kung°-ka koen-zing°.
(10) Noong° iung-ke °tsau-zung-deu °doong-sung, °‘au-pen°-nyih
°doong-sung le-’veh-ji° tau° kuh.
(11) Noong° °kyi-z wan peh la° °ngoo? Ok-tse kyung-tsau
°‘au-pen°-nyih, ok-tse ming-tsau °tsau-zung-deu.
(12) °Ngoo-kuh bang-°yeu sang-bing° °soo-°i iau° °tshing i-sung
khoen° khoen°.
(13) Ya°-°li la° thien laung° °khau-°i khoen° too-°hau sing °lau
nyoeh-liang°, nyih-°li pih-koo° khoen°-kyien° nyih-deu.
(14) Di°-kuh °siau-noen nyih-°li ’veh khok, dan°-°z ya°-deu doo°
khok.
(15) °Ngoo tsia°-peh yi san-seh kwhe° yang-dien, ’veh hyau° tuh yi
°kyi-z wan.
(16) Kyau° jau°-foo man°-man°-°ts °tseu iung-we° °di-diau ka ‘ah
°lau.
(17) Iung-we° loo° ’veh nyung tuh °soo-°i °ngoo °tshing bih nyung
°ling loo°.
(18) °Ngoo la° bang-°yeu han-deu tsia°-°ts nyan° kwhe° yang-dien
iung-we° iau° °ma ih tsak kha-mien°-de °lau s° tsak ngeh-°ts.
(19) Kha °hau-ts mien°, mien°-bung iau° faung° °hau.
(20) °Ngoo °tseu tau° mung-°kheu-deu nyung-tsih khak-nyung.
(21) °Ngoo mung° i-sung °di-kuh mau-bing° i-tuh-°hau va°, yi wo°
man°-man° nung we° °hau kuh.
(22) °Ts-deu, muh, pih, nyien°-de, tsoong-kok nyung soen°
dok-su-nyung kuh s° yang °pau-pe°.

(一) 第個是要緊個請儂勿要忘記.
(二) 第個小囝飯吃勿落恐怕有毛病.
(三) 今朝來勿及明朝佬做.
(四) 兩個人一隻椅子上坐勿落.
(五) 學生子問先生那裏頭讀起佬那裏頭停.
(六) 抄淨好之末放拉抽屜裏.
(七) 種田人已經買之三隻山羊伊個朋友另外還要買四隻.
(八) 儂應該待攏總人好何况待自家人好呢.
(九) 盆子佬碗要更加乾淨.
(十) 儂應該早晨頭動身下半日動身來勿及到個.
(十一) 儂幾時還撥拉我? 或者今朝下半日或者明朝早晨頭.
(十二) 我個朋友生病所以要請醫生看看.
(十三) 夜裏拉天上可以看多化星佬月亮日裏必過看見日頭.
(十四) 第個小囝日裏勿哭但是夜頭大哭.
(十五) 我借撥伊三十塊洋錢勿曉得伊幾時還.
(十六) 叫轎夫慢慢之走因爲第條街狹佬.
(十七) 因爲路勿認得所以我請別人領路.
(十八) 我拉朋友壗頭借之廿塊洋錢因爲要買一隻揩面檯佬四隻杌子.
(十九) 揩好之面面盆要放好.
(廿) 我走到門口頭迎接客人.
(廿一) 我問醫生第個毛病醫得好否, 伊話慢慢能會好個.
(廿二) 紙頭, 墨, 筆, 硯台, 中國人算讀書人個四樣寶貝.

(Translate into Chinese)

(1) Which is easier, to learn to read Chinese or to learn to write
Chinese?
(2) I told you there was not time to do it; why do you still want to
do it?
(3) Why do you cry? Because I have heard that my friend is dead.
(4) We will go early to-morrow morning to meet our friends, who have
come from abroad.
(5) Goats like to stand on the tops of the grave mounds.
(6) You say that this temple is so fine to see, that I want to go
more than ever to see it.
(7) Please, teacher, do not speak so fast. If you will speak more
slowly, I can understand.
(8) If you do not return it immediately, no matter, I can wait two
or three days.
(9) Why did not the pupil come to school? Because he was sick.
(10) I told the servant to put my clothes in the drawer.
(11) The Chinese when they eat, use bowls; the foreigners use
plates.
(12) This fan belongs either to the teacher or to the pupil.
(13) If you want to learn to write you must buy a pen, a piece of
ink, and an ink tablet.
(14) If you borrow money from another person, and do not return it,
he will be unhappy.
(15) I told the driver to stop the carriage at my friend’s house.

(一) 那裏一樣容易點學讀中國書呢還是學寫中國字.
(二) 我對儂話來勿及做儂爲啥佬仍舊要做?
(三) 儂爲啥佬哭? 因爲我聽得我個朋友已經過世哉.
(四) 明朝早晨頭我伲要去迎接外國來個朋友.
(五) 山羊歡喜立拉坟山上.
(六) 儂話第座廟是實蓋好看所以我更加要去看.
(七) 請先生勿要話來實蓋快, 若然先生話來慢點, 我可以聽得出.
(八) 若然儂勿是就還勿礙啥, 我可以等兩三日.
(九) 學生子爲啥佬勿到學堂裏來? 因爲伊生病佬.
(十) 我叫用人放我個衣裳拉抽屜裏.
(十一) 中國人吃飯個辰光用碗外國人用盆子.
(十二) 第把扇子或者是先生個或者是學生子個.
(十三) 若然儂要學寫字儂總要買一管筆一塊墨佬一個硯台.
(十四) 若然儂拉別人壗頭借銅錢佬勿還個伊要勿快活.
(十五) 我叫馬夫停馬車拉我個朋友屋裏.

Notes.

(1) The word for “to borrow” and “to lend” is exactly the same in
Chinese. The only way you can distinguish between them is by
auxiliary words used in connection with them. Thus {Tsia° peh}
(借撥) means “to lend.” {Tsia° le} (借來) means “to borrow.” Again
{Tsia° chi°} (借去) means “to lend.” But we have such
constructions as {°Ngoo tsia° la° yi} (我借拉伊), meaning “I lend
to him,” and {°Ngoo la° yi han-deu tsia° kuh} (我拉伊壗頭借個),
meaning “I borrowed it from him.”
(2) In the fifth sentence of the First Exercise {Dok° °chi} means
“read begin,” and {ding} means “stop.” This is an ordinary form
for asking where to begin the lesson and where to end it.
(3) In the fourteenth sentence of the First Exercise notice how
{doo°} qualifies the verb {khok}.
(4) The twenty-second sentence of the First Exercise is a paraphrase
of a Chinese proverb.

LESSON XVII

More Verbal Idioms

In asking questions \{°yeu tuh?}/ (有得) sometimes precedes a verb with the sense, “is there to be had?” Thus \{°Yeu-tuh °ma va°?}/ (有得買否) means, “Is there to be bought?” \{°Yeu-tuh chuh va°?}/ (有得吃否) means, “Is there anything to eat?” The answers to these questions would be \{°yeu-tuh °ma kuh}/ (有得買個), \{°yeu tuh chuh kuh}/ (有得吃個), “It can be bought.” “There is something to eat.”

\{’Veh pih}/ (勿必) means “It is not necessary.” Thus \{’Veh pih khok}/ (勿必哭), “It is not necessary to cry.” \{’Veh pih chi°}/ (勿必去), “It is not necessary to go.”

\{Ih ngan ’veh}/ (一顏勿) before the verbs means, “Not at all.” Thus \{°Ngoo ih ngan ’veh °hyau-tuh}/ (我一顏勿曉得) means, “I do not know at all.” \{Ih ngan ’veh zung khoen°-kyien° hyih}/ (一顏勿曾看見歇) means, “I have not seen it at all.” \{Ih ngan ’veh iau° khoen°}/ (一顏勿要看) means, “I do not want to see it at all.”

VOCABULARY

To visit, to pay respects to, \maung°/ 望, or \pa° maung°/ 拜望.
To worship, \pa°/ 拜.
To pay a ceremonial visit, \pa° khak/ 拜客.
To bathe, \zing° yok/ 淨浴.
To catch, seize, arrest, \tsauh/ 捉.
To prepare, to provide, \yui°-be°/ 預備.
To move a thing, \°doong/ 動.
Loose, unstable, \°doong °lau °doong/ 動佬動.
Immovable, \°doong-°‘a ’veh-°doong/ 動也勿動.
To remove (a residence), \pen/ 搬, or \pen-dzang/ 搬塲.
To commence work, \°doong °seu/ 動手, or \khe koong/ 開工.
To open school, \khe ‘auh/ 開學.
To dismiss school, \faung° ‘auh/ 放學.
A finger, \ih tsak tsih-deu/ 一隻指頭.
A toe, \ih tsak kyak-tsih-deu/ 一隻脚指頭.
A cup, \ih tsak pe-°ts/ 一隻杯子.
A clock, \ih tsak z°-ming-tsoong/ 一隻自鳴鐘.
A watch, \ih tsak piau/ 一隻表.
A well, \ih tsak °tsing/ 一隻井.
A basket, \ih tsak lan/ 一隻籃.
An apple, \ih tsak bing-°koo/ 一隻平菓.
A crab apple, \ih tsak hwo-‘oong/ 一隻花紅.
A towel, \ih diau °seu-kyung/ 一條手巾.
A life, \ih diau sing°-ming°/ 一條性命.
A hill, mountain, \ih zoo° san/ 一座山.
A board, \ih kwhe° °pan/ 一塊板.

\{Fok}/ (幅) is the classifier of paintings or engravings.

A painting, \ih fok wo°/ 一幅畫.
A chart or map, \ih fok doo/ 一幅圖, or \ih fok di°-°li-doo/ 一幅地理圖.
A picture, \ih fok wo° doo/ 一幅畫圖.
One time, \ih we/ 一回, \ih thaung°/ 一盪.
Two times, twice, \°liang we/ 兩回, or \°liang thaung°/ 雨盪.
Whosoever, \van-i°/ 凡係.
No matter who, \’veh lung° sa° nyung/ 勿論啥人.
Whatsoever, no matter what, \’veh lung° sa°/ 勿論啥, \dzoe-bien°-sa°/
隨便啥, or \’veh kyui-sa°/ 勿拘啥.
Whichever, \dzoe-bien°/ 隨便.
Whatever time you please, \dzoe-bien° °kyi-z/ 隨便幾時.
Wet, \sak/ 濕.
Dry, \koen/ 乾.
Always, \dzang-tsaung/ 常庄, or \dzang-dzang/ 常常.

EXERCISES

(Translate into English)

(1) Z°-ming-tsoong kuh yoong°-deu °z peh nyung hyau°-tuh
zung-kwaung.
(2) I-tsak mau ’m-sa° yoong°-deu, ih ngan ’veh we° tsauh lau-°ts.
(3) Ming-tsau °ngoo iau° tsheh chi° maung° bang-°yeu.
(4) °Ngoo thing-tuh sien-sang ’m-sa° °hau °soo-°i le maung° maung°.
(5) °Ngoo mung° mok-ziang° °zau vaung-°ts °kyi-z iau° °doong-°seu.
(6) °Liang tsak °seu °yeu zeh tsak tsih deu, °liang tsak kyak °yeu
zeh tsak kyak-tsih-deu.
(7) Sang bing° meh tsoong-iau° °tshing i-sung we°-ts nyung kuh
sing°-ming° °z iau° °kyung kuh.
(8) °Zaung san °z van-nan, °‘au san °z yoong-yi°.
(9) Di°-foong sing° iau° sa° nyung tan chi°? ’Veh lung° sa° nyung
°khau-i tan chi°.
(10) Kyung-ya°-deu iau° yui° be° °hau, we°-ts ming-tsau
°tsau-zung-deu iau° °doong-sung.
(11) Yien°-°dze chi° ok-tse ming-tsau chi°, dzoe-bien° noong° meh
tso.
(12) °Tsing °li °s °i-kyung koen tse, ’veh hyau°-tuh na°-nung
tsoo°-deu.
(13) Zing°-ts yok iau° yoong° °seu-°kyung kha koen sung-°thi.
(14) Khan-khan °ngoo faung° nyan tsak bing-°koo la °lan °li,
yien°-°dze pih-koo° °yeu °so-°ng tsak, ’veh hyau°-tuh sa° nyung
tan-theh kuh.
(15) °Tsh-di° piau °yeu-tuh °ma va°? °Tsh-di° yang° yang° °yeu tuh
°ma kuh.
(16) °Loong-°tsoong kuh z°-°thi °ngoo °i-°kyung hyau°-tuh, noong°
’veh pih te° °ngoo wo°.
(17) Di°-°pung su ih ngan m-meh wo°-doo.
(18) I-tsak pe-°ts °li °yeu sa° meh-z°? Pih-koo° °lang °s.
(19) Tsoo° di°-tsak de-°ts iau° yoong° °kyi kwhe° °pan?
(20) Di° sen tshaung tsoo° le ih ngan ’veh °hau, dzang-tsaung
°doong-°lau °doong.
(21) Chi° koo° hyih meh? Chi° koo°-°ts °liang we.
(22) Sien-sang wo° ming-tsau ’veh °hau le, we°-ts iau° pen-dzang
°lau.
(23) Van-i° nyung yoong° sing meh °khau-°i dzung-koong z°-°thi.

(一) 自鳴鐘個用頭是撥人曉得辰光.
(二) 伊隻貓無啥用頭一顔勿會捉老鼠.
(三) 明朝我要出去望朋友.
(四) 我聽得先生無啥好所以來望望.
(五) 我問木匠造房子幾時要動手.
(六) 兩隻手有十隻指頭兩隻脚有十隻脚指頭.
(七) 生病末總要請醫生爲之人個性命是要緊個.
(八) 上山是煩難下山是容易.
(九) 第封信要啥人担去? 勿論啥人可以担去.
(十) 今夜頭要預備好爲之明朝早辰頭要動身.
(十一) 現在去或者明朝去隨便儂末哉.
(十二) 井裏水已經乾哉勿曉得那能做頭.
(十三) 淨之浴要用手巾揩乾身體.
(十四) 纔纔我放廿隻平菓拉籃裏現在不過有十五隻勿曉得啥人担脫個.
(十五) 此地錶有得賣否? 此地樣樣有得賣個.
(十六) 攏總個事體我已經曉得儂勿必對我話.
(十七) 第本書一顔無沒畫圖.
(十八) 伊隻杯子裏有啥物事? 必過冷水.
(十九) 做第隻檯子要用幾塊板.
(二十) 第扇窗做來一顔勿好常庄動佬動.
(廿一) 去過歇末? 去過之兩回.
(廿二) 先生話明朝勿好來爲之要搬塲佬.
(廿三) 凡係人用心末可以成功事體.

(Translate into Chinese.)

(1) When I have finished studying, I shall go to visit my friends.
(2) No matter who comes; tell him I am busy (have affairs).
(3) When the weather is wet I cannot go out to walk.
(4) The pupils should not eat apples in the school room.
(5) Children like to play the game of catching men.
(6) The pupils read badly to-day; I think they did not prepare.
(7) At what time does the school open, and at what time does it
close?
(8) I shall be pleased to have a conversation with you whenever you
come.
(9) This child does not want to study a bit; I think it would be
best for him to go and do business.
(10) I have already told you two or three times; do not forget.
(11) Next month we shall remove our residence.
(12) Near Shanghai there are no high hills, only grave mounds.
(13) I cannot open this window; it is immovable.
(14) Has the clock already struck?
(15) How many eggs are there in the basket?

(一) 我讀罷之書要出去望朋友.
(二) 勿論啥人來對伊話我有事體.
(三) 天濕末我勿能彀出去跑路.
(四) 拉學堂間裏學生子勿應該吃平菓.
(五) 小囝歡喜做捉人個勃相.
(六) 今朝學生子讀來勿好我想伊拉勿曾預備.
(七) 啥辰光開學, 啥辰光放學?
(八) 儂隨便幾時來我蠻歡喜對儂白話.
(九) 第個小囝一顔勿歡喜讀書我想頂好伊出去做生意.
(十) 我已輕對儂話兩三回勿要忘記.
(十一) 下個月我伲要搬塲.
(十二) 近上海無沒高山必過坟山.
(十三) 第扇窗開勿來個動也勿動.
(十四) 鐘已輕敲過末.
(十五) 籃裏有幾個蛋?

Notes.

(1) In the fourth sentence of the First Exercise {’m-sa° °hau} means
“not at all well.”
(2) In the eleventh sentence of the First Exercise the expression
{Dzoe-bien° noong° meh tse} is one very frequently used. It
implies, “do it whenever and however you please”
(3) In the fourteenth sentence of the First Exercise {Tan theh}
means “take away.” We have already had the use of {Theh} after
verbs, as {Thoeh-theh}, “to take off clothes.” It can be used
with almost any verb of motion. We have {Peh theh}, “to give
away.” {Chuh-theh}, “to eat up.” {Chi°-theh}, “to cast off,
disown.” {Ma°-theh}, “to sell away, etc.”
(4) In the fifteenth sentence of the First Exercise {Yang° yang°}
repeated means, “Things of every sort.”
(5) Note that the usual expression in Chinese to say you are busy is
{°Ngoo °yeu z°-°thi}. It is never very polite to tell any one
that you are busy. A person asking whether you were busy would
say {maung va°}? “Are you busy?”
(6) In the fifth sentence of the Second Exercise the game
{Tsauh nyung}, frequently played by Chinese children, is
referred to.
(7) In the eighth sentence of the Second Exercise the clauses should
be reversed. {Noong° dzoe-bien° °kyi-z-le} should come first.
(8) In the ninth sentence of the Second Exercise “to go and do
business” is {Chi° tsoo° sang-i°}.
(9) In the fourteenth sentence of the Second Exercise {Tsoong khau
koo° meh} is the usual way of asking the question. {Tsoong} is
shortened form of {Z°-ming tsoong}.

LESSON XVIII

More Verbal Idioms

\{Siang}/ (相) is often placed before transitive verbs and usually gives the idea of mutual or reciprocal. In some cases it is reflexive. As instances of reciprocal action we have \{siang-°tang}/ (相打), “to fight with one another.” \{Siang-mo°}/ (相駡), “to revile one another.” \{siang-lien}/ (相聯), “to be connected together.” \{Siang-paung}/ (相幫), “to help one another.”

\{Khe}/ (開) or \{Khe-le}/ (開來) is used with many verbs to give the idea of spreading wide open. Thus \{Than-khe-le}/ (攤開來) means “to unroll a bundle.” \{Hyih-khe-le}/ (揭開來) means “to open a box.” \{Fung-khe}/ (分開), “to divide,” \{san°-khe}/ (散開), “to scatter wide cast.” \{Tshih-khe}/ (切開) or \{tshih-khe-le}/ (切開來) means “to cut open, etc.”

Not inclined to do a thing is expressed by the phrase \{’veh kau-hyung°}/ (勿高興). Thus \{’Veh kau-hyung° chi°}/ (勿高興去), “not inclined to go.”

VOCABULARY

To follow, \kung/ 跟.
To tie, \vok/ 縛.
To tie firmly, \vok-lau/ 縛牢, or \vok lau-dzu°/ 縛牢住.
To desire, to expect, \maung°/ 望, or \po-maung°/ 把望.
To bite, \°ngau/ 咬.
To bark, \kyau/ 叫.
To blow, \tsh/ 吹.
To blow out, to extinguish, \tsh °iung/ 吹隱.
To blow into a blaze or flame, \tsh yaung°/ 吹旺.
To fly, \fi/ 飛.
To explain, \°ka-seh/ 解釋.
To forsake, desert, depart from, \li-khe/ 離開.
To permit, \°hyui/ 許.
To allow, \nyang°/ 讓.
Colour, \ngan-suh/ 顏色.
Variegated colours, \°ng-ngan-loh-suh/ 五顏六色.
Thought or meaning, \i°-s°/ 意思.
A thief, \ih kuh zuk/ 一個賊.

\{Mien°}/ (面) is used as the classifier for flat objects.

A drum, \ih mien° koo/ 一面鼓.
Hope, \maung°-deu/ 望頭.
Wind, \foong/ 風.
Wine, \°tsieu/ 酒.
Rope, \ih diau zung/, 一條繩 or \ih kung zung/ 一根繩.

\Tsung/ (尊) is the classifier denoting idols or cannon.

A Buddhist idol, \ih tsung veh/ 一尊佛, or \ih tsung boo-sah/ 一尊菩薩.
A Taoist god or idol, \ih tsung zung-dau°/ 一尊神道.
A piece of bread, \ih kwhe° men-deu/ 一塊饅頭.
A piece of meat, \ih khwe° nyok/ 一塊肉.

\Khoo/ (顆) is the classifier used with plants, trees and flowers.

A tree, \ih khoo zu°/ 一顆樹.
A flowering plant, \ih khoo hwo/ 一顆花.
Cotton seed, \hwo-°ts/ 花子.
A Chinese mile, \ih °li/ 一里, or \ih °li-loo°/ 一里路.
To regret, to be placed in an embarrassing position, \nan-we-dzing/
難爲情.

EXERCISES

(Translate into English)

(1) Di°-kuh °liang kuh ‘auh-sang-°ts °ngoo ’veh °hyui tsheh chi°
beh-siang° we°-ts la° ‘auh-daung °li siang mo° °lau.
(2) Di° kyui° seh-wo° kuh i°-s° °ngoo ’veh °toong °tshing sien-sang
°ka-seh.
(3) Di°-tsak °tiau fi le kau-le-°si.
(4) Tsauh-dzak-°ts i-kuh zuh iau° yoong° ih kung zung vok-lau-°ts.
(5) Di° khoo hwo kuh ngan suh ’man tshui°.
(6) Ya°-°li kwhung° kuh z-‘eu° tung iau° tsh °iung.
(7) °Ngoo faung° la° tshaung-°kheu laung° kuh ih tsang °ts-deu peh
foong tsh-theh tse.
(8) Zak-zen °tshing khak °lau m-meh °tsieu °z nan-we-dzing kuh.
(9) ’Veh iau° pho°, di°-tsak °keu ’veh °ngau kuh.
(10) °Ngoo tau° miau° °li khoen°-kyien° ih tsung veh °lau too-°hau
boo-sah.
(11) °Ngoo thing-tuh °yeu nyung la° khau °koo.
(12) Di°-deu tau° °Zaung-°he °yeu °so-°ng °li-loo°.
(13) Soe-zen di° khoo zu° ’man °hau khoen°, zen-r ’veh khe hwo kuh.
(14) Zak-zen noong° iau° tau° san laung°, nyang° °ngoo kung noong°
chi°.
(15) Men-deu °tshing noong° tshih-khe-le peh ih kwhe° la° °ngoo
chuh.
(16) Bing° sang le ’man °dzoong, yien°-°dze i-sung m-meh maung°-deu.
(17) Tsoong°-dien-nyung nau hwo-°ts san°-khe-le.
(18) ‘Auh-sang-°ts beh-siang° ’man kau-hyung°, dok su ’veh da°
kau-hyung°.
(19) Li-khe-ts °Zaung-°he nan-meh °ngoo tau° Soo-tseu chi° tse.
(20) °Ngoo po-maung° yi le, ’veh hyau°-tuh yi na°-nung wan ’veh zung
le.

(一) 第個兩個學生子我勿許出去勃相爲之拉學堂裏相駡佬.
(二) 第句說話個意思我勿懂請先生解釋.
(三) 第隻鳥飛來高來死.
(四) 捉着之一個賊要用一根繩縛牢之.
(五) 第顆花個顔色蠻趣.
(六) 夜裏睏個時候燈要吹隱.
(七) 我放拉窗口上個一張紙頭撥風吹脫哉.
(八) 若然請客佬無沒酒是難爲情個.
(九) 勿要怕第隻狗勿咬個.
(十) 我到廟裏看見一尊佛佬多化菩薩.
(十一) 我聽得有人拉敲鼓.
(十二) 第頭到上海有十五里路.
(十三) 雖然第顆樹蠻好看然而勿開花個.
(十四) 若然儂要到山上讓我跟儂去.
(十五) 饅頭請儂切開來撥一塊拉我吃.
(十六) 病生來蠻重現在醫生無沒望頭.
(十七) 種田人拿花子散開來.
(十八) 學生子勃相蠻高興讀書勿大高興.
(十九) 離開之上海難末我到蘇州去哉.
(二十) 我把望伊來勿曉得伊那能還勿曾來.

(Translate into Chinese)

(1) The dog bit the sheep two or three times; it will probably die.
(2) To-day there is no wind, and so it is not cold.
(3) Men ought not to drink too much wine.
(4) I have eaten a slice of meat and drunk a cup of tea, and now am
able to walk.
(5) Men can walk, only birds can fly.
(6) There are many trees and flowers on the hill.
(7) Many Chinese worship Buddhist and Taoist idols.
(8) I wanted to follow you, but the teacher would not permit me.
(9) Let me go and tell him that you have already returned.
(10) I will use my knife and cut open the pear.
(11) I heard the dogs barking in the night and so could not sleep.
(12) Children like to play at beating the drum.
(13) These flowers are of many different colours.
(14) How many miles is it to Soochow?
(15) When the pupils take an advanced lesson, the teacher should
first explain it to them.

(一) 狗咬之羊兩三回恐怕要死脫.
(二) 今朝無沒風所以勿冷.
(三) 人勿應該多吃酒.
(四) 我已經吃之一塊肉佬一碗茶佬現在走得動哉.
(五) 人會走必過鳥會飛.
(六) 山上有多化樹佬花.
(七) 多化中國人拜菩薩佬神道.
(八) 我要跟儂但是先生勿許我去.
(九) 讓我去告訴伊儂已輕轉來哉.
(十) 我要用我個刀切開第隻生梨.
(十一) 夜裏我聽得狗垃拉叫所以睏勿着.
(十二) 小囝歡喜敲鼓做勃相.
(十三) 第顆花是五顔六色個.
(十四) 到蘇州有幾化里路.
(十五) 學生子要上書先生應該先對伊拉解釋.

Notes.

(1) In the Buddhist religion in China a Buddha or one of his
manifestations is known as a {’veh}, the bodhisattvas are known
as {Boo-sah}.
(2) A Chinese mile is about one-third of an English mile.
(3) In the sixteenth sentence of the First Exercise notice the
expression {’man °dzoong}, “very heavy.” This is the way the
Chinese speak of a serious illness. They also speak of a
disease being light, {chung}, just as we do.
(4) In the eighteenth sentence of the First Exercise {’veh da°}
means “not very,” This is a very frequent expression.
(5) In the seventh sentence of the First Exercise, {tshaung-°kheu
laung°} means “on the window sill.”

LESSON XIX

Asking Questions, Expecting Negative and Affirmative Answers

In addition to the interrogative forms already given there are ways of asking questions when a negative, or when an affirmative answer is expected.

Thus when the negative answer is expected, the clause begins with \{°chi}/ (豈) and ends with \{nyi}/ (呢). Thus \{°Chi °yeu sa° yoong°-deu nyi}/ (豈有啥用頭呢). “Is it of any use?” It implies that it is not of any use and expects the negative answer. \{°Chi}/ (豈) corresponds to the Latin \{num}/, and implies No, or a negative of the proposition conveyed.

When the affirmative answer is expected the clause begins with \{°chi ’veh}/ (豈吥) and ends with the usual interrogative \{va°}/ (否).

Thus \{°Chi ’veh iung-ke tsoo° va°}/ (豈吥應該做否), “Ought you not to do it?” Implies that you ought to do it and expects the affirmative answer.

It will be seen that in this case also the \{°chi}/ (豈) expects the negative of the proposition conveyed, that is, the negative of a negative proposition which is an affirmative. In other words the answer is, “That you ought not not to do it,” or “You ought to do it.”

VOCABULARY

Every place or everywhere, \kauh tshu°/ 各處, or \kauh-tau°-lauh-tshu°/
各到落處.
Of course, \z°-zen/ 自然.
Afterwards, hereafter, \°‘eu-°seu/ 後首, \°‘eu-le/ 後來, or \°i-°‘eu/ 以後.
Until, \dzuk-tau°/ 直到; wait until, °tung-tau° 等到.
Daily, \nyih nyih/ 日日, or \nyih-dzok/ 日逐.
About, \iak-kwe/ 約親, or \iak-tsak/ 約酌.
About the same (not much difference), \tsho-’veh-too/ 差吥多.
Secretly, \‘en°-‘en°-°li/ 暗暗裏.
True, \tsung/ 眞.
False, \°ka/ 假.
Secure, \°‘wung-taung°/ 穩當.
A long time, \dzang-°yoen/ 長遠, \dzang-°yoen-tse/ 長遠哉, or \ta-z-tse/
多時哉.

\{Phih}/ (疋) is the classifier denoting whole pieces of dry goods.

A piece of cloth, \ih phih poo°/ 一疋布.
A piece of shirting, \ih phih yang poo°/ 一疋洋布.
A piece of silk, \ih phih dzeu/ 一疋綢.
A piece of satin, \ih phih doen°-°ts/ 一疋緞子.
Grass, \°tshau/ 草.
Vegetation in general, \hwo-°tshau-zu°-mok/ 花草樹木.
Coal, \me/ 煤.
To add, \ka/ 加.
To add a little, \ka-°thien/ 加點.
Honest, lau-zeh \老實/.
A piece of land, \ih kwhe° di°-bi/ 一塊地皮.
A piece of stone, \ih kwhe° zak-deu/ 一塊石頭.
To pawn, \taung°/ 當, or \taung°-theh/ 當脫.
To mortgage, \ah/ 押, or \ah-theh/ 押脫.
To change a dollar into cash, \de°/ 兌.
A ten cent piece, \ih kauh/ 一角.
One cent, \ih fung/ 一分.
Twenty cents, \°liang kauh/ 兩角, \si° khe/ 四開.
A half a dollar, \pen° kwhe° yang-dien/ 半塊洋錢.
Small money, \°siau kauh-°ts/ 小角子, or \°siau yang-dien/ 小洋錢.
Change, \°tsau-deu/ 找頭.
Ricksha coolie, \tsho-foo/ 車夫.
A great many, \kyau-kwan/ 交關.

EXERCISES

(Translate into English)

(1) We°-ts °lang °lau °hoo-loo °li iau° ka-°thien me.
(2) °Ma °hau-ts, °tsau-deu iau° peh °ngoo.
(3) ’Veh zung °zoo toong-yang-tsho iung-ke tah tsho-foo sien °kaung
ding° peh yi °kyi kauh.
(4) I-kuh nyung °i-kyung taung°-theh-ts i-kuh i-zaung.
(5) °Ngoo iau° °ma i-kwhe° di°-bi dan°-°z °ngoo thing-tuk °i-kyung
ah-theh tse.
(6) °Mo ’man hwen-°hyi chuh °tshau.
(7) °Ngoo pih-koo° °yeu pen° kwhe° yang-dien °soo-°i °ma-’veh-°chi.
(8) Yi ’veh °khung lau-zeh wo° °soo-°i °ngoo ’veh °hau siang-sing°.
(9) Noong° °chi ’veh iung-ke tsoo° dzuk-tau° tsoo° °hau va°?
(10) °Ngoo soe-zen kauh-tau° lauh-tshu° zing °‘a zing-’veh-dzak.
(11) Noong° wo° lau-zeh wo°, nyung z°-zen siang-sing° kuh.
(12) Nyih nyih dok su z°-zen °khau-°i ‘auh kuh.
(13) °Tung tau° noong° dok-wen °ts di°-°pung su nan-meh noong° we° wo°
tsoong-kok wo°.
(14) Di°-kuh °liang phih poo° kuh ngan-suh tsho-’veh-too ih yang°
kuh.
(15) ‘En°-‘en°-°li tsoo° z°-°thi °chi °yeu sa° yoong°-deu nyi?
(16) Di°-deu tau° Soo-tseu °yeu °kyi-hau° °li soo? Iak-kwhe °yeu san
pak °li-loo°.
(17) Di°-kwhe° zak-deu iau° °pa le °’wung-taung° °tien.
(18) Yi chi°-ts dzang-°yoen-tse wan ’veh zung °tsen le.
(19) °Ngoo sien iau° ‘auh dok su °‘eu-le ‘auh °sia z°.
(20) Hwo-°tshau-zu°-mok nyung nyung hwen-°hyi khoen°.
(21) Doo° yang-dien de°-°ts °siau yang-dien iau° taung sing iung-we°
°yeu too-hau° °siau kauh-°ts °z °ka kuh.
(22) Tsung °lau °ka van-nan khoen°-tuh-tsheh.
(23) Di°-°pung su °yeu kyau-kwan z° °ngoo suh-’veh-tsheh kuh.

(一) 爲之冷佬火爐裏要加點煤.
(二) 買好之找頭要撥我.
(三) 勿曾坐東洋車應該搭車夫先講定撥伊幾角.
(四) 伊個人已經當脫之伊個衣裳.
(五) 我要買伊塊地皮但是我聽得已經押脫哉.
(六) 馬蠻歡喜吃草.
(七) 我必過有半塊洋錢所以買勿起.
(八) 伊勿肯老實話所以我勿好相信.
(九) 儂豈勿應該做直到做好否?
(十) 我雖然各到落處尋也尋勿着.
(十一) 儂話老實話人自然相信個.
(十二) 日日讀書自然可以學個.
(十三) 等到儂讀完之第本書難末儂會話中國話.
(十四) 第個兩疋布個顔色差勿多一樣個.
(十五) 暗暗裏做事體豈有啥用頭呢?
(十六) 第頭到蘇州有幾化里數? 約規有三百里路.
(十七) 第塊石頭要擺來穩當點.
(十八) 伊去之長遠哉還勿曾轉來.
(十九) 我先要學讀書後來學寫字.
(二十) 花草樹木人人歡喜看.
(廿一) 大洋鈿兌之小洋錢要當心因爲有多化小角子是假個.
(廿二) 眞佬假煩難看得出.
(廿三) 第本書有交關字我識勿出個.

(Translate into Chinese)

(1) I do not know where the child has gone to; I have looked for him
everywhere and do not know where to find him.
(2) Call the servant to come and add some coal.
(3) I told the pupil to sit here until the teacher returned.
(4) I was almost beaten to death by him.
(5) Take the dollar and change it into cash.
(6) An honest man speaks true words.
(7) I thought he was coming, but afterwards he wrote a letter to me
and told me he could not come.
(8) The children have played for a long time and now they should go
to sleep.
(9) Can you say that you did not know this?
(10) Is it not good to do things so as to please others?
(11) I had to walk here because I had no small money, and so could
not call a ricksha.
(12) If he said he would do it, of course he will do it.
(13) How many cash can you get for a dollar?
(14) That man is not at all honest, and he has already pawned a lot
of clothes which were not his own.
(15) This man wears silk and satin; he must have a lot of money.

(一) 小囝到那裏去我勿曉得, 我各到落處去尋伊尋勿着.
(二) 叫傭人來加點煤.
(三) 我叫學生子坐拉第頭等到先生轉來.
(四) 我差勿多撥伊打殺哉.
(五) 拿第塊洋錢兌銅錢.
(六) 老實個人話眞個說話.
(七) 我想伊要來但是後來伊寫一封信來話伊勿好來.
(八) 小囝勃相之長遠哉現在應該去睏.
(九) 儂豈可以話第個是儂勿曉得否?
(十) 做事體撥別人快活豈吥是好否?
(十一) 因爲我無沒小洋錢勿能彀叫東洋車所以我只好走.
(十二) 若然伊話要做個難末自然要做個.
(十三) 一塊洋錢可以兌幾化銅錢?
(十四) 伊個人一顔勿老實已經當脫之多化勿是伊自家個衣裳.
(十五) 第個人着之綢佬緞子個衣裳伊一定有多化洋錢.

Notes.

(1) In the third sentence of the First Exercise the expression
{°kaung ding°} (講定) means “to settle the price.” Literally it
signifies declaiming to a fixed point.
(2) In the sixteenth sentence of the First Exercise {°Soo} (數) is
added after {°li} (里) for the sake of euphony.
(3) In the twenty-third sentence of the First Exercise {suh} (識) is
used. This is always used of knowing characters in the Chinese
language. Sometimes it is used in the expression {Suh hoo° kuh}
(識貨個), meaning “to understand affairs.” A man who does not
{suh hoo°} is a stupid fellow.

LESSON XX

More Verbal Idioms

\{Tuk dzu°}/ (得住) and \{’veh dzu°}/ (勿住) are often used after the verb \{Lih}/ (立) to stand, and give the sense of “able to stand,” or “unable to stand.” Thus \{Lih-tuh-dzu°}/ (立得住) means “able to stand,” and \{Lih-’veh-dzu°}/ (立勿住) unable to stand. The same words are used after other verbs also. Thus we have \{Khau°-tuk-dzu°}/ (靠得住), meaning “Worthy to be trusted” and \{Khau°-’veh-dzu°}/ (靠勿住), meaning “Unworthy to be trusted.”

\{Tuh-koo°}/ (得過) is also used after verbs, and \{’Veh-koo°}/ (勿過). Thus we have \{°Tang-tuh-koo°}/ (打得過), meaning “Able to beat him.” Literally “Beat, obtain surpass.” \{°Tang-’veh-koo°}/ (打勿過) means “Unable to beat him.” Literally “Beat, not surpass.”

The expressions \{I°-tuh-koo°}/ (意得過) and \{I°-’veh-koo°}/ (意勿過) are also idiomatic. The former means, “Within the range of pity;” the latter “Beyond the range of pity,” or “greatly to be commiserated.”

VOCABULARY

Year, nyien 年, or soe° 歲.
To steal, \theu/ 偷.
To beg, \°thau/ 討.
A beggar, \°thau-van°-kuh/ 討飯個. Lit. “To beg rice,” or
\kau°-hwo°-°ts/ 告化子.
To marry a wife, \°thau-nyang-°ts/ 討娘子. Lit. “To beg for a wife.”
See note.
To tie (as a small parcel), \tsah/ 紥.
To bind with a cord, \°paung/ 綁
To command, \fung-foo°/ 分付.
Price, \ka°-dien/ (價錢) or \‘aung-dzing/ 行情. Most frequently used
is the market.
How much is it, or what is the price? \Sa° ka°-dien/? 啥價錢 or \sa°
‘aung-dzing/?
A soldier, \ih kuh ping-ting/ 一個兵丁.
A thief, \ih kuh zuh/ 一個賊.
A robber, \ih kuh °jang-°dau/ 一個強盜.
A magistrate or mandarin, \ih kuh kwen-°foo/, or \ih kuh kwen/ 一個官府.
\ih we°/ (一位) is often used as the classifier.
Mandarin dialect, \kwen wo°/ 官話 or \kok-nyui°/ 國語.
Shanghai dialect, \°Zaung-°he °thoo-bak/ 上海土白.
A Buddhist priest, \ih kuh oo-zaung°/ 一個和尙.
A Taoist priest, \ih kuh dau°-z/ 一個道士.
A nun, \ih kuh nyi-koo/ 一個尼姑.
Number, \soo°-mak/ 數目.

\{Tsang}/ (張) is the classifier used for sheets of things.

A newspaper, \ih tsang sing-vung-°ts/ 一張新聞紙.
A proclamation, \ih tsang kau°-z°/ 一張告示.
A sheet of paper, \ih tsang °ts-deu/ 一張紙頭.

\{Pau}/ (包) is the classifier used for bales of things.

A bale of merchandize, \ih pau hoo°-suh /一包貨色.

\{Te}/ (堆) is the classifier used for piles of things.

A pile of timber, \ih te mok-deu/ 一堆木頭.
A pile of bricks, \ih te lok-tsen/ 一堆䃙磚.

\{°Kwen}/ (管) is the classifier for tubular things.

A flute, \ih °kwen dih/ 一管笛.
A pen, \ih °kwen pih/ 一管筆.
A pencil, \ih °kwen khan-pih/ 一管鉛筆.
Green, \lok/ 綠.
Red, \‘oong/ 紅.
Blue, \lan/ 藍.
Yellow, \waung/ 黃.
Black, \huh/ 黑.
Few, \°sau/ 少.
Truly, \zeh-°dze/ 實在.
More than, \’veh °ba/ 勿罷. More than a hundred men is \’veh °ba ih
pak nyung/ 勿罷一百人.
Less than, \’veh siau/ 勿消, or \’veh °men/ 勿滿.
A small quantity of, \°tien/ (used after the verb) 點.
People, \pak-sing°/ 百姓.
Tea, \dzo/ 茶.
Tea leaf, \dzo-yih/ 茶葉.
The whole of a thing, \ih tshih/ 一切.
A man or two, \koen-°po-nyung/ 干把人.
About (used with a number), \°po/ 把.
About a hundred, \pak °po/ 百把.
Nearly, \mau/ 毛.
Nearly three miles, \mau san °li-loo°/ 毛三里路.
A queue, \ih diau °bien-°ts/ 一條辮子.
Hair on the head, \deu-fah/ 頭髪.
News, \sing°-sih/ 信息.
To take things by force, \°tsiang/ 搶, or \°tsiang doeh/ 搶奪.
To tie up, \°paung/ 綁, or vok 縳.
To put forth a proclamation, \tsheh kau°-z°/ 出告示.

EXERCISES

(Translate into English)

(1) I-kuh zuh dzang-tsaung le theu meh-z°, tsauh dzak-ts meh iau°
°paung yi °chi-le.
(2) °Ngoo khoen°-kyien° sing-vung-°ts laung° wo° kwen-°foo °i-kyung
tsheh kau°-z° tsha ping-ting chi° tsauh °jang-dau°.
(3) Noong° na°-nung °lau peh yi °tang, iung-we° °ngoo
°tang-’veh-koo° yi °lau.
(4) °Ngoo la° miau° °li khoen°-kyien° too-hau° ‘oo-zaung° la° pa°
boo-sah.
(5) Noong° iau° ‘auh kwen-wo° nyi ‘auh °Zaung-°he °thoo-bak.
(6) ‘Oo-zaung° tah-ts dau°-z° °z °liang yang° kuh, ‘oo-zaung° m-meh
deu-fah, dau° z° °yeu °bien-°ts kuh.
(7) °Ngoo dzang-°yoen ’veh khoen° sing-vung-°ts tse, kyung-tsau °yeu
sa° sing°-sih va°?
(8) Di°-kuh ih pau hoo°-suh sa°-ka° dien?
(9) I-kuh °siau-noen °kyi soe° tse? Lok soe°.
(10) Nyi-°s-ziang° °i-kyung °ma-ts ih te lok-tsen yui°-be° °zau
vaung-°ts.
(11) Ya°-°li °yeu nyoeh-liang°, nyung hwen-°hyi tsh dih.
(12) Di°-kuh ih pau °li-hyang° °yeu °kyi °kwen pih? °Yeu ih pak
°kwen.
(13) Yi we°-sa°-°lau ’veh °thau-nyang-°ts? Iung-we° yien°-°dze
°thau-’veh-°chi °lau.
(14) San laung° °Ngoo khoen° too-hau° hwo, °yeu ‘oong °lau waung
°lau bak, zeh-°dze °khau-°i wo° °ng-ngan-loh-suh kuh.
(15) Nga°-kok nyung hwen-°hyi yoong° khan-pih °sia z°.
(16) Tau° °Zaung-°he ’veh °men nyan° °li-loo°, °lau ’veh °ba
zeh-nyi° °li-loo°.
(17) Iung-we° °ngoo khoen°-kyien° i-kuh °thau van°-kuh dzang-°yoen
’veh chuh sa°, keh-°lau kyau° yoong°-nyung peh °tien meh-z° yi
chuh.
(18) Di° kuh pau iau° tsah °hau tan tau° tien° °li chi°.
(19) °Lau-zeh kau°-soo° °ngoo °z zeh-ke° ka°-dien ’va°?
(20) S° °lau tshih °lau pah °z sa° kuh soo°-mak? °Z zeh °kyieu.
(21) Nyi-koo °z, ’veh tsheh ka° kuh °siau-°tsia.

(一) 伊個賊常莊來偷物事捉着之末要綁伊起來.
(二) 我看見新聞紙上話官府已經出告示差兵丁去捉強盜.
(三) 儂那能佬撥伊打? 因爲我打勿過伊佬.
(四) 我拉廟裏看見多化和尙拉拜菩薩.
(五) 儂要學官話呢學上海土白.
(六) 和尚搭之道士是兩樣個和尙無沒頭髪道士有辮子個.
(七) 我常遠勿看新聞紙哉今朝有啥信息否?
(八) 第個一包貨色啥價錢?
(九) 伊個小囝幾歲哉? 六歲.
(十) 泥水匠已經買之一堆碌磚預備造房子.
(十一) 夜裏有月亮, 人歡喜吹笛.
(十二) 第個一包裏向有幾管筆? 有一百管.
(十三) 伊爲啥佬勿討娘子? 因爲現在討勿起佬.
(十四) 山上我看多化花有紅佬黃佬白實在可以話五顔六色個.
(十五) 外國人歡喜用鉛筆寫字.
(十六) 到上海勿滿念里路佬勿罷十二里路.
(十七) 因爲我看見伊個討飯個長遠勿吃啥蓋佬叫傭人撥點物事伊吃.
(十八) 第個包要紥好拿到店裏去.
(十九) 老實告訴我是實蓋價錢否.
(二十) 四佬七佬八是啥個數目? 是十九.
(廿一) 尼姑是勿出嫁個小姐.

(Translate into Chinese)

(1) If you do not read the newspaper, you will not know the news,
and then when you converse with others, you will have nothing to
say.
(2) When a man dies the Chinese invite Buddhist and Taoist
priests to the house to perform funeral ceremonies.
(3) I put my pen and pencil on my writing table, but now I cannot
find them; has any one been in and taken them?
(4) Which do you think is the pleasanter to listen to, mandarin or
the Shanghai dialect?
(5) When I was young I very much liked to play the flute.
(6) A thief enters secretly and steals things, a robber kills men
and enters and takes things by force.
(7) Chinese are called yellow men, foreigners white men.
(8) When you go to the shop, ask the price of the boots, and come
and tell me.
(9) I caught the thief and bound him to the tree.
(10) If you use a foreign pen to write Chinese characters, they do
not look well; you must learn to use a Chinese pen.
(11) The Chinese beggars in the city are numberless.
(12) When the Mandarin has important things to announce to the
people, he puts forth a proclamation.
(13) I saw more than a thousand soldiers.
(14) The merchant bought more than five hundred chests of tea.
(15) Are three hundred dollars sufficient to buy the house? Less
than three hundred will do.

(一) 苦然儂勿看新聞紙信息儂勿會曉得難沒儂搭別人白話儂無啥好話.
(二) 人死之末中國人請和尙佬道士到屋裏來念經.
(三) 我個筆佬鉛筆擺拉寫字檯上但是現在尋勿着, 有啥人進來拿脫否?
(四) 儂想官話佬上海土白那裏一樣好聽點?
(五) 年紀輕個時候我蠻歡喜吹笛.
(六) 賊末偷伴之進來偷物事強盜末打殺之人佬進來搶物事.
(七) 中國人是叫黄人外國人是叫白人.
(八) 儂到店裏去問鞋子個價錢來告訴我.
(九) 我捉之伊個賊佬綁伊拉樹上.
(十) 若然用外國筆佬寫中國字是勿好看個儂終要學用中國筆.
(十一) 城裏個告化子無數目拉.
(十二) 官府有要緊個事體對百姓話末伊要出告示.
(十三) 我看見勿罷一千兵丁.
(十四) 生意人買之勿罷五百箱個茶葉.
(十五) 買房子三百塊洋錢有末? 勿消三百塊個.

Notes.

(1) To marry a wife is expressed by {°Thau nyang-°ts}. When we speak
of a woman being married we use the expression {Tsheh ka°} (出嫁),
literally to go forth from the house or family. The woman leaves
her own family entirely and joins the family of the husband whom
she marries.
(2) The words {’Veh-°ba} (勿罷), more than, and {’Veh siau} (勿消),
less than, are used in answer to questions. The words
{’Veh-°men} (勿滿) are often used for less than, meaning
literally “Not full.”
(3) In the second sentence of the Second Exercise “to perform
funeral ceremonies” should be translated {Tsoo° koong-tuh}
(做功德), or {Nyan°-kyung} (念經). It means to say masses for the
soul of the departed.
(4) In the thirteenth sentence of the Second Exercise, “More than a
thousand soldiers” can be expressed {Ih tshien too} (一干多) and
in the fourteenth sentence “More than five hundred chests of
tea” {°Ng pak too} (五百多).
(5) In the fifteenth sentence of the Second Exercise the answer
would be {’Veh siau san pak kwhe°} (勿消三百塊).
(6) In the fifth sentence of the Second Exercise “When I was young”
is translated {Nyien kyi° chung° kuh z-‘eu°} (年紀輕個時候),
literally “The time when my years were light”.
(7) In the eleventh sentence of the Second Exercise “Numberless” is
translated {m-soo°-mak} (無數目), literally “Without number.”

LESSON XXI

Verbal Idioms, Ordinals, and Remarks on the Expression of Time

To express the idea of “about to do a thing” in Chinese you can use the words \{tsiang-iau°}/ (將要). \{Tsiang-iau°-chi°}/ (將要去) means “about to go.” \{Tsiang-iau° °si}/ (將要死) means “about to die.” Another way of expressing the same idea is by adding \{kwha° tse}/ after the verb. \{Kwha°}/ means “fast.” \{Chi° kwha° tse}/ (去快哉) means “I will go fast,” that is, in a moment. \{Le kwha° tse}/ (來快哉) means “will come fast,” that is, in a few minutes. \{Thih-°tsung}/ is often used, meaning “just on the point of doing a thing.” Thus \{°Ngoo thih-°tsung iau° chi°}/ (我貼準要去) means “I was just going.”

The expression “According to,” or “as it seems to me,” is expressed in Chinese by the words \{tsau° °ngoo khoen°}/ (照我看). \{Tsau° °ngoo}/ (照我) used alone would mean “Follow me,” “Follow my example.”

The Ordinals are formed from the Numerals in a very simple way. The word \{deu}/ (頭) is prefixed before the first numeral and \{di°}/ (第) before all the others. Thus “the first” is \{deu ih}/ (頭一), the second is \{di° nyi°}/ (第二), the third is \{di° san}/ (第三), and so on. When first is used with the verb in the sense of the action being prior to some other action the word \{sien}/ (先) is used. Thus we have \{Noong° veh zung tsheh chi° kuh zien-deu °ngoo sien iau° kau°-soo° noong° ih tsaung z°-°thi}/ (儂勿曾出去個前頭我先要告訴儂一莊事體), meaning, “Before you go I first want to tell you something.” Again \{Sien-tsoo° di° yang° nan-meh tsoo° i-yang°}/ (先做第樣難末做伊樣) means “First do this and then do that.” Again we have for the same expression \{Sien tsoo° di° kuh, man° tsoo° i-kuh}/ (先做第個慢做 伊個), “First do this, slowly do that.”

REMARKS ON TIME

About midnight, \pen°-ya°-°po/ 半夜把.
Just before daylight, \thien-liang°-kwha°/ 天亮快.
In the evening, \waung-hwung-deu/ 黃昏頭, or \waung-hwung-°doong/
黃昏動.
Last month, \zien-nyoeh/ 前月, or \zien kuh nyoeh/ 前個月.
Next month, \°‘au-nyoeh/ 下月, or \°‘au kuh nyoeh/ 下個月.
First part of the month, \nyoeh deu/ 月頭, or \nyoeh-deu-laung°/
月頭上.
The end of the month, \nyoeh °ti/ 月底.
The middle of the month, \nyoeh-pen°/ 月半.
Every month, \nyoeh-nyoeh/ 月月, \nyoeh-too/ 月多, or \°’me-nyoeh/
每月.
First day of the month, \tshoo-ih/ 初一; second day of the month,
\tshoo nyi°/ 初二, and so on up to the tenth day of the month, which
is \tshoo zeh/. After that \di°/ 第 is used instead of \tshoo/.
Thus the thirteenth of the month would be \di° zeh-san/ 第十三.
A year, \ih-nyien/ 一年.
Half a year, \pen°-nyien/ 半年.
This year, \kyung-nyien/ 今年.
Last year, \jeu°-nyien/ 舊年.
Next year, \khe-nyien/ 開年, \le-nyien/ 來年, \ming-nyien/ 明年.
Every year, nyien-nyien 年年, each year, \°’me-nyien/ 每年. (See
note).
The new year, \sing-nyien/ 新年.
New year’s day, \nyien-tshoo-ih/ 年初一.
The end of the year, \nyien ya°/ 年夜, literally “the night of the
year.” Also we have \nyien-°ti/ 年底.
At the beginning of the year, \nyien-deu-laung°/ 年頭上.
To pass from the old year to the new, \koo° nyien/ 過年.
\°Zaung-pen°/ and \°‘au-pen°/ are used with year, month, and night,
just as they are used with day to denote the first half and the
second half. Thus we have \°zaung-pen°-nyien/ 上半年 for the first
half of the year, and \°‘au-pen°-nyien/ 下半年 for the second half.
Rice (bought in the shop), \°mi/ 米.
Work, \sang-wei/ 生活.
Answer, \we-sing°/ 回信.
Beginning, \°chi-deu/ 起頭.
Again, \tse°/ 再.

EXERCISES

(Translate into English)

(1) Leh-la° nyoeh-pen°, nyoeh-liang° °ting °hau khoen°.
(2) °Hoo-loo iau° °iung kwha° tse °soo-°i iau° ka-°thien me.
(3) Tsau° °ngoo khoen°, di° kuh nyung °z khau°-’veh-dzu° kuh.
(4) °Tsau-zung-deu nyih-deu tsheh le, ya°-kwha° lauh-san.
(5) Di°-kuh °z °ngoo di° nyi° kuh nyi-°ts, deu ih kuh °i-kyung tsheh
mung tse.
(6) Nyien tshoo ih too-hau° nyung chi° pa° nyien.
(7) Jeu° nyien °mi kyui°-le-°si, kyung nyien jang tse.
(8) Noong° °‘a-°li-deu koo° nyien? °Ngoo °siang la° ok-°li koo°
nyien.
(9) Noong° su dok°-ts °kyi-z tse? Pih-koo° pen° nyien.
(10) Nyien ya° nyung nyung °yeu z°-°thi, sing-nyien °li
°loong-°tsoong nyung beh-siang°.
(11) Yi tsiang-iau° chi° kuh z-‘eu° °yeu nyung le kyau° yi ’veh iau°
chi°.
(12) °Tshing zoo° ih hyih, sien-sang iau° le kwha° tse.
(13) Thien-liang°-kwha° °z °ting °lang kuh z-‘eu°.
(14) °‘Au kuh nyoeh °ngoo iau° tsheh mung, tau° Soo-tseu chi°.
(15) Jeu°-nyien sang-i° ih ngan ’veh °hau kyung-nyien po-maung° yi
°hau-°tien.
(16) °Zaung-pen°-nyien di° kuh ‘auh-sang-°ts su dok le man °hau,
°‘au-pen°-nyien ih ngan ’veh °hau.
(17) I-zak vaung-°ts °kyi-z °khau-°i °zau °hau? °Ngoo °siang
khe-nyien °khau-°i °zau °hau.
(18) Lok nyoeh tshoo-san °ngoo °sia ih foong sing° peh la° yi,
yien°-°dze °z tshih nyoeh tshoo-ih dan°-°z wan ’veh zung °yeu
we-sing° le.
(19) Noong° ’veh zung tsheh chi°, sang-weh iau° sien tsoo° °hau.
(20) Nyoeh-deu laung° peh doong-dien, yien°-°dze ’veh °hau peh kuh.

(一) 垃拉月半月亮頂好看.
(二) 火爐要隱快哉所以要加添煤.
(三) 照我看第個人是靠勿住個.
(四) 早晨頭日頭出來夜快落山.
(五) 第個是我第二個兒子頭一個已經出門哉.
(六) 年初一多化人去拜年.
(七) 舊年米貴來死今年強哉.
(八) 儂那裏頭過年? 我想拉屋裏過年.
(九) 儂書讀之幾時哉? 必過半年.
(十) 年夜人人有事體新年裏攏總人勃相.
(十一) 伊將要去個時候有人來叫伊勿要去.
(十二) 請坐一歇先生要來快哉.
(十三) 天亮快是頂冾個時候.
(十四) 下個月我要出門到蘇州去.
(十五) 舊年生意一顔勿好今年把望伊好點.
(十六) 上半年第個學生子書讀來蠻好下半年一顔勿好.
(十七) 伊宅房子幾時可以造好? 我想開年可以造好.
(十八) 六月初三我寫一封信撥拉伊現在是七月初一但是還勿曾有回信來.
(十九) 儂勿曾出去生活要先做好.
(二十) 月頭上撥銅錢現在勿好撥個.

(Translate into Chinese)

(1) We will close the school on the fifth of next month.
(2) For how many weeks will you close the school? For about six
weeks.
(3) Sometimes in the evening as the sun is sinking there are many
beautiful colours in the sky.
(4) As it appears to me you can finish this book in six months.
(5) Just as I was about to go to sleep, I heard some one call out
that the house was on fire.
(6) The thief enters about midnight.
(7) Before you go to school you should first wash your face and
hands.
(8) On the first day of the year all the shops close their doors.
(9) When will you begin to study Chinese again? I think next year.
(10) A year has twelve months, a month has thirty days or twenty-nine
days. If it has thirty days, it is called a large month; if it
has twenty-nine days, it is called a small month.
(11) Last month I was sick, but now I am better.
(12) Where were you yesterday afternoon? I had gone out to pay New
Year’s calls.
(13) At New Year’s time every one wears their best clothes.
(14) Now I have no money; I will pay you at the end of the month.

(一) 下個月初五伲要放學.
(二) 放之幾個禮拜? 約酌六個禮拜.
(三) 拉夜快日頭落山個時候常時拉天上有多化趣個顔色.
(四) 照我看第本書儂六個月功夫可以讀完.
(五) 我貼準要困個時候聽見人喊房子火着哉.
(六) 賊進來是半夜把個時候.
(七) 儂勿曾到學堂裏先要揩面佬淨手.
(八) 拉年初一攏總個店全關門個.
(九) 儂幾時再起頭讀中國書? 我想開年起頭.
(十) 一年有十二個月一個月或者有三十日或者有念九日, 若然三十日是叫大月若然念九日是叫小月.
(十一) 前個月我生病哉但是現在我好點.
(十二) 昨日下半日儂拉那裏頭? 我出去拜年哉.
(十三) 垃拉新年裏各人着頂好看個衣裳.
(十四) 現在無沒銅錢垃拉月底撥儂.

Notes.

(1) In regard to the expressions {Nyien-nyien} and {Nyoek-nyoeh} it
may be remarked that a very common way of forming the plural in
Chinese is by the repetition of the noun. Thus {Nyung-nyung}
means men in general.
(2) In the sixth sentence of the First Exercise the expression {Pa°
nyien} means “to pay respects at New Year’s time.” {Pa°}, to
worship, is used of worshipping deities, and also of worshipping
or paying respect to men.
(3) In the fifth sentence of the Second Exercise the expression for
a house to be on fire is {°Hoo-dzak tze}, (火着哉).
(4) In the eighth sentence of the Second Exercise “all the shops” is
translated {°loong-°tsoong kuh tien° zen} (攏總個店全); the {zen}
(全) makes the assertion more emphatic.

LESSON XXII

On Comparison

The usual way of forming the Comparative Degree of Adjectives has already been stated.

When two things are compared with one another in Chinese the words \{°pi}/ (比) or \{°pi-ts }/ (比之) are used between them. Thus \{°Mo °pi-ts °keu doo°}/ (馬此之狗大) means, “the horse is larger than the dog.” \{Yi °pi noong° °hau}/ (伊此濃好), “He is better than you.”

There are a good many other ways of expressing comparison. Thus \{’Veh jih}/ (勿及) means, “not equal to.” Also we have \{’Veh zu}/ (勿如), meaning, “not equal to, or not up to.”

VOCABULARY

To present or send, to escort a person on the way, \soong°/ 送.
To count, \°soo/ 數.
To reckon, \soen°/ 算.
To send (a person), \tsha/ 差.
To send a letter, \kyi°/ 寄.
To deport oneself, to treat others, \°de/ 待.
To treat rudely, \°de man°/ 怠慢.
To keep, observe, \°seu/ 守.
To knock the head on the ground, to kowtow, \kheh-deu/ 磕頭.
A loaf, \ih kuh men-deu/ 一個饅頭.
A stone mason, \ih kuh zak-ziang°/ 一個石匠.
A hammer, \ih kuh laung-deu/ 一個榔頭, or \ih °po/ 一把.
A wine shop, \ih ban °tsieu tien°/ 一爿酒店.

\{Te°}/ (一對) is the classifier denoting a pair or a brace.

A pair of fowls, \ih te° kyi/ 一對雞.
A pair of candles, \ih te° lah-tsok/ 一對臘燭.
A husband and wife, \ih te° foo-tshi/ 一對夫妻.

\{°Kheu}/ (口) is the classifier for some articles of furniture, and for a well.

A book case, \ih °kheu su-dzu/ 一口書櫥.
Convenient, \bien°-taung°/ 便當.
Clever, wise, \tshoong-ming/ 聰明.
Propriety, custom, \kwe-°kyui/ 規矩.
Coffin, \ih °kheu kwen-ze/ 一口棺材.
Sometimes, \dzang-z/ 常時.
As if, like, \°hau-°ziang/ 好像.
To compare, \°pi/ 比.
An account, \tsang°/ 張.
Reason, \yoen-koo°/ 緣故.

EXERCISES

(Translate into English)

(1) La° nyien ya° kauh nyung iau° soen° tsang°.
(2) Noong° we°-sa°-°lau iau° chi°? iung-we° yi tsha °ngoo chi° °lau.
(3) Sing° kyi°-tsheh chi° meh? ’Veh zung, zieu° iau° kyi° chi°.
(4) Zak-ziang° iau° yoong° °kyi kwhe° zak-deu? °Ngoo ’veh hyau°-tuh
’veh-zung soen° koo° hyih.
(5) Yi dzang-tsaung °de °ngoo ’man °hau, °soo-°i °ngoo iau° soong°
°tien meh-z° la° yi.
(6) Su-dzu °li noong° °pa-ts °kyi °pung su? ’Veh °hyau-tuh we°-°ts
’veh zung °soo °lau.
(7) Khak nyung tsheh chi° meh iung-ke soong° yi tau° mung-°kheu.
(8) Di°-°kheu kwen-ze sa° nyung tsoo° kuh? Mok-ziang° tsoo° kuh.
(9) Noong° kuh °mo °pi °ngoo kuh kwha° too-hau°.
(10) Di°-kuh ‘auh-sang-°ts °pi-ts i-kuh tshoong-ming °tien.
(11) Di°-kuh ih te° lah-tsok °khau-°i °pi °pi khoen°, ih ngan m-meh
doo° °siau.
(12) I-kuh °liang kuh nyung siang-mo° kuh yoen-koo° °z we°-°ts la°
°tsieu tien° °li too-chuh-ts °tsieu °lau.
(13) Yien°-°dze foo° tsang° ’veh bien°-taung°, °tung tau° °‘au kuh
nyoeh.
(14) Di°-kuh ih te° foo-tshi ’man °hau ih ngan ’veh siang-mo°.
(15) Di°-kuh nyung tsoo° z°-°thi, ’veh jih i-kuh nyung °hau.
(16) Pa° nyien kuh z-‘eu° °siau-noen iung-ke te° doo° nyung kheh-deu.
(17) °Nga-kok nyung chuh van° kuh zung-kwaung hwen-°hyi chuh
men-deu.
(18) Di°-kuh nyung ih ngan ’veh °toong sa°, °z °hau-°ziang ’veh zung
dok hyih su.
(19) Sien-sang dzang-tsaung kyau° ‘auh-sang-ts° °seu kwe-°kyui.
(20) ’Veh iau° °de man° bih nyung.

(一) 拉年夜各人要算帳.
(二) 儂爲啥佬要去? 因爲伊差我去佬.
(三) 信寄出去末? 勿曾, 就要寄去.
(四) 石匠要用幾塊石頭? 我勿曉得勿曾算過歇.
(五) 伊常莊待我蠻好所以我要送點物事拉伊.
(六) 書橱裏儂擺之幾本書? 我勿曉得爲之勿曾數佬.
(七) 客人出去末應該送伊到門口.
(八) 第口棺材啥人做個? 木匠做個.
(九) 儂個馬比我個快多化.
(十) 第個學生子比之伊個聰明點.
(十一) 第個一對臘燭可以比比看一顔無末大小.
(十二) 伊個兩個人相駡個緣故是爲之拉酒店裏多吃之酒佬.
(十三) 現在付帳勿便當等到下個月.
(十四) 第個一對夫妻蠻好一顔勿相駡.
(十五) 笫個人做事體勿及伊個人好.
(十六) 拜年個時候小囝應該對大人磕頭.
(十七) 外國人吃飯個晨光歡喜吃饅頭.
(十八) 第個人一顔勿懂啥好像勿曾讀歇書.
(十九) 先生常莊叫學生子守規矩.
(二十) 勿要待慢別人.

(Translate into Chinese)

(1) The Chinese use rice to make wine.
(2) This man treats his servants very well.
(3) According to Chinese custom before a man dies his coffin is
made.
(4) If I wish you to come, I will send you a letter.
(5) To take the child along with us will not be convenient.
(6) He is older than you.
(7) The stone mason uses stones, the carpenter uses wood.
(8) I pay my bills at the end of the month.
(9) He and I have had a quarrel because he treated me rudely.
(10) I wish the carpenter to come and make a book case.
(11) Because I have forgotten so many characters, it is as if I had
not read this book before.
(12) A scholar is wiser than a farmer.
(13) If a man takes too much wine he can not do his work.
(14) My friend came to visit me, and then I escorted him to his
home.
(15) This book I will present to you, do not return it.

(一) 中國人用米做酒.
(二) 第個人待伊個用人蠻好.
(三) 照中國規矩一個人勿曾死先要做棺材.
(四) 若然要儂來末我寄一封信來.
(五) 帶小囝去是勿便當.
(六) 伊比之儂年紀大點.
(七) 石匠用石頭木匠用木頭.
(八) 我個帳是拉月底付個.
(九) 因爲伊待慢我所以我對伊相駡.
(十) 我要木匠來做一口書橱.
(十一) 因爲我忘記脫之多化字所以好像我勿曾讀歇第本書.
(十二) 讀書人比之種田人聰明點.
(十三) 若然一個人多吃之酒伊勿會做生活.
(十四) 我個朋友來望望我後來我送伊到伊屋裏去.
(十五) 第本書我送撥儂勿要還個.

Notes.

(1) In the fifth sentence of the First Exercise notice the use of
{Soong° °tien}. {°Tien} means “a few things.”
(2) In the ninth sentence of the First Exercise {kwha° too-hau°}
means “very much faster.”
(3) In the sixteenth sentence of the First Exercise the expression
{Kheh-deu} refers to the most formal salute of the Chinese. It
is used by an inferior before a superior. The usual polite
salutation is to clasp the hands together and move them from the
feet to the forehead. This is called {Tshaung° zo°} (唱喏) or
{Tsauh-ih} (作揖).
(4) In the nineteenth sentence of the First Exercise we have the
expression {°Seu kwe-°kyui} (守規矩). This is very frequently used.
It means to act according to the laws of propriety. It is a
command frequently given to children.

LESSON XXIII

The Points of the Compass

The four cardinal points of the compass in Chinese are expressed: \{Toong, nen, si, pok}/ (東, 南, 西, 北) East, South, West, North. Thus it will be seen that they do not follow the same order as we. North East is \{Toong-pok}/ (東北), lit. East North. North West is \{Si-pok}/ (西北), lit. West North. South East is \{Toong-nen}/ (東南), and South West is \{Si-nen}/ (西南).

The word \{pien}/ (邊) is generally added when direction or place is indicated. Thus we have for the North \{Pok-pien}/, for the West \{Si-pien}/. \{Pien}/ literally means “side,” and is a shortened form of \{pien-deu}/ (邊頭).

In giving directions as to locality, the Chinese make very frequent use of the points of the compass. If you wish a person to go towards the North you say \{dzau pok}/ (朝北) “towards the North.”

VOCABULARY

To break, smash, \se°/ 碎, \°tang-se°/ 打碎, or \khau-se°/ 敲碎.
To beget to nourish, \°yang/ 養, or \sang °yang/ 生養.
To lose, to forfeit, \seh/ 失, or \seh-theh/ 失脫.
To arrange, to attend to matters, to direct \ban°/ 辦.
A Compradore, \°ma-ban°/ 買辦.
To consult, \saung-liang/ 商量, \tsung-tsak/ 斟酌.
To point with the hand, \°tien/ 點, or \°ts-°tien/ 指點.
To separate, \fung/ 分, or \fung-khe/ 分開.
To hinder, oppose, \°tsoo/ 阻, or \°tsoo-taung°/ 阻檔.
To answer, \we-deu/ 回頭, or \we-tah/ 回答.
To exchange, to barter, \wen°/ 換, or \diau°/ 調.
To attend to a thing to make it right, \loong°/ 弄, or \loong°-°hau/
弄好.
To distinguish, \fung-pih/ 分別.
A difference, \ih kuh fung-pih/ 一個分別.
Wages, \koong-dien/ 工錢.
Salary, \sok-sieu/ 束脩, \sing-foong°/ 薪俸, or \sing-°soe/ 薪水.
Misery, \°khoo-nau°/ 苦腦.
Rain, \°yui/ 雨,
To rain, \lauh °yui/ 落雨.
Coolie, \tsheh-tien°/ 出店.
A duck, \ih tsak ah/ 一隻鴨.
A broom, \ih °po °sau-°tseu/ 一把掃箒.
A snake, \ih diau zo/ 一條蛇.
A stick of bamboo, \ih kung tsok-deu/ 一根竹頭.
Glass, \poo-li/ 玻璃.
A glass (for the table), \ih tsak poo-li pe-°ts/ 一隻玻璃杯子.

\{°Doong}/ (桶) is the classifier for casks, tubs and buckets.

A bucket of water, \ih °doong °s/ 一桶水.

\{Bing}/ (瓶) is the classifier for bottles.

A bottle of medicine, \ih bing yak/ 一瓶藥.

\{Siang}/ (箱) is the classifier for boxes of things.

A box of dollars, \ih siang yang-dien/ 一箱洋錢.
A box of tea, \ih siang dzo-yih/ 一箱茶葉.
Tired, \sa-doo/ 弛瘏.
Square, \faung/ 方.
Round, \yoen/ 圓.
Little (to a small extent), \sau-we/ 稍爲.
Thick, \°‘eu/ 厚.
Thin, \bok/ 薄.
Instead of, \°de-thi°/ 代替.
Sufficient, \keu-z°/ 榖事, \keu-z°-tse/ 彀事哉, or \°yeu-tse/ 有哉.
Together with (two persons doing a thing), \da-ka/ 大家.
To get wet, \ling-sak/ 淋濕.

EXERCISES

(Translate into English)