Chapter V: The Industrial Arts (3)

Orientals, men and women alike, are great lovers of jewellery. The Egyptians were no exception to this rule. Not satisfied to adorn themselves when living with a profusion of trinkets, they loaded the arms, the fingers, the neck, the ears, the brow, and the ankles of their dead with more or less costly ornaments. The quantity thus buried in tombs was so considerable that even now, after thirty centuries of active search, we find from time to time mummies which are, so to say, cuirassed in gold. Much of this funerary jewellery was made merely for show on the day of the funeral, and betrays its purpose by the slightness of the workmanship. The favourite jewels of the deceased person were, nevertheless, frequently buried with him, and the style and finish of these leave nothing to be desired. Chains and rings have come down to us in large numbers, as indeed might be expected. The ring, in fact, was not a simple ornament, but an actual necessary. Official documents were not signed, but sealed; and the seal was good in law. Every Egyptian, therefore, had his seal, which he kept about his person, ready for use if required. The poor man's seal was a simple copper or silver ring; the ring of the rich man was a more or less elaborate jewel covered with chasing and relief work. The bezel was movable, and turned upon a pivot. It was frequently set with some kind of stone engraved with the owner's emblem or device; as, for example, a scorpion (fig. 296), a lion, a hawk, or a cynocephalous ape. As in the eyes of her husband his ring was the one essential ornament, so was her necklace in the estimation of the Egyptian lady. I have seen a chain in silver which measured sixty-three inches in length. Others, on the contrary, do not exceed two, or two and a half inches. They are of all sizes and patterns, some consisting of two or three twists, some of large links, some of small links, some massive and heavy, others as light and flexible as the finest Venetian filigree. The humblest peasant girl, as well as the lady of highest rank, might have her necklet; and the woman must be poor indeed whose little store comprised no other ornament. No mere catalogue of bracelets, diadems, collarettes, or insignia of nobility could give an idea of the number and variety of jewels known to us by pictured representations or existing specimens. Pectorals of gold _cloisonné_ work inlaid with vitreous paste or precious stones, and which bear the cartouches of Amenemhat II., Ûsertesen II., and Ûsertesen III. (fig. 297), exhibit a marvellous precision of taste, lightness of touch, and dexterity of fine workmanship. So fresh and delicate are they we forget that the royal ladies to whom they belonged have been dead, and their bodies stiffened and disfigured into mummies, for nearly five thousand years. At Berlin may be seen the _parure_ of an Ethiopian Candace; at the Louvre we have the jewels of Prince Psar; at Gizeh are preserved the ornaments of Queen Aahhotep. Aahhotep was the wife of Kames, a king of the Seventeenth Dynasty, and she was probably the mother of Ahmes I., first king of the Eighteenth Dynasty. Her mummy had been stolen by one of the robber bands which infested the Theban necropolis towards the close of the Twentieth Dynasty. They buried the royal corpse till such time as they might have leisure to despoil it in safety; and they were most likely seized and executed before they could carry that pretty little project into effect. The secret of their hiding- place perished with them, till discovered in 1860 by some Arab diggers. Most of the objects which this queen took with her into the next world were exclusively women's gear; as a fan-handle plated with gold, a bronze-gilt mirror mounted upon an ebony handle enriched with a lotus in chased gold (fig. 298). Her bracelets are of various types. Some are anklets and armlets, and consist merely of plain gold rings, both solid and hollow, bordered with plaited chainwork in imitation of filigree. Others are for wearing on the wrist, like the bracelets of modern ladies, and are made of small beads in gold, lapis lazuli, carnelian, and green felspar. These are strung on gold wire in a chequer pattern, each square divided diagonally in halves of different colours. Two gold plates, very lightly engraved with the cartouches of Ahmes I., are connected by means of a gold pin, and form the fastening. A fine bracelet in the form of two semicircles joined by a hinge (fig. 299), also bears the name of Ahmes I. The make of this jewel reminds us of _cloisonné_ enamels. Ahmes kneels in the presence of the god Seb and his acolytes, the genii of Sop and Khonû.

The figures and hieroglyphs are cut out in solid gold, delicately engraved with the burin, and stand in relief upon a ground-surface filled in with pieces of blue paste and lapis lazuli artistically cut. A bracelet of more complicated workmanship, though of inferior execution, was found on the wrist of the queen (fig. 300). It is of massive gold, and consists of three parallel bands set with turquoises. On the front a vulture is represented with outspread wings, the feathers composed of green enamel, lapis lazuli, and carnelian, set in "cloisons" of gold. The hair of the mummy was drawn through a massive gold diadem, scarcely as large as a bracelet. The name of Ahmes is incrusted in blue paste upon an oblong plaque in the centre, flanked at each side by two little sphinxes which seem as if in the act of keeping watch over the inscription (fig. 301). Round her neck was a large flexible gold chain, finished at each end by a goose's head reversed. These heads could be linked one in the other, when the chain needed to be fastened. The scarabaeus pendant to this chain is incrusted upon the shoulder and wing-sheaths with blue glass paste rayed with gold, the legs and body being in massive gold. The royal _parure_ was completed by a large collar of the kind known as the _Ûsekh_ (fig. 302). It is finished at each end with a golden hawk's head inlaid with blue enamel, and consists of rows of scrolls, four-petalled fleurettes, hawks, vultures, winged uraei, crouching jackals, and figures of antelopes pursued by tigers. The whole of these ornaments are of gold _repoussé_ work, and they were sewn upon the royal winding sheet by means of a small ring soldered to the back of each. Upon the breast, below this collar, hung a square jewel of the kind known as "pectoral ornaments" (fig. 303). The general form is that of a naos, or shrine. Ahmes stands upright in a papyrus-bark, between Amen and Ra, who pour the water of purification upon his head and body. Two hawks hover to right and left of the king, above the heads of the gods. The figures are outlined in _cloisons_ of gold, and these were filled in with little plaques of precious stones and enamel, many of which have fallen out. The effect of this piece is somewhat heavy, and if considered apart from the rest of the _parure_, its purpose might seem somewhat obscure. In order to form a correct judgment, we have, however, to remember in what fashion the women of ancient Egypt were clad. They wore a kind of smock of semi- transparent material, which came very little higher than the waist. The chest and bosom, neck and shoulders, were bare; and the one garment was kept in place by only a slender pair of braces. The rich clothed these uncovered parts with jewellery. The Ûsekh collar half hid the shoulders and chest. The pectoral masked the hollow between the breasts. Sometimes even the breasts were covered with two golden cups, either painted or enamelled. Besides the jewels found upon the mummy of Queen Aahhotep, a number of arms and amulets were heaped inside her coffin; namely, three massive gold flies hanging from a slender chain; nine small hatchets, three of gold and six of silver; a golden lion's head of very minute workmanship; a wooden sceptre set in gold spirals; two anklets; and two poignards. One of these poignards (fig. 304) has a golden sheath and a wooden hilt inlaid with triangular mosaics of carnelian, lapis lazuli, felspar, and gold. Four female heads in gold _repoussé_ form the pommel; and a bull's head reversed covers the junction of blade and hilt. The edges of the blade are of massive gold; the centre of black bronze damascened with gold. On one side is the solar cartouche of Ahmes, below which a lion pursues a bull, the remaining space being filled in with four grasshoppers in a row. On the other side we have the family name of Ahmes and a series of full-blown flowers issuing one from another and diminishing towards the point. A poignard found at Mycenae by Dr. Schliemann is similarly decorated; the Phoenicians, who were industrious copyists of Egyptian models, probably introduced this pattern into Greece. The second poignard is of a make not uncommon to this day in Persia and India (fig. 305). The blade is of yellowish bronze fixed into a disk-shaped hilt of silver. When wielded, this lenticular[79] disk fits to the hollow of the hand, the blade coming between the first and second fingers. Of what use, it may be asked, were all these weapons to a woman-- and a dead woman? To this we may reply that the other world was peopled with foes--Typhonian genii, serpents, gigantic scorpions, tortoises, monsters of every description--against which it was incessantly needful to do battle. The poignards placed inside the coffin for the self-defence of the soul were useful only for fighting at close quarters; certain weapons of a projectile kind were therefore added, such as bows and arrows, boomerangs made in hard wood, and a battle-axe. The handle of this axe is fashioned of cedar-wood covered with sheet gold (fig. 306). The legend of Ahmes is inlaid thereon in characters of lapis lazuli, carnelian, turquoise, and green felspar. The blade is fixed in a cleft of the wood, and held in place by a plait-work of gold wire. It is of black bronze, formerly gilt. On one side, it is ornamented with lotus flowers upon a gold ground; on the other, Ahmes is represented in the act of slaying a barbarian, whom he grasps by the hair of the head. Beneath this group, Mentû, the Egyptian war-god, is symbolised by a griffin with the head of an eagle. In addition to all these objects, there were two small boats, one in gold and one in silver, emblematic of the bark in which the mummy must cross the river to her last home, and of that other bark in which she would ultimately navigate the waters of the West, in company with the immortal gods. When found, the silver boat rested upon a wooden truck with four bronze wheels; but as it was in a very dilapidated state, it has been dismounted and replaced by the golden boat (fig. 307). The hull is long and slight, the prow and stem are elevated, and terminate in gracefully-curved papyrus blossoms. Two little platforms surrounded by balustrades on a panelled ground are at the prow and on the poop, like quarter-decks. The pilot stands upon the one, and the steersman before the other, with a large oar in his hand. This oar takes the place of the modern helm. Twelve boatmen in solid silver are rowing under the orders of these two officers; Kames himself being seated in the centre, hatchet and sceptre in hand. Such were some of the objects buried with one single mummy; and I have even now enumerated only the most remarkable among them. The technical processes throughout are irreproachable, and the correct taste of the craftsman is in no wise inferior to his dexterity of hand. Having arrived at the perfection displayed in the _parure_ of Aahhotep, the goldsmith's art did not long maintain so high a level. The fashions changed, and jewellery became heavier in design. The ring of Rameses II., with his horses standing upon the bezel (fig. 308), and the bracelet of Prince Psar, with his griffins and lotus flowers in _cloisonné_ enamel (fig. 309), both in the Louvre, are less happily conceived than the bracelets of Ahmes. The craftsmen who made these ornaments were doubtless as skilful as the craftsmen of the time of Queen Aahhotep, but they had less taste and less invention. Rameses II. was condemned either to forego the pleasure of wearing his ring, or to see his little horses damaged and broken off by the least accident. Already noticeable in the time of the Nineteenth Dynasty, this decadence becomes more marked as we approach the Christian era. The earrings of Rameses IX. in the Gizeh Museum are an ungraceful assemblage of filigree disks, short chains, and pendent uraei, such as no human ear could have carried without being torn, or pulled out of shape. They were attached to each side of the wig upon the head of the mummy. The bracelets of the High Priest Pinotem III., found upon his mummy, are mere round rings of gold incrusted with pieces of coloured glass and carnelian, like those still made by the Soudanese blacks. The Greek invasion began by modifying the style of Egyptian gold-work, and ended by gradually substituting Greek types for native types. The jewels of an Ethiopian queen, purchased from Ferlini by the Berlin Museum, contained not only some ornaments which might readily have been attributed to Pharaonic times, but others of a mixed style in which Hellenic influences are distinctly traceable. The treasure discovered at Zagazig in 1878, at Keneh in 1881, and at Damanhûr in 1882, consisted of objects having nothing whatever in common with Egyptian traditions. They comprise hairpins supporting statuettes of Venus, zone-buckles, agraffes for fastening the peplum, rings and bracelets set with cameos, and caskets ornamented at the four corners with little Ionic columns. The old patterns, however, were still in request in remote provincial places, and village goldsmiths adhered "indifferent well" to the antique traditions of their craft. Their city brethren had meanwhile no skill to do aught but make clumsy copies of Greek and Roman originals.

In this rapid sketch of the industrial arts there are many lacunae. When referring to examples, I have perforce limited myself to such as are contained in the best-known collections. How many more might not be discovered if one had leisure to visit provincial museums, and trace what the hazard of sales may have dispersed through private collections! The variety of small monuments due to the industry of ancient Egypt is infinite, and a methodical study of those monuments has yet to be made. It is a task which promises many surprises to whomsoever shall undertake it.

[77] From the inscription upon the obelisk of Hatshepsût which is still
erect at Karnak. For a translation in full see _Records of the
Past_, vol. xii., p. 131, _et seqq._--A.B.E.

[78] Mr. Petrie suggests that this curious central object may be a royal
umbrella with flaps of ox-hide and tiger-skin.--A.B.E.

[79] That is, lentil-shaped, or a double convex.--A.B.E.

NOTES TO FIRST ENGLISH EDITION.

_For the following notes, to which reference numbers will be found in the text, I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. W.M. Flinders Petrie, author of_ "The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh" (Field & Tuer), "Tanis" (_Egypt Exploration Fund_), "Naukratis" (_Egypt Exploration Fund), etc., etc._

A.B.E.

(1) More striking than these are the towns of Tell Atrib, Kom Baglieh, Kom Abû Billû, and Tell Nebesheh, the houses of which may be traced without any special excavations.

(2) There is much skill needed in mixing the mud and sand in such proportions as to dry properly; when rightly adjusted there is no cracking in drying, and the grains of sand prevent the mud from being washed away in the rains.

(3) In the Delta, at least, the sizes of bricks from the Twenty-first Dynasty down to Arab times decrease very regularly; under the Twenty-first Dynasty they are about 18 x 9 x 5 inches; early in the Twenty-sixth, 16-1/2 x 8-1/4 x 5; later 15 x 7-1/2; in early Ptolemaic times, 14 x 7; in Roman times, 12 x 6, in Byzantine times, 10 x 5; and Arab bricks are 8 x 4, and continue so very generally to our times. The thickness is always least certain, as it depends on the amount placed in the mould, but the length and breadth may in most cases be accepted as a very useful chronological scale.

(4) They are found of Ramesside age at Nebesheh and Defenneh; even there they are rare, and these are the only cases I have yet seen in Egypt earlier than about the third century A.D.

(5) This system was sometimes used to raise a fort above the plain, as at Defenneh; or the chambers formed store-rooms, as at the fort at Naukratis.

(6) In the fine early work at Gizeh they sawed the paving blocks of basalt, and then ground only just the edges flat, while all the inside of the joint was picked rough to hold the mortar.

(7) A usual plan in early times was to dress the joint faces of the block in the quarry, leaving its outer face with a rough excess of a few inches; the excess still remains on the granite casing of the pyramid of Menkara, and the result of dressing it away may be seen in the corners of the granite temple at Gizeh.

(8) Otherwise called the Granite Temple of Gizeh, or Temple of Khafra, as its connection with the Sphinx is much disputed, while it is in direct communication with the temple of the pyramid of Khafra, by a causeway in line with the entrance passage.

(9) The casing of the open air court on the top of it was of fine limestone; only a few blocks of this remain. For full plan and measurements see _Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh_.

(10) One of the air slits, or ventilators, remains complete, opening to the upper court, from the top of the niche chamber.

(11) Below these lines, there is often a scene of offering at the bottom of the Obelisk.

(12) _Mastaba_ is the Arabic name for a bench or platform, and was applied by the natives to such tombs on account of the resemblance in shape.

(13) In the few cases where the top remains perfect at Gizeh, the side ends in a parabolic curve which turns over into the top surface without any cornice or moulding; the tops of walls in the courts of mastabas are similar.

(14) Another view is that they are derived from the cumulative mastabas, such as the so-called step pyramid of Sakkarah.

(15) In the later pyramids; but the Gizeh pyramids are entirely built of Tûrah limestone.

(16) Still more conclusive is the fact that in the greatest of the pyramids the passages are such that it would have been impossible to build it by successive coats of enlargement.

(17) In only one case (that of Menkara) has a pyramid been clearly enlarged, and that was done at one step and not by many stages.

(18) The earliest--at Gizeh--are very accurate.

(19) These slabs of pavement do not extend beneath the pyramid, but only around it.

(20) Only fragments of the finest limestone casing have been found; the variety of colour was probably due to weathering.

(21) This would be impossible with the exquisitely fine joints of the masonry; a temporary staging of stone built up over part of the finished face would easily allow of raising the stones.

(22) There is no evidence that the facing block which covered the granite plugs was of granite; it was more probably of limestone.

(23) The entrance to the upper passages was never forced from the entrance passage, but was accidentally found by the Arabs, after they had forced a long tunnel in the masonry, being in ignorance of the real entrance, which was probably concealed by a hinging block of stone.

(24) Or rather it rose at an angle of 23-1/2°, like the descent of the entrance passage, thus making angles of 47° and 133° with it.

(25) This gallery has obtained a great reputation for the fineness of its joints, perhaps because they are coarse enough to be easily seen; but some joints of the entrance passage, and the joints in the queen's chamber, are hardly visible with the closest inspection.

(26) The only signs of portcullises are those in the vestibule or antechamber.

(27) No traces of three of the portcullises remain, if they ever existed, and the other never could reach the floor or interrupt the passage, so its use is enigmatical.

(28) There is some evidence that the pyramid was opened in the early days, perhaps before the middle kingdom.

(29) Two rows of beams which rest on the side wall as corbels or cantilevers, only touching at the top, without necessarily any thrust. Such at least is the case in the queen's chamber, and in the pyramid of Pepi, where such a roof is used.

(30) The end walls have sunk throughout a considerable amount, and the side walls have separated; thus all the beams of the upper chambers have been dragged, and every beam of the roof of the chamber is broken through. This is probably the result of earthquakes.

(31) This only covered the lower sixteen courses; the larger part above it was of limestone.

(32) Similar finished faces may be seen as far in as near the middle of the mass. This is not a true pyramid in form, but a cumulative mastaba, the faces of which are at the mastaba angle (75°), and the successive enlargements of which are shown by numerous finished facings now within the masonry. The step form is the result of carrying upwards the mastaba form, at the same time that it was enlarged outwards.

(33) Not in all cases apparently, for the hieroglyphs on the passage of Pepi's pyramid are not injured, as they would be if plugs had been withdrawn.

(34) Pepi's roof is formed by a row of large beams which rested independently on the side walls as corbels or cantilevers (see Note 29).

(35) The mastaba angle is 75°, and the pyramid angle 50° to 55°.

(36) Its present appearance is an accident of its demolition; it was originally, like the "step-pyramid" of Sakkarah, a cumulative mastaba, as is shown by the remains of the lower steps still in the mounds at its base, and by the mediaeval description of it.

INDEX

Aahhotep, 157, 323-30. Aahhotep II., 288-9. Aalû, fields of, 163-4, 167. Abacus, 52-4, 58, 61, 116. Abi, 273. Abû Roash, 113, 134. Abû Simbel (see TEMPLES, etc.). Abûsîr, 114, 131, 134, 138, 140. Abydos (see FORTRESSES, TEMPLES, TOMBS, etc.). Acacia, 203, 274. Adze, of iron, 283, 304. Affi (see TOMB). Agate, 247. Ahmes I., 267, 307, 317, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329. Ahmes II., 269 and note. (see AMASIS). Ahmesnefertari, 288-9. Ahnas el Medineh, 259. Aï, 15, 155, 158. Aimadûa (see TOMB). Akhonûti, 16. Alabaster, 6, 42, 47, 65, 128, 141, 166, 169, 180, 252, 253-4. Albumen, 203. Alexander, his tomb, 242. Alexander II., colossus of, 241. Alexandria, 52, 241, 243, 303. Alumina, 260. Amasis, 269 and note, 302 (see AHMES II.). Amber, 247. Ambras Collection, in Vienna, 272 (note). Amen (see GODS). Amen Ra (see GODS). Amenemhat II., 76, 322. Amenemhat III., 76, 143, 228 (see MOERIS). Amenhotep I., 157, 229, 287. Amenhotep II., 53. Amenhotep III., 67, 69, 76, 77, 80, 103, 147, 158, 179, 226, 229, 230, 266, 275, 312, 318. (see MEMNON). Ameni (see TOMB). Ameni Entef Amenemhat, 107. Ameniritis, 235 and note. Amethyst, 246, 250. Amphorae 35, 36, 127, 264. Ampullae, 269. Amset, genius, 258 (note). Amulets, materials and forms of, 100, 167, 246-50, 259, 265, 286. Ancient Empire,-- art of (see BAS-RELIEF, SCULPTURE, and STATUE). domestic architecture of, 19. fortress of, 27. tombs of (see MASTABAS and PYRAMIDS). Andro-sphinx, 89, 228-9. Angareb, or Nubian bed, 281, 292. Anhûr (see GODS). Ankh, 286, 288. Ankhnesraneferab, sarcophagus of, 165 (note). Anklets, 321. Anna (see TOMB). Antelopes, 176, 299, 326. Antimony, 254, 267 (see KOHL). Antonines, 244, 245. Antoninus Pius, his chapel at Philae, 100. Anubis (see GODS). Anvil, 313. Apapi, the serpent, 164. Ape, 171, 176, 199, 254, 269, 322. Apepi, King of Avaris, 228. Apet (see GODDESSES, TAÛRT, THÛERIS). Apis (see GODS). Apries, 269 and note, 311 (see HOPHRA and UAHABRA). Aquamarine, the, 246. Arabs,-- their destructive conquest, 134. their name for table of offerings, 107. Archers, 29, 184. Architecture,-- military, 24-34. of private dwellings, 1-20. of public works, 34-45. temples, 46-110. tombs, 111-168. (see MASTABAS, PYRAMIDS, etc.). Architraves, 46, 52, 53, 54, 63, 65, 93. Argo, colossi of, 227. Arms, 157, 166. battle-axe, 329. boomerangs, 273, 329. bows and arrows, 184, 329. bronze, 305. lance, 232. poignards, 273, 327-8. Arsenic, sulphuret of, orpiment, 203. Ascalon, 31. Asia, 91, 312. Asia Minor, 248, 280, 320. Asimû (see ELECTRUM). Ass, in drawings, 171, 175. Assyria, invasion of Egypt by, 314. Astronomical tables, 92-4, 164. Asûan, 45, 53, 67, 148-50, 209 and note, 226, 228, 256 (note), 259, 265. (see SYENE and TOMBS). Athena, 302. Athens, bronze of the Lady Takûshet at, 308. Ati, pyramid of, 142. Avaris, 228. Avenue of Sphinxes, 67. at Karnak, 87, 88-9, 230. Axe,-- battle, 327, 329. iron, 304. stone, 201. Axûm, obelisk at, 106.

Ba, or Bi, the soul, 111, 112.
abode of the, 128.
abode of the, its decoration, 142, 156-7, 162-5.
following the sun at night, 159.
statuettes to serve as body for, 167.
transmigration of, 164.
Bab el Mandeb, 109 (note).
Ba-en-pet, 196 and note.
(see IRON).
Bakenrenf
(see TOMB).
Bakhtan, stela of, 109 and note.
Bari, or boat of the Sun, 108.
Barks, sacred and funerary, 66, 77, 95, 108, 159, 164, 166, 249, 301,
329-30.
Basalt, 42, 127, 169, 196, 236, 237, 252.
Basilisk, 201
(see URAEUS.)
Bas-relief,--
Abû Simbel, 229.
Egyptian forms of, 197-9.
gems, 249.
gilded, 313.
ivory, 273.
models for study of, 197.
New Empire, 228-9.
painting of, 205-6.
preparation of walls for, 192-3.
Roman period, 245.
sketches for, 193-5.
speos of Horemheb, 232.
Tell el Amarna, 231.
Temple of Abydos, 232.
Tomb of Seti I., 232.
(See PAINTING, SCULPTURE, and WALL-SCENES.)
Bast
(see GODDESSES).
Bastions, 28, 29, 32.
Battlements, 14, 24, 25, 32, 50.
Beads, 168, 247, 261, 324.
Beams, 6, 30.
of stone, 140.
Beard,--
false, of statue of Horemheb, 233.
of sphinx, 208.
Bedawîn, 20, 42, 101.
Beds, 281, 292.
funerary, 292-4.
Beer, at funerary feast, 180.
Beetles
(see SCARABAEI).
Begig, obelisk of, 105.
Beit el Wally
(see TEMPLES and HEMI-SPEOS).
Beni Hasan
(see TOMBS).
Beni Sûef, 38.
Berlin Museum, parure of jewels at, 322.
Bersheh
(see TOMBS).
Bes
(see GODS).
Bezel, of rings, 321-2, 331.
Bi
(see BA).
Bird, human-handed, 91.
Birket el Kûrûn, lake of, 38, 39.
Blocks, building,--
dressing, 47, Notes 6 and 7.
in pyramids, 132, Note 15, 139, Note 33.
raising, 49.
sizes, 49.
working, 49, Note 7.
Boats, toy, 282.
transport by, 45, 132.
(See BARKS.)
Bonding, 48-9.
Bone, work in, 272-3.
Book of Knowing that which is in Hades, 172.
Book of Ritual of Burial, 157.
Book of Ritual of Embalmment, 157.
Book of the Dead, 129, 157, 165, 172-5, 205, 284-5.
Book of the Opening of the Mouth, 165.
Bowls, of blue glazed pottery, 268.
Bracelets, 249, 276, 308, 324-5, 331, 332.
Braces, 298, 327.
Bread,--
making of, depicted in tombs, etc., 124, 127, 224.
offerings of, 166.
Breccia, 42, 236, 254.
Bricks,--
baked, 4.
for pyramids, 132.
glazed, 4, 270, Note 4.
in civil and military architecture, 46.
making of, 3-4, Notes 2 and 3.
of mud and straw, 3, 114.
sun-dried, 3, 21, 113-14, 145.
without straw, 113, 145.
Brickwork,--
civil and military architecture, 46.
dikes, 38.
domestic architecture, 3,5-6.
enclosure walls of temples, 67, 87.
foundations, 48.
mastabas, 113, 114.
panels, 22.
pyramid-mastabas, 145-6.
undulating courses, 22, 27.
Bridge of Zarû, 35.
Bridges, rarity of, 35.
British Museum, 171, 270 (note), 272 (note), 295, 303.
Brocade (polymita), 303.
Bronze, 105, 195, 196, 248, 260, 261, 304 _et seq._, 328.
Bronzes, 307-12.
Brush, hair, 203.
reed, 170, 171.
Bubastis, 1, 52, 58, 88, 266, 308, 310
(see TELL BASTA).
Bubastites
(see DYNASTY XXII.).
"Bûlak, Wooden Man of," 214 (note).
(see RAEMKA and SHEIKH EL BELED).
Bull, 199.
(see GODS, APIS).
Burin, 305, 325.

Cabinet-making, 124. 273. 282 _et seq._ Caesars (see ROMAN PERIOD). Calaite, 247. Caligula, 245. Cameos, 332. Canaanites, 31. Canal of Zarû, 35. Canals, 37, 45. Canopic vases, 167, 252-3, 258-9, 292. Canopy, funerary, 293-5, 299-301. Capitals (see COLUMNS and PILLARS). Caricatures, 171-2. Carnelian, 247, 250, 324, 325, 328. Cartonnage, 167. Cartouches, 4, 48, 61, 250, 262, 271, 278, 299, 302, 322, 323, 324, 326, 328, 329. Caryatid statues, 288. Casing stones, 47, 65, Notes 7 and 9, 132, Note 15, 134, Note 20, 138, Note 32. Cat, 171, 172, 311. Cattle, 13, 25, 155. Cedar wood, 329. Ceiling decoration, 18-9, 92, 94, 141, 163-4. Cella, 58. Cellars, 35, 36. Cement, 52, 192, 194. Census, 155. Ceremonies, religious, performed by king, 95-7, 101-3. Chains, 155, 325-6. measuring, 155. Chairs, 179, 281, 295-6. Champollion, 26, 55, 271. Chapel,-- furniture of, 166. of mastabas, 116 _et pas._ of pyramids, 131 _et pas._, 144. painting and sculpture in, 121 _et seq._, 141-2. reception room of Ka, 118 _et seq._ (See ABÛSÎR, ABYDOS, AMENHOTEP, AMENI, APIS, DAHSHÛR, GIZEH, GÛRNEH, KHNÛMHOTEP, MEDINET HABÛ, MEROË, RAMESSEUM, THÛERIS.) Chariots, 183, 292. Chenoboscion, 45 (note). (see KASR ES SAÎD). Cheops (see KHÛFÛ). Chephren (see KHAFRA). Chester, the Rev. G.J., 303 (note). Chests, 281, 283. Chisels, 45, 195, 214, 304.

Chlamys, 242. Chrysoprase, 246. Cinnabar, 203. Cisterns, 41. Claudius, 245. Clay, potter's, of Nile valley, 254-5. (see BRICKS, POTTERY). Clerestory, 71. Coffins, 157, 259 (see MUMMY-CASES and SARCOPHAGI). Coins and medals, no Egyptian, 313. Collar, Order of the Golden, 155. Colonnade, 17, 48, 67-8, 75, 79. Colossi, 83, 103, 106, 202, 226-30, 232, 241. Columns, monolithic, and built in courses, 52. campaniform, 56-9. Hathor-headed, 61-2. lotus-bud, 59-61. types of, 55. Concrete, 128. Cones, funerary, 166, 257. Contra Esneh, 57. Contra Latopolis, 61. (see EL KAB). Copper, 35, 105, 203, 304, 305, 321. Coptic embroidery, 303 and note. Coptos (Koft), 1, 243, 245, 303. Coral, 247. "Corbelling," 51, 52. Corn, 36-7, 97. Cornice, 9, 15, 24, 50, 53, 61, 148. Cos, 302. Courtyard,-- of houses, 9, 16. of temples, 67, 144. Covering walls, 25, 29, 30, 32. Cramps, metal, 48. Crane, machine, 49, Crio-sphinx, 88, 89. Crocodile, 171, 189. Cruets, 318, 320. Crypts, of temples, 75, 84. Crystals, 250. Cups,-- of glazed pottery, 268. of gold and silver, 316-17. Curtain wall, 30. Curve, favourite ancient Egyptian, 283. Cylinders, of enamelled stone, 265. Cynocephali, 164, 167, 199, 322. Cyprus, supposed glass of, 263.

Dahshûr, 113, 114, 131, 134, 142, 323.
Dakkeh, 2.
Damanhûr, 332.
Dams,--
embanked, 38.
of stone, 40-1.
Dancers, 177, 178.
Daphnae, 36 and note
(see TAHPANHES and TELL DEFENNEH).
Dapûr, 30, 31.
Date palms, 15, 274.
Decani, 93.
Decoration, subjects of, 11, 12, 18-20, 21-2.
geometrical, 19, 256, 258, 295, 298.
(See COLUMNS, PAINTING, SCULPTURE.)
Deir el Baharî, 51, 53, 61, 83, 85 and note, 109 (note), 180, 229, 264,
266, 287, 299, 302.
Deir el Gebrawî
(see TOMBS).
Deirel Medineh
(see TEMPLES).
Delta, the, 4, 31, 37, 209, 235, 241, 243, 310, 311.
Denderah
(see TEMPLES).
Derr, 84.
Deveria, T., 196 (note).
Dice, of ivory, 273.
Die, of column, 57.
Dike,--
of Kosheish, 38.
Wady Garraweh, 40.
Wady Genneh, 41.
Diorite, 42, 169, 196, 224, 254.
Disc, winged, 294.
Dolls, 282.
Dôm palms, 15, 274, 318.
Door, 9, 25, 68, 104, 135, 150, 151, 160, 285.
false, for KA, 115, 119-21, 125, 130, 141.
Door-jambs, 26, 46, 47, 116, 119, 151.
Double, the
(see KA).
Dovetails, 48.
Drah Abû'l Neggeh, 147, 158, 266.
Draught-box, 273.
Drawing, 169-70.
conventional system of, 175-9.
teaching of, 169-70.
want of perspective in, 182-91.
(See PAINTING AND SCULPTURE.)
Dress, 219, 274-6, 327.
articles of,--
braces, 298, 327.
girdle, 178, 274, 278.
head-dress, 241, 276, 286.
kilt, 201, 275.
klaft, 227, 267.
petticoat, 276, 286.
robe, embroidered, 308.
sandals, 168, 286, 298.
surcoat, 302.
tunic, 225, 279.
vest, 275, 286.
wig, 236, 275, 286, 308, 310.
Drill, 195, 247, 250, 282.
Duality, 96-7.
Ducks, 15, 20, 306.
Dümichen, 109 (note).
Dwarf, statue of, 224-6.
Dynasty III. (Memphite),--
possible wood panels of, 210.
Dynasty IV. (Memphite),--
decoration, 89-90.
funerary temples, 64 and note, 66.
mastabas of, 117, 118, 124, 125, 126, 128.
obelisks, 104.
pigments, 202 (note).
pyramids, 134-7, 140.
sarcophagus, 19, 20, 21.
scarabaei, 250.
statuary, 214.
Dynasty V. (Memphite),--
Abydos, 22.
elephants, 273.
flesh tints, 204.
ivory statuette, 273.
mastabas, 117, 119, 120, 122.
models of offerings, 252.
monuments, 208-9.
painters' palettes, 202.
panels, carved wood, 210.
pyramids, 139-40.
tables of offerings, 107.
Dynasty VI. (Elephantine),--
in Abydos, Asûan, the Delta, Hermopolis, Thebes, 209 and note.
bricks, 113.
flesh tints, 204.
fortress, 2.
mastabas, 157.
pyramids, 140, 142.
scarabaei, 250.
tomb-paintings, 21.
tombs, 128, 129, 130, 149 (note), 155, 204, 209 (note).
Dynasty XI. (Theban),--
blue glaze, 265-6.
canopic vases, 167.
chairs, 295.
fortress, 23.
funerary statuettes, 253.
mummy-cases, 286.
statuary, 226.
tombs, 147.

Dynasty XII. (Theban),--
blue glaze, 266.
fortress, 23, 28.
houses, 7, 8, 12, 281-2.
jewellery 322, 323
(see KAHÛN).
Karnak, 76.
models of offerings, 252.
pyramids 132, 142, 143.
statuary, 228, 229.
temples, 66.
tombs 149 (note), 156
(see BENI HASAN).
Dynasty XIII. (Theban),--
funerary couch, 293-4.
Karnak, 76.
statuary, 226-7, 229, 273-4.
statuettes, 233, 273.
Dynasty XIV. (Xoïte),--
Karnak, 76.
statuary, 226-7.
Dynasty XVII. (Theban),--
draught-box, 273.
jewellery, 323 _et seq_.
sarcophagi, 287.
Dynasty XVIII. (Theban),--
in Abydos, 22.
blue glaze, 268.
Book of the Dead, 173.
bronzes, 307.
canopic vases, 258.
chair, 296-7 (note).
colossi, 229-30.
domestic architecture, 14 _et seq_.
gold and silver plate, 316, 318, 319, 320.
gold and silver statues, 314-15.
jewellery, 323 _et seq_.
Karnak, 76-7.
in Memphis, 88.
mummy-cases, 288-9.
painters' palettes, 202.
scarabaei, 250.
sculpture, 229-31.
Speos-sanctuaries, 82, 83, 85.
stelae, 45.
in Thebes, 88-9.
tomb-paintings, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17.
tombs, 155 _et seq_.
wars, 31.
Dynasty XIX. (Theban),--
blue glaze of, 268.
bronzes, 307.
colossi, 234.
domestic architecture, 19.
flesh tints, 205.
fortifications, 31, 34.
gold and silver plate, 317, 321.
gold and silver statues, 314.
jewellery, 331.
Karnak, 78.
mummy-cases, 289.
tombs, 158 _et pas_.
Dynasty XX. (Theban),--
blue glaze, 268.
canopic vases, 258.
domestic architecture, 19.
fortresses 33
(see MEDINET HABÛ).
gold and silver plate, 317.
jewellery, 332.
leather-work, 300, 301.
sketches, 171.
stela of Bakhtan, 109 (note).
temple of Khonsû, 70-2.
tiles (Tell el Yahûdeh), 270-2.
tomb-paintings, 20.
tomb-robberies, 323.
tombs, 158 _et pas_..
varnish, 203-4.
wood-carving, 235, 274.
Dynasty XXI. (Priest-kings),--
papyri, 174.
sculpture, 228.
tomb 158 (tomb of Herhor).
Dynasty XXII. (Bubastite),--
bronzes, 307.
leather-work, 299, 300.
Karnak, 79.
Dynasty XXV. (Ethiopian),--
art, 235.
Karnak, 79.
Dynasty XXVI. (Saïte),--
ampullae, 268, 269.
bronzes, 307, 311-12.
glass, 263.
gold statuettes, 315.
Renaissance, 235 _et seq._
sculpture, 236 _et seq._
table of offerings, 252.
tombs, 165.
Dynasty XXXI. (Persian),--
tapestry, 303.

Earrings, 331, 332. Earthquake,-- building to resist, 22. of B.C. 27, at Karnak, 79. of B.C. 22, at Thebes, 244. Ebony, 295, 323. Edfû (see TEMPLES). Edinburgh Museum, funerary canopy in, 293-4. Eggs, 259. Egypt Exploration Fund,-- at Bersheh, 148 (note). at Bubastis, 52 (note). at Daphnae, 36 (note). at Deir el Baharî, 83, 85. at Pithom, 36 (note). at Tanis, 104 (note). at Tell Gemayemi, 200 (note), 262 (note). Ekhmîm, 14, 247, 259, 291, 293, 297, 303 and note. El Agandiyeh, 1. El Hibeh, 2, 33. at Beni Hasan, 148 (note). El Kab, 2, 20, 26, 27, 54, 69, 88, 228, 265 (see CONTRA LATOPOLIS). El Khozam, 256. Electrum, 304, 312, 313. Elephant, 273. Elephantine, 148, 209 (note), 273, 275. (see TEMPLES). Embroidery, 276, 302, 303, 308. Emerald, 41, 246, 250. Enamel, 265-72. in jewellery, 289, 322, 325, 327. Erman, on Stela of Bakhtan, 109 (note). Erment, 247. Esneh, 92, 144, 245. Ethiopia, 106, 318. Ethiopian Dynasty (see DYNASTY XXV.). Etruria, imitated scarabs of, 248. Eye,-- as amulet, 247-8. in decoration, 268. on sarcophagi, 285. sacred, 168. (See ÛTA). Eyes of statues, 261, 310.

Fan, 323. Fayûm, the, 19, 38, 39, 66, 105, 134, 243, 259, 261, 304. Feast,-- funerary, 118, 123, 125, 166. funerary of Horemheb, 179-80. Feasts, 118. Felspar, 247, 250, 324, 328, 329. Ferry, 34. Feshn, 33. Figs, 267. Fires, 2, 12. Fire-sticks, 282. Fish,-- in decoration, 268, 278, 316. in enamel, 267. offerings of, 228. Florence Museum, Egyptian war-chariot in, 292 (note). Flowers (see LOTUS),-- in temples, 67. offerings of, 180, 228. Fords, 34. Fortresses, 20-34. of Abydos, 20-6. of El Kab, 20, 27. of Kom el Ahmar, 25, 26. of Kûmmeh, 28-9. of Semneh, 28-30. Foundations, 47, 48. Frieze, 97. Frog, as amulet, 247. Frontier, 28, 31, 36-7. Furnaces, glass, 259, 260. Furniture, 281-4. ancient Egyptian love of beautiful, 246. funerary, 128, 166-8, 251 _et seq._, 292 _et seq._ funerary, of poor, 167-8, 255.

Galleries,--
in houses, 17.
Garden, of private house, 13, 14, 15.
Garnet, 246.
scarabaei of, 250.
Gazelle, 123, 128, 153, 171, 176, 180, 252.
Gebel Abûfeydeh, 44, 45.
Gebel Barkal
(see TEMPLES).
Gebel Sheikh Herideh, 45.
Gebel Silsileh
(see TEMPLES).
Gebeleyn, 33, 256.
Geese, 15, 19, 166, 171, 177, 296, 306.
Genii, 159, 164, 258 (note).
of On, Sop, and Khonû, 96, 324.
Gerf Husein, 85.
Girgeh, 14, 38.
Gizeh
(see PYRAMIDS, TEMPLES, TOMBS).
Gizeh, Museum, 4, 106, 107, 171, 174, 195, 214, 216-26, 227, 229, 232-3,
237, 239, 241, 242, 244, 262, 265, 267, 268, 271, 273, 274, 275,
278, 286, 298, 301, 306, 307, 308, 309, 315, 316, 323-30, 331.
Glass, 259-65.
factories, at El Kab, the Ramesseum, Tell el Amarna, Tell Eshmûneyn, 265.
factory at Tell Gemayemi, 262 (note).
Glazed stone and ware, 165-72
(see POTTERY).
Goat, 176.
Gods,--
Amen, 33, 97, 101, 104, 105, 109, 171, 231, 232, 249, 268, 289, 307, 315,
327.
Amen Ra, 96.
Anhûr, 311.
Anubis, 168, 304.
Apis, 147, 263.
Bes, 53, 57, 254, 277, 318.
Harpocrates, 307.
Hor (Horus), 96, 105.
Horus (Hor), 64, 96, 105, 207, 259, 267, 309-10, 314.
Khonsû, 60, 64, 70, 72, 74, 75, 97, 109 and note, 235.
Mentû, 97, 329.
Min, 118.
Nefertûm, 310, 314.
Osiris, 20, 53, 54, 95, 142, 168, 189, 237, 249, 304.
Ptah, 168, 315.
Ra, 208, 327.
Ra Harmakhis, 105.
Seb, 324.
Set (Typhon), 96, 196.
Shû, 311.
Thoth, 96, 118, 167, 259, 314.
Tûm, 105.
Goddesses,--
Apet, 237 (note).
Bast, 168, 311.
Hathor, 53, 54, 55, 61, 62, 69, 70, 82, 83, 97, 168, 237.
Isis, 95, 241, 247, 249, 250, 287, 294, 310, 314.
Khûit, 259.
Ma, 262, 294.
Maut, 97, 289.
Neith, 250.
Nekheb, 92.
Nephthys, 237, 249, 250, 287, 294, 310.
Pakhet, 42, 82.
Sekhet, 250, 277, 311.
Sothis, 118.
Taûrt, 237 (note).
Tefnût, 311.
Thûeris, 237.
Ûati, 92.
Gold, 11, 304, 312-21.
Goldsmith, 313.
Golenischeff, 228.
Gouge, 195.
Granaries, 1, 10, 36.
Granite, 6, 47, 66, 76, 103, 132, 136, 137, 169,196, 197, 199, 214, 247,
254, 290.
black, 42, 165, 233.
grey, 41, 236, 244.
red, 42, 52, 65, 77, 107, 127, 165, 232, 236.
Grapes, models, 166, 267.
Greeks,--
Egyptian fortification in time of, 34.
Egyptian patterns among, 320.
their imitation scarabs, 248.
their influence on astronomical tables, 93.
their influence on columns, 56.
their influence on jewellery, 332.
their influence on sculpture, 241-4.
their peripteral temples, 69.
their similar system of building construction, 48.
their theory of mounds, 5.
(See PTOLEMAIC PERIOD.)
Grenfell, Major-General Sir F., 149 (note), and 209 (note).
Greyhound, in drawings, 176.
Griffith, F. Ll., 200 (note), 262 (note).
Grindstone, 247.
Gum tragacanth, 203.
Gûrneh, 60.
Gypsum, 203.

Hadrian, 243, 245 (note). Hairpins, 277. Hammamat, valley of, 41. Hammer, 195, 313. Hapi, genius, 258 (note). Hapizefa (see TOMB). Harpocrates (see GODS). Hatasû (see HATSHEPSÛT). Hathor (see GODDESSES). Hatshepsût (Hatasû), 42, 77, 85, 104, 105, 109 and note, 296 (note), 313 and note. Hawara, 257, 291. Hawk, 254, 259, 267, 322, 326. Haworth, Mr. Jesse, 296 (note). Headrest, 128, 166, 277. Hedgehog, 254, 267. Hekalli, 144. Heliopolis, 26, 32, 103, 104, 309. Helwân, dam at baths of, 40. Hematite, 247, 250. Hemi-speos,-- Beit el Wally, 84, 205 (note), 235. Deir el Baharî, 83, 85. Derr, 84. Gerf Husein, 85. Wady Sabûah, 85. Herhor, 158, 261, 288. Hermopolis, 209. Herodotus, 38, 39-40, 88, 195. Hesî, 210. Hieroglyphs, 55, 60, 180, 236, 257, 261-2 and note, 268, 270, 284, 285, 289, 300, 316, 325. Hippopotamus, 189, 236. Hittites, 31, 185. (see KHETA). Honey, 203, 254. Hophra, the biblical, 269. Hor Horus (see GODS). Hor, portrait statue of one, 242. Horbeit, 311, 312. Horemheb, 50, 52, 53, 82, 155, 158, 179-80, 205, 231, 232, 233. Horhotep (see TOMB). Hori Ra, wooden statuette of, 275. Hori, scribe, ûshabtiû of, 257. Horn, objects in, 272. Horse, date of introduction of, 153-4. Horshesû, 64 and note. 207. Horus (see GODS). Horûta, 257. Houses, 1-20. Hûi (see TOMB). Hûnefer, his papyrus, 173-4. Huts, 20, 8. Hyksos sphinxes (see PERIOD). Hypostyle hall, 72, 74, 76, 89, 92, 102, 106. Abû Simbel, 84. Abydos, 60, 85-6. Gûrneh, 60. Kalaat Addah, 82. Karnak, 34 (note), 46, 57, 60, 62-3,76, 78, 79, 100. temple of Khonsû, 71. Medinet Habû, 60. Ramesseum, 57, 60.

Ibis, 259. Ibrahim, Prince, 240. Illahûn, 39, 143. Incense, 95, 126, 273. Ink, black, 4, 170, 193, 285. red, 44, 170, 171, 193, 285. Inscriptions, absence of in Temple of Sphinx, 66. obelisk, 313 and note. pyramid of Ûnas, 163. sarcophagi, 127, 157, 165. tombs, 141-2, 151, 155-6. (See HIEROGLYPHS). Iron, 195-7, 304. Irrigation, 35, 37-41. Isiemkheb, 180, 299-300. Isis (see GODDESSES). Italy, Egyptian patterns in, 320. Ivory, 272, 273-4, 283.

Jade, 254. Jasper, 247, 250. Jewellery, 249, 321-33. Jews, 303. Jomard, 55.

Kaâpir (see TOMB). Kadesh (Qodshû), 31, 101, 185, 187. Kahûn, Twelfth Dynasty Town, 1, 6 (note), 7, 282. Kalaat Addah (see TEMPLES). Kalabsheh (see TEMPLES). Kames, 323, 330. Ka, or Double, 111, 112, 118, 130, 141-2, 156-7, 162, 163, 165-7, 212-14, 257. Ka-name of Pepi I, 270. Karnak (see TEMPLES). Kashta, 235 (note). Kasr es Saîd (see CHENOBOSCION). Kebhsennef, 258 (note). Keneh, 265, 332. Khabiûsokari (see TOMB). Khafra (Chephren), 89, 133, 137, 134, 214, 217-18, 224, 253. Khamha (see TOMB). Kheper, or Khepra (see SCARABAEI). Kheta, 101, 185, 187-8. Khetî (see TOMB). Khmûnû, 148. Khnûmhotep (see TOMB). Khonsû (see GODS). Khonû, 96, 324. Khû, the, 111, 112. Khûenaten (Amenhotep IV.), 15, 155, 230. Khûfû (Cheops), 133, 134-7, 206, 312, 314. Khûfû Poskhû, 20, 22. Khûit (see GODDESSES). Klaft, 227, 306. Knives, 304, 306. Koft, I (see COPTOS). Kohl (antimony, collyrium), 254, 266, 273. Kom ed Damas, 242. Kom el Ahmar, 2, 25, 26. Kom es Sultan, 21, 23, 27. Kom Ombo (see OMBOS and TEMPLES). Kosheish, 38. Kûmmeh, 28. Kûrnet Murraee, 263, 294.

Labyrinth, the, 59. Lake Moeris, 38-40. Lakes, sacred, 77. Lamp, 19, 307 (?). Lapis-lazuli, 203, 247, 250, 304, 324, 325, 328, 329. Lasso, 95. Lattice, 11. Lead, 304. Leather, 292, 298-301. Léfébure, M, 161. Leopard, 176. Lewis, Prof. Hayter, 272 (note). Leyden Museum, 266 (note), 292 (note). Libations (see OFFERINGS). Libyan cliffs and plateau, 39, 113, 207, 209 (note). Libyans, 21, 207, 209 (note). Limestone, 42, 47, 65, 76, 107, 113, 127, 132, 135, 138, 139, 140, 147, 148, 166, 169, 192, 195, 200, 224, 232, 236, 252, 253, 254, 265, 312. Linant, M, 39. Lindos, 302. Linen, 130, 286, 302, 314. Lintels, 9, 26, 46, 47, 150, 151. Lion, 171, 176, 199, 293, 295, 322. Lisht, 89, 134, 252. Loftie, the Rev. W.J., 201 (note). 249 (note). Looms, 297, 298. Lotus, 34 (note), 57, 58, 60-61, 62, 64, 116, 180, 247, 254, 266, 268, 269, 271, 273, 277, 278, 279, 281, 299, 316. Louvre Museum, 208, 214, 215, 224, 226, 227, 239, 240, 266 (note), 271, 275, 278, 295, 308, 313, 316, 322, 331. Luxor (see TEMPLES).

Ma (see GODDESSES). Magdilû, (see MIGDOLS). Magnaura, 320. Maillet, M., 64. Malachite, 247, 304. Mallet, 45, 197, 202. Manfalût, 144. Manna (see TOMB). Mariette, 64 (note), 129, 210, 227, 271. Masahirti, 299. Masonry, 48, 49. Massarah, 43. Mastabas, 113-31, Notes 12-14. (see TOMB and TOMBS). Masts, 72, 103. Maut (see GODDESSES). Mechanical appliances,-- crane, 49. pivots, 283. rollers, 45. wedges, 45. Medamot (see TEMPLES). Medinet el Fayûm, 39. Medinet Habû (see TEMPLES). Medûm, 38 (note), 131, 143, 144, 202 (note). Memnon, 103, 230, 245. (see AMENHOTEP III.). Memphis, 1, 6, 32, 38, 43, 47, 52, 58, 88, 113, 132, 147, 156, 157, 162, 165, 209, 226, 228, 235, 241, 252. Mena, 38, 64, 206. Mendes, 311. Menkara (Mycerinus), 128 (note), 134, 137, 286 (Notes 7, 17, 31). Menkaûhor, 224. Menkheperra, 299. Menshîyeh, 107. Mentû (see GODS). Mentûemhat, 314. Merenptah, 235. Merenra, 133, 140. Meresankhû, 144. Mermashiû, 227. Meroë, 144, 244. Merom, 31. Merrûka, stela of, 120. Mesheikh, 69, 229. Metals, ancient Egyptian classification of, 304. Migdols, 31-3 (see MAGDILÛ). Milk, offerings of, 95. Min (Khem) (see GODS). Minieh, 148. Mining, 35, 41. Mirrors, 277, 306, 323, 324. Moats of Canaanite cities, 31. Moeris, 38-9 (see AMENEMHAT III.). Moeris, Lake, 38-40. Mohammeriyeh, 144. Mokattam, 136. Mortar, 48, 114. Mosû, 310. Mounds, 1, 5-6. Mummies,-- animals and eggs, 259. beds and canopies for, 292-5. boats for transport of, 301. burial of, 112, 127-8, 153, 154, 167-8, 173. "eternal house" of, 112. furniture for, 284, 292 _et seq._ (see FURNITURE). jewellery for, 321. (see JEWELLERY). models of, 166. panoply of, 167 (see AMULETS). sledges for, 292. Mummy,-- Aahhotep, 157, 323. Amenhotep I., 157. Menkara, 137. Pinotem III., 332. Sekenenra, 157. Thothmes III., 157. Mummy-cases, 259, 261-2, 284-92. Murrhine, false, 263 (note) Musical instruments, 166. lute, 180, 267, 279. sistrum, 95. tambourine, 95. trumpet, 182. Mycerinus, 286 (see MENKARA).

Naga, group from, 244. Naï, 276. Naos, 61, 108, 312, 326. (see SHRINE). Napata, 144. Naville, M., 36 and note, 52 (note). Necho, 267 and note. Necklace, 249, 276, 322, 325. (see ÛSEKH). Nectenebo, 62. Neferhotep (see TOMB). Nefert, 219-20. Nefertari, 84. Nefertûm (see GODS). Negadeh (see TOMBS). Negroes, 41, 91. Neith (see GODDESSES). Nekheb (see GODDESSES). Nemhotep, dwarf, 225. Nenka (see TOMB). Nephthys (see GODDESSES). Nesikhonsû, 264. Net, 95. Netemt, 261. New York Museum, 172. Niche of tombs, origin of, 152 (see DOOR, SERDAB, and STELA). Nile, 34, 38, 39, 45, 48, 252, 254, 273. Niles, the (deities), 91, 92, 228. Nitocris, daughter of Psammetichus I., 237. Nomes, represented, 91-2. Nubia, 28, 47, 66, 82, 259. Nûrri (see PYRAMIDS).

Oasis, the, 20.
Obelisk, 45, 67, 103-6, 313.
Axûm, 106.
Begig, 105.
Fourth Dynasty, 104.
Hatshepsût, 104, 106, 313 and note.
Heliopolis, 104.
Luxor, 104.
Tanis, 104.
Obsidian, 247, 250.
Ocean, celestial, 93.
Ochre, 203.
OEnochoe, glass, 263.
Offerings,--
corn, 97.
milk, 95.
oil, 95.
wine, 95, 97.
(See FEAST, LIBATIONS, TABLES OF OFFERINGS.)
Oil, 95.
Ombos, 26, 36, 58, 88, 92, 245,
(see KOM OMBO and TEMPLES).
On, genius of, 96.
Osiris
(see GODS).
Ostraka, 36.
Ostrakon, caricature, 172.
Oxen, 123, 128, 153, 175, 182.

Pahûrnefer, 214. Painting, 192-3, 202-6, 292-3. (see DRAWING, PERSPECTIVE, WALL-SCENES). Pakhet (see GODDESSES). Palestrina, mosaic, 189-92. Palette,-- painter's, 202. scribe's, 128, 166, 170. Palm capital, 58. Palms, for roofing, 2, 11 (see DATE and DÔM PALMS). Papyri, 64 (note), 160, 167, 170, 171, 172-5, 205. (see BOOK). Papyrus, 57, 190, 327. Pavilion,-- of private house, 17. of Medinet Habû, 32. of Nectenebo, Philae, 62. Pearl, mother-of-, 247. Pearls, 247. Pectoral, 322, 323, 326, 327. Pedishashi, 239, 240. Pegs, 283. Pen, 175, 215. Pepi I., 140, 253, 270. Pepi II., 133, 140, 142. Perfumes, 67, 128, 157, 180. Period,-- Hyksos, 227-8, 307. Persian, 174, 303. Ptolemaic, 56, 58, 61, 66, 69-70, 72, 79, 90, 93, 98, 175, 208, 241-3, 249, 290, 303, 315, 332. Roman, 58, 66, 90, 98, 173, 208, 243-5. Theban, second, 19 and note.

Peristyle, 67, 74, 83, 84, 106 (see PROCESSIONAL HALL). Perspective, 177-92. Pestle and mortar, 170. Petamenoph (see TOMB). Petrie, W.M.F., 7, 10, 12, 45, 64-5, 104, 113, 131, 197, 200, 202, 249, 267, 282, 291, 334 _et seq._ Pharaoh, 66, 67, 95-7, 98, 101-3. Philae (see TEMPLES). Phoenicians, 248, 263, 303, 320. Piankhi I., 34. Piankhi II., 235 (note). Pibesa, 237. Pigments, 202-3. Pillars, 52, 53-5, 65, 68, 116, 149, 151. Pincushion, 277. Pinotem II., 299. Pinotem III., 299, 332. Pisebkhanû, 228. Pithom, i, 36 and note. Plate, 315-20 (see GOLD and SILVER). Pliny, 303. Pohûnika (see TOMB). Poignards, 327, 328. Point, 47 (note), 6, 195, 197, 201, 247, 250. Polymita, 303. Ponds, 8, 15, 186. Porch, 13 (see PORTICO). Porphyry, 42, 247. Portcullis, in pyramids, 136, Notes 26, 27, 137, 139. Portico, 13, 16, 51, 54, 57, 60, 67, 116, 149, 150, 152, 206. Portrait, panel-painting, 291-2. (see BAS-RELIEF, MUMMY-CASES, and STATUES). Posno collection, 308. Pottery, 166,254-9. (see GLAZED WARE and VASES). Priests (see PHARAOH and others). Prisse, M., 193. Processional Hall (promenoir), 53, 58 and note, 60, 77 (see PERISTYLE). Pronaos, 70, 74-5. Psammetichus I., 236. Psammetichus, scribe, 237 and note. Psar, 322, 331. Ptah (see GODS). Ptahhotep (see TOMB). Ptahmes, 208. Pûnt, Land of, 109 and note. Pylons, 13, 16, 49, 50, 67, 77, 78, 79, 80, 85, 87, 100-1, 186-8, 189, 232.

Pyramid of,--
Amenemhat III. (Hawara), 143.
Ati, 142.
Khafra (Second Pyramid of Gizeh), 133, 134, 137.
Khûfû (Great Pyramid of Gizeh), 133, 134-7.
Menkara (Third Pyramid of Gizeh), 134, 137.
Merenra, 133, 140.
Pepi I., 140.
Pepi II., 133, 140, 142.
Sakkarah, Step, or Great, 138-9, Note 32.
Sneferû (Medûm), 132,143-4.
Teti, 140.
Ûnas, 133, 138, 139-40.
Ûsertesen I., 143.
Ûsertesen II. (Illahûn), 143.

Pyramidion, 105, 147.
Pyramid-mastaba tombs, 145-8,
Pyramids, 131-45, and Notes, pp, 334-7.
Abûsîr, 131, 134, 138, 140.
Abydos (Hekalli), 144.
Dahshûr, 131, 134, 142.
Esneh (Mohammeriyeh), 144.
Ethiopia (Meroë, Napata, Nûrri), 144.
Fayûm (Hawara and Illahûn), 134, 143.
Gizeh, 131, 133-7, 140.
Lisht, 134, 142.
Manfalût, 144.
Sakkarah, 133, 134, 137, 138-42.
Qodshû, 31.
(see KADESÛ).
Quarries, 35, 41-5, 132.

Ra (see GODS). Ra Harmakhis (see GODS). Raemka, 220 (see SHEIKH EL BELED). Rahotep, 214, 219. Ram, 88, 89, 199. Rameses I., 78, 158. Rameses II. (Sesostris), 47, 52, 78, 80, 84, 86, 101, 103, 158, 188, 202, 226, 231, 232, 234, 235, 287-8, 321, 331. Rameses III., 4, 32-3, 87, 101, 184, 194, 195, 270, 272, 301, 306, 321. Rameses IV., 160. Rameses IX., 331. Ramesseum, the, 36, 37, 47, 57, 60, 62, 72, 92, 100, 103, 159, 187, 234, 265. Ramessides, the, 1, 23, 109, 153, 168, 235, 266, 290, 320. Ramparts, 24, 30, 33, 87. Ranefer, 214, 218. Rats, 171, 259. Red Sea, emerald mines, 41. Redesîyeh, 229. Reed brush, 171. Reeds, 180, 266. Rekhmara (see TOMB). Renaissance, 175, 235-40, 290. Repoussé work (see GOLD, JEWELLERY, SILVER). Reservoir, 38-41, 252 (see DAMS, DIKES, IRRIGATION). Rhind, A.H., 293 and note. Rings, 267, 305, 321-2, 331. Roads, 30, 34, 35, 41. Rock-cut temples and tombs (see SPEOS and TOMBS). Roofs, 2, 9, 10, 11, 32, 51, 90. Rougé, M. le Vicomte de, 109 (note).