Chapter IV: Part 4

(1) Tsoong-kok tsok-deu doo° °yeu yoong°-deu, °khau-°i tsoo° lan
°lau de-°ts °lau iui°-°ts °lau too-hau° meh-z°.
(2) °Ngoo mung°-°ts yi san we, dan°-°z yi ih kyui° ’veh we-deu.
(3) Tsoong°-dien-nyung °yang too-hau° kyi °lau ah.
(4) °Hau-la-va°? °Hau-la zia°-zia°.
(5) Kyung-tsau °hau-°tien va°? Zauh-ya°-deu chuh-ts yak °lau
kyung-tsau sau-we °hau-°tien.
(6) Nyih-deu toong-pien tsheh °lau si-pien lauh.
(7) Pok-pien °lang °lau nen-pien °noen.
(8) °Ngoo-nyi iau° da-ka saung-liang na°-nung tsoo°-deu.
(9) Di°-kuh poo-li ’man bok kuh, yoong-yi° °tang-se°.
(10) Khoen°-kyien° nyung iau° tsoo° ’veh °hau kuh z°-°thi meh,
iung-ke °tsoo-taung° yi.
(11) Khoen°-yang-nyung seh-theh-ts ih tsak yang °lau iau° chi° zing
yi.
(12) Sien-sang iau° °kyi-hau° sok-sieu? Iau° san-seh kwhe° °yang-dien
ih nyoeh.
(13) Noong°-kuh yoong°-nyung °kyi-hau° koong-dien ih nyoeh? Zeh
kwhe° yang-dien ih nyoeh.
(14) Toong-pok foong iau° lauh °yui.
(15) Yien°-°dze la° lauh °yui, tsoong-iau° tan ih °ting san° °sang-°ts
ling sak.
(16) Zauh-nyih °ngoo °tseu-°ts san-seh °li-loo°, °soo-°i kyung-tsau
’man sa-doo.
(17) °Ngoo °tien peh yi khoen° ih diau zo.
(18) Di°-kuh kwen-°foo ’veh we° ban° z°-°thi
(19) Noong° °tau le-tse, °ngoo thih-tsung iau° tau° noong° han-deu
chi°.
(20) Di°-kuh nyung seh-theh-°ts yi-kuh sang-i °lau sang-°ts
dzang-yoen kuh bing° zeh-dze °khoo-nau° tuh-juh.
(21) Di°-tsak siang-°ts °z faung kuh, di°-tsak °doong °z yoen-kuh.
(22) Tsheh-tien° le wo° iau° doong-dien we°-ts iau° chi° °ma ih °po
°sau-°tseu °lau.
(23) Di°-kuh °ts-deu thuh bok iau° noong° chi° wen° °‘eu-°tien kuh.
(24) Noong° thuh sa-doo, °ngoo le °de noong° tsoo°.
(25) Di°-sen° °mung ’veh °hau khe, chi° kyau° mok-ziang loong °hau.
(26) Yi-kuh seh-wo° tah-ts noong°-kuh seh-wo° °yeu fung-pih.
(27) Di°-kuh °liang kuh nyung dzang-tsaung siang-mo°, fung-khe meh
°hau.

(一) 中國竹頭大有用頭可以做籃佬檯子佬椅子佬多化物事.
(二) 我問之伊三回但是伊一句勿回頭.
(三) 種田人養多化雞佬鴨.
(四) 好拉否? 好拉謝謝.
(五) 今朝好點否? 昨夜頭吃之藥佬今朝稍爲好點.
(六) 日頭東邊出佬西邊落.
(七) 北邊冷佬南邊煖.
(八) 我伲要大家商量那能做頭.
(九) 第個玻璃蠻薄個容易打碎.
(十) 看見人要做勿好個事體末應該阻擋伊.
(十一) 看羊人失脫之一隻羊佬要去尋伊.
(十二) 先生要幾化束脩? 要三十塊洋錢一月.
(十三) 儂個用人幾化工錢一月?六塊洋錢一月.
(十四) 東北風要落雨.
(十五) 現在拉落雨終要擔一頂傘省之淋濕.
(十六) 昨日我走之三十里路所以今朝我蠻弛瘏.
(十七) 我點擦伊看一條蛇.
(十八) 第個官府勿會辦事體.
(十九) 儂倒來哉我貼準要到儂壗頭去.
(二十) 第個人失脫之伊個生意佬生之長遠個病實在苦惱得極.
(廿一) 第隻箱子是方個第隻桶是圓個.
(廿二) 出店來話要銅錢爲之要去買一把掃帚佬.
(廿三) 第個紙頭忒薄要儂去換厚點個.
(廿四) 儂忒弛瘏我來代儂做.
(廿五) 第扇門勿好開去叫木匠弄好.
(廿六) 伊個說話搭之儂個說話有分別.
(廿七) 第個兩個人常莊相駡分開末好.

(Translate into Chinese)

(1) Is there any answer? Yes, please wait until I write it.
(2) The cold wind blows from the North; you ought to wear more
clothes.
(3) The scholar was unable to answer what the teacher asked him.
(4) I want to consult with you on an important matter.
(5) When it rains the children cannot go out to play.
(6) I have a fan, you have a knife, I want a knife, you want a fan,
let us exchange.
(7) I killed the snake with a stick.
(8) Tell the compradore what you want to buy and he can buy it for
you.
(9) I have lost my watch and am willing to give five dollars to the
man who finds it and returns it to me.
(10) My salary is not sufficient; I must ask you to increase it.
(11) This coolie wipes and sweeps very clean.
(12) I pointed out the river to him on the map.
(13) I cannot go away until I have arranged this matter.
(14) I could not study diligently to-day because I was too tired.
(15) How many bottles of medicine have you taken? I have already
finished three.

(一) 有啥回信否? 有個, 請等一歇等我寫好之.
(二) 冷風從北邊吹來儂應該多着點衣裳.
(三) 先生問個, 學生子回頭勿出.
(四) 我要搭儂商量要緊個事體.
(五) 落之雨小囝勿好出去勃相.
(六) 我有一把扇子儂有一把刀我要一把刀儂要一把扇子讓我伲呢調一調.
(七) 我用之一根棒打殺之一條蛇.
(八) 儂對買辦話儂要買啥伊可以對儂買個.
(九) 我失脫之我個表情願撥拾着之佬還撥我個人五塊洋錢.
(十) 我個薪水勿彀事我終要請儂加點.
(十一) 第個出店揩佬掃蠻割瀝.
(十二) 地圖上我點撥伊看一條河.
(十三) 我勿曾辦好第莊事體我勿能彀出去.
(十四) 今朝我勿能彀用心讀書因爲我忒弛瘏.
(十五) 儂吃之幾瓶藥? 我已經吃完之三瓶.

Notes.

(1) Those learning to speak Chinese must be careful never to refer
to the remuneration given to their teachers as {koong-dien}
(工錢), but to use the polite form of speech, {sok-sieu} or
{sing-foong} (束脩, 薪俸). {Sok-sieu} means literally “dried meat,”
and comes from the ancient custom of paying a teacher in kind.
The teacher himself could refer to remuneration as {sing° soe}
(薪水).

(2) {°Eu} (厚) and {Bok} (薄) refer to things. In speaking of a person
being thin we use the word {seu°} (瘦), and of being fat, the word
{tsaung°} 壯.

(3) The fourth sentence of the First Exercise is the usual
salutation meaning, “How do you do?” “Does it go well with you?”
The answer is also the usual one.

(4) In the ninth sentence of the Second Exercise {Zing nyoen°} (情願)
means “to be willing.”

(5) In the seventh sentence of the First Exercise {°Noen} means
“warm” (煖).

(6) In the eleventh sentence of the First Exercise
{Koen°-yang-nyung} means “shepherd.” Literally “Look-sheep-man.”

(7) In the twenty-fifth sentence of the First Exercise the word
{Loong} has a very wide meaning. There is hardly anything in
China that you cannot {Loong-°hau}, that is, “put to rights.”

LESSON XXIV

Some Remarks on Gender

As already remarked, words in Chinese do not change their form to indicate gender. Sometimes, however, words indicating gender are placed before them. \{Nen}/ (男), “Male” and \{°Nyui}/ (女), “female”, are used with human beings in this way. Thus we have \{Nen nyung}/ (男人) for “man”, and \{°Nyui nyung}/ (女人) for “woman”. \{Nen noen}/ (男囝) means “a male child,” and \{°Nyui noen}/ (女囝) “a female child.”

When speaking of the male and female of animals \{Yoong}/ (雄) and \{Tsh}/ (雌) are used. Thus we have \{Yoong kyi}/ (雄鷄) for “cock,” and \{Tsh kyi}/ (雌鷄) for “hen,” \{Yoong s-°ts}/ (雄獅子) for “lion,” and \{Tsh s-°ts}/ (雌獅子) for “lioness.”

VOCABULARY

To crow, \di/ 啼.
To offend, \tuh-°dzoe/ 得罪.
To hide oneself, \ben°-°loong/ 背攏.
To hide a thing, \khaung°-°loong/ 囥攏, or \khaung°/ 囥.
To gain or make a profit, \dzan°/ 賺.
Profits in business, \dzan°-deu/ 賺頭.
To lose in business, \zeh/ 折, \zeh-theh/ 折脫, \zeh-°pung/ 折本.
To congratulate a person, \koong-°hyi/ 恭喜.
To become rich, \fah-dze/ 發財.
To lock, \°soo/ 鎖.
To bar or bolt the door, \sen/ 閂.
The bar, or bolt of the door, \sak/ 栅.
To plant, \tsoong°/ 種.
To examine carefully, \dzo/ 查, or \dzo-°khau/ 查考.
To examine a class, \°khau-su/ 考書.
To fall, \tih/ 跌.
To save, \kyeu°/ 救.
To stop, \ding/ 停.
Stop a minute, \ding-ih-ding/ 停一停.
Garden, \hwo-yoen/ 花園.
College, \su-yoen°/ 書院.
University, \da°-‘auh/ 大學.
A lock, \ih °po °soo/ 一把鑕.
A key, \ih °po yak-dz/ 一把鑰匙.
A creek or canal, \ih diau pang/ 一條浜.
A two story house, \ih zoo° leu/ 一座樓, or \leu-vaung/ 褸房.

\{Dzung}/ (層) is the classifier for a story of a house or for anything like a ladder.

A three-storied house, \san dzung leu/ 三層樓.
A ladder, \ih dzung voo-thi/ 一層扶梯.

\{Dzaung°}/ (幢) is the classifier denoting things piled one on top of the other.

A pile of clothes, \ih dzaung° i-zaung/ 一幢衣裳.

\{Da°}/ (埭) is the classifier for rows of things.

A row of trees, \ih da° zu/ 一埭樹.
Spring (the first of the seasons), \tshung/ 春.
Summer, \‘au°/ 夏.
Autumn, \tshieu/ 秋.
Winter, \toong/ 冬.
A season, \kyi°/ 季.
The four seasons, \s°-kyi°/ 四季.
Politeness, \khak-chi°/ 客氣.
Happiness, \fok-chi°/ 福氣.
Slippery, \wah/ 滑.
Hard, \ngang°/ 硬.
Soft, \°nyoen/ 軟.
Smooth, \kwaung/ 光.
Rough, \mau/ 毛.
Good (moral), \°zen/ 善.
Wicked, \auh/ 惡.
Fierce, \hyoong/ 凶.
Precious, \°pau-pe°/ 寶貝.
Clear, \tshing/ 清.
Muddy, \wung/ 渾.
Level, \bing/ 平.
Light (opposite of dark), \liang°/ 亮.
Dark, \en°/ 暗.
At last (in the end), \tau°-°ti/ 到底.

EXERCISES

(Translate into English.)

(1) Di°-laung° wah lau, taung-sing °tien °tseu.
(2) S°-kyi° kyau° tshung ‘au° tshieu toong.
(3) °Ngoo bang°-dzak-ts ih kuh nyung °lau iau° yi nyang° loo°,
°soo-°i te° yi wo° tuh-°dzoe, tuh °dzoe. Yi wo° ’veh iau°
khak-chi°.
(4) Noong° tsoo° °di-kuh sang-i, ih nyien iau° dzan° °kyi-hau°?
m-sa° dzan°-deu °tau zeh-°pung.
(5) Nyien tshoo ih, bang°-dzak-ts nyung tsau° kwe-°kyui iung-ke te°
yi wo° koong-°hyi, fah-dze.
(6) Nyung tsoo° auh kuh z°-°thi, °z la° en°-°li tsoo° kuh.
(7) We°-ts pho° bih nyung iau° dzo-dzak °lau, i-kuh nyung chi°
ben°-°loong.
(8) Ya°-°li tsoong-iau° °soo mung°, °khoong-pho° zuh tsing° le theu
meh-z°.
(9) Tsoong-kok mung° yoong° sak le sen kuh, nga°-kok mung° yoong°
yak-dz le °soo kuh.
(10) °Siau-noen la° beh-siang° kuh z-‘eu° tih la° pang °li,
kwha°-°tien chi° kyeu° yi.
(11) Yoong tiau we° kyau°, tsh tiau ’veh we° kyau°.
(12) Tsh s-°ts °pi-ts yoong s-°ts kung°-ka hyoong.
(13) Di°-kuh nyung °yeu san kuh nen-noen, °lau ih kuh °nyui-noen,
zeh-dze °yeu fok-chi°.
(14) Di°-kuh meh-z° °z °pau-pe° kuh, iau° khaung° °hau.
(15) °‘Au-°li-pa°, su-yoen° °li iau° °khau-su.
(16) Di°-kuh ih da° vaung-°ts kau-le-°si, °loong-°tsoong °z s° dzung
leu.
(17) Di°-diau loo° ’veh bing, van-nan °tseu kuh.
(18) Tshing °s °hau chuh kuh, wung °s ’veh °hau chuh.
(19) Zak-deu °z ngang° kuh, men-deu °z °nyoen kuh.
(20) Tau°-°ti meh °zen nyung ih ding° iau° tuh-dzak fok-chi°.

(一) 地上滑佬當心點走.
(二) 四季叫春夏秋冬
(三) 我碰着之一個人佬要伊讓路, 所以對伊話得罪得罪, 伊話勿要客氣.
(四) 儂做第個生意一年要賺幾化? 無啥賺頭倒折本.
(五) 年初一碰着之人照規矩應該對伊話恭喜發財.
(六) 人做惡個事體是拉暗裏做個.
(七) 爲之怕別人要查着佬, 伊個人去背攏.
(八) 夜裏終要鎖門, 恐怕賊進來偷物事.
(九) 中國門用栅來閂個, 外國門用鑰匙來鎖個.
(十) 小囝拉勃相個時候跌拉浜裏, 快點去救伊.
(十一) 雄窵會叫, 雌窵勿會叫.
(十二) 雌獅子比之雄獅子更加凶.
(十三) 第個人有三個男囝佬一個女囝, 實在有福氣.
(十四) 第個物事是寶貝個, 要囥好.
(十五) 下禮拜, 書院裏要考書.
(十六) 第個一埭房子高來死, 攏總是四層樓.
(十七) 第條路勿平, 煩難走個.
(十八) 淸水好吃個, 渾水勿好吃.
(十九) 石頭是硬個, 饅頭是軟個.
(二十) 到底末善人一定要得着福氣.

(Translate into Chinese)

(1) In the garden the gardeners have planted three rows of apple
trees.
(2) After the cock crows in the morning I am unable to sleep any
more.
(3) This man is very polite, and so every one likes him.
(4) In the winter we close all the doors and windows and light a
fire, in the summer we open all the doors and windows.
(5) The water in the creek is muddy and not fit to drink.
(6) Some men become rich in business, and some lose money.
(7) Lock the door and do not let the cat come in.
(8) The child fell off the chair and therefore cries.
(9) Yesterday I went to see a seven storied pagoda.
(10) This account is not right; it is not reckoned clearly.
(11) I cannot find out that this man has done anything wicked.
(12) When I met the robber I cried out to others to come and save my
life.
(13) This man is very fierce; he is always fighting.
(14) At the end of the year, all the scholars in the college must be
examined.
(15) I have lost my key and cannot open my box.
(16) I think you have not lost it, but you have hidden it away
somewhere, and have forgotten where you put it; let me go and
look for it.

(一) 拉花園裏種花園個種三埭蘋菓樹.
(二) 早晨頭雞啼個以後我勿能再睏.
(三) 第個人是蠻客氣所以攏總人歡喜伊.
(四) 冬天個時候我伲關攏總個門佬窗佬生火夏天個時候我伲開攏總個門佬窗.
(五) 浜裏水是渾佬勿好吃個.
(六) 有人做生意是發財有人末折本.
(七) 鎖門佬勿要讓貓進來.
(八) 小囝從椅子上跌下來所以拉哭.
(九) 昨日我去看七層樓個塔.
(十) 第個帳勿對個算來勿淸爽.
(十一) 我查勿出第個人做啥惡事.
(十二) 我碰着之強盜我喊人來救命.
(十三) 第個人凶來死所以常莊相打.
(十四) 拉年底書院裏攏總個學生子要考書.
(十五) 我失脫之我個鑰匙佬勿好開我個箱子.
(十六) 我想儂勿曾失脫恐怕儂已經囥好佬忘記擺拉啥地方, 讓我去尋尋看.

Notes.

(1) {Tuh-°dzoe}, {tuh-°dzoe} (得罪) is the usual expression for making
an apology in Chinese, It literally meant, “I have sinned
against you.”
(2) A two storied house is generally called {leu vaung} (樓房).
(3) In the fifth sentence of the First Exercise we have the formal
salutation used on New Year’s Day {Koong-°hyi, fah-dze} (恭喜發財)
meaning, “may you be happy and grow rich.”
(4) In the twelfth sentence of the Second Exercise the expression to
save life should be {Kyeu° ming°} (救命).
(5) In the tenth sentence of the Second Exercise “this account is
not reckoned right” should be translated {di°-kuh tsang° ’veh te°
kuh} (第個帳勿對個); {te°} means “not in agreement.”

LESSON XXV

Weights and Measures.

The following three Tables are very commonly used in China, and the speaker of the language should be familiar with them.

MEASURE OF WEIGHT

One ounce, \{ih °liang}/ 一兩.
One catty (16 ounces), \{ih kyung}/ 一斤.
One picul (100 catties), \{ih tan°}/ 一担.

MEASURE OF DISTANCE

1⁄10th of an inch, \{ih fung}/ 一分.
One inch, \{ih tshung°}/ 一寸.
One foot (ten inches in Chinese measure), \{ih tshak}/ 一尺.
Tea feet, \{ih °dzang}/ 一丈.

MEASURE OF AREA

One square foot, \{ih faung tshak}/ 一方尺.
One hundred square feet, \{ih faung}/ 一方.
A mow, \{ih °m}/ 一畝 (one sixth of an acre).

CURRENCY

Until recently, aside from copper cash, the Chinese had no regular system of currency. An ounce of silver was taken as a standard. The following Table is based upon that:—

An ounce of silver, \{ih °liang nyung-°ts}/ 一兩銀子.
1⁄10th of an ounce, \{ih dzien}/ 一錢.
1⁄10th of a dzien, \{ih fung}/ 一分.
1⁄10th of a fung, \{ih li}/ 一釐.
1⁄10th of a li, \{ih ‘au}/ 一毫.

VOCABULARY

To expound, explain, \°kaung/ 講.
To preach, \°kaung-su/ 講書.
To exhort, \choen°/ 勸, \choen°-mien/ 勸勉, or \choen°-‘oo/ 勸和.
To gather, as fruit or flowers, \°tshe/ 採.
To boil \zah/ 煠, (used in regard to water), or \°kwung/ 滾.
To weigh, \tshung/ 稱.
To measure, \liang/ 量, or \°ien/ 演.
To carry in arms like a child, \°bau/ 抱.
To carry a load (one man, with load suspended on two ends of a
bamboo), \thiau/ 挑.
To carry a load (load suspended on a bamboo pole between two men),
\kaung/ 扛.
To carry a load on the back, \pe°/ 背.
To carry a load on the shoulder, \jien/ 掮.
To carry a load in one hand, \ling/ 拎.
A tiger, \ih tsak °lau-°hoo/ 一隻老虎.
A dish, \ih tsak dzang bung-°ts/ 一隻長盆子.
A saucer, \ih tsak dzo bung-°ts/ 一隻茶盆子.
A wine glass, \ih tsak °tsieu pe/ 一隻酒杯.
A cooking stove, \ih tsak thih-tsau°/ (foreign), 一隻鐵灶,
tsau°-deu (Chinese), 灶頭.
Gold, \kyung-°ts/ 金子.
Silver, \nyung-°ts/ 銀子.
Iron, \thih/ 鐵.
Tin, \sih/ 錫.
Brass, \doong/ 銅.
Lead, \khan/ 鉛.
A railroad carriage, \ih boo °hoo-tsho/ 一部火車.
A steam boat, \ih tsak °hoo-lung-zen/ 一隻火輪船.
A pair of spectacles, \ih foo° °ngan-kyung°/ 一副眼鏡.
A set of tools or instruments, \ih foo° ka-sang/ 一副傢生.
A cannon, \ih tsung phau°/ 一尊炮.
Cotton, \hwo/ 花.
Cotton stalks, \hwo-ji/ 花萁.
Cotton (already ginned), \mien-hwo/ 棉花.
A plant of wheat, \ih khoo mak/ 一棵麥.
A plant of rice, \ih khoo dau°/ 一棵稻.
Vegetables, \tshe°/ 菜.
Dishes of vegetables and meat placed on the table for meals,
\°siau-tshe°/ 小菜.
A shoulder, \ih tsak kyien ka/ 一隻肩胛.
A bag, \ih tsak de/ 一隻袋.
Back, \pe°/ 背.
A field, \ih khwe° dien/ 一塊田.
Soil, mud, \lan°-nyi/ 爛泥.
Poor man, \joong-nyung/ 窮人.
Rich man, \dze-°tsu-nyung/ 財主人.

\{°Kwhung}/ (梱) is the classifier denoting bundles of things.

A bundle of fuel, \ih °kwhung za/ 一梱柴, \ih °kwung dau-za/ 一梱稻柴.
Still, yet, \dzung-jeu°/ 仍舊.
Among, \taung-tsoong/ 當中.
All (collective), \zen/ 全.

EXERCISES

(Translate into English)

(1) Noong° choen°-choen° yi ’veh iau° °doong-chi°.
(2) Khoen°-kyien° °liang kuh nyung siang-°tang meh iung-ke
choen°-‘oo yi-la.
(3) Di°-tsak siang-°ts °ngoo °i-kyung liang-koo°-hyih-tse °z san
tshak dzang °lau nyi° tshak s° tshung kwheh.
(4) La° hwo-yoen °li °tshe hwo °z ’man °hau beh-siang°.
(5) Di°-kuh °liang tsak siang-°ts ih kuh nyung thiau-’veh-°chi °z
iung-ke kaung kuh.
(6) Kyung, nyung, doong, thih, sih, Tsoong-kok nyung kyau° °ng
kyung.
(7) Tsoong°-dien-nyung la° toong °li tsoong° mak, la° tshung laung°
tsoong° hwo.
(8) La° °ng kyung taung-tsoong thih °z °ting °yeu yoong°-deu, doo°
°lau °siau kuh meh-z° zen °khau-°i tsoo° kuh.
(9) °Ngoo-kuh bang-yeu °z °jung-z°-°ngan °soo-°i iau° ta°
°ngan-kyung°.
(10) °S faung° la° thih-tsau° laung°, °kwung-ih-°kwung.
(11) Dze-°tsu-nyung tsak dzeu°-doen° °lau joong-nyung tsak poo°.
(12) Di°-kuh nyung °kaung-su °kaung le ’man °hau thing.
(13) Dih la kuh °mi tshung-tshung khoen° kyung-°liang te° va°.
(14) Di° kwhe° di°-be °yeu °kyi °m? iak-tsak °yeu lok °m.
(15) La° °ya-seu° taung-tsoong Tsoong-kok nyung °ting pho° kuh °z
°lau-°hoo.
(16) We°-ts °siau-noen la° khok °lau, °nyui-nyung °bau la° seu °li.
(17) Nyok °lau tshe° ih-dau° kyau° °siau-tshe°.
(18) Lok-tsen °z lan°-nyi tsoo° la° kuh, °zau vaung-°ts °ting °yeu
yoong°-deu.
(19) Di°-kuh yang-dien ’veh °hau, ’veh °z nyung-ts, °z khan kuh.
(20) °Ngoo wan iau° °ma dzang-bung-°ts, dzo-bung-°ts, °lau
°tsieu-pe.
(21) Tung-loong °khau-°i ling la° °seu °li, ih kung mok-deu °khau-°i
jien la° kyien-ka laung°, de meh pe° la pe° laung°.
(22) °Ng-seh nyien zien-deu, Tsoong-kok m-meh °hoo-tsho °lau
°hoo-lung-zen, yien°-°dze zen °yeu-kuh.
(23) Tsau-zung-deu °ngoo thing-tuh ping-ting faung° phau°.
(24) Yien°-°dze m-meh za, ’veh °hau sang °hoo, iau° noong° chi° °ma
°liang san °kwhung.
(25) Nyeu °lau °mo la° dien °li chuh °tshau.

(一) 儂勸勸伊勿要動氣.
(二) 看見兩個人相打末應該勸和伊拉.
(三) 第隻箱子我已經量過歇哉, 是三尺長佬二尺四寸闊.
(四) 拉花園裏採花是蠻好勃相.
(五) 第個兩隻箱子一個人挑勿起是應該扛個.
(六) 金銀銅鐵錫中國人叫五金.
(七) 種田人拉冬裏種麥拉春上種花.
(八) 拉五金當中鐵是頂有用頭, 大佬小個物事全可以做個.
(九) 我個朋友是近視眼所以要戴眼鏡.
(十) 水放拉鐵灶上滾一滾.
(十一) 財主人着綢緞佬窮人着布.
(十二) 第個人講書講來蠻好聽.
(十三) 糴拉個米稱稱看觔兩對否?
(十四) 第塊地皮有幾畝? 約酌有六畝.
(十五) 拉野獸當中, 中國人頂怕個是老虎.
(十六) 爲之小囝拉哭佬, 女人抱拉手裏.
(十七) 肉佬菜一淘叫小菜.
(十八) 碌磚是爛泥做拉個, 造房子頂有用頭.
(十九) 第個洋錢勿好, 勿是銀子是鉛個.
(二十) 我還要買長盆子茶盆子佬酒杯.
(廿一) 燈籠可以拎拉手裏, 一根木頭可以掮拉肩𩨹上, 袋末背拉背上.
(廿二) 五十年前頭中國無沒火車佬火輪船, 現在全有個.
(廿三) 早晨頭我聽得兵丁放炮.
(廿四) 現在無沒柴勿好生火, 要儂去買兩三捆.
(廿五) 牛佬馬拉田裏吃草.

(Translate into Chinese)

(1) The Chinese make most of their clothing out of cotton.
(2) Among the pupils this one is the brightest.
(3) I will tell you a wonderful thing: two men were fighting, and a
woman came and exhorted them to peace.
(4) Among the metals, gold is the most precious.
(5) The dollars used in China are made of silver.
(6) How many men will it take to carry the stove?
(7) I think four men can carry it.
(8) How much ought I to give the ricksha coolie?
(9) I think thirty cents is sufficient.
(10) There are still many men in Shanghai who have never been in a
railway carriage.
(11) Most of the Chinese scholars wear spectacles.
(12) I have been gathering apples and peaches in the garden.
(13) The carpenter has not brought his tools, and so can do no work.
(14) A Chinese foot has ten inches, a foreign foot has twelve.
(15) In China, wood and rice and cotton stalks are used as fuel.

(一) 中國人做衣裳用棉花布個是頂多.
(二) 拉學生子當中第個是頂聰明個.
(三) 我要告訴儂一樁希奇個事體, 兩個人拉相打, 一個女人來勸和.
(四) 拉五金當中金子是頂寶貝個.
(五) 中國個洋錢是銀子做拉個.
(六) 第隻火爐幾個人好扛.
(七) 我想四個人好扛個.
(八) 拖東洋車個人我應該撥伊幾錢?
(九) 我想三角有哉.
(十) 拉上海還有多化人勿曾坐過歇火車個.
(十一) 中國讀書人大一半末是戴眼鏡.
(十二) 我拉花園裏拉採蘋果佬桃子.
(十三) 木匠勿曾帶傢生來听以勿好做生活.
(十四) 中國尺是十寸外國尺有十二寸.
(十五) 中國人用木頭佬稻佬花萁倣柴.

Notes.

(1) In the fifth sentence of the First Exercise {Thiau ’veh-°chi}
（挑勿起） means “unable to carry.”
(2) In the sixth sentence of the First Exercise {°Ng-kyung} （五金） is
generally pronounced as {°oo kyung}, as it is a {vung-li}
expression.
(3) In the ninth sentence of the First Exercise {°Jung-z°-°ngan}
（近視眼） means “near-sighted.”
(4) In the thirteenth sentence of the First Exercise notice that “to
buy rice” is {dih °mi} not {°ma °mi}.
(5) In the ninth sentence of the Second Exercise “sufficient” may be
translated {°yeu-tse} （有哉）.

LESSON XXVI

Family Relations

The relations in Chinese are exceedingly complex. Here only the simplest will be given. To be able to understand the complicated ramifications will take a long time, and can only be learnt by long experience.

It must be noted that different words are used when one speaks of his own relations from what are used when another person is referring to them. In the latter case more polite language is employed.

Thus the following words for “father” are used: If you yourself are speaking of your father, you might call him \{Ya}/ (爺), or \{°Lau-nyang-ka}/ (老娘家), or \Kya-°voo/ (家父), or \{°Voo-tshing}/ (父親), or \{Kya-nyien}/ (家嚴). Other people would refer to your father if they were polite as \{Tsung-da°-zung}/ (尊大人) Lit. “The honorable great man.” \{Kya}/ (家) or \{Ling°-tsung}/ (令尊). Children often call their father \{Tia-tia}/ (爹爹), or \{Ya-ya}/ (爺爺), or \{Pak-pak}/ (伯伯).

So in regard to mother. If you speak of her you say \{Nyang}/ (娘), or \{Kya-°moo}/ (家母), or \{°Moo-tshing}/ (母親), or \{Kya-dz}/ (家慈). If you speak of the mother of another person you may say \{Ling°-daung}/ (令堂).

Brother is different as to whether you refer to an older or a younger one. An older brother is \{Ak-koo}/ (阿哥). A younger brother is \{Hyoong-°di}/ (兄弟). Brothers (plural) is \{Di°-hyoong}/ or \{hyoong-°di}/ (弟兄). A familiar term for a younger brother is \{°Di-°di}/ (弟弟). An older sister is \{Ah-°tsi}/ (阿姊). A younger sister is \{Me°-me°}/ (妹妹). \{°Tsi-me°}/ (姊妹) means sister or sisters.

In referring to a son a father would call him \{Nyi-°ts}/ (兒子) or \{°Siau-noen}/ (小囝); others would refer to your son by saying \{Ling°-laung}/ (令郞) or (公郞) \{Koong-laung}/. In speaking of one’s own daughter you would say \{°Siau-°nyui}/ (小女); others would refer to her as \{Tshien-kyung}/ (千金) Lit. “A thousand catties of gold,” or \{Ling°- e°}/ (令嬡).

VOCABULARY

To love, \e°/ 愛.
To love reciprocally, \siang-e°/ 相愛.
To injure, \‘e°/ 害.
To be injured, \°zeu-‘e°/ 受害.
To begin, \°chi/ 起.
A beginning, \°chi-deu/ 起頭, or \khe-dzang/ 開塲.
To repair, \sieu/ 修, or \seu-tsauh/ 收作.
Repairs, \sieu-°li/ 修理.
To take hold of, to grasp, \nyah/ 揑.
To receive or accept, \°zeu/ 受.
To suffer, \°zeu-°khoo/ 受苦, or \°zeu-nan°/ 受難.
To hand, to deliver in person, \dzeu°/ 授.
To save, be economical, \°sang/ 省, or \tsoo° nyung-ka/ 做人家.
To save time, \°sang koong-foo/ 省功夫.
To waste, to be extravagant, \saung/ 傷.
To seal officially, or to seal an envelope; to deify; to exalt to a
high station, \foong/ 封.
To rely upon, to entrust, \khau°/ 靠, \khau°-thauh/ 靠托, or
\thauh/ 托.
A battery or a fort, \ih kuh phau°-de/ 一個礮台.
A deer, \ih tsak lok/ 一隻鹿.
To hunt, \°tang-lih/ 打獵.
A hare, \ih tsak thoo°-°ts/ 一隻兔子.
A fox, \ih tsak ‘oo-li/ 一隻狐狸.
A wolf, \ih tsak za-laung/ 一隻豺狼.
A squirrel, \ih tsak soong-°su/ 一隻松鼠.
A weasel, \ih tsak waung-laung/ 一隻黄狼.
A pheasant, \ih tsak °ya-kyi/ 一隻野鷄.
A goose, \ih tsak ngoo/ 一隻鵝.
A set of dice, \ih foo° deu°-°ts/ 一副骰子.
To gamble with cash, \°too doong-dien/ 賭銅錢.
To gamble with dice, \zak deu°-°ts/ 擲骰子.
A set of dominoes, \ih foo° ba/ 一副牌.
To gamble with dominoes, \teu° ba/ 鬭牌.
Again, \tse°/ 再.
Medicine, \yak/ 藥.
Tobacco, \ien/ 烟.
A gun, \ih °kwen yang-tshiang/ 一桿洋槍.
Powder, \°hoo-yak/ 火藥. Lit Fiery medicine.
Tide flowing out, \lauh-°s/ 落水.
Tide coming in, \tsang°-°s/ 漲水.
Firmly, \lau/ 牢.
As, \ziang/ 像.
All (collective), \thok/ 秃.

EXERCISES

(Translate into English)

(1) Zauh-nyih °ngoo tan-°ts yang-tshiang tau° san laung° chi°
°tang-lih, °tang-dzak-ts san tsak lok lau s° tsak thoo°-°ts
°lau ih tsak soong-°su.
(2) °Ngoo °bang-dzak-°ts ih kuh nyung la° °tang °tiau, yi °i-kyung
°tang-dzak-°ts s° tsak °ya-kyi °lau ih tsak °ya-ngoo.
(3) Teu° ba °lau zak deu-°ts thok °z ’veh °hau.
(4) Di°-kuh phau°-de °yeu °ng tsung phau° °lau too-°hau °hoo-yak.
(5) Zauh-ya°-deu °yeu waung-laung theu kyi, ’veh hyau°-tuh °z
waung-laung nyi wan-°z ‘oo-li, kyung-ya°-deu °ting °hau °tung yi
le °lau yoong° yang-tshiang °tang-sah yi.
(6) °Ngoo la° yi han-deu °zeu-°ts too-hau° meh-z°, iau° soong°-°tien
sa° la° yi.
(7) Di°-foong sing° iau° foong-°hau dzeu° peh la° i-sung.
(8) Seu-tsauh vaung-°ts zieu° iau° °chi-deu, iung-we° °yeu too-hau°
di°-faung iau° sieu-°li, zak-zen °tse an° meh °khoong-pho°
le-’veh ji°.
(9) Too chuh °tsieu °lau too chuh ien° °z saung sung-°thi.
(10) Di°-kuh bing° °dzoong-tuh-juh, chuh yak °‘a m-yoong°-deu.
(11) Tsoo° nyung-ka meh, °khau-°i nyih-nyih °sang doong-dien.
(12) Di°-kuh si-°tse hwen-°hyi °too doong-dien °lau chuh °tsieu,
zeh-dze khau°-’veh-dzu° kuh.
(13) °Ngoo thauh noong° tsoo° ih tsaung z°-thi, noong° we°-sa° ’veh
zung tsoo°?
(14) Zeh-°ke tsoo°-deu saung koong-foo, iau° tsau° °ngoo wo° meh
°hau.
(15) Di°-hyoong iung-ke da-ka siang-e°, ’veh iau° siang-mo° °lau
siang-°tang.
(16) Tsung-da°-zung °hau-la°-va? Zia°-zia°, °lau-nyang-ka °hau-la°.
(17) Ya-nyang °i-kyung tsheh mung, pih-koo° ak-koo la° ok-°li.
(18)°Ngoo °yeu ih kuh ah-°tsi °lau °liang-kuk me°-me°.
(19) °Kyi-z iau° khe zen? Lauh-°s zieu° khe.
(20) Za-laung °z ’man hyoong-kuh °ya-seu°, hwen-°hyi chuh yang.
(21) Di°-kuh ih pe yak iau° peh la° bing° nyung chuh.
(22) Noong° °yeu °kyi-we° °ling-laung? °Yeu °liang-kuh °siau-noen.

(一) 昨日我担之洋槍到山上去打獵, 打着之三隻鹿佬四隻兔子佬一雙松鼠.
(二) 我掽着之一個人拉打窵, 伊已經打着之四隻野雞佬一隻野鵝.
(三) 鬥牌佬擲骰子禿是勿好.
(四) 第個砲台有五尊炮佬多化火藥.
(五) 昨夜頭有黃狼偷雞, 勿曉得是黃狼呢還是狐狸, 今夜頭頂好等伊來佬用洋槍打殺伊.
(六) 我拉伊壗頭受之多化物事, 要送點啥拉伊.
(七) 第封信要封好授撥拉醫生.
(八) 收作房子就要起頭, 因爲有多化地方要修理, 若然再晚末恐怕來勿及.
(九) 多吃酒佬多吃烟是傷身體.
(十) 第個病重得極吃藥也無用頭.
(十一) 做人家末可以日日省銅錢.
(十二) 第個西崽歡喜賭銅錢佬吃酒實在靠勿住個.
(十三) 我托儂做一樁事體爲啥勿曾做.
(十四) 實蓋做頭傷工夫要照我話末好.
(十五) 弟兄應該大家相愛勿要相駡佬相打.
(十六) 尊大人好拉否? 謝謝, 老娘家好拉.
(十七) 爺娘已經出門必過阿哥拉屋裏.
(十八) 我有一個阿姊佬兩個妹妹.
(十九) 幾時要開船? 落水就開.
(二十) 豺狼是蠻凶個野獸歡喜吃羊.
(廿一) 第個一杯藥要撥拉病人吃.
(廿二) 儂有幾位令郞? 有兩個小囝.

(Translate into Chinese)

(1) You should do to others as you would they should do to you.
(2) If we do not call the carpenter and mason to repair this house,
we shall not be able to live in it.
(3) When I began I considered the study of Chinese very difficult;
now I consider it easier.
(4) The younger brother should listen to the older brother’s words.
(5) You should love others as yourself.
(6) On the other side of the river there are many forts.
(7) This man wastes his money in drinking wine.
(8) Where did you get the money to buy these clothes? I saved it
from my wages.
(9) The deer can run faster than the dog, but gets tired sooner.
(10) The father is head of the house.
(11) Hand this bowl of tea to the guest.
(12) I trust to you to help me do the work.
(13) The fox comes at night to steal chickens.
(14) Pheasants are fine birds to look at and are very good to eat.
(15), Geese and ducks like to remain in the water.
(16) The older sister takes care of her little sister.
(17) Take hold of it firmly in your hand and do not let it fall on
the ground.
(18) According to what Chinese say, to become a good man you must
repair your heart.

(一) 儂要人那能待儂儂也應該那能待別人
(二) 若然伲勿叫木匠佬泥水匠來修房子, 我伲勿好住拉化
(三) 我起頭讀個晨光我算中國書是煩難讀個, 現在算是容易點
(四) 弟兄應該聽阿哥個說話
(五) 儂應該愛別人像愛自家
(六) 垃拉河過邊有多化砲台
(七) 第個人吃酒佬傷脫伊個銅錢
(八) 買第個衣裳儂那裏頭來個銅錢? 我工錢上省下來個
(九) 鹿比之狗可以跑來快點, 但是鹿先要弛瘏
(十) 爺末是一家個主
(十一) 笫個一碗茶授撥拉客人
(十二) 我托儂相幫我做第樁事體
(十三) 狐狸是夜頭來偷雞
(十四) 野雞是蠻好看個窵也是蠻好吃個
(十五) 鵝佬鴨歡喜垃拉水裏向
(十六) 阿姊是當心伊個小妹
(十七) 揑牢拉手裏勿要放伊落拉地上
(十八) 照中國人話成功好個人終要修儂個心

Notes.

(1) In the sixth sentence of the First Exercise notice the
expression {Soong°-°tien-sa°} 送點啥, meaning “to make a small
present.”
(2) In the eighth sentence of the First Exercise notice the
expression {°Tse an°} (再晚). Lit. “again late;” the idea is “if
we wait any longer.”
(3) In the fourteenth sentence of the First Exercise notice the
expression {Tsau° °ngoo wo° meh °hau} (照我話末好), Lit. “Follow my
saying then good.”
(4) In the first sentence of the Second exercise the sentence would
be turned round in Chinese, and we would say, {Noong° iau° nyung
na°-nung °de noong°, noong° °a iung-ke na°-nung °de bih nyung}
(儂要人那能待儂, 儂也應該那能待別人).

LESSON XXVII

Compound Verbs

By compound verbs we mean those made up of more than one verb. As we have already seen, Chinese words having a distinct meaning when used by themselves also form part of larger compound words. This is true especially of verbs. A good example is the verb \{°Tang}/ (打) to strike. It enters into combination with many other words to form compound verbs.

Thus:

To fight a battle, \{°tang-tsang°}/ 打仗.
To attack an enemy, \{koong-°tang}/ 攻打.
To gain a victory, \{°tang-yung}/ 打臝, or \{°tang-sung°-tsang°}/ 打勝仗.
To suffer a defeat, \{°tang-su}/ 打輸, \{tang°-ba°}/ 打敗, or
\{°tang-ba°-tsang°}/ 打敗仗.
To wound, \{°tang-saung}/ 打傷.
To make inquiries, \{°tang-thing}/ 打聽.
To fool with one another, \{°tang-bang°}/ 打棚.
To injure by striking, \{°tang-wa°}/ 打壞.
To consider, \{°tang-soen°}/ 打算.
To dress in a showy manner, \{°tang-pan°}/ 打扮.

VOCABULARY

To collect, to receive payment, \seu/ 收.
To collect accounts, \seu-tsang°/ 收帳.
To receive payment for a lease, \seu-tsoo/ 收租.
To be imprisoned, \seu-kan/ 收監.
To build a wall, \tshi°/ (砌), or \tshi° ziang/ 砌牆.
To build a partition, \tshi° pih/ 砌壁.
To mend a path, \tshi° ka/ 砌街.
To be wounded, \°zeu-saung/ 受傷.
To prosecute at law, \°tang-kwen-s/ 打官司.
To cut with a sharp knife, \koeh/ 割.
To cut in two, \koeh-°doen/ 割斷.
To cut with sword, or heavy knife or axe, \tsan/ 斬.
To split, \phih/ 劈.
To saw, \zih/ 截 or \ka°/ 解.
To boil, \zah/ 煠.
To grill, to broil, \tsien/ 煎.
To smoke (meat), \hyuin/ 燻.
To bake, \hoong/ 烘.
To sew, to stitch, \ling/ 紉.
To take a stitch, \ling-ih tsung/ 紉一針, (\tsung/ means needle).
To iron, to burn, to scald, \thaung°/ 燙.
To brush, \seh/ 刷.
To rise (as the tide), \tsang°/ 漲.
To fall, \lauh/ 落.
Duty, \ming-vung°/ 名分.
Rumours, \yau-yien/ 謠言.
Receipt, \seu-phiau°/ 收票, or \seu-diau/ 收條.
A bell, \tsoong/ 鐘.
Piles (such as are driven into the ground), \tsaung/ 樁.
Tide, \dzau/ 潮, or \dzau-°s/ 潮水.
A cake, \ih kuh kyi dan°-kau/ 一個個雞蛋糕.
Japanese. \Toong-yang-nyung/ 東洋人, or \Zeh-°pung-nyung/ 日本人.
Pain, \thoong°/ 痛.
Wheat, \mak/ 麥.
Dirty, \auh-tshauh/ 齷齪.
Miserable, \khoo-°nau/ 苦腦.
Russians, \Ngoo-kok nyung/ 俄國人.
A biscuit, \ih kuh thah-°ping/ 一個𩝣餅.
A grate, \ih kuh °hoo-khaung/ 一個火匟.
A sparrow, \ih tsak mo-tshiak/ 一隻麻雀, or \mo-tsiang/ 䳸[C2].
A swallow, \ih tsak ien°-°ts/ 一隻燕子.
A pigeon, \ih tsak keh-°ts/ 一隻鴿子.
An ax, \ih °po °foo-deu/ 一把斧頭.
A saw, \ih °po ke°-°ts/ 一把鋸子.
A file, \ih °po tshoo°-tau/ 一把銼刀.
A plane, \ih tsak bau°/ 一隻刨.
A quilt or blanket, \ih diau °bi-deu/ 一條被頭.
A sheet, \ih diau tan-°bi/ 一條單被.
Unripe or raw, \sang/ 生.
Ripe, \zok/ 熟. Also used in the sense of being thoroughly cooked.
Shameful, \than-tshoong°/ 坍銃.
Face (cheek), \°nyi-kwaung/ 耳光.
Spread out, \than/ 攤, \than-khe/ 攤開.

EXERCISES

(Translate into English)

(1) Kyau° tsoong°-hwo-yoen-kuh la° hwo-yoen °li tsan-theh i-kuh
°liang khoo zu°.
(2) Di°-diau ka ih ngan ’veh bing, iau° tse° tshi°.
(3) Sing-vung-°ts laung° °ngoo khoen° °tang-tsang° kuh zung-kwaung,
Toong-yang-nyung dzang-tsaung °tang sung°-tsang°, °lau
Ngoo-kok-nyung dzang-tsaung °tang-ba°.
(4) Di°-°po tau kwha°-°le-°si, °khoong-pho° °siau-noen iau° koeh
thoong° °seu.
(5) °Nyui-nyung kuh ming-vung° la° ok-°li sau van°, tsoo° i-zaung,
taung-sing °siau-noen; nen-nyung kuh ming-vung° la° nga°-deu
tsoo° sang-i°.
(6) I-zaung koen-°ts meh nan-meh iau° thaung°-ih-thaung°.
(7) La° ka laung° yi-la tsauh-°ts ih kuh zuk, yien°-°dze soong°
tau° kwen han-deu seu-kan.
(8) Di°-saung ‘a-°ts noong° seh le ’veh °hau, ih ngan ’veh liang°.
(9) Khau-°ts tsoong °loong-°tsoong kuh ‘auh-sang-°ts zieu° iau°
tsing° chi° dok su, ‘auh-daung-°li iau° °zoo-ding°, °tung
sien-sang le, ’veh iau° da-ka °tang-bang°.
(10) Iau° tshi° ziang meh sien iau° °tang tsaung.
(11) Dzau tsang° meh zieu° iau° khe zen ‘ang tau° bing °s °lau ding.
(12) Di°-kuh mok-za iau° yoong° °foo-deu le phih-khe-le.
(13) Noong° foo°-°ts yang-dien meh, °ngoo peh seu-diau noong°.
(14) Di°-kuh dan° zah le thuh sang, iau° zok-°tien.
(15) Kyung-tsau °yeu khak-nyung le, iau° noong° tsoo° kyi-dan°-kau
°lau thah-°ping.
(16) Peh bih nyung °tang °nyi-kwaung meh soen° °ting than-tshoong°
kuh z°-°thi.
(17) Dien-°li kuh mak seu °hau meh? Wan ’veh zung we°-ts
dzang-tsaung lauh °yui °lau.
(18) Iau° noong° chi° °tang-thing °tang-thing sa° nyung °zau di°-kuh
yau-yien.
(19) Di°-kuh men-deu tan tau° °hoo-khaung° pien-deu chi°
hoong-hoong.
(20) Kyau° mok-ziang° le yoong° ke°-°ts °ka-khe di°-kuh mok-deu.
(21) Tau° mok-ziang° han-deu chi° tsia° ih °po tshoo°-tau °lau ih
tsak bau°.
(22) Mo-tshiak °lau ien°-°ts °z °siau kuh °tiau, ’veh °hau chuh,
keh-°ts meh °hau chuh kuh.
(23) Tan-°bi °lau °bi-deu than °hau la° zaung laung°.
(24) Ng hyuin °hau meh tan le peh °ngoo chuh chuh khoen.
(25) I-kuh nyung koong-°tang le, °ngoo dih-’veh-dzu° yi, peh yi
°tang-saung.
(26). Tsheh-chi° pa° khak kuh z-‘eu° sien iau° °tang-pan°.

(一) 叫種花園個人拉花園裏斬脫伊個兩棵樹.
(二) 第條街一顔勿平要再砌.
(三) 新聞紙上我看打仗個辰光東洋人常莊打勝仗佬俄國人常莊打敗.
(四) 第把刀快來死恐怕小囝要割痛手.
(五) 女人個名分拉屋裏燒飯做衣裳當心小囝, 男人個名分拉外頭做生意.
(六) 衣裳乾之末難末要燙一燙.
(七) 拉街上伊拉捉之一個賊, 現在送到官壗頭收監.
(八) 第雙鞋子儂刷來勿好一顔勿亮.
(九) 敲之鐘攏總學生子就要進去讀書學堂裏要坐定等先生來勿要大家打棚.
(十) 要砌牆末先要打樁.
(十一) 潮漲末就要開船行到平水佬停.
(十二) 第個木柴要用斧頭來劈開來.
(十三) 儂付之洋錢末我撥收條儂.
(十四) 第個蛋煠來忒生要熟點.
(十五) 今朝有客人來要儂做鷄蛋糕佬𩝣餅.
(十六) 撥別人打耳光末算頂坍銃個事體.
(十七) 田裏個麥收好末? 還勿曾爲之常莊落雨佬.
(十八) 要儂去打聽打聽啥人造第個謠言.
(十九) 第個饅頭担到火匟邊頭去烘烘.
(二十) 叫木匠來用鋸子解開第個木頭.
(廿一) 到木匠壗頭去借一把銼刀佬一隻刨.
(廿二) 麻雀佬燕子是小個窵勿好吃, 鴿子末好吃個.
(廿三) 單被佬被頭攤好拉床上.
(廿四) 魚燻好末担來撥我吃吃看.
(廿五) 伊個人攻打來, 我敵勿住伊, 撥伊打傷.
(廿六) 出去拜客個時候先要打扮.

(Translate into Chinese)

(1) In cold countries the swallows fly away in the winter and return
in the spring.
(2) To have a lawsuit is a miserable affair, for you must use as
much money.
(3) My clothes were very dirty, so I told my servant to brush them
well.
(4) In the summer when it is warm you do not need a quilt, but in
the winter you do.
(5) The mandarin gave orders to cut off the robber’s head.
(6) Some wicked people do not fear shame.
(7) Has the school bell rung? If so I am late.
(8) What is the matter with your foot? It was scalded by hot water.
(9) When the tide rises the boat can travel very fast.
(10) In front of my house I want to erect a fence.
(11) Put some coal in the grate; probably to-night I will want to
light a fire.
(12) When you have split the fuel, tie it up in a bundle.
(13) At the beginning the boys were only fooling, but afterwards
they began to fight, and one of them was hurt.
(14) A hammer, a saw, a plane, and a file are useful implements.
(15) These pears and apples are unripe; if you eat them you will
become ill.
(16) At the end of the month the man goes out to collect his
accounts.
(17) Every one should do his duty.

(一) 拉冷個地方到之冬天燕子飛出去到之春上末轉來.
(二) 打官司是苦腦個事體因爲儂總要用多化銅錢.
(三) 我個衣裳齷齪來死所以我叫我個用人刷刷好.
(四) 夏天熱個辰光儂勿要用被頭到之冬天末要個.
(五) 官府分付殺脫第個強盗個頭.
(六) 有個惡人勿怕坍銃.
(七) 鐘敲好末? 若然已經敲好之末我晚哉.
(八) 儂個脚那能, 是撥滾水燙之佬.
(九) 潮漲末船可以行來快來死.
(十) 拉我個房子個門前我要打笆.
(十一) 火匟裏要擺煤, 今夜頭恐怕我要生火.
(十二) 柴劈好之末要紮之一梱一梱.
(十三) 起頭個辰光小囝必過拉打棚但是後來末就相打一個末受傷.
(十四) 一個榔頭一把鋸子一隻刨一把銼刀是有用頭個傢生.
(十五) 第個生梨佬蘋果是生個, 吃之要生病.
(十六) 拉月底一個人要去收帳
(十七) 各人應該盡伊個名分

Notes.

(1) In the ninth sentence of the First Exercise, notice the
expression {°zoo-ding°} (坐定), “to sit quiet.”
(2) In the eleventh sentence of the First Exercise {Khe zen} (開船)
means “to start the boat.” Literally it is “to open the boat.”
In the same sentence {bing °s} (平水) means “slack water.”
(3). In the eighteenth sentence of the First Exercise {zau-yau-yien}
(造謠言) means “to start a rumor.”
(4) In the twenty-fifth sentence of the First Exercise
{dih-’veh-dzu°} (敵勿住) means “unable to oppose.”
(5) In the fifth sentence of the Second Exercise, “to cut off the
robber’s head,” is {sah-theh °di-kuh °jang-dau° kuh deu}
(殺脫第個強盗個頭).
(6) In the ninth sentence of the Second Exercise “to travel” is
{‘ang} (行).
(7) In the tenth sentence of the Second Exercise “to erect a fence,”
is {°tang-po} (打笆).

LESSON XXVIII

Abstract Nouns formed from two Adjectives of opposite meaning

Very often two adjectives of opposite meaning are joined together to form an abstract noun of quality. Naturally the Chinese language is defective in abstract nouns, and their lack is partially supplied is this way. Thus \{Too-°sau}/ (多少), “Much-little,” means “quantity.”

\{Dzang-°toen}/ (長短), “Long-short,” means “length.” \{°Yoen-°jung}/ (遠近), “Far-near,” means “distance.” \{Kau-ti°}/ (高低), “High-low,” means “height.” \{°‘Eu-bok}/ (厚薄), “Thick-thin,” means “thickness.” \{Kwheh-‘ah}/ (關狹), “Broad-narrow,” means “breadth.” \{°Lang-nyih}/ (冷熱), “Cold-hot,” means “temperature.” \{Sung-°tshien}/ (深淺), “Deep-shallow,” means “depth.” \{Chung-°dzoong}/ (輕重), “Light-heavy,” means “weight.” \{Tshoo-si°}/ (粗細), “Coarse-fine,” means “texture” (of cloth).

Verbs are also used in much the same way. Thus we have \{Le-°waung}/ (來往). “Come-go,” meaning “intercourse,” or \{Le-chi°}/ (來去), “Come-go,” meaning, “going back and forth.” It generally occurs as \{Le-le-chi°-chi°}/. \{°Ma-ma°}/ (買賣), “Buy-sell,” means “business.”

VOCABULARY

To kneel, \°jui/ 跽.
To forgive, \nyau-°so/ 饒赦, \kwhen-°an/ 寬限, \nyoen-liang°/ 原諒,
or \kwhen-yoong/ 寬容.
To comfort, \oen-we°/ 安慰.
To sharpen, \moo/ 磨.
To drive away, \°koen/ 趕, \°koen-theh/ 趕脫.
To criticize, phi-bing 批評, or phi-thah 批搨.
To roll, \°kwung/ 滾, or \°kwung ‘au° chi°/ 滾下去.
To plaster, \°fung/ 粉. To plaster a partition, \°fung pih/ 粉壁.
To string, (as cash), \tshen/ 串.
To thread a needle, \tshen °yung-sien°/ 穿引線.
To slander, \wo°-°liau/ 話料, \hwe°-°paung/ 毀謗, or \wo°-wa°/ 話壞.
To accompany, or stay with a person, \be/ 陪.
To nurse, \su-°tsang/ 輸帳.
To crawl, \ban/ 𨂝.
To climb, \bo/ 爬.
To jump, to leap, \thiau°/ 跳.
To reject, \the/ 推, or \the-theh/ 推脫.
To feel, to touch, \mok/ 摸.
To hoist (as a sail or flag), \tsha/ 扯.
To run, as water, \lieu/ 流.
To turn over, \fan/ 翻, or \fan-°tsen-le/ 翻轉來.
To upset (as water), \°tang-fan/ 打翻.
To turn round, \zien/ 旋, or \zien-°tsen-le/ 旋轉來.
To manage, \kyung-°seu/ 經手.
To pray, \jeu/ 求.
To offer prayer, \°tau-kau°/ 禱告告.
To repent, \hwe°-°ke/ 悔改.
To regret, \au-lau°/ 懊憦.
A crow, \ih tsak °lau-au/ 一隻老鴉.
A hawk, \ih tsak iung/ 一隻鷹, or \°lau-iung/ 老鹰.
A butterfly, \ih tsak ‘oo-dih/ 一隻蝴蝶.
A pair of scissors, \ih °po °tsien-tau/ 一把剪刀.
So that, \i-ts/ 以致.
A screen, \ih sen° bing-foong/ 一扇屏風.
A sail, \ih sen° boong/ 一扇篷.
Scales, \thien-bing/ 天秤.
A gong, \ih mien° kyung-loo/ 一面金鑼.
Flour, \koen-mien°/ 乾麵.
Butter, \°na-yeu/ 乳油.
Milk, \nyeu-°na/ 牛乳.
Sugar, \daung/ 糖.

EXERCISES

(Translate into English)

(1) Di°-sen° bing-foong °kyi-hau° kwheh-‘ah?
(2) Di°-tsak siang-°ts iau° liang-liang-khoen° dzang-°toen, kau-ti
°lau kwheh-‘ah.
(3) Iau° noong° chi° °ma ih tsang °ts-deu theh di° tsang ih yang°
°‘eu-bok.
(4) Thien-bing °z iau°-°kyung kuh ka-sang, °khau-i tshung meh-z° kuh
chung-°dzoong.
(5) °Ngoo °jui la° yi mien°-zien jeu yi nyau-°so.
(6) °Siau-noen sang bing° meh, nyang ’veh li-khe yi, °zoo la° zaung
pien-deu su-°tsang yi.
(7) ’Veh phi-bing bih nyung, keh-meh ’veh °zeu bih nyung kuh
phi-bing.
(8) We°-ts °khoong-pho° loo° ’veh zok, °soo-i °tshing bih nyung be
°ngoo chi°.
(9) Di°-°po °tsien-tau ih ngan ’veh kwha°, iau° chi° moo-moo.
(10) Kyau° sau-van°-kuh nau °tien koen-mien°, dan°, nyeu-°na,
°lau daung, tsoo° kyi-dan°-kau.
(11) Thah °tien °na-yeu la° men-deu laung°, keh-meh °hau
chuh °tien.
(12) ‘Auh-sang-°ts la° khok we°-°ts bih nyung wo°-°liau yi,
sien-sang kyau° yi ’veh iau° khok, °lau oen-we° yi.
(13) °Ngoo kyau°-°ts yi meh, yi zieu° zien-°tsen-deu le khoen°.
(14) Di°-kuh ih tsaung z°-°thi sa° nyung kyung-°seu kuh.
(15) Bo zu° meh ’veh da° °wung-taung°, °khoong-pho° iau° tih thoong°
°lau tih saung.
(16) Iung-ke °koen-theh i-tsak °keu, °khoong-pho° iau° °ngau
°siau-noen.
(17) Tsha boong meh, zen ‘ang le kwha°.
(18) Tsoong° dien-nyung ’veh hwen-°hyi °lau-au, we°-°ts yi-la°
chuh-theh yi-la° san° la°-kuh °ts.
(19) Dzang-z °lau-iung dzoong thien laung° fi-‘au°-le chuh-theh-°ts
°siau kyi.
(20) Tshen-°hau di°-kuh doong-dien, °lau soen°-soen° khoen° °yeu
°kyi-hau°.
(21) Ping-ting tsheh-chi° °tang-tsang°, khau koo °lau kyung-loo.
(22) Di°-kuh zak-deu dzoong san °ting laung° °kwung ‘au°-le.

(一) 第扇屏風幾化闊狹
(二) 第隻箱子要量量看長短高低佬闊狹
(三) 要儂去買一張紙頭對第張一樣厚薄
(四) 天秤是要緊個傢生可以稱物事個輕重
(五) 我跽拉伊面前求伊饒赦
(六) 小囝生病末娘勿離開伊坐拉床邊頭輸帳伊
(七) 勿批評別人蓋末勿受別人個批評
(八) 爲之恐怕路勿熟所以請別人陪我去
(九) 第把剪刀一顔勿快要去磨磨
(十) 叫燒飯個拿點乾麵蛋牛乳佬糖做鷄蛋糕
(十一) 搨點乳油拉饅頭上蓋末好吃點
(十二) 學生子拉哭爲之別人話料伊先生叫伊勿要哭佬安慰伊
(十三) 我叫之伊末伊就旋轉頭來看
(十四) 第個一樁事體啥人經手個
(十五) 爬樹末勿大穩當恐怕要跌痛佬跌傷
(十六) 應該趕脫伊隻狗恐怕要咬小囝
(十七) 扯篷末船行來快
(十八) 種田人勿歡喜老鴉爲之伊拉吃脫伊拉散拉個子
(十九) 常時老鷹從天上飛下來吃脫之小雞
(二十) 串好第個銅錢佬算算看有幾化
(廿一) 兵丁出去打仗敲鼓佬金鑼
(廿二) 第個石頭從山頂上滾下來

(Translate into Chinese)

(1) These two men constantly have intercourse with one another.
(2) The servant did not take care, and so upset a bucket of water.
(3) Butterflies are very pretty, and children like to catch them.
(4) Children before they learn to walk can first crawl on the
ground.
(5) If a man wants to be forgiven he should first repent.
(6) What is the depth of this creek?
(7) If you wish to know the texture of the cloth, you must feel it
with your hand.
(8) If you do not wear spectacles when you are old, you will be
unable to thread your needle.
(9) I drove away that beggar, because he followed after me calling
out.
(10) What is the distance between the sun and the earth? About
ninety-two millions of miles.
(11) The cat climbed up the tree and the dog could not catch it.
(12) The little girl has no time to study, because her mother is
sick, and she must stay at home and nurse her.
(13) The water flows down from the top of the hill.
(14) I regret that I told him, because he went and told everyone,
and now every one knows it.
(15) When you pray you should kneel down.

(一) 第個兩個人常庄大家來往.
(二) 用人勿當心所以打翻之桶水.
(三) 蝴蝶是蠻好看所以小囝歡喜捉個.
(四) 小囝勿曾學會走先會得𨂝拉地上.
(五) 一個人要得着饒赦先應該悔改.
(六) 笫條浜有幾化深淺?
(七) 若然儂要曉得第塊布個粗細儂終要用手摸模看.
(八) 年紀老之佬勿戴眼鏡恐怕勿能彀穿引線眼.
(九) 我趕脫之伊個告化子因爲伊跟拉後頭佬喊.
(十) 地球離開日頭有幾化遠近? 約酌有九千二百萬英里.
(十一) 貓爬到樹上所以狗捉伊勿着.
(十二) 小囝無沒工夫讀書因爲伊個娘生病伊終要登拉屋裏輸帳伊.
(十三) 水從山頂上流下來.
(十四) 我懊憦我告訴伊因爲伊去對攏總人話以致攏總人全曉得個.
(十五) 儂禱告個時候應該跽下來.

Notes.

(1) In the seventh Sentence of the First Exercise notice how
{phi-bing} is used both as a noun and as a verb.
(2) In the eighth sentence of the First Exercise {Zok} (熟), which
means “ripe” of fruit, also means “well-known.” It also has the
meaning of “thorough” as in the expression {dok-zok} (讀熟)
meaning “to read thoroughly.”
(3) In the thirteenth sentence of the First Exercise notice the
position of the {deu} (頭), “head” between the {°Tsen} (轉) and
the {le} (來). This is usual in Chinese. Verbs are often broken
up in this way.
(4) In the fifteenth sentence of the First Exercise {°wung-taung°}
(穩當) means “safe.”

LESSON XXIX

Some Useful Phrases

As will be seen from the lessons already gone over Chinese is very largely composed of idiomatic phrases. The only way to become acquainted with these phrases is by the constant hearing of the spoken language. We shall introduce in this lesson a few useful phrases and show how they occur in sentences.

“All one’s life,” \{ih sang-ih-s°}/ (一生一世). Lit. “One life, one world.” “To run about,” \{Bau-le-bau-chi°}/ (跑來跑去). Lit. “Run come, run go.” “To decide,” \{Lih-ding-°tsu-i°}/ (立定主意). Lit. “To stand still the will.”

Good-bye (French, {au-revoir}), \{An°-hyih-we°}/ (宴歇會). Lit. “We will meet later,” or \{Tse°-we°}/ (再會). Lit. “I will see you again.”

The ordinary way of saying “good-bye” when you have been to call on a person is to say \{Chi°-tse}/ (去哉). Lit. “I am going.” Your host will say \{Man°-chi°}/ (慢去), meaning “Go slowly.”

The expression. \{Kan-nyih-we°}/ (間日會) would mean: “I will see you in a day or two.”

“Universal” \{°Phoo-thien-‘au°}/ (普天下), or \{‘Eh-thien-°ti-°‘au}/ (合天底下). Lit. “Beneath the whole of heaven.”

“Useless, in vain,” \{Bak-bak-°li}/ (白白裏). “Indispensable” is \{°Ba-’veh-tuk}/ (罷勿得).

VOCABULARY

If it be so, \kyi°-zen zeh-ke/ 既然實蓋.
By chance, \°ngeu-zen/ 偶然.
Purposely, \°yeu-i°/ 有意, or \koo°-i°/ 故意.
At the point of, \°kyi-oo/ 幾乎.
For the most part, generally, \da°-liak/ 大略.
Suddenly, \hweh-zen/ 忽然.
Instantaneous, \lih-khuh/ 立刻.
Advantage, profit, \iuh-tshu°/ 益處, or \°hau-tshu°/ 好處.
Lord, \°Tsu/ 主.
Master, \°tsu-nyung/ 主人, or \toong-ka/ 東家.
Heavenly Lord (a term used for God), \Thien-°tsu/ 天主.
God, \Zung/ 神 °Zang-ti° 上帝.
Omnipotent, \voo-°soo-peh-nung/ 無所不能.
Omnipresent, \voo-°soo-peh-°dze/ 無所不在.
Omniscient,\ voo-°soo-peh-ts/ 無所不知.
Life, \sing°-ming°/ 性命.
A dragon, \ih diau loong/ 一條龍.
An account book, \ih °pung tsang°-°boo/ 一本帳簿.
A small blank book, \ih °pung °boo-ts/ 一本簿子.
Carefully, \°ts-si°/ 仔細.
To waste, \fi°-theh/ 廢脫.
A carpet, \ih diau mau-°than/ 一條毛毯.

\{°Boo}/ (部) is the classifier for sets of books.

A set of books, \ih °boo su/ 一部書.
A flag, \ih mien° ji/ 一面旗.
Angry, doong-chi° 動氣.
Still, dzung-jeu° 仍舊.
Originally, °pung-le 本來.
Drowned, dzung-sah 沉殺.
Sign, symbol, ‘au° 號.
A mirror, \ih mien° kyung°-°ts/ 一面鏡子.

EXERCISES

(Translate into English)

(1) Noong° zeh-ke° tsoo° meh, °khoong-pho° ih-sang-ih-s° iau°
au-lau° tse.
(2) °Ngoo bak-bak-°li te° yi wo°, yi dzung-jeu° ’veh thing.
(3) Sien-sang tsiang iau° chi° yi te° °ngoo wo°, chi°-tse°, °lau
°ngoo te° yi wo°, man°-chi°.
(4) Noong° iung-ke lih-ding-°tsu-i° ’veh tsoo° zeh-ke° than-tshoong°
kuh z°-°thi.
(5) Thien-°tsu °z voo-°soo-peh nung, voo-°soo-peh-°dze, °lau
voo-°soo-peh-ts°.
(6) Nyung iau° khoen° z°-ka mien°-khoong meh, ih mien° kyung°-°ts °z
°ba-’veh-tuk-kuh.
(7) Tuh-dzak° °phoo-thien-‘au° °lau se-theh-°ts z°-ka-kuh sing°-ming°
meh °yeu sa° iuh-tshu° nyi?
(8) Di°-tsak °mo la° dien °li bau-le-bau-chi°, van-nan tsauh-dzak
kuh.
(9) Di° °boo su °yeu °kyi °pung? °Yeu nyan° °pung.
(10) Kyi° zen zeh-ke°-nung, nan-meh °ngoo ’veh °hau wo° sa°.
(11) ‘Auh-sang-°ts °tang-se° poo-li °z °yeu-i° nyi wan-z °ngeu-zen
kuh z°-°thi?
(12) I-kuh nyung tih la° pang °li, °kyi-‘oo dzung-sah, dan°-°z °yeu
ih kuh nyung le thoo yi chi°-le.
(13) °‘Au-pen°-nyih hweh-zen fah-°chi doo° foong le.
(14) ‘Auh-daung-°li °loong-°tsoong °yeu °kyi-kuh ‘auh-sang-°ts?
Da°-iak °yeu san pak kuh.
(15) °Ngoo kyau° yi lih-khuh °doong-sung.
(16) Tsoong-kok ji-‘au° °z ’man °hau khoen°.
(17) Di°-kuh nyung °pung-le °z auh nyung, yien°-°dze hwe°-°ke-tse.
(18) °Ngoo au-lau° °ma-°ts di°-diau mau-°than, we°-ts °than la°
khak-daung °li thuh °siau.
(19) Noong° seu-tsing°-le °lau foo-°tsheh-chi°-kuh °loong-°tsoong
iau° kyi° la° tsang°-°boo laung°.
(20) Di°-kuh ‘auh-sang-°ts iau° the°-theh, iung-we° su dok-’veh
°zaung.

(一) 儂實蓋做末恐怕一生一世要懊憦哉.
(二) 我白白裏對伊話伊仍舊勿聽.
(三) 先生將要去伊對我話去哉我對伊話慢去.
(四) 儂應該立定主意勿做實蓋坍銃個事體.
(五) 天主是無所不能無所不在佬無所不知.
(六) 人要看自家面孔末一面鏡子是罷勿得個.
(七) 得着普天下佬失脫之自家個性命末有啥益處呢.
(八) 第隻馬拉田裏跑來跑去煩難捉着個.
(九) 笫部書有幾本? 有念本.
(十) 旣然實蓋能難末我勿好話啥.
(十一) 學生子打碎玻璃是有意呢還是偶然個事體.
(十二) 伊個人跌拉浜裏幾乎沉殺但是有一個人來拖伊起來.
(十三) 下半日忽然發起大風來.
(十四) 學堂裏攏總有幾個學生子? 大約有三百個.
(十五) 我叫伊立刻動身.
(十六) 中國旗號是蠻好看.
(十七) 第個人本來是惡人現在悔改哉.
(十八) 我懊憦買之第條毛毯爲之攤拉客堂裏忒小.
(十九) 儂收進來佬付出去個攏總要記拉帳簿上.
(二十) 第個學生子要退脫因爲書讀勿上.

(Translate into Chinese)

(1) The man is very sick, even at the point of death.
(2) One should not only think how to get profit for oneself, but how
to give advantage to others.
(3) In the evening the master gave the servants their wages.
(4) I think that he offended me purposely, and therefore I am angry.
(5) A student should not only learn while in school, but should be
learning all his life.
(6) I saw a dragon come up suddenly out of the water.
(7) Truly all men under heaven are brethren, and ought to love one
another.
(8) A business man can see from his account book how much he has
gained in his business or how much he has lost.
(9) If you really ran very fast, how is it that you did not arrive
sooner?
(10) I have looked over this book in a general way, but I have not
read it carefully.
(11) If you wish to repent and become a good man, the first thing is
to make up your own mind.
(12) I knew the boat was a Chinese one, because they hoisted the
Chinese flag.
(13) A man’s life is most precious, so he ought to take care of his
body.
(14) When I had finished the work I found he had already done the
same thing, and so I had wasted my time to no purpose.
(15) The children like to run about and play in the garden.

(一) 第個人毛病蠻重幾乎要死.
(二) 人勿但要想到自家個益處也要想到別人個益處.
(三) 拉夜快主人發工錢拉伊個用人.
(四) 我想伊有意得罪我所以我動氣.
(五) 學生子勿但拉學堂裏要學, 一生一世應該學個.
(六) 我看見一條龍從水裏忽然上來.
(七) 普天下人實在是弟兄應該大家相愛.
(八) 生意人從帳簿上可以看伊賺之幾化或者失脫之幾化.
(九) 旣然儂跑來快爲啥佬勿早點到?
(十) 我大略看過第本書但是勿曾仔細看.
(十一) 若然儂要悔改成功好個人, 頭一要自家立定主意.
(十二) 我曉得第隻船是中國船因爲伊扯拉個是中國旗.
(十三) 人個性命是頂寶貝個所以應該當心自家個身髓.
(十四) 我做好之第個生活我看別人搭我一樣個所以我白白裏廢脫第個工夫.
(十五) 小囝拉花園裏歡喜跑來跑去勃相.

Notes.

(1) {Thien-°tsu} is the term used for God by the Romanists and by
some Protestants. The other terms used for God are {Zung} (神),
Lit. “a Spirit” and {°Zang-ti°} (上帝), Lit. “The Celestial
Ruler.”
(2) In the fourteenth sentence of the Second Exercise for “to no
purpose,” one can say {Bak-bak-li-fi°-theh}, or the {bak} (白)
can be used with the verb. Thus we can say {Bak fi°-theh}
(白廢脫). {Bak} is often need in this way with verbs. Thus
{Bak-tsoo°} (白做), “to do in vain,” {Bak °siang} (白想), “to
think in vain, to no purpose,” etc.
(3) In the eleventh sentence of the First Exercise {Wan°-z} may be
translated “or.”

LESSON XXX

More Useful Words and Phrases

In the preceding lessons emphasis has been laid upon idiom and construction. Here a few useful words and phrases are given for the purpose of increasing the vocabulary of the student.

VOCABULARY

Sound of a character, \z°-iung/ 字音.
To aspirate, \tsheh-foong/ 出風.
Baggage, \‘ang-°li/ 行李.
Bank, \nyung-‘aung/ 銀行.
Bedding, \phoo°-ke°/ 鋪蓋.
Button, \°nyeu-°ts/ 鈕子.
Charcoal, \than°/ 炭.
Chimney, \ien-tshoong 烟囱.
Post Office (Foreign) \su-sing°-°kwen/ 書信館, or \sing°-jok/ 信局,
or \yeu-tsung°-jok/ 郵政局.
Church, \°li-pa°-daung/ 禮拜堂.
Cook, (head) \da°-°s-voo°/ 大司務.
Cook, (ordinary) \sau-van°-kuh/ 燒飯個.
Dust, \boong-dzung/ 塳塵.
Coal, (hard) \bak-me/ 白煤.
Coal, (soft) \ien-me/ 烟煤.
Enough, \°yeu-tse/ 有哉, or \keu°-°z/ 彀是.
Farmer, \tsoong°-dien nyung/ 種田人.
Fresh, (of meat or fish) \sing-sien/ 新鮮.
Hospital, \i-yoen°/ 醫院.
Jetty, \°mo-deu/ 碼頭.
Kerosene, \°hoo-yeu/ 火油.
Kettle, (copper) \doong-‘oo/ 銅壺.
Market, \°z-mien°/ 市面.
Marks or signs, \kyi°-‘au°/ 記號.
Mistake, not correct, \veh-te°/ 勿對, or \tsho/ 差.
Relative, (family)\ tshing-kyoen°/ 親眷.
Salt, (noun) \yien/ 鹽.
Salt, (adj.) \‘an/ 鹹.
Soup, \thaung/ 湯.
Trousers, \khoo°-°ts/ 褲子.
Washerman, \da° i-zaung-kuh/ 汏衣裳個, or \zing° i-zaung-kuh/ 淨衣裳個.
Postage stamp, \nyung-deu/ 人頭, or \yeu-phiau/ 郵票.
I supposed, \°ngoo dau-nyung-ts/ 我道認之.

EXERCISES

(Translate into English)

(1) Di°-kuh z°-iung iau° tsheh foong nyi ’veh iau tsheh-foong.
(2) °Ngoo-kuh ‘ang-°li iau° tsaung la° tsho-ts° laung°.
(3) Di°-kuh san pak kwhe° yang-dien iau° dzung la° nyung-‘aung °li.
(4) Da°-°s-voo° di°-kuh nyoeh °li sau-ts pen° tung° ien me.
(5) Kyung-ya°-deu kuh thaung thuh ‘an, ming-tsau sau faung°-°tien
yien.
(6) °Zaung-°he °li-pa°-daung °lau i-yoen° ’veh °sau.
(7) Tsoong°-dien-nyung thiau too-hau° siau-tshe tau° °z-mien laung°
chi° ma°-kuh.
(8) Di°-foong sing° iau° nau tau° yeu-tsung°-jok °li, iau° °ma
nyung-deu thih la laung°.
(9) Di°-diau khoo°-°ts peh la da°-i-zaung kuh zing°.
(10) Too-hau° nyung tau° °mo-deu laung° soong° bang-°yeu tau° nga°-kok
chi°.
(11) Di°-kuh tsang° ’veh-te °tse iau° khe ih tsang°
tshing-°saung-°tien kuh.
(12) De-°ts laung° kuh boong-dzung iau° kha theh.
(13) °Hoo-yeu keu° meh? Keu°-tse.
(14) Di°-kuh ien-tshoong ’veh thoong.
(15) °Ngoo hyau-tuh di°-tsak doong-‘oo °z °ngoo-kuh iung-we° °ngoo
tsoo° kyi°-au° la° laung°.

(一) 第個字音要出風呢勿要出風?
(二) 我個行李要裝拉車子上.
(三) 第個三百塊洋錢要存拉銀行裏.
(四) 大司務第個月裏燒之半噸烟煤.
(五) 今夜頭個湯忒鹹明朝少放點鹽.
(六) 上海禮拜堂佬醫院勿少.
(七) 種由人挑多化小菜到市面上去賣個.
(八) 第封信要拿到郵政局裏要買人頭貼拉上.
(九) 第條褲子撥拉汰衣裳個淨.
(十) 多化人到碼頭上送朋友到外國去.
(十一) 第個賬勿對再要一張淸爽點個.
(十二) 檯子上塳塵要揩脫.
(十三) 火油彀末? 彀哉.
(十四) 第個烟囱勿通.
(十五) 我曉得第隻銅壺是我個因爲我做記號拉上.

(Translate into Chinese)

(1) My relative is sick in the hospital.
(2) Salt is good, but if it has lost its savour, wherewithal shall
it be salted?
(3) I told the cook to buy some stamps at the Post Office.
(4) How much money have you in the bank?
(5) When you are going on a journey, you should take your bedding
along with you.
(6) To-day is Sunday, and I went to church in the morning.
(7) I told him to buy some charcoal, some hard coal and some soft
coal.
(8) There is much dust in the market place.
(9) In the summer time it is important to eat only these things
which are fresh.
(10) If there is no oil in the lamp, how can you light it?
(11) Your pronunciation of this word is not correct. It is
aspirated.
(12) I met a friend on the jetty, who had just come from America.
(13) Put the kettle on the stove.
(14) The farmers are busy in the spring of the year.
(15) If the wind blows down the chimney, the room will be full of
smoke.

(一) 我個親眷生病拉醫院裏.
(二) 鹽是好個失脫之鹽個味道那能鹹呢?
(三) 我對大司務話書信館買點人頭.
(四) 銀行裏有幾化洋錢?
(五) 出門末終要帶鋪蓋.
(六) 今朝是禮拜日早晨已經到禮拜堂去過.
(七) 我對伊話叫伊買白煤烟煤佬炭.
(八) 市面上塳塵多來.
(九) 夏天末必定要吃新鮮個物事.
(十) 燈裏嘸沒油末那能可以點呢.
(十一) 儂個聲音勿對第個字音要出風.
(十二) 我拉碼頭上掽着一個朋友美國纔纔來.
(十三) 銅壺放拉火爐上.
(十四) 種田人春上訂忙.
(十五) 風吹到之烟囱末房間裏禿是烟哉.

Notes.

(1) In the third sentence of the First Exercise the verb {dzung}
(存) means deposit.
(2) In the fourth Sentence of the First Exercise {tung°} (噸) means
ton.
(3) In the tenth sentence of the First Exercise {Soong° bung-°yeu}
(送朋友) means to send on his way, or as we put it “to see off.”

LESSON XXXI

Polite Language

In the Chinese language there are a great many polite phrases used in conversation. The ability to use these is a sign of education. Every student of the language should become acquainted with the most common ones, for he will have occasion to use them constantly. Some of these phrases have been introduced and explained in these lessons already, but here an attempt will be made to gather together all those that would be ordinarily used is conversation.

When you meet any one for the first time, according to Chinese etiquette you are at liberty to ask him what his honorable name may be. The expression for this is \{Tsung sing°}/ (尊姓), or \{Kwe°-sing°}/ (貴姓). In answer he will tell you his surname, but in doing so he will refer to it as his humble name. Thus he will say \{Bi°-sing° Tsang}/ (敝姓張) (if his surname is Tsang).

Next you might proceed to inquire what his other name was, that is, his private name in distinction from his surname. This you would ask by saying \{°Tshing kyau° da° ‘au°}/ (請叫大號), “Please teach me your great appellation” or \{The °foo}/ (台甫). In answer he might say \{°Tshau-z° Kya-foo}/ (草字嘉甫), meaning “the grass characters are \{Kya-foo}/,” or he might say \{°Siau-ming}/ (小名). (\{Kya-foo}/ is taken as an example of a name).

Then you might proceed to ask his age. This you would do by saying \{Too-sau kwe°-kang}/ (多少貴庚). The answer would be \{°Ngoo hyui doo° san seh soe°}/ (我虛度三十歲). Lit. “I have vainly passed thirty years.” If you ask an old gentleman his age, you would say \{°Kyi-hau° kau-zeu°}/ (幾化高壽). Lit. “What is your high longevity?”

If you ask a person how he is, as has been already intimated, you would say \{°Hau-la°-va°}/ (好拉否). The answer might be \{Khau° fok}/ (靠福), meaning “I depend upon you for my happiness.”

If a person asked you how many years you had been in China, he would say \{Tau°-ts bi°-kok °kyi z-tse}/ (到之敝國幾時哉). You would answer \{°Ngoo tau°-ts kwe°-kok nyan nyien}/ (我到之貴國念年). “I arrived in your honorable country twenty years ago” (or any length of time you had been in the country).

When you are asking a guest to take a seat, if he is at all an honorable guest, you must request him to take an honorable seat. This you do by saying \{°Tshing °zaung-deu °zoo}/ (請上頭坐), meaning “Please sit up higher.”

In asking how many children you have your guest would say \{°Kyi-we °sau-kyuin}/ (幾位少君), “How many little princes have you.” Your answer is \{San kuh °siau-koen}/ (三個小干), or \{°san kuh °siau-noen}/ (三個小囝), or \{san kuh °siau-°choen}/ (三個小犬).

At table, if you finish before others, you raise your chop-sticks and say to the others \{Man°-yoong°}/ (慢用), “use slowly.” Then place the chop-sticks on top of the bowl. Your host could answer \{Yoong°-°pau}/ (用飽), meaning, “Take plenty.”

When a guest is leaving, in addition to saying \{Chi°-tse}/, he may say \{Kyung-tshau}/ 驚吵), meaning, “I have troubled you.” Your answer may be \{De-man de-man}/ (待慢), meaning, “I have treated you without proper respect.” Or he may say, as he is walking away \{°Tshing lieu kyung-boo°}/ (請留經步), meaning, “Please restrain your orderly footsteps”; or simply \{Lieu-boo°}/, meaning “Don’t trouble to come out.” If you have to excuse yourself after a short stay, you should say \{Sau-be}/ (少陪).

VOCABULARY

England, \Iung-kok/ 英國.
America, \°Me-kok/ 美國, or \Hwo-ji-kok/ 花旗國. Lit., Kingdom of the
Flowery Flag.
France, \Fah-kok/ 法國.
Germany, \Tuh-kok/ 德國.
Russia, \Ngoo-kok/ 俄國.
Antiquity, anciently, \°koo-z-kan/ 古時間.
Neighbor, \ling-°so/ 鄰舍.
A godown, \°dzan-vaung/ 棧房.
Inconceivable, \°siang-’veh-tau/ 想勿到.
Lazy, \°lan-phok/ 懶朴, or \°lan-doo°/ 懶惰.
Tricky, \diau°-bi/ 掉皮.
Communication, intercourse, \le-°waung/ 來往.
Matches, \z°-le-°hoo/ 自來火.
Next (juxtaposition), \kah-pih/ 隔壁.
Promise, \iung°-°hyui/ 應許.
Recently, \°jung-le/ 近來.
To meet with misfortune, \chuh °khoo/ 吃苦. Literally, “Eat
bitterness.”
Comfortable, \suh-i°/ 適意.
The earlier the better, \yoeh-°tsau yoeh-°hau/ 越早越好.
To relax the mind, \san° sing/ 散心.
Soap, \bi-zau°/ 肥皂.
To strike a match, \wak/ 劃.

EXERCISES

(Translate into English)

(1) Di°-foong sing° iau° noong° tan tau° yeu-tsung°-jok °li chi°.
(2) °Koo-z-kan Tsoong-kok tah-ts bih-kuh kok-doo° ih ngan ’veh
le-°waung.
(3) °Jung-le Ngoo-kok tah-ts Toong-yang da°-ka °tang-tsang°.
(4) Dzu° la kah-pih kuh nyung °z kyau° ling-°so.
(5) Di°-kuh nyung ’veh ba° °z °lan-phok, ‘a-z diau°-bi.
(6) Sang-i°-nyung la° °dzan-vaung °li tsaung-ts too-hau° hoo°-suh.
(7) °Tshing °zoo la° bih-kuh iui°-°ts laung°, °i-tsak ’veh da°
suh-i°.
(8) °Ngoo iung°-°hyui °ngoo kuh si-tse, zak-zen tsoo° le °hau meh
iau° ka yi-kuh koong-dien.
(9) I-kuh nyung we°-ts chuh °tsieu, °too doong-dien, °lau ’veh
°lau-zeh °i-kyung chuh-ts too-hau° khoo.
(10) Tsoong-kok tah °Me-kok tsho-’veh-too ih yang° doo°-°siau.
(11) °Pung-le °Me-kok nyung °z dzoong Iung-kok le kuh.
(12) Di°-foong sing° °kyi-z iau° °ngoo °sia kuh? Yoeh-°tsau
yoeh-°hau.
(13) I-kuh nyung zeh-ke° diau°-bi zeh-°dze °siang-’veh-tau°-kuh.
(14) °Seu °lau mien°-khoong iau° kha le koen-zing meh °tsoong iau°
yoong° bi-zau°.
(15) Iau° wak z°-le-°hoo tsoong iau° wak la° ‘ah-°ts laung°, ’veh
zen meh ’veh we° yaung.

(一) 第封信要儂担到郵政局裏去
(二) 古時間中國搭之別個國度一顔勿來往
(三) 近來俄國搭之東洋大家打仗
(四) 住拉隔壁個人是叫鄰舍
(五) 第個人勿罷是懶朴也是掉皮
(六) 生意人拉棧房裏裝之多化貨色
(七) 請坐拉別個椅子上伊隻勿大適意
(八) 我應許我個西崽若然做來好末要加伊個工錢
(九) 伊個人爲之吃酒賭銅錢佬勿老實已經吃之多化苦
(十) 中國搭美國差勿多一樣大小
(十一) 本來美國人是從英國來個
(十二) 第封信幾時要我寫個? 越早越好
(十三) 伊個人實蓋掉皮實在想勿到個
(十四) 手佬面孔要揩來乾淨末終要用肥皂
(十五) 要劃自來火終要劃拉匣子上勿然末勿會旺

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