Chapter XIII: Introduction

During the early part of the year William Warre was at home, an invalid, under the care of his family. He gradually recovered his strength, and by the end of April was pronounced convalescent, the medical authorities allowing him to start for Portugal as soon after 1st May as he could find conveyance.

Meanwhile great events had occurred in the Peninsula, absence from which fretted him much. In January 1811 Marshal Soult had invested Badajos, which was surrendered by Imaz on 11th March. After securing Badajos, Soult, whose presence was required in Andalusia, returned to the south.

Masséna had early in March retired from Santarem, but still held on tenaciously to Portuguese soil, from which he was not driven till after the combat of Sabugal on 3rd April. In the interval Beresford had recaptured Campo Mayor and Olivença. He had now 22,000 men under his command. With these he proceeded to lay siege to Badajos. Wellington, who on 20th April had come to Elvas, was soon summoned back to his army, which was investing Almeida, by the news of a forward movement on the part of Masséna. Reinforced by detachments from Bessières, he had now a force of full 40,000 men at his disposal, and was strong in cavalry, in which the allies were weak. Followed on 5th May the battle of Fuentes d’Onoro, which was fought to cover the blockade of Almeida, and was almost not a victory for Wellington. On the 8th the French retreated. On the 10th the French garrison of Almeida, under General Brennier, made their escape. Meantime Soult from the south again advanced to relieve Badajos, which Beresford was besieging with no adequate battering train. The latter took up a position at Albuera, a few miles to the south-east of Badajos, where, on the 16th of May, was fought the fiercest battle of the war, the memories of which have been enshrined in immortal prose by Napier. Towards the middle of May, Marmont succeeded Masséna in the command of the army of Portugal. Poor King Joseph about the same time attempted, but in vain, to divest his head of the crown, which caused it so much uneasiness, and to retire into private life. On 25th May Badajos was for a second time surrounded, but not for long. The siege was raised again early in June. At the end of May, Wellington was blockading Ciudad Rodrigo.

Hostilities after this dragged on without any events of great moment, until in September Marmont advanced to relieve Ciudad Rodrigo. After the action of El Bodon, the allied army, which was in a critical position, in the face of superior numbers and a vastly superior force of cavalry, withdrew to the hilly ground of the upper valley of the Coa, and the French Marshal, having missed the opportunity of striking a decisive blow, retired, with the result that Ciudad Rodrigo was again invested. The fact was that the country was exhausted, and the French army, which had lived upon the country, could no longer find supplies.

Major Warre, who reached Beresford’s headquarters towards the end of May, found the Marshal rather failing in health after the stress of Badajos and two unsuccessful sieges, and the tremendous anxiety of Albuera. His first letter after his arrival is written on 20th June from St Olaia, about eight miles from Campo Mayor. With the exception of a reconnaissance in force by Soult, which had no important result, nothing of moment occurred, and during the hot months the armies on either side were comparatively quiescent. The Marshal, whose health was much impaired, spent the rest of the year at Lisbon and Cintra. Meanwhile, the organisation and improvement of the Portuguese army continued, notwithstanding the difficulties arising from the impecuniosity and incapacity of the Portuguese Government, of which frequent complaints recur in the letters.

LETTERS

PORTSMOUTH, _May 5th, 1811_.

MY DEAREST FATHER,

Here we are still with very little progress in obtaining a passage, as both the _Port Mahon_ and _Spitfire_ are very much crowded. However, if the worst happens, I think Jack will be able to get a berth in the latter, and I will go in the _Westmorland_ with my horses. But perhaps some new conveyance may start up, and while the wind continues in this quarter, (nor does it appear likely to change) we must wait patiently for what may occur, though it is really a trial of patience to be mewed up in this stupid place without exactly knowing what to do, or how we are to get away. Jack is a dear fellow, and a most agreeable companion, and I shall really feel very much annoyed if we are separated, though I certainly think it is best to go anyhow in the same convoy, and we can then unite again as soon as we arrive in Lisbon. As to how I go I do not much care. I am very well in health, though a little heated, and I do not see that it signifies much whether I take Epsom salts in a transport, or crowded in a Sloop of War’s cabin, and God knows of late years I have been pretty well used to roughing it. We yesterday fed Capt. Digby, and Capt. Ellis of the _Spitfire_, who has been very civil to us both, but appears rather an odd one. He said he would try to get one or both of us (yesterday morning) with his Officers, but has not since mentioned the circumstance, which makes me think that either he has not communicated with his ship from the badness of the weather, or that it is impossible to accommodate us. To-morrow we dine with Capt. Bouverie of the _Medusa_, if the wind does not come about, and now you have all our plans....

* * * * *

PORTSMOUTH, _May 7th, 1811_.

MY DEAREST FATHER,

Many thanks for your very kind letters and for the enquiries you have made about my passage. My last will have informed you that we had given up all hopes of either the _Spitfire_ or the _Port Mahon_, and from yours I have but slender hopes of the _Romulus_, and have therefore this morning desired my servant to purchase some stock, and have made enquiries about a transport that I may apply for an order, which Capt. Patton will give me. However, as the wind is still set in to the S.W. we may be here some days, and something pleasanter may turn up. What I most regret in this arrangement is being separated from my friend Jack, whom I really cannot advise or approve of going in a transport at all.

Capt. Patton knows nothing of the _Braave_, nor is she yet come round. Should Mr Sydenham certainly go, I would, if I was sure of a passage with him, wait, for we should be before the convoy at all events. I shall, however, go in a transport should I hear nothing further. I have seen Capt. Knox of the _Fiorenzo_, who left Lisbon the 27th. He brings no news whatever, but says the natives were in the highest spirits. I have not been able as yet to obtain a passage for Jack’s horse in the Fleet, but as he has got the butcher’s horse from Plymouth, I do not think it of any consequence whether he goes or not.... Walker and the horses are quite well. He has behaved very well, and I have therefore sent him some fresh stock on board, for which he is very grateful. My new groom also seems to be a good lad. Yrs., etc.,

WM. W.

My promotion will be in course, and we can do nothing further. As to ... letter, it does not much signify what he wrote, _com todos nada_[24], the best way is not to irritate the little worm, who will be vexed enough to find he has outwitted himself, and will no doubt try his ingenuity in plaguing me whenever he has an opportunity.

[24] With all nothing.

* * * * *

PORTSMOUTH, _May 9, 1811_.

MY DEAR FATHER,

I am much obliged to you for your letter of the 7th and for ensuring my horses’ lives, as well risk of capture, etc., which, everything considered, is as well, and I will direct great care to be taken of them, which I have done, at all events for my own sake, as money would be a very trifling compensation for what I could not replace. I have made every enquiry about the _Braave_ Charter, but can hear nothing of her. Capt. Patton from her description says he thinks she must be a Navy store ship, and that they are out of his jurisdiction. I enquired about her at the Dockyard, but they also know nothing of her. I however ascertained that to go in her, if she is what I suppose, I must pay my passage, which would not be worth while, as I can have one for nothing in a regular transport. As, however, the wind continues still in the S.S.W. I shall take no further steps till the morning, in the hope of hearing something further from you about Mr Sydenham, as the _Port Mahon_, which is named and certainly waiting for a messenger, is so over-crowded already with Generals Hill and Campbell and their Staffs, that I can see no possibility of their stowing any more on board of so small a brig.

I have not been able to hear anything about my shirts and servant’s livery, though I have enquired everywhere here about them. At the Crown, where my mother says they were sent, they know nothing of them. It would be provoking to lose them as well as the bearskin, which Mr W. Turner says he knows nothing of. I would therefore be much obliged to you to desire Dunn to enquire at the place from whence they were sent, and to let me know by what conveyance, and when forwarded, also how directed. I am at the _Fountain_ Inn.

Jack is quite well and desires his kind love to all in George Street. We are, as you may suppose, not a little tired of Portsmouth, but as the weather is clearer now perhaps the wind may change, and then it will be most provoking to be separated, but my anxiety to get out increases, and I shall go anyhow.

Ever, my dear Father, Most affectionately yours,

WM. WARRE.

I have got Jack’s horse on board in the _Westmorland_ with my horses, and, as he will have thus two horses at Lisbon, think he is very right in taking out his groom with him. Adieu.

* * * * *

HD. QRS., ST OLAIA, _June 20, 1811_.

MY DEAR FATHER,

... I am very much obliged to Arbuthnot and to you for your trouble about my promotion, which, I suppose, is by this settled. I think your letter to Torrens a very proper one, and I myself wrote to him by last packet and to M’Mahon, which I thought right, and really felt a strong inclination to do, expressing my gratitude for all his and Mrs M’Mahon’s kindness, which has been uniform and most obliging, but we must not press any business there for the present, though after all, what I have got, I must have had without any interest, except Beresford’s.

The Marshal is, I am happy to observe, somewhat better, though he will require some time of quiet of body and mind to put him quite right again, and I really hope, if Marshal Soult leaves us alone for the present, as I think most likely, that the Marshal will go to Lisbon for a month or six weeks, and try sea-bathing and a change of air. But till the intentions of the enemy can be positively ascertained, I know he will not be persuaded to move to the rear.

This movement of the army to the rear will, I hope, satisfy our newsmongers as to the propriety of raising the siege of Badajos. It was about just in time, or we should have had to fight a battle, perhaps against a very superior force, and under every disadvantage. It would have been a good thing to have taken the place, but we had a very limited period to do it in, much too much so for an attack _en rêgle_. It was worth attempting, and our failing only proves that the place required a more regular attack, for which it is evident we had lost time. It is now free again, and our Army has retired, leaving Elvas to its right, and now occupies this place, Campo Mayor, towards Portalegre, and Hill’s and Cole’s Divisions and the heavy Cavalry the woods round Torre de Mouro, about 4 miles, half-way between this and Campo Mayor, in which is the 1st Dns. and some P. Cavalry, and the 11th Lt. Dns. and 12 Hussars are at Elvas and near it, and give that outpost duty.

We dined yesterday with Ld. Wellington at St Vincente, about ½-way (5 miles) between this and Elvas, where he has a very pretty Quinta, and after dinner we rode to the Camp (4 miles) and Torre de Mouro, and nearly to Campo Mayor, to look over the positions (4 more), and we had then 8 to ride back to this, which is not a bad afternoon’s ride, and it was very late when we got here. This is a little town, and we are pretty well off, notwithstanding its being a good deal crowded with 13th Lt. Dns. and General Castanhos’ Hd. Qrs., who has now no army. He is a good-natured well-meaning man, but not remarkable either for talent or judgement. I do not think the enemy will advance immediately, though greatly superior to us in number. They must be as anxious as we can be to rest and refit, and can hardly have recovered their defeat at Albuera, though in numbers increased by the junction of Marmont and Drouet with their Corps, and he must first besiege and take Elvas, which, (though I have no very high opinion of either its Governor, or the principal part of its garrison, and know it to have very weak points,) would I hope at all events delay him some weeks....

The Portuguese Government are wretchedly off for money. Nothing whatever is paid for. The Officers have not had a farthing for four months, and when I sent for my pay, the answer was _não ha dinheiro_. Things cannot long go on so, and I fear all the Marshal’s exertions hitherto will have been to no avail, and the country go completely to ruin in spite of him and all his zeal and activity, unless some remedy is applied to the horrid mismanagement and almost torpid want of energy in the Government. We want for everything, and have not the means, or are we likely that I can see to have them, for the most trifling occurrences. I feel for the Marshal, to whom these disgusts are, I am sure, a great cause of his illness.

No event has given me individually greater pleasure, or will be received by the army in general with more satisfaction than the appointment of the Duke of York, who, notwithstanding the malice of his enemies, and the mischievous revolutionary exertions of a set of low-bred _soi-disant_ reformers, was a most excellent Commr. in Chief, and certainly brought the Army to a point of discipline and systematic order that claims from it its utmost gratitude. As to his private amours they are nothing to us, and most indecently brought forward by that set, who perhaps the least ought to have agitated it, from motives most unwarrantable, as we all know. Pray remember me most kindly to General Ferguson and Farrer, and to Ross, Campbell, my friend John Brown, of whom I rejoice to hear such good accounts, and to his brother. With kindest love to all, etc., etc. Ever, my dear Father, etc.,

WM. W.

We have a report of a brilliant victory by Sir C. Cotton in the Mediterranean against 9 sail and 2 frigates of the enemy with 10,000 men for Catalonia from Toulon, but it requires confirmation. Don Josè desires to be remembered to you. Pray make my best respects to his Excellency the Ambassador.

I hear from dear Jacko that he is quite well, amusing himself very pleasantly. The Marshal desires to be most kindly remembered to you; pray do also say the same from me to his brother.

* * * * *

ST OLAIA, _June 27, 1811_.

MY DEAREST, KIND FATHER,

Though I have little to add to what I wrote to you, and my letters to dear Emily and my Uncle William contain all the _no_ news I have to send, I will not delay thanking you for yours of the 5th and 8th and for the newspapers.... We have been kept very alert lately by a reconnaissance Marshal Soult made on the 22nd on Campo Mayor, with 14 Squadrons, pushing at the same time 1000 Cavalry and as many Infantry close up to Elvas. He _saw nothing_, but I am sorry to say we lost upwards of 100 men and horses, which is a very serious loss to us at present, mostly of the 10th and 2nd German Hussars. It is attributed to some mismanagement in posting our Pickets (which I thought very apparent), and by no means the fault of the Officers commanding them. Poor Lutyens while retiring from a party which had crossed the Guadiana in his rear, most unfortunately mistook a French body of Cavalry for his own reserve, and did not find out his mistake till too late. He then, however, very gallantly attempted to fight his way through them, but was at last overpowered, losing 5 or 7 killed and 20 wounded, and the remainder of 40 taken with himself and another Officer. One Officer escaped wounded. We have not since seen anything of the enemy, and it is my opinion that they will not at present attack us, as some think, though it is very difficult to say what those fellows may risk, they are so presumptuous and insolent, though Albuera and the other beatings they have received, must have at least given them prudence and a better opinion of us, and I am unwilling to believe that, now that Badajos is relieved, and he can have no immediate object to gain, he will risk an action which if unsuccessful to him must have the most disastrous consequences, and perhaps decide the fate of the Peninsula, if he should have a war to divide his attention to the North. It is the largest army they have in Spain, and all they can collect from all parts of the South.

It would appear to me the height of rashness to venture it at one cast against troops which have just beaten the two Corps of which it is composed, and without any positive advantage to gain, for they cannot yet be in a state to advance far into Portugal. I am well aware of the consequences which would attend a defeat of us, against their superior Cavalry and numbers, but I feel so confident that this is scarce possible from the state and high spirits of our brave troops, that I have not the least uneasiness about it, and I also am much pleased with our position, which, I think, though not strong by nature, will enable us to bring all our troops into play in the manner best suited to them, and for the use of the bayonet, which in the hands of a British soldier is always decisive. Nor are our brave Portuguese by any means unaware of its utility or backward in applying it with full vigour. The whole army are in the best spirits and most willing to give these boasting miscreants another dressing before we go into quarters, which are, however, very necessary.

I think, when it is decided that the enemy do not mean to attack us, and that they retire from before us, that the Marshal will go to Lisbon, which I shall be most glad of for his sake, as I think he requires rest both of body and mind, though, thank God, he is much better than when I first arrived. I quite agree with all you say in his praise. He has indeed deserved all that can be said, and it has been truly gratifying to read the manner in which the thanks of the House were voted to him. He is of course much pleased and flattered by the approbation of his country, but he is as modest and diffident of what concerns himself as he is brave and clever in the field. We are on the very best terms, and I am as happy as I can be, notwithstanding the heat and turning out at 3 A.M. and then riding all day. We sleep the better for it, and in this respect I am in great luxury, as I have a little camp bed of Count D’Alva’s, with sheets, etc., etc., which I like so well, and so much better than my cloak and bearskin, since he went away, that I intend to buy a camp bed at Lisbon and always carry one in future.

Pray have my newspaper, _The Day_, sent regularly every day; it is a great comfort, and besides enables me to oblige a great many people. Though I sincerely rejoice when anything can be done for my cousins at Rugby, I am extremely sorry that anything should have been asked of Lord Mulgrave, however obligingly granted. I have good reasons for being decidedly against any application whatever being made to him on any account, and do intreat you that you will never allow any; not knowing him, you can have no idea what harm it does, though a very worthy old man, and though we should call and shew him every respect which is his due. I did wish to be under no obligation, and am much vexed that anything should have been asked. It was my intention to have tried by another channel, to have had the boy admitted, but would not have consented to this. It is, however, now too late, and he has behaved very kindly, but for the future pray never think of such a thing....

[MS. torn, part wanting.]

... it must have handsome round Staff “tawsels” and ribbons at the sides, but must not be gold laced, as the new regulation is, _Deos nos livre_. I suppose our good chiefs do not think our Generals or Staff get killed off fast enough that they order them cocked hats with gold binding. It must only be meant for Wimbledon. There are no Voltigeurs there, and a gold laced cocked hat, though very ugly, is a very harmless thing—not here.

* * * * *

EXTRACT FROM LETTERS TO HIS SISTERS.

_July 1_, ST. OLAIA.

We move to-morrow to Lisbon for a few weeks, which I am not sorry for, as the French are not likely to disturb us, and this place is horribly dull unless we had something to do.

I daresay the whole army will go into Quarters during the hottest months....

We are here four in a very small quarter, and not a pane of glass in the whole house, or a wooden floor, which we should not mind at all, if there was anything going on or likely, but the French are as glad, and as likely to be quiet, as we are for the present....

I see I am gazetted as Major at last, and the Marshal has recommended me for the Portuguese Lt.-Colonelcy, as I am nearly the eldest Major in their Army, and several have gone over my head, to whom I am to be antedated.

* * * * *

LISBON, _July 5, 1811_.

I am quite well after my very tiresome journey with the Hd. Qrs. baggage, for the Marshal has been here these two days and left me to bring the Hd. Qrs. Staff. A pretty set to be bear leader to indeed!

* * * * *

LISBON, _August 2nd, 1811_.

MY DEAREST FATHER,

... Nothing can give us greater pleasure than to see you in this country, and I assure you the Marshal will also be very happy to see you, and I think your presence may be useful in the north at Porto. I think this country for the present quite safe, and if Russia declares against France, or even continues her threatening posture, so as to occupy a large portion of his force in the north of Germany, things have never looked better in the Peninsula. If not, it is quite impossible to foretell the events of a Campaign, or what may happen from one moment to another, particularly if the Spaniards persist in not doing anything. It is a curious perverseness their dislike to a foreign command, particularly where they confess they want it, in their armies, and their pride and vain-glory, which one would naturally expect would be the stimulus to anything, in order to avoid subjugation, will probably be the real causes, with the ignorance and treason of their gentry, of their ultimate fall.

As to a battle immediately I do not see the least chance of it. I think the army will shortly make some movement, but as yet I know nothing about it. I pay no attention, and wish you would not, to the nonsense of our wise politicians of London, who speculate mostly, either from very bad information, or as best suits their views.

As to your informant about Ld. Wn. starving the South as well as the North of Portugal, I confess the speech savours as much of roguery as of ignorance, and I should have a very poor opinion of any Englishman who could make such an observation, unless he wishes purposely to discourage the people from continuing this glorious struggle for everything that is dear to man. He shews himself as ignorant of the country as of the means it offers for defence, and of the enemy’s decided superiority in numbers, which can only be overcome by drawing him away from his resources, and weakening him before we can strike.

In the action of Mina near Vittoria the French were completely beaten by his guerilla, which for that sort of corps is more organised than usual, and consists of 4 Bns. and a Regt. of Cavalry, from 4 to 5000 men. They make a good partisan corps, but have neither solidity nor system enough to be much better than a rather more disciplined and subordinate mob, as yet.

The Galicians and Asturians, like the other parts of Spain, I do not think likely to do much at present. Their Government gives them no encouragement, and but little hope of any effectual support, and they, poor devils, have felt how inadequate they are alone to resist regular troops.

The fall of Tarragona was a serious disaster, though expected, and may have a bad moral effect upon the mind of the populace, besides giving a handle to the ill disposed, which order of people I cannot say have increased in Spain, though I fear the indifferents, who are nearly as bad, certainly have. At the same time I have not a doubt that, where the people are not kept under by force, was there any fair prospect of success, or any disaster to happen to the French, the whole would rise against their oppressors, whom they detest—at least, I think, the whole of the lower orders.

I am much obliged to you for the papers with the vote of thanks from the City to the Marshal. They were never better bestowed. He had never heard of them before. I am very glad Le Marchant is coming out, as I think it is what he wished, and I have no doubt that with his extensive theoretical knowledge, and the practice he formerly had, he will be a great acquisition to our Army. I hope my friend Johnstone will get leave to come out with him.

I have heard of no disagreement amongst our Generals, or that the Marshal ever had any idea of going home. We are for the present very quietly settled, and most comfortably, at that lovely place Cintra, where we are likely to remain till some general movement takes place, and something to be done. The air agrees extremely well with the Marshal, who is very well. I never was so well for many years. It is very remarkable that the climate of Cintra is as different from Lisbon as London is. We have not had a day of heat, while here they have suffered very much. The fog morning and evening keeps us, with the number of trees, constantly cool. The rash I had continues, and has increased, but the Doctors tell me it is rather beneficial than otherwise, and desire me to do nothing to it. It gives me no inconvenience. They call it “Morphen,” and most certainly, notwithstanding, my general health never was better. I came in yesterday on business and return to-morrow. The Marshal also. He is at Caxias, nr. St Julians, at the Admiral’s.... I have just heard that a Packet is coming in with a mail in 4 days from Falmouth, but have not heard that the bag is landed....

WM. W.

* * * * *

CINTRA, _August 17, 1811_.

MY DEAR FATHER,

I have not written to you by the last Packet, as I wrote to some of the family, and had really nothing in particular to communicate. We have been for the last four or five days in Lisbon, as the Marshal had a good deal to arrange with the Government, who, as usual with the people in power in this country, are the more impracticable in proportion as the danger is removed; and foresight or a liberal policy is not to be expected from people who cannot carry their views beyond the present moment, and though quite impotent in affairs of State, and as ignorant as obstinate, are extremely jealous of the power entrusted to them. Scarce a plan or arrangement, even military, is proposed by the military chiefs, but becomes a subject of discussion, and if not rejected, mostly so delayed that the object is either lost, or rendered far less effective. It is most disgusting, and if they do not alter, it is quite impossible but the army must go to pieces in spite of even the exertions and firmness of the Marshal. The Brother[25] to your friend is the worst. Nothing can exceed his vanity and self-sufficiency except his ignorance.[26]

The Marshal is quite well. The coolness and fine air of this beautiful spot agrees wonderfully with him, and, if we remain a week, or a fortnight longer, I think he will have acquired so much bracing and strength, that he will be fully equal to a campaign, and after next month the heat is not very oppressive.

Lord W. has invested Ciudad Rodrigo with his cavalry and light troops, but not quite closely. I hope we shall be more successful in this siege than our last, and have acquired a little more experience. The accounts we have of the number and state of the garrison are very favourable to us, and you know I have not a very great opinion of the strength of the place, but we have but very little experience in this sort of warfare. Hd. Qrs. are, I believe, at Fuentes Guinaldo. I hope the Marshal will have arranged his business and move up in time, as I do not expect we shall break ground for this some time.

Jack is returned from his tour, with which he is much pleased, though it does not seem to have increased his military zeal. He saw some Divisions on the march, which has given him _some idea_ of the miseries of even a summer campaign, and of the fatigue and inconvenience to which Regt. Officers and men are exposed. What would he think of one in winter? I think it will do him a great deal of good. I wish a great many more of our English country gentlemen could see a little of real warfare, which they affect to discuss so freely. Jack is quite well, and both Lord Balgonie and he were, I believe, heartily glad to get back to Lisbon again. They had not time to get used to fleas, mosquitoes, and no beds.

I am extremely anxious to hear when you determine upon coming to this country, though I fear it will not be before we leave this and Lisbon, as I was in great hopes you might have contrived. If you are to come, I think it is a pity you should put it off till much later in the year. But pray let me know, and what you wish me to do. Such as they are, I hope you will take my rooms at Cathariz, which I will have prepared for you, though I am afraid that, if we are out of town, a large empty house is not the most pleasant abode. I can make no arrangement for you till I know whether and when you come. It will be most provoking if we should have marched to the army, and therefore pray do not delay longer than indispensable....

The Marshal has sent the Brigadier Lemos his military secretary to the Rio de Janeiro on business. He will return almost immediately. As I think it not unlikely the Prince may send some honours by him to his officers, it may be a good opportunity to get Dr Ds.[27] to write directly to the Count de Linhares[28] about the _Commandos_. As to the other business we spoke of, from what I hear and know of things in this country the idea gives me far more pain than pleasure, and I hope it may never take place. You must be careful that Dr Ds. has not a hint of my extreme dislike to his brothers and their ministry. Yrs., etc.,

WM. WARRE.

[25] Principal Sousa.

[26] See _Oman_, iii., 193 ff. and 415 ff.

[27] Domingos Antonio de Sousa Contentro, afterwards Conde de Funchal.

[28] The eldest of the Brothers Sousa, Prime Minister at Rio Janeiro.

* * * * *

CINTRA, _August 23, 1811_.

MY DEAR FATHER,

... I hope you will not delay your departure for this country till much later in the year, and expect by next Packet some further information of your intentions on the subject. I should doubt your finding us here at all events, as I think it very likely we shall join the army again early next month, when the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo will be going on. At present our troops are all around it at a distance, in cantonments, quite quiet, though the place is invested, and for the present the enemy do not show any intention of disturbing us; at least, I have heard of no movement on their part that indicates it. But I cannot think they will quietly allow us to take the place. It is to them well worth risking a battle for, if they intend ever to enter Portugal again. I cannot even guess whether Ld. Wn. will think it worth his while. At this distance I have but general and very imperfect information of the army, and it is dangerous to venture upon conjectures on such a subject.

The Spaniards continue to do nothing, at least on a great scale, and my hopes of any great effort on their part gradually diminish as the accounts arrive of reinforcements entering from France, though it is true in very inconsiderable numbers. We cannot make out that they yet exceed 9 to 12,000 men, which is nothing for the Peninsula. I look to Russia with some anxiety, as much must depend upon her conduct in our future operations. Your opinion, I am sorry to observe, is not favourable, though I think it evident there is some great misunderstanding or resistance to the Tyrant’s will on the part of that Emperor, and, from the nature of the man, I should suppose he will not allow him to oppose him long with impunity. In the disordered state in which we understand the Russian finance to be, it is perhaps better, till she can make peace with the Turk, that she should hold her doubtful posture.

I am surprised you have not received a letter I sent you with the _Gazette_ containing my Portuguese promotion. For the present, at least, I am Lt.-Colonel. Except the rank, I have not one advantage pecuniary or otherwise by my Brevet Majority, but I keep my Staff situation, and unless I should get an effective majority of Cavalry, it is as good a situation as I can have, and I have not the least inclination to quit that service.

I am vexed that I have been able to get nothing done for Casey, who is well deserving his promotion. I have written several times to Brown, but have no answer, and I know, from my own situation, how very unpleasant it is to be importuned upon these subjects. Perhaps Greenwood could do something for him. The purchase money is, I believe, in Tom’s hands.

We have yet no account of the honours conferred by the P. R. of P. on the Marshals, and at any rate I do not think them equal to their deserts, and, unless their Pensions are better paid than usual in these cases, they will not be much the richer for them.

I am glad that you have met the Douglas family. There cannot be a finer fellow or better Officer than he is, and more universally respected and beloved. He is a very great friend of mine. I saw him just before we left St Olaia. He was quite well. General Houston is gone home unwell. Campbell arrived the day before yesterday, and writes that he is quite well.

We are in daily expectation of accounts of the poor King’s death, but while I believe every one must regret the loss of such a Sovereign and such a man, considering his sufferings and the present state of the nation, I hardly think it can be a subject of great sorrow to lose him, however much we loved and respected the royal and excellent qualities of such a King.

Your accounts of the internal politics of the country are extremely interesting, but with you I think it is quite impossible to guess the Prince Regent’s intentions, or what his conduct may be after the King’s death, and we all naturally look with great anxiety to the first steps of his reign as a criterion to judge of what we are to expect....

Campbell is this moment arrived. I never saw him looking better. He was detained 5 weeks at Portsmouth and nearly a month on his passage.... Jack is also here quite well after his trip to Castello Branco, where he saw some Divisions marching, and the sight of their hardships, even in a peaceable move distant from the enemy, has not increased his military zeal. It does these English amateurs a vast deal of good to see a little how things are carried on, and what soldiers go through on service, though I think it quite folly for any person, whose duty does not demand it of him, to expose himself as many have, and been laughed at. For after all they but prove what nobody doubted, that they are not afraid of their flesh....

We continue to spend our time very pleasantly. The Marshal has a slight cold and lumbago, which will, I hope, soon pass away. He is otherwise very well....

_Aug. 24_—The Marshal is much better to-day. He desires to be most kindly remembered to you. We have nothing new. The Duke of Leinster, Lords Clare and Delaware, are arrived in Lisbon, and going up to the army. Yrs., etc.,

WM. WARRE.

The Marshal is Count of Francozo, and Lord W. of Vimiero, but they have not yet the Regent’s permission to accept the titles—which, being compared with Silveira, are not at all flattering to any person but him, and completely marred the P. Regent of P.’s intention of obliging them, for though nobody will deny Silveira considerable merit, it is folly to rank him with the other two. Nor has he ever done anything to deserve such a rank. Poor Baçelar, who commands him, was at least entitled to H. R. H. notice.

* * * * *

CINTRA, _Sept. 7, 1811_.

MY DEAR FATHER,

I am much disappointed at not hearing from any of you the last two packets, though from my not having any letter at all, I must think it is owing to some mistake either at the Horse Guards, or at the Army Post Office, Lisbon.... I hope this will find you preparing to give me the pleasure of seeing you in this country, as I should be extremely sorry, if you intend to come at all, that you should delay it till much later in the year, and I had hoped you might come while we remain at this place or at Lisbon. The Marshal does not yet talk of moving, but I should guess we shall not remain longer than this month, as the business that called him to the Capital appears now to be nearly concluded.

We continue to amuse ourselves very well, and certainly if we are to be quiet, could not be in pleasanter or better quarters. Jack is with us and very well, and, whenever the time comes, I shall part with him with great regret. I have met few better hearted or more sensible fellows, and he has made himself much liked and esteemed by the whole of our Staff.

I do not think the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo is now likely to take place. The supineness of our Spanish neighbours would enable the enemy to collect a force much superior to us for its relief, without any risk to themselves, and Ld. Wn. would fight to a very great disadvantage encumbered with the stores and train necessary for a siege; and, in case of disaster, the loss of them would be serious indeed. In the present demolished state of Almeida, that place could be of no assistance to him. Were it otherwise, the siege might be undertaken, as in case of their advancing in force to relieve it, he could in a few hours place it (the train) in comparative safety, and in case of a defeat, it would enable him to cover his retreat, and get some part of it away. At present Almeida is rather a weight than otherwise to us.

Marmont has moved up part of his Corps through the Puerto de Baños, but I do not know that he has advanced himself, though it is not improbable he may draw near our cantonments to observe Ld. W.’s motions. He is not strong enough to prevent his Lordship from undertaking the siege, if he wished it, but I rather suspect that the Corps which was collecting at Benevente, whatever its previous destination might have been, will also move to that quarter, in consequence of the advance of the allied army, and perhaps join with him, for I can never suppose that the enemy will allow us to take that town, which is of such importance to them, if they ever intend to enter Portugal again, and which I cannot doubt they will; and, for _many reasons_, notwithstanding the happiness it would be to me to see you, I should recommend, unless your plans are fixed, and that you can come immediately, or that your presence is quite necessary, that you would delay it till the spring, for I think this winter will decide much as to the fate of the Peninsula, which, (this is quite _entre nous_) I fear, if great reinforcements arrive, and that Napoleon’s attention is not otherwise diverted, the unaccountable folly of the Spanish Government, and the consequent apathy and acquiescence of the people, has again placed in the balance; and it appears probable we shall have another active winter in this country again.

The Spanish Government have received, I hear, within the last twelvemonths 18 millions of Dollars, of which latterly 5 millions; and, notwithstanding, I do not hear that their rabble, called an army, is a bit better provided, or that any effectual step has been taken to organise them, or oppose more effectual resistance to their invaders. It is truly lamentable. It appears that Blake has been defeated at Grenada, and I believe it. It was to be expected, and will always happen where he commands, for I do not believe there was ever a worse General; and these defeats completely destroy even the slight remains of confidence the naturally brave Spaniards had left. They will soon not fight at all, and I am sure it is not to be wondered at....

Genl. Le Marchant has been here for a day or two, and has been quite delighted with the beauty of the place. He is quite well. We have had the Duke of Leinster and Lords Clare and Delaware and Mr Fitzgerald, who left us this morning. They are remarkably unaffected fine young men, and an excellent sample of our young Fidalgos. Ever yrs., etc.,

WM. WARRE.

* * * * *

LISBON, _17th Oct. 1811_.

MY DEAREST FATHER,

... I am extremely anxious for the arrival of another Packet, which is due, to be able to form some idea of when I may expect you in this country, as I find you still continue your intention of giving us the happiness of a visit.

Things are now quiet on the frontier, and I think may continue so for some time longer. Indeed I should not suppose anything will be now seriously undertaken by the Enemy till the spring. I therefore think the sooner you can come the better, and I certainly would not wait till the season is much further advanced, as what you say about the Wine Company is true, and nobody feels the tyranny and oppression of this monopolizing Body more than the inhabitants of this country themselves, you know. But with regard to the fulfilment of treaties with the English, no nation seems to think that necessary, and we are consequently always laughed at. John Bull is a noble beast, and has more good qualities than any other animal in the world, but _en fait de politique_ he is generally a great gull. Witness Sicily, Portugal, Spain, Prussia, Russia, etc., etc., etc., etc. But, as I should not suppose your presence in London necessary to forward its execution, I think it would be a great advantage for you to be here on the spot, and make your own arrangements, which so many others are doing before you. The name alone in the country would have weight, but it must not be allowed to be forgotten if you resolve ever to resume the business, as people will seek other channels for their business, and not be able to disengage themselves for you, even if they wished it. But, as you know all this much better than I do, I hope next mail to hear your decision on the subject.

The Marshal, poor fellow, has been very unwell, and that has delayed us much longer here than we expected. We left the Prayas 4 days ago, as the air very much disagreed with him, and are at our old Head Quarters. He is more comfortable in his own house than anywhere else, and he requires in his present state every indulgence. I have been very anxious indeed about him, but he is now, thank God, much better, though still very weak, and it is therefore uncertain when we may be able to move as there is nothing likely to be doing for the present, and I am very anxious about it, as I think he is as well here as anywhere. His complaint is a low fever and great debility, which has been hanging about him for some months, and which, though it sometimes leaves him for a few days, has never given him time to gain strength; and his constant employment and hard work of mind and body have also greatly retarded his getting well. I should much fear we shall be gone before your arrival notwithstanding, which I shall regret extremely, as it would have been a great comfort and happiness to have seen you while we are quietly settled.

With regard to the honours to Officers I can tell you that Forjas[29] had nothing whatever to do with the List, or could he send any in without an order from the Regency, who are alone to blame. Much has been said upon the subject, and it seems very extraordinary that they should ever have thought of conferring Military Honours, without reference to the Commander in Chief of their army, who most certainly is the best judge of who deserves them. But these, like most other things in this country, are ruled by meanness, jealousy, and intrigue, nor can we expect any good and energetical measures while the Principal and Patriarch, ignorant, bigoted, and presumptuous, and mean enough to have recourse to any dirtiness to attain their ends, are in the Regency, and Count Linhares in the Ministry, for he backs his ignorant meddling brother through everything, even in spite of the opinions of the other members. Forjas is often blamed, and most undeservedly so. I do believe him to be a very honorable and well-intentioned man, and certainly a man of good abilities, and no intrigue and meanness has been neglected to ruin him in Brazil. The P—h hates him, and would willingly, if he dare, replace him by any of his creatures, whom he tries to force into every situation. Quite _entre nous_ there never was a more mischievous little animal, or a more treacherous one. And pray be very careful in any opinions you give to Dn.—Ds. that he may suppose from me. He is of the same party and may do a great deal of harm. For they at present rather suppose I never trouble my head about them.

As to my own Honours, I shall be proud of any _military ones, when they come_, if conformable to my rank. But I put no trust in promises, and quite think with you that your friend knows nothing of the matter. But his strong recommendation to that quarter must have considerable weight. I feel an unconquerable aversion to soliciting any honours, and would not for the world appear to have given any opinion on the subject.

With regard to the representation he made of the poverty of this Government, I do not believe it to the extent he says, though they are certainly distrest, and must be, while there is so much mismanagement, and so many useless hangers-on to be satisfied. As to a Loan, I quite agree with you, that they must be honest, or, what is not an easy undertaking at present, they must persuade the lenders that they are honest, in their intentions at least.

I should be glad to hear that the Princess Charlotta really again got into power. She is at least energetical, and the changes _you fear_ are most desirable from their consequent changes here.

We have no news from the army except an account of Don Julian Sanchez and his guerrilla having taken the General, Governor of Ciudad Rodrigo, Regnioux, while taking his promenade outside the town, and most of the cattle belonging to the garrison. I do not know the particulars, but it appears to have been a neat business enough. We all miss dear Jack very much....

Remember me to General Leith, should you see him. I have a great regard for him. He is generally much esteemed. I am not likely to see Douglas for some time. When I do I will give him your message. Hardinge desires me to thank you most kindly for undertaking his commission of seals. Yrs., etc.,

WM. WARRE.

[29] General Miguel Forjaz. See _Oman_, iii., 418.

* * * * *

LISBON, _Nov. 23rd, 1811_.

MY DEAREST FATHER,

After a very long delay I was at length made very happy by your most kind letter from Cowes....

I quite agree with you about the infamous Wine Company at Porto, but I think that it cannot stand long, even supposing we are such dupes as to allow the P. Government to infringe so directly on the Treaty. It is a grievous oppression on the farmer, and so generally disliked, that I much doubt, when the terror of French dominion is removed, they will submit either to this or many other oppressions. _O Povo esta mto. desabusado, e seria mto. melhor conceder ehe algums destes privilegios, que em nada contribuem para o bem do estado, mas mto. para o bem de hums poucos de individuos, ò menos penso que o que contribue não sofre o odio de huma tão sega politica._[30]

I therefore hope to have the happiness of giving you an _abraço_ early in the spring, and am not sorry you did not come out at this advanced period of the year, when you would have found very great difficulty in travelling in a country desolate and almost depopulated, in bad weather, and as I could not foresee that our excellent Marshal would fall ill again, I had given up all hopes of meeting you in Lisbon, at all events. We were to have moved to-day, but H. E. has been very unwell, and though now, thank God, much better, our departure cannot take place till the beginning of next month. He has great confidence in the good effects of a change of air and travelling. I confess I rather dread the effects of any fatigue or cold for him after what happened lately, when a not very long ride quite threw him back. If good wishes, not only from his own family, but from all ranks of the people could avail, he would have been long since well, and it is, and must at all events be, a pleasant reflection to him in illness to see how universally he is regretted, and the fears his illness has raised amongst _almost_ the whole nation.

I have not a word of public news to send you. The Prince d’Aremberg, Colonel of the 27th Chasseurs à Cheval, and married to the Empress Josephine’s niece, is arrived here, and 1400 prisoners taken at Arroio del Molino by Hill. He is an insignificant looking creature, and not reckoned a great Officer. Genl. Bron is not yet arrived. I have dined with the Lt.-Col. of their 40th Regt. He is a fine intelligent young man, but quite a Frenchman. He lies without the least hesitation. He half cries at times at his misfortune, but, when he has drank a little wine, sings and dances, and seems to forget entirely that he is a Prisoner. I am going this morning to take the Lt.-Col. of 34th F.A. to make some purchases he wants, and then to dine at Hardinge’s. I think him steadier a good deal than the other, who is a most amusing companion, and less of a soldier. This man is reserved, but I know what he says is true, and therefore we intend to try what the _bon vin de Bordeaux_ will do towards opening his heart,[31] for we often get very interesting information in this way, and, though I hate and despise the fellows, I am rather amused by them now and then.

I think we are likely to remain quiet at Villa Formosa beyond the Coa, where we fix our Hd. Qrs. It was entirely destroyed by the French, but we have had doors and window-shutters put to some of the Houses. But I expect we shall _passar m’tos. frios_, and I dread it for the Marshal. I do not think the French will make any movement till Ciudad Rodrigo is again distressed for provisions, and then they will probably throw some convoy in which I do not know how we are to prevent, when the Agueda is full and not fordable, unless by a general action beyond it, and that is _most unlikely_, and I therefore do not myself expect that anything more than outpost business perhaps will be done before the spring. The enemy have certainly received great reinforcements during the course of the year, but even these (say 40,000 men) have not covered the casualties and losses of men in their armies, which are evidently much reduced. I have no reason to alter my opinion about the Spaniards. You know what it is, and I do not expect more from them than I did, and, if Russia does not in the spring declare against Napoleon, the fate of the Peninsula is in my opinion still very doubtful.

As you do not mention anything further in your letters about my business which you said Dr. Domingos wished to _be perfectly secret_, I hope it is given up entirely, and if not, that you will not press it. It would throw me out of the line of my profession, and place me in a situation I do not think I should be fit for, or can like. You however, my dear Father, know my situation, and I never willingly have or will act contrary to your opinion or wishes.

A Packet is coming in, but I fear we shall not have the letters before the mail for England closes. Yrs., etc., etc.,

WM. WARRE.

[30] The lower classes are greatly undeceived, and it would be much better to concede to them some of these privileges, which in no way contribute to the welfare of the State, but much to the benefit of some few individuals. At least I think that he who takes this course will not incur the odium of such a blind policy.

[31] _Cf._ Maxwell’s _Life of the Duke of Wellington_, vol. i., p. 357.

* * * * *

LISBON, _Nov. 30, 1811_.

MY DEAREST FATHER,

I quite agree with you on the subject of the Wine Company, and do hope we will behave on this occasion with more energy. I hate half measures, and no man in his senses can, I should think, doubt of the ultimate advantage to the Country by doing away with this odious and oppressive monopoly, which is only persevered in from the narrow views and interested politicks of a few individuals, aided by a little ready money advanced now and then to the Government.

Hardinge desires me to thank you in the kindest manner for the seals, and to be also remembered to you.

You really give me credit for more reserve in my letters than I deserve, for I really know nothing, and think we are likely to be quiet for some time. The Marshal is, I am happy to say, very much better, though still pale and thin. He is very anxious to move, and I know we shall set out as soon as he prudently can. I suppose in about a week or ten days.... Yrs., etc.,

WM. W.

* * * * *

EXTRACT FROM LETTERS TO HIS SISTERS.

LISBON, _Dec. 6, 1811_.

The Marshal was to have left this for the Army a week ago, and it was his intention to go on Sunday, the day after to-morrow, but a fresh cold will, however, I perceive, detain him some days. He is still very weak and liable to catch cold at the least exposure, which makes me feel quite a horror of his attempting to move at this time of year. But he is very anxious to join the army, and go I see we shall the moment he is able to move. We go to Abrantes first, then Thomar and Coimbra, to inspect the different Depôts of the recruits, and from thence to the Army, to Villa Formoza on the Coa, where we fix our Hd. Qrs. for I daresay the winter. As I see not the slightest prospect of anything being done, the Marshal’s health causes my principal anxiety. His loss, or suspension for any time from his duty, would be a very serious misfortune for this Country. Everybody feels it and laments his indisposition. It is to-day very cold, so much so that, as we are not blessed with fireplaces in this country, and have the plague of many doors and windows, all of which require caulking, I can hardly write—and notwithstanding he will go to a review of the Commercial Volunteer Regiment, composed of merchants and gentlemen of Lisbon, who have done all the duties for two years in the town with the greatest zeal and regularity. They are magnificently appointed at their own expense, Cavalry and Infantry, and upwards of 1300 strong. I wish they were 10 leagues off, that the Marshal might not risk a worse cold to pay them a compliment.

We had a most ridiculous hoax here on the 2nd, which put all Lisbon in a ferment. An English Officer gave out, and hand bills were spread all over the town, that for a wager of £500 he was to walk across the Tagus, from Belem to the opposite bank, in a pair of Cork Boots of wonderful construction. The joke took most completely. Everybody was anxious to see this wonderful performance, which was to take place at one o’clock, and even the day before every Chaise, Mule, Horse, Donkey, Boat or Barge, was in requisition, and great prices paid. At an early hour on the 2nd, the beach near Belem was thronged, “grandees” and “little dees,” great and small, men, women, and children, of all nations and professions, continued to pour in. The day was very fine and the _Coup d’œil_ most beautiful. The river was crowded almost near 1¾ mile with vessels of every description, and the beach and streets with carriages, equestrians, and pedestrians. At the appointed hour a report was spread that the man could not pass till four on account of the tide, and the Mobility and the Nobility waited in anxious expectation, though many began to suspect the Humbug and plenty retired. I had accidentally got a hint of its being a hoax the day before, and therefore only rode down in the afternoon, and a more laughable or absurd scene I never beheld. The people began to be undeceived, some laughed, some were angry, and meeting in their retreat those who undeceived by the way, went only to laugh at the others, and rallying them most unmercifully made them ten times worse. The Portuguese consoled themselves with the idea that the English were as great fools as themselves. Thinks I to myself, they always are on the subject of wonders. I rode quietly along the pavement and was exceedingly amused with the observations of the people. I laughed so much that I was hardly able to sit on my horse, and got a little abuse in consequence which I was prepared to answer and laugh at. A great many of my friends were there. To these I bowed respectfully with a malicious smile, and, “how did you like the man with the boots?” Many ladies and gentlemen in order to have a better view took possession of the Tower at low water, and were so intent upon the beautiful scene on the River, that they quite forgot that the tide would shut them in, and were obliged to be at the expense of Boat hire to take them back to their carriages. Others availed themselves of men’s backs, horses, and any conveyance according to their finances, the water being only a few feet deep, but it was really a most ridiculous sight. Nothing is talked of now in Lisbon but the man with Cork Boots, and it has given rise to the drollest reports and lies. Some even swear they saw him, and describe his figure, dress, etc. Thinks I to myself, “What a ...” Others say he attempted it and failed. Others that his boots sprung a leak and required caulking. Thinks I to myself, “They all l...” and that is likely, for they have wickedly that vice in this country.... We do not move on Sunday, or for some days, as the Marshal has again caught a bad cold and is unwell....

Poor Walter has misbehaved, and I have sent him home to his Regt. He is a poor devil. His misfortune is to be a great fool.

* * * * *

LISBON, _Dec. 14, 1811_.

MY DEAREST MOTHER,

... The Marshal is much better and again talks of leaving Lisbon next Wednesday morning. I hope he will not again relapse, but even if he continues to mend, I am not quite easy about the journey for him at this time of year, and as there is absolutely no prospect of anything being done at present in the way of operations, both armies appearing to have gone very quietly into Winter quarters, I think him very imprudent in venturing, but perhaps the change of air may do him great good.

We go first to Abrantes, Thomar, and Coimbra. I told you I should write a stupid letter, and John Brown is putting all my rhapsodies to flight by his noise. He desires his love to E.’s poodle, and to be remembered to the rest of the family. We are going at 3 o’clock to a grand funeral of Brigadier-General Coleman, who died of fever after suffering a great deal. He is to be buried with military honours. No man ever died more generally or deservedly lamented, and, what is more than anything distressing, is that he leaves his poor father and mother and sisters, who depended on him for support, in rather painful circumstances. His poor old father resigned the office of Sergeant-at-Arms to him _moyennant_ a pension, which he loses with his son. I am very sorry for him: what a pity he left the House of Commons to come here at all!...

I hope the Company at Porto’s business may be settled to my father’s satisfaction, but that he will not come out till the spring, for it is almost impossible to travel in this desolated country in winter. Yrs., etc., etc.,

WM. W.

1812.