Chapter II: Military Sketching (1)

(While this chapter presents the principal features of military
sketching in a simple, clear manner, attention is invited to the
fact that the only way that any one who has never done any
sketching can follow properly the statements made, is to do so
with the instruments and the sketching material mentioned at hand.
In fact, the only way to learn how to sketch is to _sketch_.)

=1878.= A military sketch is a rough map showing the features of the ground that are of military value.

Military sketching is the art of making such a military sketch.

Military sketches are of three kinds:

Position sketches, Fig. 1;

Outpost sketches;

Road sketches.

All kinds of military sketches are intended to give a military commander detailed information of the ground to be operated over, when this is not given by the existing maps, or when there are no maps of the area.

The general methods of sketching are:

(1) The location of points by intersection.

(2) The location of points by resection.

=1879. Location of points by intersection.= To locate a point by intersection proceed as follows: Set up, level and orient the sketching board (Par. 1872), at A, Fig. 1. The board is said to be oriented when the needle is parallel to the sides of the compass trough of the drawing board, Fig 2. (At every station the needle must have this position, so that every line on the sketch will be parallel to the corresponding line or direction on the ground.) Assume a point (A) on the paper, Fig. 1 Y, in such a position that the ground to be sketched will fall on the sheet. Lay the ruler on the board and point it to the desired point (C), all the while keeping the edge of the ruler on the point (A), Fig. 1 Y. Draw an indefinite line along the edge. Now move to (B), Fig. 1 X, plotted on the map in (b), Fig. 1 X, and having set up, leveled and oriented as at (A), Fig. 1 Y, sight toward (C) as before. The intersection (crossing) of the two lines locates (C) on the sketch at (c), Fig. 1 X.

=1880. Locating points by resection.= A sketcher at an unknown point may locate himself from two visible known points by setting up and orienting his sketching board. He then places his alidade (ruler) so that it points at one of the known points, keeping the edge of the alidade touching the corresponding point on the sketch. He then draws a ray (line) from the point toward his eye. He repeats the performance with the other visible known point and its location on the map. The point where the rays intersect is his location. This method is called _resection_. However, local attractions for the compass greatly affect this method.

=1881. The location of points by traversing.= To locate a point by traversing is done as follows: With the board set up, leveled and oriented at A, Fig. 1 Y, as above, draw a line in the direction of the desired point B, Fig. 1 X, and then move to B, counting strides, keeping record of them with a tally register, Fig. 3, if one is available. Set up the board at B, Fig. 1 X, and orient it by laying the ruler along the line (a)-(b), Fig. 1 X, and moving the board until the ruler is directed toward A, Fig. 1 Y, on the ground; or else orient by the needle as at A. With the scale of the sketcher's strides on the ruler, lay off the number of strides found from A, Fig. 1 Y, to B, Fig. 1 X, and mark the point (b), Fig. 1 X. Other points, such as C, D, etc., would be located in the same way.

=1882. The determination of the heights of hills, shapes of the ground, etc., by contours.= To draw in contours on a sketch, the following steps are necessary:

(a) From the known or assumed elevation of a located station as A, Fig. 1 Y, (elevation 890), the elevations of all hill tops, stream junctures, stream sources, etc, are determined.

(b) Having found the elevations of these critical points the contours are put in by spacing them so as to show the slope of the ground along each line such as (a)-(b), (a)-(c), etc., Fig. 1 Y, as these slopes actually are on the ground.

To find the elevation of any point, say C (shown on sketch as c), proceed as follows:

Read the vertical angle with slope board, Fig. 2, or with a clinometer, Fig. 4. Suppose this is found to be 2 degrees; lay the scale of M. D.[22] (ruler, Fig. 2) along (a)-(c), Fig. 1 Y, and note the number of divisions of -2 degrees (minus 2 deg.) between (a) and (c). Suppose there are found to be 5-1/2 divisions; then, since each division is 10 feet, the total height of A above C is 55 feet (5-1/2 x 10). C is therefore 835 ft. elev. which is written at (c), Fig. 1 Y. Now looking at the ground along A-C, suppose you find it to be a very decided concave (hollowed out) slope, nearly flat at the bottom and steep at the top. There are to be placed in this space (a)-(c), Fig. 1 Y, contours 890, 880, 870, 860 and 850, and they would be spaced close at the top and far apart near (c), Fig. 1 Y, to give a true idea of the slope.

The above is the entire principle of contouring in making sketches and if thoroughly learned by careful repetition under different conditions, will enable the student to soon be able to carry the contours with the horizontal locations.

=1883.= In all maps that are to be contoured some plane, called the _datum plane_, must be used to which all contours are referred. This plane is usually mean sea level and the contours are numbered from this plane upward, all heights being elevations above mean sea level.

In a particular locality that is to be sketched there is generally some point the elevation of which is known. These points may be bench marks of a survey, elevation of a railroad station above sea level, etc. By using such points as the reference point for contours the proper elevations above sea level will be shown.

In case no point of known elevation is at hand the elevation of some point will have to be assumed and the contours referred to it.

Skill in contouring comes only with practice but by the use of expedients a fairly accurate contoured map can be made. In contouring an area the stream lines and ravines form a framework or skeleton on which the contours are hung more or less like a cobweb. These lines are accurately mapped and their slopes determined and the contours are then sketched in.

If the sketcher desires he may omit determining the slopes of the stream lines and instead determine the elevations of a number of critical points (points where the slope changes) in the area and then draw in the contours remembering that contours bulge downward on slopes and upward on streams lines and ravines.

If time permits both the slopes of the stream lines and the elevation of the critical points may be determined and the resulting sketch will gain in accuracy.

Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 show these methods of determining and sketching in contours.

=1884. Form lines.= It frequently happens that a sketch must be made very hastily and time will not permit of contouring. In this case form lines are used. These lines are exactly like contours except that the elevations and forms of the hills and depressions which they represent are estimated and the sketcher draws the form lines in to indicate the varying forms of the ground as he sees it.

=1885. Scales.= The Army Regulations prescribe a uniform system of scales and contour intervals for military maps, as follows:

Road sketches and extended positions; scale 3 inches to a mile, vertical (or contour) interval, 20 feet.

Position or outpost sketches; scale 6 inches to a mile, vertical (or contour) interval, 10 feet.

This uniform system is a great help in sketching as a given map distance, Par. 1867a, represents the same degree of slope for both the 3 inch to the mile or the 6 inch to the mile scale. The map distances once learned can be applied to a map of either scale and this is of great value in sketching.

Construction of Working Scales

=1886. Working scale.= A _working scale_ is a scale used in making a map. It may be a scale for paces or strides or revolutions of a wheel.

=1887. Length of pace.= The length of a man's pace at a natural walk is about 30 inches, varying somewhat in different men. Each man must determine his own length of pace by walking several times over a known distance. In doing this be sure to take a natural pace. When you know your length of pace you merely count your paces in going over a distance and a simple multiplication of paces by length of pace gives your distance in inches.

In going up and down slopes one's pace varies. On level ground careful pacing will give you distances correct to within 3% or less.

The following tables give length of pace on slopes of 5 degrees to 30 degrees, corresponding to a normal pace on a level of 30.4 inches:

+-------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|Slopes | 0 deg.| 5 deg.| 10 deg.| 15 deg.| 20 deg.| 25 deg.| 30 deg.|
+-------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|Length of step ascending | 30.4| 27.6| 24.4| 22.1| 19.7| 17.8| 15.0|
|Length of step descending| 30.4| 29.2| 28.3| 27.6| 26.4| 23.6| 19.7|
+-------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

For the same person, the length of step decreases as he becomes tired. To overcome this, ascertain the length of pace when fresh and when tired and use the first scale in the morning and the latter in the afternoon.

The result of the shortening of the pace due to fatigue or going over a slope, is to make the map larger than it should be for a given scale. This is apparent when we consider that we take more paces in covering a given distance than we would were it on a horizontal plane and we were taking our normal pace.

In going up or down a slope of 3 or 4 we actually walk 5 units, but cover only 4 in a horizontal direction. Therefore, we must make allowance when pacing slopes.

In counting paces count each foot as it strikes. In counting strides count only 1 foot as it strikes. A stride is two paces.

In practice it has been found that the scale of strides is far more satisfactory than a scale of paces.

=1888. How to make a scale of paces.= Having determined the length of our pace, any one of the following three methods may be used in making a working scale:

_1st method._ The so-called "One thousand unit rule" method is as follows:

Multiply the R. F. (representative fraction) by the number of inches in the unit of measure multiplied by 1000; the result will be the length of line in inches necessary to show 1000 units.

For example, let us suppose that we desire a graphic scale showing 1000 yards, the scale of the map being 3 inches equal 1 mile:

Multiply 1/21120 (R. F.) by 36 (36 inches in 1 yard, the unit of measure) by 1000,--that is,

(1/21120) x 36 x 1000 = 36000/21120 = 1.7046 inches.

Therefore, a line or graphic scale 1.7 inches in length will represent 1000 yards.

If we desire a working scale of paces at 3 inches to the mile, and we have determined that our pace is 31 inches long, we would have (1/21120) x 31 x 1000 = 31000/21120 = 1.467 inches.

We can now lay off this distance and divide it into ten equal parts, and each will give us a 100-pace division.

_2nd method._ Lay off 100 yards; ascertain how many of your paces are necessary to cover this distance; multiply R. F. by 7,200,000, and divide by the number of paces you take in going 100 yards. The result will be the length of line in inches which will show 2000 of your paces.

_3rd method._ Construct a scale of convenient length, about 6 inches, as described in Par. 1863, to read in the units you intend to measure your distance with (your stride, pace, stride of a horse, etc.), to the scale on which you intend to make your sketch.

For example, suppose your stride is 66 inches long (33 inch pace) and you wish to make a sketch on a scale of 3 inches = 1 mile. The R. F. of this scale is 3 inches/1 mile = 3 inches/63360 inches = 1/21120. That is 1 inch on your sketch is to represent 21120 inches on the ground. As you intend to measure your ground distances by counting your strides of 66 inches length, 1 inch on the sketch will represent as many of your strides on the ground as 66 is contained into 21120 = 320 strides. For convenience in sketching you wish to make your scale about 6 inches long. Since 1 inch represents 320 strides, 6 inches will represent 6 x 320 = 1,920 strides. As this is an odd number, difficult to divide into convenient subdivisions of hundreds, fifties, etc., construct your scale to represent 2,000 strides, which will give it a length slightly in excess of 6 inches--6.25. Lay off this length and divide it into ten main divisions of 200 strides each, and subdivide these into 50 stride divisions as explained in Par. 1862.

=1889. Position sketching.= The following are the instruments used in position sketching:

1. Drawing board with attached compass (Fig. 2);

2. Loose ruler, on board (Fig. 2);

3. Rough tripod or camera tripod;

4. Scale of M. D.'s (shown on ruler, Fig. 2);

5. Scale of sketchers, strides or paces (at six inches to one mile), on ruler;

6. Clinometer (not necessary if board has slope board, Fig. 6);

7. Scale of hundreds of yards shown on ruler;

8. Scale of paces.

Methods to be used

(1) Select a base line,--that is, a central line 1/4 to 1/2 mile long in the area to be sketched. It should have at its ends some plainly marked objects, such as telegraph poles, trees, corners of buildings, etc., and from its ends, and intermediate points, a good view of the area should be possible. The base line selected should be capable of being measured.

(2) Set up, level and orient the drawing board at one end of the base (A), Fig. 1, Y, for example. Draw a meridian on the sheet parallel to the position of the magnetic needle. Assume a point (A), Fig. 1, Y, corresponding to the ground point (A), 890, on the sheet, in such a position that the area to be sketched will lie on the sheet.

(3) Sight at hilltops, stream junctures, stream heads, etc., to begin the locations of these points by intersection, labelling each ray so as to be able to identify it later.

(4) Traverse to (b) and complete the locations by intersection as previously explained. If the base line is not accurately measured, the map will be correct within itself in all of its proportions, but its scale will not necessarily be the scale desired.

(5) Draw the details of the country between A and B and in the vicinity of this line, using the conventional signs for roads, houses, etc.

(6) The lines from station (b), Fig. 1, X, to any of the other located points may now be used as a new base line to carry the work over additional area.

(7) In case parts of the area are not visible from a base line, these parts are located by traversing as before explained.

(8) Having learned by several repetitions the above steps, the sketcher will then combine contouring with his horizontal locations.

=1890. Outpost sketching.= The same instruments are used as in position sketching, and so are the methods the same, except that the sketcher cannot advance beyond the outpost line, toward the supposed position of the enemy. It is often possible to select a measurable base line well in rear of the line of observation,--for instance, along the line of resistance. Secondary base lines may then be taken on or near the line of observation, from the extremities of which additional base lines may be selected, if necessary, and points toward the enemy's position located by intersection. Details are sketched in as in position sketching. For obvious reasons, no traversing should be done along the line of observation.

=1891. Road sketching.= The following are the instruments used in road sketching:

1. Drawing board or sketching case;

2. Loose ruler;

3. Scale of strides, or paces, if made dismounted; scale of time trotting or walking, if mounted;

4. Scale of hundreds of yards, at three inches to 1 mile;

5. Scale of M. D.'s;

6. Slope board (if clinometer is not available).

Methods to be used

(1) At station 1, Fig. 10, orient the board as described in par. 1872, holding the board in the hands, in front of the body of the sketcher, who faces toward station 2.

(2) Important points in the vicinity, such as the railroad bridge, the stream juncture, hilltops, are sighted for intersections, lines drawn as shown and the sketcher traverses to station 2.

(3) At station 2 he locates and draws in all details between station 1 and 2, to include about 300 yards on each side of the road.

(4) The traverse is then continued forward as described for 1 and 2.

(5) After some practice of horizontal sketching, as just described, the sketcher will be able to take up contouring in combination. The methods are as described in the paragraph on contouring.

(6) When the traverse runs off the paper as at A, Fig. 10, the following method is followed: Reorient the board so that the road forward will lie across the long dimensions of the paper; draw a meridian parallel to the compass needle and assume a point on the new sheet corresponding to the last point (A) plotted on the first sheet.

(7) On completion of the sketch various sections will be pasted together, so that all the meridians are parallel.

=1892. Combined sketching.= Let us suppose that we have the rectangle W, X, Y, Z, Fig. 11, assigned to us to map and that we have been given four sketching parties, and that the locations and elevations of A and B have been previously determined by triangulation and are plotted to scale on our rectangle.

A logical step would be to carefully plot the line a' b', and then the lines c' c" and c" d.

If the area is densely wooded we run "line of level" by using the slope board or clinometer and by taking elevations at points arbitrarily selected. Our lines will look something like this:

Each party will be given its rectangle with the traverses sketched in. They will each then run similar traverses over the other two sides of their area and then fill in. In this manner the whole work is tied up to the original lines.

Another method

The line A B, Fig. 12, is carefully plotted. Each of the four sketching parties has two sketching groups. One group of party No. 1 traverses line a' Y; then the other group of the party traverses the line a" y'. The first group of party of No. 2 accompanies them. The second group of party No. 2 traverses the line c" d, accompanied by the first group of party No. 3; the second group of party No. 3, and the first group of party No. 4 traverse b" z', and the second group of party No. 4 traverses b' Z. When the first group of party No. 1 arrives at Y, it traverses Y y'. The second group of party No. 1, arriving at y', cuts the sheet along traverse and gives the first group of party No. 2 the part which shows their area; and then traverses toward Y from y'. Upon meeting the first group of party No. 1, they join forces and proceed to fill in their area.

In the same manner areas W X a' b' are filled in.

The method described above is useful in working over country which is densely wooded, and in which a general view cannot be obtained, for example, in mapping jungles.

An additional article of the sketcher's equipment is a holder for his pencils, alidade, eraser, knife, pins, etc. This consists of a series of small pockets sewed on to a piece of canvas about 7 inches by 4 inches. This can be attached to the left breast of the sketcher's coat or shirt by means of two pins. In addition to keeping all of his implements in a handy place the holder prevents the loss of the several articles. Nothing is so discouraging to the sketcher as to look for his pencil, eraser, knife or even alidade and find that he has left it several hundred yards back where he sat down last to sketch in details. By using the holder the sketcher gets into the habit of replacing articles after they are used and consequently always has them with him when needed. These holders ready made can be obtained from the Secretary, Army Service Schools at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.

In sketching a good quality of paper should always be used as erasures will be frequent. A specially prepared paper that has the appearance of oiled paper can be obtained commercially and is excellent for sketching in damp weather. It has considerable resistance to rain. Sheets of celluloid prepared for sketching are invaluable in sketching in the rain. These are a part of the equipment of the case of sketching instruments supplied battalions in the regular army. These sheets may be procured at most any dealers.

Points for Beginners to Remember

=1893.= 1. Always keep your pencils sharpened and have an eraser handy. No one but an expert can sketch with a dull pencil.

2. Use hard pencils when learning to sketch--4H to 6H--and go over your work afterwards with a softer pencil--2H.

3. Do not try to put down on your sketch a mass of small details that are too small to be shown on the scale at which you are sketching. For example, if you are making a sketch on a scale of 3 inches = 1 mile, do not try to show each house in a row of houses; simply indicate that there is a row of houses, by putting down several distinct conventional signs for houses in a row; nor should you try to show every little "cut" through which the road may run. Only use about one sign to the inch of telegraph or telephone lines, for wire fences, etc.

4. When first practicing sketching only plot the route over which you walk, indicating it by a single line. When you can do this with facility, go back over one of these plotted routes and fill in the woods, houses, streams and the other large features.

5. The beginner should sketch the same ground several times over--at least three or four times. Practice alone will make perfect.

6. Always try to compare your finished sketch with an accurate map of the ground, if one is obtainable. Try to practice on ground of which you can obtain a map.

7. Make each course (the distance you go between points where the direction of your route changes) as long as possible.

8. Do not try to contour until you are expert at making a sketch showing all the flat details (roads, streams, woods, houses, etc.).

9. Never try to "sketch in" the contours until you have plotted the stream lines or the direction of the valleys, ravines, etc. The contours are fitted to or sketched around the drainage system; not the drainage system to the contours.

10. Always "size up" ground before you sketch it; that is, take a general view of it, noticing the drainage system (the direction in which the streams flow or ravines run), the prominent hills and ridges, the direction the roads run, etc.

11. Above all things, DON'T FAKE ANY PART OF YOUR MAP.

If the man using your map happens to strike the faked portion, he immediately condemns your whole map as incorrect. Every other part may be highly accurate, but your whole map is discredited because the user strikes the bad part first. You will naturally put little faith in the man who has told you something you know to be untrue. You will always suspect him. So it is with maps. Don't put down anything that you don't know to be correct. If any guess work is to be done, let the man using the map do it,--he knows that he is guessing and will be governed accordingly, but if you do the guessing, he doesn't know where the guessing begins and the accurate work leaves off. Don't fudge. Your name is on the map,--_don't have any questionable work hitched up to your name_.

FOOTNOTES:

[22] Sheets of working scales reading in paces, strides, minutes, etc, at a scale of 3 and 6 inches to the mile can be obtained at little cost from the Secretary, Army Service Schools, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas

INDEX

(The numbers refer to paragraphs)

A Par. No.

Abatis 1176

About face, how executed 105

1. About, 2. FACE, 3. Forward, 4. MARCH 229

About, turning by mounted officer 74

Abstract of clothing 905

Abstract record of memorandum receipts 901

Adjustment of fire 1428

Adjutant, formation of battalion 307; 308

Adjutant of general officer, post of 73

Adjutant's call 616; 693

Advance by crawling, etc. 261

ADVANCE BY RUSHES:
Commands 259
Company as whole led by captain 260
Position, fire 293
When impossible for company to advance as a whole 258

ADVANCE GUARD:
Commander with 542
Connecting files 584
Machine guns 553
Meeting engagement 542; 543

ADVANCE OF:
Battalion acting as part of firing line 343
Company into an engagement 249-257
Firing line 346

ADVANCING:
Improvised formations for 257
In succession of thin lines 255; 256
The attack 467; 471

Aerial mines 1200

Aides, post of 73

Aim, commands for 189

Aiming and sighting 1350

Aiming exercise 1368

Aiming point 1357

AIMING POINT:
Announced before or after range 181
Designations, practice in repeating 201
Once designated not changed unless ordered 182
Use 284

ALIGNMENT:
Battalion, rectifying 310; 312
Command of captains in battalion drill at command guide
right (left) 301
Company 218
Definition 24
Deployed lines preserve general alignment 240
Dressing companies in formation of battalion in line 308
Placing left hand on hip 70
Position of captain and platoon leaders in prolongation 218
Position of captains in dressing companies in battalion
drill 302
Preservation while marching 155
Rules for guides in close order 210; 211
Squad 154

AMMUNITION:
Bandoleers 573
Combat train and major's responsibility for ammunition
in belts 572
Destination of combat wagons when refilled 571
Expenditure of 432; 433
For company, husbanding and distribution 286
Issue before deployment of battalion 269
Issue upon deployment of battalion 331
Men not to be sent back from firing line for ammunition 574
Of dead and wounded 572
Rendezvous for each brigade 570
Replenishment of ammunition after engagement 575
Sent forward with reinforcements 574
Supply 360; 569-575
Thirty rounds in right pocket section 573

Amusement room 879

Appearance of objects in firing 1396

Appendices, Infantry Drill Regulations 696-710
and pp. 192 a b c d

Arm, disengaged, position at double time 121 (eighth)

Arm signals 92; 401

Arrangement of companies in battalion formation 297

Art of instruction on varied ground 933

Art of leadership 372

Art of war, definition 943

ARTILLERY:
Action of infantry in case enemy has powerful artillery 418
Change of target by infantry warranted in case of flanking
fire against artillery 424
Communication with firing line 402
Covering deployment of artillery in meeting engagement 541
Deployment of troops when exposed to hostile artillery 463
Effect on deployed infantry usually unimportant 345
Infantry against 597-600
Infantry passing through deployed artillery 470
In pursuit 494
In withdrawal from action 546
Part played in pursuit 491; 494
Supported by infantry 434-437
Use against machine guns 555
Use in delaying action 533
Withdrawal of attacking troops covered by artillery 489

ARTILLERY SUPPORTS:
Charged only with protection of artillery 605
Detailing of supports 602
Formation and location in action 604
Formation on march 603
Purpose 601

Asphyxiating gases 1194

Asphyxiation, first aid 1478

ASSEMBLE FROM:
Deployment
Battalion 326
Company 248
Squad 173
Distances 159
Intervals 157
Platoon or squad columns 254

Assembled skirmishers not while marching to rear 173

ASSEMBLY:
Arm signals 92
Call 693
Point indicated by company flag 95

AS SKIRMISHERS:
Action of squad leaders at preparatory command 237
Deployment squad 170
Deployment in oblique direction 245
Deployment to flank or rear 246
From a column of twos or files 244
From platoon or squad column 253
Guide right (left or center) (being in column of squads) 244
Guide right (left or center) (being in line) 243
Rules for deployment 236-247
To increase or decrease intervals 172

'As you were' 64

AT EASE:
Applicable to any marching formation 233
Extended order executed at ease 55 (b)
How executed 100
To march 233
With arms, executed as without arms 121 (fifth)

Athletic apparatus, company 880

ATTACK:
Advancing 467-471
Battalion in 342-356
Company in 249-294
Deployment for 463-466
Enveloping 461; 462
Feint 502
Fire attack 258-261; 414-438
Flank 459-462
Fortifications 495-498
Frontal 457; 462
General principles 456-502
Holding attack 499-502
Machine guns 555
Opening fire 417
Pursuit 490-494
Range 344; 426
The charge 478-489
Unit, the battalion 342

ATTENTION:
Command for 82
Drills at are disciplinary exercises 55 (a)
Forced at first word of command note of bugle or whistle 82
From parade rest 138
From rest and at ease resumed at order 121 (fifth)
From route step or at ease 233
Position of 99

At trail (command) 121 (sixth)

At will fire 190

Automatic alarms trenches 1192

Auxiliary aiming points 1431

B

Back Step (backward march) 115

Bacon can, care of 1308

Balance position of left hand 122 (first)

Ballistic qualities of rifle 1410

BAND:
In reviews 623; 624
Post of 71; 72; 299

Bandoleers ammunition in to be used first 573

Barricades 1185

Base company in advancing by rushes 348

Base, definition 25

Base squad in deployment 236-329; 243-245

BATTALION:
Adjutant, formation of battalion 307; 308
Advance close in on enemy as much as possible before
opening fire 344
Advance when part of firing line 343
Advance of firing line 346
Alignment rectifying 310; 311
Ammunition issue upon deployment 331
Arrangement of companies in battalion 297
Assembly from deployment 326
Attack principles 342-356
Attack unit, the 342
Base company in attack 329
Battalion a tactical unit 295
Battalion right (left) 318
Bayonets order to fix given by major 355; 361
Charge, the 356
Close on first (fourth) company 320
Close order drill 300-326
Column rectifying 312
Column of companies, first company squads right (left) 315
Column of squads first company, squads right (left) 316
Column of squads first (fourth) company, squads right
(left) (from close column) 323
Column of squads first (fourth) company forward (from
close line) 324
Column right (left) 317; 319
Combat principles 327-363
Command for guides repeated by captain 301
Commands repeated by captains 300
Consolidation to provide war strength organizations 55 (d)
Counter attack 363
Covering fire rushes made under 349
Defense 371
Defense opening fire 360
Deployment
Avoidance of premature 332
Companies and detachments taking their places 334
Depth of 334
Designation of base company 329
Designation of companies 298
Dismissing 309
Division of battalion into support and firing line 335
Dressing battalion 310; 311
Dressing companies, action of guides 302
Dressing companies, position of captains 302
Extend on first (fourth) company 321
File closers, post in route marches 325
Fire, delayed opening as long as possible 344
Fire fight, where and when to begin, indicated by major 341
Fire to be directed against hostile infantry 345
Firing line:
Advance 346
Companies to be kept closed in on center 354
Placing entire battalion or regiments into 339
Fix bayonets, ordered by major 355
Flanks, protection 330
Flank units to begin rush 348
Formations 307; 308
Front occupied by 334-339
Guides, action when companies are dressed 302
Guides, command for, repeated by captains 301
Hostile infantry target 345
Inspection 650-654
Intervals between battalions on firing line 465
Largest unit executing movement at command of the commander 88
Loading and firing 306
Mass formations 320
Major:
Apportions target 340
Duties and responsibilities 295
Gives orders to charge 356
Gives order to fix bayonet 355; 361
His order making disposition of battalion for combat 329
Indicates where or when fire fight begins 341
Locates trenches and obstacles 358
Post during attack 352
Post in route march 325
Reenforces firing line (See "Battalion Commander") 359
Movements executed as in school of the company 325
Movements executed as in school of soldier, squad and
company 303; 304
Movements explained for four companies 296
Musicians repeat signals to charge 356
Musicians repeat signal to fix bayonet 355
Muster 655-657
On right (left) into line 313
Opening fire on defense 360
Order of companies 297
Parade 636
Plate showing formations 300
Positions of captains in dressing companies 302
Post of band and other special units 299
Post of major during attack 352
Reconnaissance 330
Rectifying column 312
Reenforcing firing line, two methods 354
Reenforcements size 353
Repetition of command by captains 300
Review 631-633
Right (left) 318
Right (left) (center) dress 310; 311
Right front (left) into line (from column of squads
or companies) 314
Right front into line (from close column) 322
Rushes:
Advance made under covering fire 349
Begin by flank company 348
Prearranged methods prohibited 351
Subsequent to advancing 350
Rushing units, size 346; 347
School of 295
Simultaneous movements by companies or platoons 305
Size of reenforcements 353
Staff officers 579
Support:
Battalion acting alone in defense 362
None at beginning 339
Position 337
Size 336
To cover withdrawal 362
Tactical unit best suited for defense 357
Target, apportioned by major 340
Target, hostile infantry 345
Trenches located by major 358
Withdrawal covered by support 362

BATTALION COMMANDERS:
Duty regarding reconnaissance 412-413
Equipped with different tone of whistle 83
Responsibility regarding ammunition 570
Signal to rear when ready to charge 480
See "Major" under "Battalion"

Battalion drill 300-363

Battalion inspection 650-654

Battalion parade 636

Battalion staff officers, training in patrolling and
reconnaissance 579

BATTLE:
Integrity of squads in 151
Separated officers and others placing themselves under
order of nearest higher commander 390; 391

Battlefields, bugle signals used on 90

Battle order 392

Battle sight 26; 1352 (c)

BAYONET:
Charge in combat 356
Confidence in 485
Fixing 142
Habitually not fixed 121 (fourth)
Order to fix in combat given by major 355-361
Position at charge 144
Unfixing 143
When fixed in combat 355; 361; 590

Beaten zone 1413

Bite of dog 1480

Bite of snake 1480

Blank cartridges, use 273

Bleeding, first aid 1481

Books and records, company 887-909

Bombs and grenades 1197-1199

Bombs from air craft 1202

Bore of rifle, care 1322-1324; 1328; 1330

Bridges 1111-1125

BRIGADE:
Commander, action in deployment 440
Review 628; 629

Broken bones 1483

Bruises, first aid 1487

Brush work, field engineering 1117

Bugle calls, explanation 692-695

BUGLE SIGNALS:
Communication between firing line and rear 401
Those used on and off battlefields 90

Bunks, camping 1251

Burning clothes 1486

Burns, first aid 1485

By platoon (squad, etc.), from right (left) rush 259

"By the numbers" 122 (fifth)

By the right (left) flank, how executed 117

By the right (left) flank in forming skirmish line 237

C

CADENCE OF:
Manual of arms 122 (fourth)
Marching 108

CALLS:
Alarm 694
Formation 693
Service 695
Warning 692

CAMPS:
Camping on fordable stream 1237
Desirable sites 1231
Form and dimensions of camps 1233
Making camp 1234
Making tent poles and pegs fast in loose soil 1239
Parade ground 1236
Retreat in camp 1235
Sanitation. See "Camp Sanitation"
Selection of site 1230
Trees in camp 1240
Undesirable sites 1232
Windstorms 1238
See "Camp Sanitation"

CAMP SANITATION:
Avoiding old camp sites 1249
Bunks 1251
Camp expedients 1242
Canteen, care 1311
Changing camp site 1250
Definition 1241
Drainage 1248
Incinerators 1247
Kitchens 1245
Kitchen pits 1246
Latrines 1243
Rules of sanitation 1254
Urinal tubs 1244
Water 1253
Wood 1252
Your camp, your home 1255

CAPTAIN:
Directs the fire 285; 286
Duties, etc. 868; 871
Indicates point on which base squad marches in deployment 238
Leads depleted company as platoon 209
Leads company as whole in rushes 260
Position at alignment 218; 302
Post during firings 269; 306
Responsible for instruction 202

CARE OF:
Clothing 1277
Equipment 1276
Feet 1229
Rifle 1321
Shoes 1292

Cartridges not to be carried in piece 121 (first)

Cased colors, defined 659

Cat and mouse contest 1089

CAVALRY:
Infantry against 591-596
In pursuit 494
In withdrawal from action 546
Patrols 411

CEASE FIRING:
Bugle signal for 90
How executed 194
Krag rifle 705

Center company, defined 298

Center, definition 27

Center of impact 1412

CEREMONIES:
Battalion parade 636
Battalion review 631
Escorts of--
Funeral 640-645
Honor 639
The Color 637-639
Formation of battalion 308
General rules 614-616
Mounted enlisted men formed into detachment 76
Parades, general rules 634; 635
Post of dismounted noncommissioned staff officers 77
Reviews, general rules 617-630

Ceremonies and drills at attention teach precision, etc. 55 (a)

CHALLENGING ON:
Guard 1746
Outpost 1103

Chancroid 1466

Change elevation; signal for 92

CHANGE OF DIRECTION:
Battalion 317-319
Company 219; 223; 224
Partial 67
Squad 164; 165

Change step, how executed 119

CHARGE, THE:
Additional force for pursuit 483
Avoiding too dense a mass 481
Battalion commanders signal commanders of line when
ready to charge 480
Bayonet, confidence in ability to use 485
Charging without authority from rear 484
Counter attack, preparations to meet 487
Fire superiority, what it accomplishes 478
Line to be strengthened by prolongations 482
Not to be made without sufficient troops 481
Premature charges to be avoided 484
Psychological moment for charge determined by tactical
instinct 478
Pursuing fire 486
Pursuing troops 487
Pursuit, disordered units not to participate in 486
Reorganization of charging line 487
Reserves give impetus to charge 481
Steps to be taken in case of temporary set back 488
Steps to be taken if attack is abandoned 489
Strength of charging line 449
To be made simultaneously 480
To be made with approval of commander of attacking line 480
When and distance over which charge should be made 479
Without fire preparation 497

Charge bayonet 144

Charges, preferring 882

Cheerfulness, factor in training 930

Cheveaux de frise 1179; 1189

Chiggers 1488

Choking, first aid 1489

"Chop-chop" signal 863

Clap 1466

Classes of firing 278-280

Clearness in instruction 922

CLIP FIRE:
How executed 192
Krag rifle 704
Use 280

Clock system of target designation 1446; 1447

Clock system of wind designation 1391

Close on first (fourth) company 320

CLOSE ORDER:
Advantage of formation 539
Battalion 300; 326
Company 210
Double rank, habitual formation 70
Firings in 269
Necessity for 379

Close packs 648

Close range 275

Close ranks 648

Cloth equipment, care 1301

Clothing, care of 1277

Cohesion and order in combat 376

Cold, effect on shooting 1397

COLOR:
Escort of 637; 638
Manual of 670
Receiving 667-669
Regimental saluting 622
Saluting in reviews 618
With reserve in battle 665
See "The Color"

COLOR COMPANY:
Defined 663
Receiving the colors 668

COLOR GUARD:
Carrying of color 661
Composition 661
Escorting color to office or quarters of colonel 670
Formation and marching 662
In battle joins reserve 665
Loadings and firings 666
Manual of the color 670
Manual of arms 660
Movements executed 666
Post in various formations 664
Receiving the color 667-669
Remains with color company 663

Colors and standards 1575

Column, definition 28

Column half right (left) 67

Columns of companies to form successively to right or left 315

Column of squads, first (fourth) company forward (from
close line) 324

Column of squads, first (fourth) company, squads right (from
close column) 323

Column of squads, first company, squads right (left) 316

Column of squads, habitual column of route 233; 276

Column of subdivisions, full distance defined 69

Column, rectifying (battalion) 312

Column, right (left) (battalion) 317; 319

Column, right (company) 224

COMBAT EXERCISES:
Definition 55 (d)
Effective method of conducting 371
Explained 1408
To be conducted under assumed tactical situations 370
To be followed by brief drill at attention 55 (d)

Combat, modern, demands upon infantry 365

Combats offering no chance of valuable results to be avoided 374

Combat patrols to protect flanks of company acting alone 268

Combat practice 1404

COMBAT PRINCIPLES:
Battalion 327
Summary 550

Combat reconnaissance 403

Combat tactics, general 364

Combined sights 1430

Combined sketching 1892

Commander of the guard 1603

Commanding officer accountable for training 51

Commanding officer, guard duty 1591

COMMANDS:
Battalion and higher commanders repeat commands of
superiors 88
Battalion largest unit executing movement at command of
its commander 88
Definition 86
Facing troops and avoiding indifference when giving
commands 89
For guides, repeated by captains at battalion drill 301
How given 86; 89
Loading and firing 179
Of executions 87
Preparatory 57; 87
Repetition by:
Battalion and higher commanders 88
Captains at battalion drill 300
Leaders of subdivisions when necessary 83
Platoon leaders and platoon drill 214
Use in battalion combat 328
When used 80

Commander's post in fight 383

Commence firing, bugle signal for 90

Common tents 688; 690

Communication between firing line and reserve 96

Communicating trenches 1157

Communication, how maintained, etc. 398-402

Communication in fire control and direction 1447 (b)

COMPANY:
Abstract of clothing 905
Abstract record of memorandum receipts 901
Acting alone 267; 268
Arrangement in battalion formation 297; 614
Arrangement of men according to height 203
Athletic apparatus 880
Base 329-348
Books and records 887-909
Captain, duties etc. 868; 871
Center 298
Certain movements executed by company and platoons as
prescribed in school of the Soldier and the squad 208
Close order drill 210
Column right (being in column of squads) 224
Companies to be consolidated to provide war strength
organizations 55 (a)
Company attention, from route step or at ease 233
Company fund book 892
Company return 908
Company musicians carry company flags 402
Company right 219
Complete equipment carried into action 382
Completion of task, rejoining command after 390
Contentment and harmony 877
Correspondence book 893
Delinquency record 895
Depleted company led as platoon 209
Deployment as skirmishers 241; 243; 244
Deployment in oblique direction 245
Descriptive card of animals 898
Descriptive list 897
Designation in battalion formation 297
Devolution of work and responsibility 869
Division into platoons 204
Division into squads 205
Document file 894
Dressing 218
Drill 202
Duty roster 890
Establishing outpost 1080
Extended order drill 236
Files of orders 891
First Sergeant duties 873
First sergeant's report when company is formed 215
Flags 94; 95; 401
Formations in single rank 216
Formed in double rank 203
Forms of company punishment 883
Half right 67; 219
Inspection 646-649
Inspections, object of 88
Instruction. See "Training and instruction"
In support 262-266
Largest unit executing extended order 55 (b); 328
Library and amusement room 879
Lieutenants, duties, etc. 870; 871
Lieutenants taking post when company is formed 215
Memorandum receipts 900
Mess 878
Morning report 888
Muster 655-657
Noncommissioned officers 874
Noncommissioned officers confining enlisted men 875
Paperwork 887
Platoons, assignment 206
Platoons, designation 205
Property responsibility 886; 896
Protection against surprise 268
Punishment 882
Ration return 909
Record of rifles 902
Record of size of clothing 906
Reduction and resignation of noncommissioned officers 876
Retained copies of rolls, etc. 899
Rewards and privileges 881
Right 219
School of 210-294
Sick report 889
Squads designation 205
Statement of clothing charged to enlisted men 904
Summary Court records 903
Target records 907
To be kept closed in on center on firing line 354
To dismiss 217
To form 215-216
Training. See "Training and instruction"
Treatment of soldiers 872
Trials by court martial 882
Withholding privileges 884

Compass, points of 1084

Complaints to captain 1528

COMPLICATED MANEUVERS:
Impracticable 365
To be avoided 375

Compliments from guards 1782

Compliments not paid on marches 1227

Composition of infantry and other units 1858

Comradeship, factor in training 931

Concealment and dodging, training in 1087

Condiment can, care 1309

Cone of fire or dispersion 1411

Conical wall tent 689

Connecting Files at night 584

Consolidation of organizations to provide war strength 55 (d)

Contentment and harmony in company 877

Contentment, factor in training 931

Contours 1882; 1866

Cooking individual 1256

Contract 249; 403-413

Conventional signs 1874

Cooeperation between frontal and enveloping attacks 462

Cooeperation of subordinates 387

Corduroying 1116

Corporal is squad leader 150

Corporal of the Guard 1666

Correction of errors, staying of execution of movements for 63-64

Correspondence book 893

COUNTER ATTACK:
Battalion 363
General principles 525-530
Preparations 487

Countermining 1211

Countersigns and paroles 1769

Counting, indicating cadence 108

Counting off 153; 203

Courage 927

COVER:
Skirmishers take advantage of, on halting 240
Use 195-199; 420
Training in use of 939

Covering fire, rushes made under 349

Cover trenches 1155

Crawling, advance of firing line 261

Cup, care 1310

"Cut off" habitually turned off 218 (third)

Cuts, first aid, 1490

Courtesy. See "Military courtesy"

D

Daily sick report 889

Datum plane 1883

Decreasing intervals 247

DEFENSE:
Action when target disappears 294
Active defense 527
Battalion on 357
Counter attack:
Communicating and cover trenches head cover, etc.,
construction 505
Cover, utilization 504
Importance of counter-attack 527
Manner of making 529
Minor 530
Post of troops 528
Delaying action:
Important considerations 531
Purposes of support and reserve 532
Thin firing line to be used 532
Value of artillery 533
Deployment:
Advance posts and other dispersion to be avoided 520
Assignment of front to units 516
Battalions to be kept intact 518
Dead space to be covered by adjoining section or
machine guns 519
Density 509; 510
Division of positions into sections 517
Fire alone unable to stop attack; use of bayonet 522
Night attack, steps to be taken if expected 523
Position not to be fully occupied until infantry
attack begins 521
Reserve, detaching part of, to protect opposite flank 515
Reserve posts 513; 514
Sections, divisions of positions into 517
Size of units occupying sections 518
Short range fire and bayonet in night attack 524
Strength in rear to be increased when change from
defensive to offensive is contemplated 511
Supports, post and cover 512
Dummy trenches 506
Field works:
Construction 504
Location, extent, garrison, etc. 507
Machine guns 556; 566
Obstacles, construction 504
Opening fire 360; 418
Passive 525
Position and intrenchments 503-508
Requisites of defensive position 503
Trenches, outlining trace in combat exercises 508

Defilade 1420

Deflection 1384

Deflection and elevation connection drills 1383

Deliberate intrenchments 1147

Delinquency record 895

Delivery of messages 958; 1530

Density of firing line 446-453; 532

Deploy, definition 29

Deployed line, faces to front and takes advantage of
cover on halting 239

Deployed lines, alignment 239

Deployed troops, leading difficult 379

DEPLOYMENT:
Action of brigade and regimental commanders in deployment
of division 440
As skirmishes 65; 92; 170; 239-246
Battalion, depth of 334
Battalions furnish firing lines and support 455
Company, rules for 236
Companies and detachments taking their places 334
Dense, well directed and controlled fire gives fire
superiority 446
Density of charging line 449
Density of one man per yard 447
Density of whole deployment varies with size of command 451
Division of battle line into battle districts 452
Each commander to guard his command against surprise 442
Extent of front occupied by unit depends upon security
of flanks 453
For attack:
Distance for hostile position at which deployment is made 463
Each unit to deploy on its own direction line 463
Foreground to be cleared of hostile detachments before
deployment 463
Intervals between battalions 465
Moving well forward and deploying at night 464
Post of reserve 466
Reserve charged with flank protection 466
Formations of troops before and during 439
In defense. See "Deployment" under "Defense"
In oblique direction 245
Length of firing line employed by whole force 449
Mechanism taught by extended order 55 (b)
Occupation of only sections of long lines 447
Of squads when company is deployed 239
On wrong lines, avoided by reconnaissance 403
Orders for 392
Personal reconnaissance before deployment 441
Premature to be avoided 332; 443
Rectification of deployments in wrong direction 444
Reserves, how employed 455
Reserves furnished by units larger than battalion 441
Rules for 236-242
Side by side of regiments, battalions and companies 454
Strength of support and reserves 449; 450
Supports furnished by battalion 455
To flank or rear 246
Troops deployed vary from 1 to 10 men per yard 450
Use of thin firing lines 448
When made 463

Deportment, military 1523

Depth, definition 30

Descriptive card of animals 898

Descriptive list 897

DESIGNATION OF:
Companies in battalion formation 298
Squads and platoons 205

Designation of targets 1445-1147 a

Designation of winds 1391

Details and roster of guards 1585

Details to be left to subordinates 384; 385

Determination, factor in warfare 924

Deviation from orders 388

Devolution of work and responsibility 869

Diarrhoea 1491

Diminish intervals 172

Directions given subordinates through immediate superiors 397

DISCIPLINE:
Definition 910
General principles 916
Importance 912
Methods of attaining good discipline 911; 914
Punishment 915
Sound system 913

Disciplinary exercises--drills at attention and ceremonies 55 a

Discipline and training necessary 379

Discipline, fire 291; 430; 431

Dislocations, first aid 1492

DISMISSING:
Battalion 309
Company 217
Squad 147

Dismounted noncommissioned staff officers, posts 77; 78

Dismounting, before addressing dismounted superior 1558

Dismounting before saluting dismounted senior 75

DISTANCE:
Between firing line and support 338
Between front and rear rank 153
Between units in column of subdivisions 69
Definition 31
Plates showing distances:
Battalion near, 300
Company near, 207
Taken by file closers in "take distance" and
"take interval" 213

DISTANCE TAKING:
Action of guides 213
How executed 158

Distant range 275

Distance to target, determination of 276

Distribution of fire 1441-1444

Distribution of fire and target 282; 283; 427

Division of battalion into firing line and support 335

Document file 894

Dog's bite 1480

Do something 386

DOUBLE RANK:
Company to be formed in 203
Habitual close order formation 70
Kneeling and lying down in 178
Rear rank loading and firing 179

Double sleeping bag 686

DOUBLE TIME:
Adding preparatory command 109
Any movement executed in, unless excepted 60
Cadence 108
Command for 111
Command for precedes command of execution 60
Dropping hands by side upon halting 116
Half step, length 113
In successive movements, base unit marches in quick time 61
Position of disengaged hand 111; 121
To hasten movements begun in quick time 177
To the rear 118

Drainage, camping, 1248

Drainage of trenches 1167

Draw saber 671

Dress, appearance 1523

DRESSING:
Battalion 310; 311
Company 218
Companies, position of captain 218; 302
Deployed lines 240
Drill at attention after combat exercises 55 (d)
Squad (right or left) 154
Verify both ranks 154

DRILL:
Battalion 295-363
Company 202-294
Squad 148-202

Drills at attention and ceremonies designed to teach
precision, etc. 55 (a)

Drill regulations furnished as guide, providing principles
for training, etc. 53

Drill regulations, interpretation of 53

Drowning 1493

Drum major at battalion inspection 650

Dugouts, trenches 1156

Dummy trenches 1163

Duties of infantry, many and difficult 366

Duties of officers and noncommissioned officers in battle 389

Duty roster 890

E

Earache 1494

Ear, foreign body in 1495

Echelon definition 49

Effect of fire 1410

Effect of heat, light, etc. 1397-1403

Effectiveness of fire 1416

Effective range 275

Efficiency dependent upon thorough and uniform training 51

Elastic formations essential to correct battle training 52

Electric shock 1496

Element, definition 32

Elevation, change of 92

Encroachment upon functions of subordinates 396

Endurance, limit of, exacted 380

Enemy--imaginary outlined and represented 56; 370

Entrenching at night 1099

ENVELOPING ATTACK:
Advantages 459; 461
Resulting in local frontal attack 461
To be started at considerable distance from enemy 462

Envelopment of both flanks, when allowable 460

EQUIPMENT:
Carried into action 382
Display for inspection 682

EQUIPMENT, CARE OF:
Cloth equipment:
General instructions 1301
Intrenching tools 1312
Shelter tent 1303
Washing 1302
Clothing:
Grease spots 1285; 1289
Ink stains 1287
Leggins 1280
Paint spots 1290
Rust 1286
Stains 1284
Importance 1276
Leather equipment:
Cleaning 1316
Cleaning materials 1315
New equipment 1318
Oiling 1317; 1319
Points to be remembered 1320
Mess outfit:
Bacon can 1308
Canteen 1311
Condiment can 1309
Cup 1310
Fork 1305
Knife 1304
Meat can 1307
Spoon 1306
Rifle 1321
Shoes:
Care 1292
Polishing 1295; 1299; 1300
Repairing 1294
Selection 1293
Wet shoes 1297

Equipment. See "Care and preservation"

Errors staying execution of movement, for correction of 63; 64

ESCORTS OF:
Funeral 640-645
Honor 639
The Color 637; 638

Establishing outpost by company 1080

Estimate of situation 950

Estimating distance 1393-1395

Estimating distances, training in 201

Estimators of ranges 278

Exercises in fire control and direction 1450

EXTENDED ORDER:
Certain movements executed as in close order 241
Company 236-268
Company largest unit executing 55 (b)
Company largest unit to execute movements by prescribed
commands 328
Exercises to be in nature of combat exercise 370
Purpose 55 (b)
Squad 170
To be executed at ease 55 (b)

Extended on first (fourth) company 321

Eye, foreign body in 1497

Eyes left, when post of reviewing officer is on left of
column 626

EYES RIGHT:
How executed 103
Battalion review 631; 632

Eyesight in scouting 1083

Eyes, use of 200

F

Facings 104