Chapter I: Front Matter

Transcriber's Notes: Variations in spelling and hyphenation have been left as in the original. Words in italics in the original are surrounded by _underscores_. A row of asterisks represents a thought break. Letters superscripted in the original are surrounded by {braces}. Ellipses match the original. A complete list of corrections follows the text.

The original has two different kinds of blockquotes: one uses a smaller font than the main text, and the other has wider margins. In this text, the blockquotes in a smaller font have wider margins, and the other blockquotes have two blank lines before and after the quotation. An explanation of the different kinds of quotations can be found at the end of the "ADVERTISEMENT".

The Index that was printed at the end of Volume II. of this series has been included at the end of this Volume for reference purposes.

LIFE AND

CORRESPONDENCE OF

DAVID HUME.

LIFE

AND

CORRESPONDENCE

OF

DAVID HUME.

FROM THE PAPERS BEQUEATHED BY HIS NEPHEW TO THE
ROYAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH; AND OTHER
ORIGINAL SOURCES.

BY JOHN HILL BURTON, ESQ.
ADVOCATE.

VOLUME I.

EDINBURGH:
WILLIAM TAIT, 107, PRINCE'S STREET.
MDCCCXLVI.

EDINBURGH:
Printed by WILLIAM TAIT, 107, Prince's Street.

TO THE PRESIDENT AND COUNCIL

OF

THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH,

THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED

BY

THEIR MOST OBEDIENT HUMBLE SERVANT,

J. H. BURTON.

ADVERTISEMENT.

In this work, an attempt has been made to connect together a series of original documents, by a narrative of events in the life of him to whom they relate; an account of his literary labours; and a picture of his character, according to the representations of it preserved by his contemporaries. The scantiness of the resources at the command of previous biographers, and the extent and variety of the new materials now presented to the world, render unnecessary any other apology for the present publication. How far these materials have been rightly used, readers and critics must judge; but I may be perhaps excused for offering a brief explanation of the spirit in which I desired to undertake the task; and the responsibility I felt attached to the duty, of ushering before the public, documents of so much importance to literature.

The critic or biographer, who writes from materials already before the public, may be excused if he give way to his prepossessions and partialities, and limit his task to the representation of all that justifies and supports them. If he have any misgivings, that, in following the direction of his prepossessions, he may not have taken the straight line of truth, he may be assured, that if the cause be one of any interest, an advocate, having the same resources at his command, will speedily appear on the other side. But when original manuscripts are for the first time to be used, it is due to truth, and to the desire of mankind to satisfy themselves about the real characters of great men, that they should be so presented as to afford the means of impartially estimating those to whom they relate. We possess many brilliant Eulogiums of the leaders of our race--many vivid pictures of their virtues and their vices--their greatness or their weakness. But if a humbler, it is perhaps a no less useful task, to represent these men--their character, their conduct, and the circumstances of their life, precisely as they were; rejecting nothing that truly exemplifies them, because it is beneath the dignity of biography, or at variance with received notions of their character and the tendency of their public conduct. The desire to have a closer view of the fountain head whence the outward manifestations of a great intellect have sprung, is but one of the many examples of man's spirit of inquiry from effects to their causes; and the desire will not be gratified by reproducing the object of inquiry in all the pomp and state of his public intercourse with the world, and keeping the veil still closed upon his inner nature. It is difficult to write with mere descriptive impartiality, and without exhibiting any bias of opinion, on matters which are, at the same time, the most deeply interesting to mankind, and the objects of their strongest partialities. Though the task that was before me was simply to describe, and never to controvert, I do not profess to have avoided all indications of opinion in the departments of the work which have the character of original authorship. I have the satisfaction, however, of reflecting, that the documents, which are the real elements of value in this work, are impartially presented to the reader, and that nothing is omitted which seemed to bear distinctly on the character and conduct of David Hume.

I now offer a few words in explanation of the nature of these original documents. The late Baron Hume had collected together his uncle's papers, consisting of the letters addressed to him, the few drafts or copies he had left of letters written by himself, the letters addressed _by_ him to his immediate relations, and apparently all the papers in his handwriting, which had been left in the possession of the members of his family. To these the Baron seems to have been enabled to add the originals of many of the letters addressed by him to his intimate friends, Adam Smith, Blair, Mure, and others. The design with which this interesting collection was made, appears to have been that of preparing a work of a similar description to the present; and it is a misfortune to literature that this design was not accomplished. On the death of Baron Hume, it was found that he had left this mass of papers at the uncontrolled disposal of the Council of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. This learned body, after having fully considered the course proper to be adopted in these circumstances, determined that they would permit the papers to be made use of by any person desirous to apply them to a legitimate literary purpose, who might enjoy their confidence. Having for some time indulged in a project of writing a life of Hume, postponed from time to time, on account of the imperfect character of the materials at my disposal, I applied to the Council of the Royal Society for access to the Hume papers; and after having considered my application with that deliberation which their duty to the public as custodiers of these documents seemed to require, they acceded to my request. The ordinary form of returning thanks for the privilege of using papers in the possession of private parties, appears not to be applicable to this occasion; and I look on the concession of the Council as conferring on me an honour, which is felt to be all the greater, that it was bestowed in the conscientious discharge of a public duty.

The Hume papers, besides a manuscript of the "Dialogues on Natural Religion," and of a portion of the History, fill seven quarto volumes of various thickness, and two thin folios. In having so large a mass of private and confidential correspondence committed to their charge, the Council naturally felt that they would be neglecting their duty, if they did not keep in view the possibility that there might be in the collection, allusions to the domestic conduct or private affairs of persons whose relations are still living; and that good taste, and a kind consideration for private feelings should prevent the accidental publication of such passages. On inspection, less of this description of matter was found than so large a mass of private documents might be supposed to contain. There is no passage which I have felt any inclination to print, as being likely to afford interest to the reader, of which the use has been denied me; and I can therefore say that I have had in all respects full and unlimited access to this valuable collection. Before leaving this matter, I take the opportunity of returning my thanks for the kind and polite attention I have received from those gentlemen of the Council, on whom the arrangements for my getting access to these papers, imposed no little labour and sacrifice of valuable time.

A rumour has obtained currency regarding the contents of these papers, which seems to demand notice on the present occasion.

It is stated in _The Quarterly Review_,[xi:1] that "those who have examined the Hume papers--which we know only by report--speak highly of their interest, but add, that they furnish painful disclosures concerning the opinions then prevailing amongst the clergy of the northern metropolis: distinguished ministers of the gospel encouraging the scoffs of their familiar friend, the author of 'the Essay upon Miracles;' and echoing the blasphemies of their associate, the author of the 'Essay upon Suicide!'" I have the pleasing task of removing the painful feelings which, as this writer justly observes, must attend the belief in such a rumour, by saying that I could not find it justified by a single sentence in the letters of the Scottish clergy contained in these papers, or in any other documents that have passed under my eye. I make this statement as an act of simple justice to the memory of men to whose character, being a member of a different church, I have no partisan attachment: and I may add that, in the whole course of my pretty extensive researches in connexion with Hume and his friends, I found no reason for believing that letters containing evidence of any such frightful duplicity ever existed.

Among these papers, a variety of letters, chiefly from eminent foreigners, though interesting in themselves, were entitled to no place in the body of this work, as illustrative of the life and character of Hume. These I had intended to print in an appendix, believing that, though not directly connected with my own project, the lovers of literature would not readily excuse me for neglecting the opportunity afforded by my access to these papers, for adding to the stock of the letters of celebrated men. But the work, according to its original scope and design, continuing to increase under my hands, I found that if it contained the documents specially referred to in the text, its bulk would be sufficiently extended, and I have determined to let the other papers here alluded to follow in a separate volume, which will contain letters to Hume from D'Alembert, Turgot, Diderot, Helvétius, Franklin, Walpole, and other distinguished persons.

The reader will find that many original documents printed in this collection have been obtained from other sources than the Hume papers. My acknowledgments are particularly due to the Earl of Minto, for the liberality with which he allowed me the uncontrolled use of the large and valuable collection of correspondence between Hume and Sir Gilbert Elliot. For the letters in the Kilravock collection I am indebted to Cosmo Innes, Esq., sheriff of Morayshire; and I obtained access to those addressed to Colonel Edmondstoune, through the polite intervention of George Dundas, Esq., sheriff of Selkirkshire. I am obliged to the kindness of Lord Murray for much assistance in obtaining materials and information for this work; and to Robert Chambers, Esq., who has been accustomed from time to time, to preserve such letters and other documents connected with Scottish biography, as came under his notice, I have to offer my thanks for the whole of his collections regarding Hume, which he generously transferred to me.

In the use of printed books, where the Advocates' Library, to which I have professional access, has failed me, I have found the facilities for consulting the select and well arranged collection of the Writers to the Signet of great service.

I owe acknowledgments to many friends for useful advice in the conduct of the work. To one especially, who, after having long occupied a distinguished place in the literature of his country, permits his friends still to enjoy the social exercise of those intellectual qualities that have delighted the world, I am indebted for such critical counsel as no other could have given, and few would have had the considerate kindness to bestow, were they able.

Of the two portraits engraved for this work, that which will, probably, most strikingly attract attention, is taken from a bust, of coarse and unartistic workmanship, but bearing all the marks of a genuine likeness. It was moulded by a country artist, at the desire of Hume's esteemed friend, Professor Ferguson; and I am under obligations to his son, Sir Adam, for the privilege of using it on this occasion, and to Sir George Mackenzie, for having kindly mentioned its existence, and exerted himself in its recovery, after it had been long lost sight of. The medallion, from which the other portrait is taken, is in the possession of Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe, Esq., by whom I was presented with the engraved plate, from which the fac simile of a letter, addressed by Hume to his collateral ancestor, is printed.

_Edinburgh, February, 1846._

*.* It may be right to explain, that the two sizes of type,
used in this work, were first adopted with the design of
presenting all letters addressed to Hume, all extracts, and
all letters from him with which the public is already
familiar, in the smaller type, in order that the reader coming
to a document with which he is already acquainted, might see
at once where it ends. This arrangement was accidentally
broken through, several letters having been printed in the
larger that should have appeared in the smaller type.

FOOTNOTES:

[xi:1] No. LXXIII. p. 555.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME FIRST.

ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOL. I.

Portrait of Hume from a Medallion, _Frontispiece_.

Fac simile of a letter by Hume, Page 178

CHAPTER I.

1711-1734. ÆT. 0-23.

Birth--Parentage--His own account of his Ancestors--Local
associations of Ninewells--Education--Studies--Early
Correspondence--The Ramsays--Specimen of his early Writings--
Essay on Chivalry--Why he deserted the Law--Early ambition to
found a School of Philosophy--Letter to a Physician describing
his studies and habits--Criticism on the Letter--Supposition
that it was addressed to Dr. Cheyne--Hume goes to Bristol. 1

CHAPTER II.

1734-1739. ÆT. 23-27.

Hume leaves Bristol for France--Paris--Miracles at the Tomb of
the Abbé Paris--Rheims--La Flêche--Associations with the Abbé
Pluche and Des Cartes--Observations on French Society and
Manners --Story of La Roche--Return to Britain--Correspondence
with Henry Home--Publication of the first and second volume of
the Treatise of Human Nature--Character of that Work--Its
influence on Mental Philosophy. 48

CHAPTER III.

1739-1741. ÆT. 27-29.

Letters to his friends after the publication of the first and
second volume of the Treatise--Returns to Scotland--Reception
of his Book--Criticism in "The Works of the Learned"--Charge
against Hume of assaulting the publisher--Correspondence with
Francis Hutcheson--Seeks a situation--Connexion with Adam
Smith--Publication of the third volume of the Treatise--
Account of it--Hume's notes of his reading--Extracts from his
Note-books. 105

CHAPTER IV.

1741-1745. ÆT. 30-34.

Publication of the Essays, Moral and Political--Their
Character--Correspondence with Home and Hutcheson--Hume's
Remarks on Hutcheson's System--Education and Accomplishments
of the Scottish Gentry--Hume's Intercourse with Mure of
Caldwell and Oswald of Dunnikier--Opinions on a Sermon by Dr.
Leechman--Attempts to succeed Dr. Pringle in the Chair of Moral
Philosophy in Edinburgh. 136

CHAPTER V.

1745-1747. ÆT. 34-36.

Hume's Residence with the Marquis of Annandale--His Predecessor
Colonel Forrester--Correspondence with Sir James Johnstone and
Mr. Sharp of Hoddam--Quarrel with Captain Vincent--Estimate of
his Conduct, and Inquiry into the Circumstances in which he was
placed--Appointed Secretary to General St. Clair--Accompanies
the expedition against the Court of France as Judge-Advocate--
Gives an Account of the Attack on Port L'Orient--A tragic
Incident. 170

CHAPTER VI.

1746-1748. ÆT. 35-37.

Hume returns to Ninewells--His domestic Position--His attempts
in Poetry--Inquiry as to his Sentimentalism--Takes an interest
in Politics--Appointed Secretary to General St. Clair on his
mission to Turin--His journal of his Tour--Arrival in Holland--
Rotterdam--The Hague--Breda--The War--French Soldiers--Nimeguen
--Cologne--Bonn--The Rhine and its scenery--Coblentz--Wiesbaden
--Frankfurt--Battle of Dettingen--Wurzburg--Ratisbon--Descent
of the Danube--Observations on Germany--Vienna--The Emperor and
Empress Queen--Styria--Carinthia--The Tyrol--Mantua--Cremona--
Turin. 225

CHAPTER VII.

1748-1751. ÆT. 37-40.

Publication of the "Inquiry concerning Human Understanding"--
Nature of that Work--Doctrine of Necessity--Observations on
Miracles--New Edition of the "Essays, Moral and Political"--
Reception of the new Publications--Return Home--His Mother's
Death--Her Talents and Character--Correspondence with Dr.
Clephane--Earthquakes--Correspondence with Montesquieu--
Practical jokes in connexion with the Westminster Election--
John Home--The Bellman's Petition. 271

CHAPTER VIII.

1751-1752. ÆT. 40-41.

Sir Gilbert Elliot--Hume's intimacy with him--Their Philosophical
Correspondence--Dialogues on Natural Religion--Residence in
Edinburgh--Jack's Land--Publication of the "Inquiry concerning
the Principles of Morals"--The Utilitarian Theory--Attempt to
obtain the Chair of Moral Philosophy in Glasgow--Competition
with Burke--Publication of the "Political Discourses"--The
foundation of Political Economy--French Translations. 319

CHAPTER IX.

1752-1755. ÆT. 41-44.

Appointment as keeper of the Advocates' Library--His Duties--
Commences the History of England--Correspondence with Adam
Smith and others on the History--Generosity to Blacklock
the Poet--Quarrel with the Faculty of Advocates--Publication of
the First Volume of the History--Its reception--Continues the
History--Controversial and Polemical attacks--Attempt to subject
him, along with Kames, to the Discipline of Ecclesiastical
Courts--The leader of the attack--Home's "Douglas"--The first
Edinburgh Review. 367

APPENDIX.

Fragments of a Paper in Hume's handwriting, describing the
Descent on the Coast of Brittany, in 1746, and the causes of
its failure. 441

Letters from Montesquieu to Hume, 456

---- the Abbé le Blanc to Hume, 458

Documents relating to the Poems of Ossian, 462

Essay on the Genuineness of the Poems, 471

THE LIFE

OF

DAVID HUME.