Chapter LIII: Section 2: Gamopetalæ. Corolla of united petals (divided in Elliottia (6)

Leaves 6′—10′ long, with a stout slightly grooved petiole and 5—7, usually 5, elliptic finely or coarsely serrate leaflets, acuminate and long-pointed at apex, cuneate and often unsymmetric at base, dark green and glabrous on the upper surface, paler and more or less villose-pubescent on the lower surface, especially along the slender midrib, 2½′—5′ long and ½′—2′ wide; petiolules ⅛′—¼′ or that of the terminal leaflet up to 1½′ in length. Flowers on pedicels ⅛′ long, in ovoid to semiorbicular cymes, usually 2½′—3′ long and broad, often somewhat flattened at maturity, on stout peduncles 1½′—3′ in length, about ⅓′ in diameter, with white or yellow slightly obovate petals rounded at apex, and stamens rather shorter than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit about ½′ in diameter, bright red or rarely chestnut color (f. _Piperi_ Sarg.); nutlets smooth.

A tree, occasionally 25°—30° high, with a trunk 10′—12′ in diameter, slender branchlets occasionally puberulous early in the season, becoming glabrous, light brown, separating on the surface into thin scales.

Distribution. River banks in low moist soil, from sea-level in the neighborhood of the coast up to altitudes of 7000°—8000°; coast of Alaska (Skagway), southward along the coast to Marin County, California, and inland to the western slopes of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains, southward to Amador County; the f. _Piperi_ in western Washington.

2. VIBURNUM A. L. de Juss.

Trees or shrubs, with tough flexible branchlets, and large winter-buds naked or covered with scales, those of the arborescent North American species enclosed in one pair of valvate scales, the buds containing flower-bearing branches ovoid, swollen below the middle and contracted into a long or short point and subtended by 2 minute lateral generally abortive buds formed in the axils of the last leaves of the previous year, those containing sterile shoots narrow-lanceolate, slightly angled, acute; axillary buds acute, much flattened, and much smaller than the terminal bud. Leaves deciduous (in the American species), without or rarely with stipules, the first pair rudimentary, with small blades and broad boat-shaped petioles, caducous (in the North American arborescent species). Flowers on short bracteolate or bibracteolate pedicels, in terminal or axillary umbel-like flat or panicled cymes, their bracts and bractlets minute, lanceolate, acute, caducous; calyx-tube cylindric, the limb short, equally 5-lobed, persistent on the fruit; corolla rotate, equally 5-lobed, spreading and reflexed after anthesis; stamens inserted on the base of the corolla; filaments elongated, exserted; anthers bright yellow; ovary inferior, 1-celled; style conic, divided at apex into three stigmatic lobes. Fruit 1-celled, with thin sweet acidulous or oily flesh, stone (in the North American arborescent species) coriaceous, oval, short-pointed at apex; much flattened, dull reddish brown, slightly pitted. Seed filling the cavity of the stone, concave on the ventral face, bright reddish brown, the thin coat projected into a red narrow irregular often erose marginal border.

Viburnum with a hundred species is widely and generally distributed through the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, and occurs on the mountains of central and western South America, on the Antilles, the islands of the Malay Archipelago, and Madagascar. Of the fifteen North American species four are small trees. Many of the species produce beautiful flowers and fruits, and are frequently cultivated as ornaments of parks and gardens.

_Viburnum_ is the classical name of one of the European species.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

Leaves entire or obscurely crenulate; inflorescence long-stalked;
winter-buds elongated, narrow-lanceolate, acuminate, covered
with rusty scales.
1. V. nudum (A, C).
Leaves sharply serrate; inflorescence sessile or short-stalked.
Petioles wing-margined; inflorescence sessile; winter-buds
long-pointed, scurfy pubescent.
2. V. Lentago (A, C, F).
Petioles usually without margins.
Petioles nearly glabrous; inflorescence short-stalked; winter-buds
short-pointed or obtuse, rufous pubescent.
3. V. prunifolium (A, C).
Petioles of early leaves and the short-pointed winter-buds rusty
tomentose, inflorescence sessile.
4. V. rufidulum (A, C).

1. Viburnum nudum L.

Leaves broad-elliptic to oval or slightly obovate, or in one form narrow-elliptic (var. _angustifolium_ Torr. & Gray), acute, acuminate or abruptly short-pointed or rarely rounded at apex, cuneate or rounded at base, entire or slightly crenulate, covered when they unfold with rusty scales persistent on the lower side of the midrib and petioles and occasionally on the whole lower surface, thick, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, 4′—6′ long and 1½′—2′ wide, with a prominent midrib, slender veins, and slightly thickened and revolute margins; very variable in the size and shape of the leaves and in the amount of their scurfy covering, those of the southern tree form usually larger than the leaves of more northern shrubs; leaves of the var. _angustifolium_ often not more than 2′ long and ½′ wide; petioles slender, ½′ in length. Flowers appearing from the first of May at the south to the middle of June at the north and occasionally also in the autumn, white or pale cream color, about ¼′ wide, in flat or slightly convex cymes with ovate acute bracts and bractlets, 2′—4′ in diameter and about as long or rather shorter than their peduncle. Fruit ripening late in the autumn, globose, pink at first when fully grown, becoming bright blue, ¼′ in diameter.

A tree, rarely 18′—20′ high, with a tall trunk 6′—8′ in diameter, with spreading nearly horizontal branches forming an open head, and slender branchlets scurfy when they first appear, soon becoming glabrous, reddish brown and lustrous during their first season and greenish brown the following year; usually a small or large shrub, and perhaps only a tree on the borders of swamps near Gainesville, Alachua County, and Palatka, Putnam County, Florida. Winter-buds reddish brown, covered with rusty scales, those containing flower-bearing branches, abruptly long pointed, ½′—¾′ in length.

Distribution. Low moist soil usually in the neighborhood of swamps and streams, and on rich hillsides; southern Connecticut (Milford and Derby, New Haven County), southward through the coast and Piedmont region, to De Soto County (near Sebring), Florida, and westward usually in the neighborhood of the coast to the valley of the lower Brazos River, eastern Texas, and northward through western Louisiana to central Arkansas and western Tennessee; occasionally ascending the Appalachian Mountains to altitudes of 2000°; the var. _angustifolium_ from North Carolina up to altitudes of 3000° on the Blue Ridge, to northern Florida.

2. Viburnum Lentago L. Sheepberry. Nannyberry.

Leaves ovate, usually acuminate, with short or elongated points, or sometimes rounded at apex, cuneate, rounded or subcordate at base, and sharply serrate with incurved callous-tipped teeth, when they unfold bronze-green, lustrous, coated on both surfaces of the midrib and on the petioles with thick rufous pubescence, slightly pilose on the upper surface and covered on the lower with short pale hairs, and at maturity bright green and lustrous above, yellow-green and marked by minute black dots below, 2½′—3′ long and 1′—1½′ wide, with a slender midrib, and primary veins connected by conspicuous reticulate veinlets; turning in the autumn before falling deep orange-red or red and orange color; petioles broad, grooved, more or less interruptedly winged or occasionally wingless, 1′—1½′ long, those of the first pair of leaves covered with thick rufous tomentum. Flowers about ¼′ in diameter, slightly fragrant, appearing from the middle of April to the 1st of June in stout-branched scurfy sessile slightly convex cymes 3′—5′ in diameter, with nearly triangular green caducous bracts and bractlets about 1/16′ in length; corolla pale cream color or nearly white, with ovate lobes acute and slightly erose at apex. Fruit ripening in September on slender drooping stalks, in red-stemmed few-fruited clusters, oval or occasionally globose (var. _sphaerocarpum_ A. Gray), thick-skinned, sweet and rather juicy, black or dark blue, and covered with a glaucous bloom; stone about ⅞′ long and 5/16′ wide.

A bushy tree, 20°—30° high, with a short trunk 8′—10′ in diameter, slender rather pendulous branches forming a compact round-topped head, and thin divergent branchlets light green, slightly covered with rufous pubescence when they first appear, and in their first winter light red, scurfy, marked by occasional dark orange-colored lenticels and by narrow leaf-scars displaying 3 conspicuous fibro-vascular bundle-scars, becoming in their second year dark reddish brown and sometimes covered with a glaucous bloom. Winter-buds light red, generally covered with pale scurfy pubescence, those containing flower-bearing branchlets ¾′ in length, abruptly contracted into long narrow tapering points. Bark of the trunk reddish brown and irregularly broken into small thick plates divided on their surface into minute thin appressed scales. Wood bad-smelling, heavy, hard, close-grained, dark orange-brown, with thin nearly white sapwood.

Distribution. Rocky hillsides, along the borders of forests, or near the banks of streams and the margins of swamps, in moist soil; valley of the Rivière du Loup, Province of Quebec, to Saskatchewan, and southward through the northern states to southern Pennsylvania, central Ohio, northern Indiana and southern Wisconsin, northeastern Iowa and eastern Nebraska, and along the Appalachian Mountains up to altitudes of 2500° to West Virginia; on the Turtle Mountains of North Dakota, the Black Hills of South Dakota, on the eastern foothills of the Bighorn Mountains of Wyoming and on those of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado (Boulder, Boulder County).

Often cultivated as an ornament of parks and gardens in the eastern United States, and occasionally in Europe.

× _Viburnum Jackii_ Rehd. with characters intermediate between _Viburnum Lentago_ and _V. prunifolium_ is now believed to be a hybrid between those species.

3. Viburnum prunifolium L. Black Haw. Stag Bush.

Leaves ovate or rarely obovate, oval or suborbicular, rounded, acute, or short-pointed at apex, cuneate or rounded at base, and usually rather remotely or sometimes finely serrate with rigid incurved callous-tipped teeth, lustrous and tinged with red, glabrous on the lower surface and covered on the upper side of the midrib and on the bright red petioles with scattered reddish hairs when they unfold, and at maturity thick or sometimes coriaceous, dark green and glabrous on the upper surface, pale and glabrous on the lower surface, 1′—3′ long and ½′—3′ wide, with slender primary veins connected by reticulate veinlets; in the autumn turning brilliant scarlet or dark vinous red before falling; petioles terete, grooved, ½′—⅔′ in length, and on vigorous shoots sometimes narrowly wing-margined. Flowers ¼′ in diameter on slender pedicels bibracteolate at apex, in glabrous short-stemmed flat cymes 2′—4′ in diameter, with subulate caducous bracts about 1/16′ long, usually red above the middle; corolla pure white, with oval to nearly orbicular lobes. Fruit ripening in October, in few-fruited red-stemmed clusters, persistent on the branches until the beginning of winter, oval or slightly obovoid, ½′—⅔′ long or rarely globose, dark blue and covered with a glaucous bloom; stone about ½′ long and ⅓′ wide.

A bushy tree, occasionally 20°—30° high, with a short and usually crooked trunk 6′—8′ in diameter, stout spreading rigid branches beset with slender spine-like branchlets, bright red and glabrous when they first appear, soon turning green, and in their first winter gray tinged with red, covered with a slight bloom, and marked by orange-colored lenticels and by the large lunate leaf-scars displaying 3 fibro-vascular bundle-scars, and ultimately dark brown tinged with red; or often a low intricately branched shrub. Winter-buds short-pointed or obtuse, brown, glabrous or scurfy, those containing flower-bearing branches about ½′ long and ¼′ wide, and about twice as large as those containing sterile branchlets. Bark of the trunk ¼′—⅓′ thick, and broken into thick irregularly shaped plate-like red-brown scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, brown tinged with red, with thick nearly white sapwood of 20—30 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Dry rocky hillsides, fence-rows and the sides of roads; Fairfield County, Connecticut, and the valley of the lower Hudson River, New York, southward to southeastern Virginia and to the Coast and Piedmont regions of North and South Carolina up to altitudes of 2000° to the valley of the Savannah River (near Augusta, Georgia, Richmond County, rare), and through southern Ohio to Indiana, southern Illinois, southern and western Kentucky, Missouri and eastern Kansas; very abundant in Missouri from the northeastern counties southward through the state.

Often cultivated as an ornament of parks and gardens in the eastern United States, and occasionally in western and northern Europe.

4. Viburnum rufidulum Raf. Black Haw.

Leaves elliptic to obovate or oval, rounded, acute, or short-pointed at apex, cuneate or rounded at base, and finely serrate with slender apiculate straight or incurved teeth, covered below and on the wings of the petiole with thick ferrugineous tomentum when they unfold and at maturity coriaceous, dark green and very lustrous above, pale and dull below, usually about 3′ long and ¾′—1½′ wide, with a stout yellow midrib, numerous slender primary veins, and reticulate veinlets more or less covered below throughout the season with rufous tomentum also occasionally found on the upper side of the midrib; petioles stout, grooved, ½′—¾′ long, and margined with broad or narrow wings. Flowers ¼′ in diameter, in sessile 3—5 but usually 4-rayed thick-stemmed ferrugineo-pubescent flat corymbs often 5′—6′ in diameter, with minute subulate bracts and bractlets; corolla creamy white, with orbicular or oblong rounded lobes. Fruit ripening in October, in few-fruited drooping red-stemmed clusters, short-oblong or slightly obovoid, bright blue covered with a glaucous bloom, and ½′—⅔′ long; stone ½′ long and about ⅓′ wide.

A tree, often 40° high, with a trunk 12′—18′ in diameter, short thick branches forming an open irregular head, and stout branchlets marked by numerous small red-brown or orange lenticels, when they first appear more or less coated with ferrugineous tomentum, ashy gray during their first winter, and dark dull red-brown in their second season. Winter-buds ferrugineo-tomentose, those containing flower-bearing branchlets broad-ovoid, full and rounded at base, short-pointed and obtuse at apex, compressed, often ½′ long and ⅓′ wide, and rather larger than those containing sterile branchlets. Bark of the trunk ¼′—½′ thick, separating into narrow rounded ridges divided by numerous cross fissures, and roughened by small plate-like dark brown scales tinged with red. Wood bad-smelling.

Distribution. Dry upland woods and the margins of river-bottom lands; southwestern Virginia and southern Indiana and Illinois to Hernando County, Florida, and through the Gulf States to the valleys of the upper Guadalupe River and of Clear Creek, Brown County, Texas, and to eastern and southwestern Oklahoma (on the Wichita Mountains, Comanche County), eastern Kansas and Central Missouri; most abundant and of its largest size in southern Arkansas, western Louisiana, and eastern Texas.

Occasionally cultivated in the eastern states, and hardy as far north as eastern Massachusetts.

GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS

A
_Accrescent._ Increasing in size with age.
_Accumbent._ Lying against, as the radicle against the edges of
the cotyledons.
_Acuminate._ Gradually tapering to the apex.
_Acute._ Pointed.
_Adnate._ Congenitally united to.
_Adventitious._ Said of buds produced without order from any part
of a stem.
_Æstivation._ The arrangement of the parts of a flower in the bud.
_Akene_ or _achene_. A small dry and hard, 1-celled, 1-seeded,
indehiscent fruit.
_Albumen._ The deposit of nutritive material within the coats of a
seed and surrounding the embryo.
_Ament._ A unisexual spike of flowers with scaly bracts, usually
deciduous in one piece.
_Amphitropous._ Descriptive of an ovule with the hilum
intermediate between the micropyle and chalaza.
_Anatropous._ Descriptive of a reversed ovule, with the micropyle
close by the side of the hilum, and chalaza at the
opposite end.
_Andro-diœcious._ With perfect flowers on one individual and
staminate flowers only on another.
_Androgynous._ Applied to an inflorescence composed of male and
female flowers.
_Angiospermæ._ Plants with seeds borne in a pericarp.
_Annular._ In the form of a ring.
_Anterior._ The front side of a flower, that is averse from the
axis of inflorescence.
_Anther._ The part of the stamen containing the pollen.
_Anthesis._ The act of opening of a flower.
_Apetalous._ Having no petals.
_Apex._ The top, as the end of the leaf opposite the petiole.
_Apiculate._ Ending in a short pointed tip.
_Apophysis._ An enlargement or swelling of the surface of an
organ.
_Arcuate._ Moderately curved.
_Areolate._ Marked by areolæ or spaces marked out on a surface.
_Aril._ An extraneous seed-coat or covering, or an appendage
growing about the hilum of a seed.
_Ariloid._ Furnished with an aril.
_Aristate._ Furnished with awns.
_Articulate._ Jointed or having the appearance of a joint.
_Auricled_ or _auriculate_. Furnished with an auricle or
ear-shaped appendage.
_Autocarpus_. A fruit consisting of pericarp alone, without
adherent parts.
_Axil._ The angle formed on the upper side of the attachment of a
leaf with a stem.
_Axillary._ In or from an axil.

B
_Baccate._ Berry-like.
_Bark._ The rind or cortical covering of a stem.
_Berry._ A fruit with a homogeneous fleshy pericarp.
_Bipinnate._ Doubly or twice pinnate.
_Bract._ The more or less modified leaf of a flower-cluster.
_Bracteate._ Furnished with bracts.
_Bracteolate._ Furnished with bractlets.
_Bractlet._ The bract of a pedicel or ultimate flower-stalk.
_Branch._ A secondary axis or division of a trunk.
_Branchlet._ An ultimate division of a branch.
_Bud._ The undeveloped state of a branch or flower-cluster with or
without scales.
_Bud-scales._ Reduced leaves covering a bud.

C
_Calyx._ The flower-cup or exterior part of a perianth.
_Campanulate._ Bell-shaped, or elongated cup-shaped.
_Campylotropous._ Descriptive of an ovule or seed curved in its
formation so as to bring the micropyle or apex down near
the hilum.
_Canescent._ Hoary, with gray or whitish pubescence.
_Capsule._ A dry dehiscent fruit of more than one carpel.
_Carpel._ A simple pistil or an element of a compound pistil.
_Catkin._ The same as an ament.
_Caudate._ Furnished with a tail, or with a slender tip or
appendage.
_Centripetal._ Developing from without toward the centre.
_Chalaza._ The part of an ovule where the coats and nucleus are
confluent.
_Chartaceous._ Having the texture of paper.
_Ciliate._ Fringed with hairs.
_Cinereous._ Ashy gray.
_Circinnate._ Involute from the apex into a coil.
_Circumscissile._ Circularly and transversely dehiscent.
_Clavate._ Club-shaped.
_Cocci._ Portions into which a lobed fruit with 1-seeded cells
splits up.
_Cochleate._ Shell-shaped, spiral like the shell of a snail.
_Columella._ The persistent axis of a capsule.
_Commissure._ The face by which 2 carpels unite.
_Complanate._ Flattened.
_Conduplicate._ Folded together lengthwise.
_Cone._ An inflorescence or fruit formed of imbricated scales.
_Conferruminate._ Stuck together by adjacent faces.
_Connate._ United congenitally.
_Connective._ The portion of a stamen which connects the two cells
or lobes of an anther.
_Contortuplicate._ Twisted and plaited, or folded.
_Convolute._ Rolled up from the sides.
_Cordate._ Heart-shaped.
_Coriaceous._ Of the texture of leather.
_Corymb._ A flat-topped or convex open flower-cluster, the flowers
opening from the outside inward.
_Corymbose._ Said of flowers arranged in a corymb.
_Costate._ Having ribs.
_Cotyledons._ The leaves of the embryo.
_Crenate._ Scalloped.
_Crenulate._ The diminutive of crenate.
_Crispate._ Curled.
_Crustaceous._ Of hard brittle texture.
_Cucullate._ Hooded or hood-shaped.
_Cuneate._ Wedge-shaped, or triangular with an acute angle
downward.
_Cyme._ A flower-cluster, the flower opening from the centre
outward.
_Cymose._ Bearing cymes or relating to a cyme.

D
_Deciduous._ Falling, said of leaves falling in the autumn, or of
parts of a flower falling after anthesis.
_Declinate._ Bent or curved downward.
_Decompound._ Several times compound or divided.
_Decurrent._ Running down, as of the blades of leaves extending
down their petioles.
_Decussate._ In pairs alternately crossing at right angles.
_Dehiscent._ The opening of an anther or capsule by slits or
valves.
_Deltoid._ Having the shape of the Greek letter Δ.
_Dentate._ Toothed.
_Denticulate._ Minutely toothed.
_Dextrorse._ Turned or directed to the right.
_Diadelphous._ Said of stamens combined by their filaments into 2
sets.
_Dichotomous._ Forked in pairs.
_Digitate._ Said of a compound leaf in which the leaflets are
borne at the apex of the petiole.
_Dimorphous._ Said of flowers of two forms on the same plant, or
on plants of the same species.
_Diœcious._ Unisexual, with the flowers of the 2 sexes borne by
distinct individuals.
_Disciferous._ Bearing a disk.
_Disciform._ Depressed and circular like a disk.
_Discoid._ Appertaining to a disk.
_Disk._ The development of the torus or receptacle of a flower
within the calyx or within the corolla and stamens.
_Dissepiment._ A partition in an ovary or pericarp.
_Distichous._ Said of leaves arranged alternately in two vertical
ranks upon opposite sides of an axil.
_Dorsal._ Relating to the back.
_Dorsal suture._ The line of opening of a carpel corresponding to
its midrib.
_Drupaceous._ Resembling or relating to a drupe.
_Drupe._ A stone fruit.
_Duct._ An elongated cell or tubular vessel found especially in
the woody parts of plants.

E
_Eglandular._ Without glands.
_Ellipsoidal._ Of the shape of an elliptical solid.
_Elliptic._ Of the form of an ellipse.
_Emarginate._ Notched at the apex.
_Embryo._ The rudimentary plant formed in the seed.
_Endocarp._ The inner layer of a pericarp.
_Endogenous._ Descriptive of Endogens, monocotyledonous plants
with stems increasing by internal accessions.
_Epicarp._ The thin filmy external layer of a pericarp.
_Epigynous._ Placed on the ovary.
_Epiphytal._ Said of a plant growing on another plant, but not
parasitic.
_Erose._ Descriptive of an irregularly toothed or eroded margin.
_Excurrent._ Running through the apex or beyond.
_Exocarp._ The outer layer of a pericarp.
_Exogenous._ Descriptive of Exogens, plants with stems increasing
by the addition of a layer of wood on the outside beneath
the constantly widening bark.
_Extrorse._ Directed outward, descriptive of an anther opening
away from the axis of the flower.

F
_Falcate._ Scythe-shaped.
_Fascicle._ A close cluster of leaves or flowers.
_Fascicled._ Arranged in fascicles.
_Feather-veined._ Having veins extending from the sides of the
midrib.
_Ferrugineous._ The color of iron rust.
_Fibro-vascular._ Consisting of woody fibres and ducts.
_Filament._ The stalk of an anther.
_Filamentose._ Composed of threads.
_Fimbriate._ Fringed.
_Fistulose._ Hollow through the whole length.
_Flabellate._ Fan-shaped; much dilated from a wedge-shaped base
with the broader end rounded.
_Floccose._ Bearing flocci or tufts of woody hairs.
_Foliaceous._ Leaf-like in texture or appearance.
_Foliolate._ Having leaflets.
_Foliole._ A leaflet.
_Follicle._ A dry 1-celled seed vessel consisting of a single
carpel, and opening only by the ventral suture.
_Funicle._ The stalk of an ovule or seed.

G
_Gamopetalæ._ Plants with a corolla of coalescent petals.
_Gamopetalous._ Descriptive of a corolla of coalescent petals.
_Geniculate._ Bent abruptly like a knee.
_Gibbous._ Swollen on one side.
_Glabrate._ Nearly glabrous or becoming glabrous.
_Glabrous._ Smooth, not pubescent or hairy.
_Gland._ A protuberance on the surface, or partly imbedded in the
surface of any part of a plant, either secreting or not.
_Glandular._ Furnished with glands.
_Glaucescent._ Nearly or becoming glaucous.
_Glaucous._ Covered or whitened with a bloom.
_Glomerate._ Said of flowers gathered into a compact head.
_Gymnospermæ._ Plants with naked seeds, that is, not inclosed in a
pericarp.
_Gynophore._ The stipe of a pistil.

H
_Heartwood._ The mature and dead wood of an exogenous stem.
_Hermaphrodite._ With staminate and pistillate organs in the same
flower, equivalent to perfect.
_Hilum._ The scar or place of attachment of a seed.
_Hirsute._ Hairy, with coarse or stiff hairs.
_Hispidulous._ Minutely hispid.
_Hypogynous._ Under or free from the pistil.

I
_Imbricate._ Overlapping, like the shingles on a roof.
_Incumbent._ Leaning or resting upon, as the radicle against the
back of one of the cotyledons.
_Induplicate._ With edges folded in or turned inward.
_Inferior._ Said of an organ placed below another, like a calyx
below an ovary or an ovary below a superior calyx.
_Inflorescence._ Flower-cluster.
_Infrapetiolar._ Below the petioles.
_Innate._ Borne on the apex of the supporting part; in an anther
the counterpart of adnate.
_Interpetiolar._ Between the petioles.
_Introrse._ Turned inward; descriptive of an anther opening toward
the axis of the flower.
_Inverse._ Inverted.
_Involucre._ A circle of bracts surrounding a flower-cluster.
_Involute._ Rolled inward.

L
_Laciniate._ Cut into narrow incisions or lobes.
_Lactescent._ Yielding milky juice.
_Lamellate._ Composed of thin plates.
_Lanceolate._ Shaped like a lance; narrower than oblong and
tapering to the ends, or at least to the apex.
_Lanuginose._ Clothed with soft reflexed hairs.
_Leaf._ Green expansions borne by the stem in which assimilation
and the processes connected with it are carried on.
_Leaflet._ The separate division of a compound leaf.
_Legume._ The seed vessel of plants of the Pea family, composed of
a solitary carpel normally dehiscent only by the ventral
suture.
_Lenticels._ Lenticular corky growths on young bark.
_Lenticellate._ Having lenticels.
_Lepidote._ Beset with small scurfy scales.
_Ligulate._ Strap-shaped.
_Linear._ Said of a narrow leaf several times narrower than long,
with parallel margins.
_Lobe._ The division of an organ.
_Lobulate._ Divided into small lobes.
_Loculicidal._ Dehiscent into the cavity of a pericarp by the
back, that is through a dorsal suture.

M
_Marcescent._ Said of a part of a plant, withering without falling
off.
_Medullary rays._ The rays of cellular tissue in a transverse
section of an exogenous stem and extending from the pith
to the bark.
_Membranaceous._ Thin and pliable like a membrane.
_Micropyle._ The spot or point in the seed at the place of the
orifice of the ovule.
_Midrib._ The central or main rib of a leaf.
_Monœcious._ Unisexual, with the flowers of the two sexes borne by
the same individual.
_Mucro._ A small and abrupt tip to a leaf.
_Mucronate._ Furnished with a mucro.
_Muricate._ Rough, with short rigid excrescences.

N
_Naked buds._ Buds without scales.
_Nectar._ The sweet secretion of various parts of a flower.
_Nectariferous._ Nectar-bearing.
_Node._ The portion of the stem which bears a leaf or whorl of
leaves.
_Nucleus._ The kernel of an ovule or seed.
_Nut._ A hard and indehiscent 1-seeded pericarp produced from a
compound ovary.
_Nutlet._ A diminutive nut or stone.

O
_Obclavate._ Inverted club-shape.
_Obcordate._ Inverted heart-shaped.
_Oblanceolate._ Lanceolate but tapering toward the base more than
toward the apex.
_Oblong._ Longer than broad with nearly parallel sides.
_Obovate._ Ovate with the broader end toward the apex.
_Obovoid._ Solid obovate with the broader end toward the apex.
_Obpyramidal._ Inversely pyramidal.
_Obtuse._ Blunt or rounded at the apex.
_Operculate._ Furnished with a lid.
_Orbicular._ A flat body circular in outline.
_Orthotropous._ Descriptive of an ovule with a straight axis much
enlarged at the insertion and the orifice at the other
end.
_Oval._ Broad-elliptic, with round ends.
_Ovate._ Of the shape of the longitudinal section of a hen’s egg,
with the broad end basal.
_Ovoid._ Solid ovate or solid oval.
_Ovule._ The part of the flower which becomes a seed.

P
_Palmate._ Lobed or divided, with the sinuses pointing to or
reaching the apex of the petiole or insertion.
_Panicle._ A loose compound flower-cluster.
_Papilionaceous._ Butterfly-like.
_Papilliform._ The shape of papillæ.
_Papillate._ Bearing papillæ, minute nipple-shaped papillose
projections.
_Parietal placenta._ A placenta borne on the wall of the ovary.
_Pedicel._ The stalk of a flower in a compound inflorescence.
_Pedicellate._ Borne on a pedicel.
_Peduncle._ A general flower-stalk supporting either a cluster of
flowers, or a solitary flower.
_Pedunculate._ Borne on a peduncle.
_Peltate._ Descriptive of a plane body attached by its lower
surface to the stalk.
_Penniveined._ Same as pinnately veined.
_Perfect._ Said of a flower with both stamens and pistil.
_Perianth._ The envelope of a flower consisting of calyx, corolla,
or both.
_Pericarp._ The fructified ovary.
_Persistent._ Said of leaves remaining on the branches over their
first winter, and of a calyx remaining under or on the
fruit.
_Petal._ A division of the corolla.
_Petiolate._ Having a petiole.
_Petiole._ The footstalk of a leaf.
_Petiolulate._ Having a petiolule.
_Petiolule._ The footstalk of a leaflet.
_Pilose._ Hairy, with soft and distinct hairs.
_Pinnæ._ The primary divisions of a twice pinnate leaf.
_Pinnate._ A leaf with leaflets arranged along each side of a
common petiole.
_Pistil._ The female organ of a flower, consisting of ovary,
style, and stigma.
_Pistillate._ Said of a unisexual flower without fertile stamens.
_Pith._ The central cellular part of a stem.
_Placenta._ That part of the ovary which bears the ovules.
_Plane._ Used in describing a flat surface.
_Plumule._ The bud or growing part of the embryo.
_Pollen._ The fecundating cells contained in the anther.
_Polygamodiœcious._ Said of flowers sometimes perfect and
sometimes unisexual, the 2 forms borne on different
individuals.
_Polygamomonœcious._ Said of flowers sometimes perfect and
sometimes unisexual, the 2 forms borne on the same
individual.
_Polygamous._ Said of flowers sometimes perfect and sometimes
unisexual.
_Pome._ An inferior fruit of 2 or several carpels inclosed in
thick flesh.
_Posterior._ The side of an axillary flower next the axis of
inflorescence.
_Prickle._ Outgrowth of the bark.
_Proliferous._ Bearing offshoots.
_Puberulent._ Very slightly pubescent.
_Puberulous._ Minutely pubescent.
_Pubescence._ A covering of short soft hairs.
_Pubescent._ Clothed with soft short hairs.
_Pulvinate._ Cushion-shaped.
_Punctate._ Dotted with depressions or translucent internal
glands, or with colored dots.
_Punctulate._ Minutely punctate.

R
_Raceme._ An indeterminate or centripetal inflorescence with an
elongated axis and flowers on pedicels of equal length.
_Rachis._ The axis of a spike or of a compound leaf.
_Radial._ Belonging to a ray.
_Radicle._ The initial stem in an embryo.
_Raphe._ The adnate cord or ridge connecting the hilum with the
chalaza in an anatropous ovule.
_Receptacle._ The axile portion of a blossom bearing sepals,
petals, stamens, and pistils; the axis or rachis of the
head, spike, or other flower-cluster.
_Reniform._ Kidney-shaped.
_Resupinate._ Upside down.
_Reticulate._ Netted.
_Retrorse._ Directed backward or downward.
_Retuse._ With a shallow notch at a rounded apex.
_Revolute._ Rolled backward from the margins or apex.
_Rhombic._ Having the shape of a rhomb.
_Rhomboidal._ Approaching a rhombic outline; quadrangular with
lateral angles obtuse.
_Rind._ The bark of some endogenous stems, like that of Palms.
_Rostrate._ Narrowed into a slender tip.
_Rotate._ Circular, flat and horizontally spreading.
_Rugose._ Wrinkled.
_Rugulose._ Slightly wrinkled.
_Ruminate._ Looking as if chewed, like the albumen of the nutmeg.

S
_Sagittate._ Shaped like an arrowhead.
_Samara._ An indehiscent winged fruit.
_Sapwood._ The young living wood of an exogenous stem.
_Scales._ Thin scarious bodies, usually degenerate leaves.
_Scarious._ Thin, dry and membranaceous, not green.
_Scobiform._ Having the appearance of sawdust.
_Scorpioid._ A form of unilateral inflorescence circinately coiled
in the bud.
_Scurfy._ Covered with small bran-like scales.
_Seed._ The fertilized and mature ovule, the result of sexual
reproduction in a flowering plant.
_Segment._ One of the divisions into which a leaf, calyx, or
corolla may be divided.
_Semianatropous._ Same as amphitropous.
_Sepals._ The divisions of a calyx.
_Septicidal._ Descriptive of a capsule splitting through the lines
of junction of the carpels.
_Septum._ A partition.
_Serrate._ Beset with teeth.
_Serrulate._ Serrate with small fine teeth.
_Sessile._ Without a stalk.
_Setose._ Beset with bristles.
_Setulose._ Beset with minute bristles.
_Sheath._ A tubular or enrolled part or organ.
_Sinistrorse._ Turned or directed to the left.
_Sinus._ A recess between the lobes of a leaf.
_Spatulate._ Oblong with the lower end attenuated.
_Spike._ An indeterminate inflorescence with flowers sessile on an
elongated common axis.
_Spine._ A sharp-pointed woody body, commonly a modified branch or
stipule.
_Spinescent._ Ending in a spine.
_Spinose._ Furnished with spines.
_Stamen._ One of the male organs of a flower.
_Staminate._ Said of unisexual flowers without pistils.
_Staminodium._ A sterile or much reduced stamen.
_Stigma._ The part or surface of a pistil which receives the
pollen for the fecundation of the ovules.
_Stigmatic._ Relating to the stigma.
_Stipe._ A stalk-like support of a pistil or of a carpel.
_Stipel._ An appendage to a leaflet analogous to the stipules of a
leaf.
_Stipellate._ Having stipels.
_Stipitate._ Having a stipe.
_Stipulate._ Having stipules.
_Stipules._ Appendages of a leaf, placed on one side of the
petiole at its insertion with the stem.
_Stomata._ Breathing pores or apertures in the epidermis of leaves
connecting internal cavities with the external air.
_Stomatiferous._ Furnished with stomata.
_Stone._ The hard endocarp of a drupe.
_Strobile._ The same as cone.
_Strophiolate._ Said of a seed bearing a strophiole or appendage
at the hilum.
_Style._ The attenuated portion of a pistil between the ovary and
the stigma.
_Subcordate._ Slightly cordate.
_Subulate._ Awl-shaped.
_Sulcate._ Grooved or furrowed.
_Superior._ Growing or placed above; also in a lateral flower for
the side next the axis.
_Suture._ A junction, usually a line of opening of a carpel.
_Syncarp._ A multiple fruit.

T
_Taproot._ The primary descending root, a direct continuation from
the radicle.
_Tegmen._ The inner coat of a seed.
_Testa._ The outer seed-coat.
_Thyrsoidal._ Relating to a thrysus.
_Thyrsus._ A mixed inflorescence with the main axis indeterminate
and the secondary or ultimate cluster cymose.
_Tomentose._ Densely pubescent with matted wool or tomentum.
_Tomentulose._ Slightly pubescent with matted wool.
_Torose._ Cylindric, with contractions or bulges at intervals.
_Torulose._ Slightly torose.
_Torus._ The receptacle of a flower.
_Transverse._ Horizontal.
_Trichotomous._ Three-forked.
_Trifoliate._ Three-leaved.
_Trifoliolate._ Descriptive of leaves, with 3 leaflets.
_Truncate._ As if cut off at the end.
_Tubercle._ A small tuber or excrescence.
_Tuberculate._ Beset with knobby excrescences.
_Turbinate._ Top-shaped.
_Turgid._ Swollen.

U
_Umbel._ An inflorescence with numerous pedicels springing from
the same point like the rays of an umbrella.
_Umbilicus._ The hilum of a seed.
_Umbo._ A boss or protuberance.
_Umbonate._ Bearing an umbo.
_Uncinate._ Hooked, bent, or curved at the tip in the form of a
hook.
_Unequally pinnate._ Pinnate, with an odd terminal leaflet.
_Unguiculate._ Contracted at the base into a claw or stalk.
_Unisexual._ Said of flowers with either the stamens or pistil 0
or abortive.
_Urceolate._ Hollow and contracted at or below the mouth like an
urn or pitcher.
_Utricle._ A small bladdery pericarp.

V
_Valvate._ Said of a bud in which the parts meet without
overlapping.
_Valve._ One of the pieces into which a capsule splits.
_Veinlet._ One of the ultimate or smaller ramifications of a vein.
_Veins._ Ramifications or threads of fibro-vascular tissue in a
leaf or other flat organ.
_Ventral._ Belonging to the anterior or inner face of a carpel.
_Ventricose._ Swelling unequally or inflated on one side.
_Vernation._ The disposition of parts in a leaf-bud.
_Verrucose._ Covered with wart-like elevations.
_Versatile._ Said of an anther turning freely on its filament.
_Verticillate._ Arranged in a circle or whorl round an axis.
_Villose._ Hairy, with long and soft hairs.

W
_Whorl._ An arrangement of branches or leaves in a circle round an
axis.
_Wood._ The hard part of a stem mainly composed of wood-cells,
wood fibre, or tissue.

INDEX

A
Abele, 120.
Abies, 50.
Abies amabilis, 56.
Abies balsamea, 52.
Abies balsamea var. hudsonica, 53.
Abies balsamea var. macrocarpa, 53.
Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis, 52.
_Abies bracteata_, 60.
Abies cephalonica, 50.
Abies cilicica, 50.
Abies concolor, 55.
Abies Fraseri, 51.
Abies grandis, 54.
Abies homolepis, 50.
Abies lasiocarpa, 53.
_Abies Lowiana_, 56.
Abies magnifica, 58.
Abies magnifica var. shastensis, 59.
Abies magnifica var. xanthocarpa, 59.
Abies nobilis, 57.
Abies Nordmanniana, 50.
Abies pinsapo, 50.
Abies Veitchii, 50.
Abies venusta, 60.
Acacia, 591, 623.
Acacia Emoriana, 593.
Acacia Farnesiana, 592.
Acacia, Green-barked, 614, 615.
Acacia Greggii, 595.
Acacia tortuosa, 593.
Acacia Wrightii, 594.
Acer, 681.
_Acer carolinianum_, 699.
Acer circinatum, 684.
_Acer Douglasii_, 683.
Acer floridanum, 691.
Acer floridanum var. villipes, 691.
Acer glabrum, 682.
Acer glabrum var. Douglasii, 683.
Acer glabrum f. trisectum, 682.
Acer grandidentatum, 692.
Acer leucoderme, 694.
Acer macrophyllum, 687.
Acer Negundo, 699.
Acer Negundo var. arizonicum, 701.
Acer Negundo var. californicum, 701.
Acer Negundo var. interior, 701.
Acer Negundo var. texanum, 701.
Acer Negundo var. texanum f. latifolium, 701.
Acer Negundo var. violaceum, 700.
Acer nigrum, 693.
Acer nigrum var. Palmeri, 693.
Acer pennsylvanicum, 686.
Acer rubrum, 696.
Acer rubrum var. Drummondii, 698.
Acer rubrum, var. Drummondii f. rotundatum, 698.
_Acer rubrum_ var. _rubrocarpum_, 696.
Acer rubrum var. tomentosum, 696.
Acer rubrum var. tridens, 699.
Acer saccharinum, 694.
Acer saccharum, 688.
Acer saccharum var. glabrum, 688.
Acer saccharum var. Rugelii, 689.
Acer saccharum var. Schneckii, 688, 689.
Acer saccharum var. sinuosum, 690.
_Acer sinuosum_, 690.
Acer spicatum, 685.
Aceraceae, 680.
Acœlorraphe, 105.
Acœlorraphe arborescens, 106.
Acœlorraphe Wrightii, 106.
_Adelia_, 853.
Æsculus, 702.
_Æsculus austrina_, 709.
Æsculus Bushii, 704.
Æsculus californica, 710.
Æsculus discolor, 709.
Æsculus discolor var. flavescens, 710.
Æsculus discolor var. mollis, 709.
Æsculus georgiana, 706.
Æsculus georgiana var. lanceolata, 707.
Aesculus georgiana var. pubescens, 706.
Æsculus glabra, 703.
Æsculus glabra var. Buckleyi, 703.
Æsculus glabra var. leucodermis, 704.
Æsculus glabra var. micrantha, 704.
Æsculus glabra var. pallida, 703.
Æsculus Harbisonii, 707.
Æsculus Hippocastanum, 702.
Æsculus hybrida, 705.
Æsculus mississippiensis, 704.
Æsculus octandra, 704.
Æsculus octandra var. virginica, 705.
Æsculus Pavia, 707.
Ailanthus altissima, 641.
Alder, White, 224.
Alligator Pear, 357.
Almond Willow, 144.
Alnus, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226.
_Alnus acuminata_, 225.
Alnus maritima, 226.
Alnus oblongifolia, 225.
_Alnus oregona_, 222.
Alnus rhombifolia, 224.
Alnus rubra, 222.
Alnus sinuata, 221.
_Alnus sitchensis_, 221.
Alnus tenuifolia, 223.
Alnus vulgaris, 220.
Alvaradoa, 644.
Alvaradoa amorphoides, 644.
Amelanchier, 393.
_Amelanchier alnifolia_, 396.
Amelanchier canadensis, 394.
_Amelanchier canadensis_, 395.
Amelanchier canadensis var. tomentula, 394.
_Amelanchier Cusickii_, 396.
Amelanchier florida, 396.
Amelanchier lævis, 395.
Amelanchier lævis f. nitida, 395.
Amyris, 640.
Amyris elemifera, 640.
Amyris parvifolia, 640.
Anacahuita, 860.
Anacardiaceæ, 655.
Anamomis dichotoma, 774.
_Anamomis Simpsonii_, 775.
Anaqua, 862.
Angiospermæ, 96.
Anona, 354.
Anona Cherimolia, 355.
Anona glabra, 355.
Anona muricata, 355.
_Anona palustris_, 355.
Anona reticulata, 355.
Anonaceæ, 353.
Ant’s Wood, 816.
Apple, 379.
Apple, Crab, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 387, 389.
Apple, Haw, 434.
Apple, Pond, 355.
Apple, Turkey, 476.
Aquifoliaceæ, 668.
Aralia, 778.
Aralia spinosa, 778.
Araliaceæ, 777.
Arbor-vitæ, 67.
Arbutus, 799.
Arbutus arizonica, 801.
Arbutus Menziesii, 799.
Arbutus texana, 800.
_Arbutus xalapensis_, 800.
Ardisia, 806.
Ardisia paniculata, 806.
Arroyo Willow, 153.
Ash, 833.
Ash, Black, 852.
Ash, Blue, 851.
Ash, Brown, 852.
Ash, Green, 846.
Ash, Mountain, 390, 842.
Ash, Prickly, 635.
Ash, Pumpkin, 844.
Ash, Red, 845.
Ash, Swamp, 838.
Ash, Wafer, 639.
Ash, Water, 838, 839.
Ash, White, 841.
Ash-leaved Maple, 699.
Asimina, 353.
Asimina triloba, 353.
Asp, Quaking, 121.
Aspen, 121.
Australian Eucalypti, 768.
Austrian Pine, 2.
Avicennia, 865.
Avicennia nitida, 866.
Avocado, 357.

B
Bald Cypress, 63, 64.
Balsam, 125.
Balsam Cottonwood, 126.
Balsam Fir, 51, 52, 53.
Balsam, She, 51.
Bark, Cinnamon, 753.
Bark, Georgia, 876.
Basket Oak, 304.
Bass Wood, 732, 733.
_Batodendron_, 803.
_Batodendron glaucescens_, 803.
Bay, 751.
Bay, Loblolly, 751.
Bay, Red, 357.
Bay, Rose, 792.
Bay, Swamp, 346, 358.
Bay, Sweet, 346.
Bayonet, Spanish, 111, 112.
Bean, Coral, 616.
Bean, Horse, 611.
Bean, Indian, 871.
Bean, Screw, 602.
Bearberry, 725.
Bear Oak, 254.
Bechtel Crab, 388.
Beech, 228.
Beech, Blue, 201.
Berry, Service, 394, 395, 396.
Betula, 205.
Betula alaskana, 217.
Betula cœrulea, 211.
Betula cœrulea var. Blanchardii, 212.
Betula commixta, 218.
Betula Eastwoodæ, 219.
Betula fontinalis, 218.
Betula fontinalis var. Piperi, 219.
Betula Jackii, 207.
_Betula kenaica_, 216.
Betula lenta, 206.
Betula lutea, 207.
_Betula montanensis_, 214.
Betula nigra, 208.
_Betula occidentalis_, 215.
Betula papyrifera, 212.
Betula papyrifera var. cordifolia, 213.
Betula papyrifera var. elobata, 212.
Betula papyrifera var. kenaica, 216.
Betula papyrifera var. minor, 213.
Betula papyrifera var. montanensis, 214.
Betula papyrifera var. occidentalis, 215.
Betula papyrifera var. subcordata, 214.
Betula pendula, 205, 212.
_Betula Piperi_, 219.
Betula populifolia, 210.
Betula populifolia var. laciniata, 211.
Betula populifolia var. purpurea, 211.
Betula Purpusii, 208.
Betula Sandbergii, 213.
Betula Sandbergii f. maxima, 213.
_Betula subcordata_, 214.
Betulaceæ, 200.
Beureria, 861.
_Beureria havanensis_, 861.
Beureria ovata, 861.
Bignoniaceæ, 868.
Big Shellbark, 186.
Big Tree, 62.
Big Tree Plum, 565.
Billia, 702.
Bilsted, 367.
Birch, 205.
Birch, Black, 206, 216, 218.
Birch, Blue, 211.
Birch, Canoe, 212.
Birch, Cherry, 206.
Birch, Gray, 207, 210.
Birch, Paper, 212.
Birch, Red, 208, 216.
Birch. River, 208, 218.
Birch, West Indian, 646.
Birch, White, 210, 217.
Birch, Yellow, 207.
Bird Cherry, 571.
Bitternut, 180.
Bitter Pecan, 179.
Bitter-Sweet Orange, 633.
Black Ash, 852.
Black Birch, 206, 216, 218.
Black Calabash Tree, 873.
Black Cottonwood, 124, 126.
Black Haw, 812, 889, 890.
Black Hemlock, 46.
Black Ironwood, 721.
Black Jack Oak, 258.
Black Mangrove, 866.
Black Maple, 693.
Black Oak, 246, 250, 251, 274.
Black Oaks, 238.
Black Olive-tree, 765.
Black Persimmon, 823.
Black Sloe, 558.
Black Spruce, 35.
Black Walnut, 171.
Black Willow, 140, 160.
Blolly, 341.
Blue Ash, 851.
Blue Beech, 201.
Blue Birch, 211.
Blue Jack Oak, 265.
Blue Myrtle, 727.
Blue Oak, 283.
Blue Spruce, 39.
Borraginaceæ, 858.
Bow Wood, 332.
Box Elder, 699.
Box Wood, 680.
Brittle Thatch, 99, 100.
Broad-leaved Maple, 687.
Broussonetia papyrifera, 328.
Brown Ash, 852.
Bucida, 765.
Bucida Buceras, 765.
Buckeye, 709, 710, 711.
Buckeye, Fetid, 703.
Buckeye, Ohio, 703.
Buckeye, Red-flowered, 707.
Buckeye, Spanish, 717.
Buckeye, Sweet, 704.
Buckthorn, 815.
Bull Pine, 12, 20.
Bumelia, 812.
Bumelia angustifolia, 816.
Bumelia lanuginosa, 813.
Bumelia lanuginosa var. albicans, 813.
Bumelia lanuginosa var. rigida, 814.
Bumelia lycioides, 815.
Bumelia monticola, 814.
Bumelia tenax, 812.
Burning Bush, 675.
Burr Oak, 290.
Bursera, 645.
Bursera microphylla, 647.
Bursera Simaruba, 646.
Burseraceæ, 645.
Bush, Burning, 675.
Bush, Button, 878.
Bush, Shad, 394.
Bush, Stag, 889.
Bustic, 811.
Butternut, 169.
Button Bush, 878.
Buttonwood, 372, 766, 767.
Byrsonima, 632.
Byrsonima lucida, 632.

C
Cabbage Palmetto, 102.
Cabbage Tree, 102.
Cactaceæ, 757.
Calabash Tree, Black, 873.
California Laurel, 361.
California Lilac, 727.
California Nutmeg, 92.
Calyptranthes, 769.
Calyptranthes pallens, 769.
Calyptranthes Zuzygium, 770.
Camellia Thea, 750.
Camptotheca, 779.
Canada Plum, 560.
Canella, 753.
Canella Winterana, 753.
Canellaceæ, 753.
Canoe Birch, 212.
Canoe Cedar, 68.
Canotia, 677.
Canotia holacantha, 678.
Capparidaceæ, 365.
Capparis, 365.
Capparis jamaicensis, 365.
Capparis spinosa, 365.
Caprifoliaceæ, 882.
Carica, 755.
Carica Papaya, 756.
Caricaceæ, 755.
Carolina Poplar, 137.
Carpinus, 201.
Carpinus Betulus, 201.
Carpinus caroliniana, 201.
Carya, 176.
Carya alba, 188.
Carya alba var. subcoriacea. 189.
Carya aquatica, 181.
Carya aquatica var. australis, 182.
_Carya arkansana_, 198.
Carya Brownii, 181.
Carya Brownii var. varians, 181.
Carya Buckleyi, 197.
Carya Buckleyi var. arkansana, 189.
Carya Buckleyi var. arkansana f. pachylemma, 199.
Carya Buckleyi var. villosa, 199.
Carya carolinæ-septentrionalis, 185.
Carya cordiformis, 180.
Carya cordiformis var. latifolia, 180.
Carya Dunbarii, 187.
Carya floridana, 196.
Carya glabra, 191.
Carya glabra var. megacarpa, 192.
_Carya glabra_ var. _villosa_, 199.
Carya laciniosa, 186.
Carya Laneyi, 181.
Carya Laneyi var. chateaugayensis, 181.
Carya leiodermis, 189.
Carya leiodermis var. callicoma, 190.
_Carya megacarpa_, 192.
_Carya microcarpa_, 194, 195.
Carya myristicæformis, 182.
Carya Nussbaumerii, 187.
Carya ovalis, 193.
Carya ovalis var. borealis, 195.
Carya ovalis var. hirsuta, 195.
Carya ovalis var. obcordata, 194.
Carya ovalis var. obovalis, 195.
Carya ovalis var. odorata, 195.
Carya ovata, 183.
Carya ovata var. complanata, 184.
Carya ovata var. ellipsoidalis, 184.
Carya ovata var. fraxinifolia, 185.
Carya ovata var. Nuttallii, 184.
Carya ovata var. pubescens, 184.
Carya pallida, 190.
Carya pecan, 177.
_Carya porcina_, 191.
Carya Schneckii, 189.
Carya texana, 179.
_Carya texana_, 197.
_Carya villosa_, 199.
Cassada, 811.
Cassena, 671.
Cassie, 592.
Castanea, 230.
Castanea alnifolia, 233.
Castanea alnifolia var. floridana, 233.
Castanea crenata, 230.
Castanea dentata, 231, 232.
Castanea mollissima, 230.
Castanea neglecta, 232.
Castanea pumila, 232.
Castanea sativa, 230.
Castanopsis, 234.
Castanopsis chrysophylla, 234.
Castanopsis chrysophylla var. minor, 235.
Castanopsis sempervirens, 234.
Catalpa, 870, 871.
Catalpa bignonioides, 871.
Catalpa bignonioides var. nana, 872.
_Catalpa Bungei_, 872.
_Catalpa Catalpa_, 871.
Catalpa hybrida, 872.
Catalpa speciosa, 872.
Catalpa, Western, 872.
Cat’s Claw, 586, 594, 595.
Ceanothus, 726.
Ceanothus arboreus, 727.
Ceanothus spinosus, 728.
Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, 727.
Cedar, 87.
Cedar, Canoe, 68.
Cedar Elm, 314.
Cedar, Incense, 65.
Cedar Pine, 25.
Cedar, Port Orford, 77.
Cedar, Red, 68, 88, 89, 90.
Cedar, Rock, 87.
Cedar, Stinking, 91.
Cedar, Sweet-berried, 82.
Cedar, White, 67, 75.
Celastraceæ, 674.
Celtis, 318.
_Celtis brevipes_, 324.
_Celtis canina_, 320.
_Celtis crassifolia_, 320.
Celtis Douglasii, 321.
_Celtis Helleri_, 322.
Celtis lævigata, 323.
Celtis lævigata var. anomala, 324.
Celtis lævigata var. brachyphylla, 324.
Celtis lævigata var. brevipes, 324.
Celtis lævigata var. texana, 325.
Celtis lævigata var. texana f. microphylla, 326.
Celtis Lindheimeri, 322.
_Celtis mississippiensis_, 323.
Celtis occidentalis, 319.
Celtis occidentalis var. canina, 320.
Celtis occidentalis var. crassifolia, 320.
Celtis pumila, 326.
Celtis pumila var. georgiana, 326.
Celtis reticulata, 323.
Celtis reticulata var. vestita, 323.
_Celtis rugulosa_, 321.
Cephalanthus, 878.
Cephalanthus occidentalis, 878.
Cephalanthus occidentalis var. pubescens, 879.
_Cerasus demissa_, 574.
Cercidium, 613.
Cercidium floridum, 614.
Cercidium Torreyanum, 615.
Cercis, 603.
Cercis canadensis, 604.
Cercis reniformis, 604.
Cercis texensis, 604.
Cercocarpus, 550.
Cercocarpus alnifolius, 552.
Cercocarpus betuloides, 553.
_Cercocarpus eximius_, 554.
Cercocarpus ledifolius, 553.
_Cercocarpus parvifolius_, 552.
_Cercocarpus parvifolius_ var. _betuloides_, 553.
Cercocarpus paucidentatus, 554.
Cercocarpus Traskiæ, 551.
Cereus, 757.
Cereus giganteus, 758.
Chamæcyparis, 75.
Chamæcyparis Lawsoniana, 77.
Chamæcyparis nootkatensis, 76.
Chamæcyparis obtusa, 75.
Chamæcyparis pisifera, 75.
Chamæcyparis thyoides, 75.
Chapote, 823.
Checkered-bark Juniper, 84.
Cherry, 555, 806.
Cherry Birch, 206.
Cherry, Bird, 571.
Cherry, Choke, 573.
Cherry, Indian, 724.
Cherry, Rum, 575.
Cherry, Wild, 572, 576, 577, 578.
Cherry, Wild Black, 575.
Cherry, Wild Red, 571.
Chestnut, 230, 231.
Chestnut, Golden-leaved, 234.
Chestnut Oak, 236, 305, 306.
Chestnut Oaks, 241.
Chickasaw Plum, 569.
Chilopsis, 869.
Chilopsis linearis, 869.
China-tree, 648.
China-tree, Wild, 714.
Chinquapin, 232, 233, 234.
Chionanthus, 855.
Chionanthus virginica, 855.
Chittam Wood, 657, 813.
Chloromeles, 379.
Choke Cherry, 573.
Cholla, 760.
Chrysobalanus, 583.
Chrysobalanus icaco, 583.
Chrysobalanus icaco var. pellocarpa, 584.
Chrysophyllum, 817.
Chrysophyllum Cainito, 817.
Chrysophyllum oliviforme, 818.
_Chytraculia Chytraculia_, 769.
Cinnamon Bark, 753.
Cinnamon, Wild, 753.
Citharexylon, 864.
Citharexylon fruticosum, 864.
Citharexylon fruticosum var. villosum, 864.
Citharexylon villosum, 864.
Citrus Aurantium, 633.
Cladrastis, 618.
Cladrastis lutea, 619.
Clammy Locust, 625.
Claw, Cat’s, 586, 594, 595.
Cliftonia, 667.
Cliftonia monophylla, 667.
Cocoa Plum, 583.
Coccolobis, 338.
Coccolobis laurifolia, 340.
Coccolobis uvifera, 339.
Coccothrinax, 100.
Coccothrinax jucunda, 100.
Coccothrinax jucunda var. macrosperma, 101.
Coccothrinax jucunda var. marquesensis, 101.
Cock-spur Thorn, 402.
Coffee-tree, 725.
Coffee-tree, Kentucky, 606.
Colorado Spruce, 39.
Colubrina, 729.
Colubrina arborescens, 731.
_Colubrina Colubrina_, 731.
Colubrina cubensis, 730.
Colubrina reclinata, 729.
Combretaceæ, 764.
Condalia, 719.
Condalia obovata, 719.
Conocarpus, 766.
Conocarpus erecta, 766.
Conocarpus erecta var. sericea, 766.
Coral Bean, 616.
Cordia, 858.
Cordia Boissieri, 860.
Cordia sebestena, 859.
Cork Elm, 311.
Cork Wood, 167.
Cornaceæ, 784.
Cornus alternifolia, 789.
Cornus asperifolia, 788.
Cornus florida, 785.
Cornus florida f. zanthocarpa, 786.
Cornus mas, 785.
Cornus Nuttallii, 787.
Cotinus, 657.
Cotinus americanus, 657.
Cotinus coggygria, 657.
Cotton Gum, 783.
Cottonwood, 128, 129, 131, 133, 135, 136.
Cottonwood, Balsam, 126.
Cottonwood, Black, 124, 126.
Cottonwood, Narrow-leaved, 127.
Cottonwood, Swamp, 124.
Cowania, 549.
_Cowania Davidsonii_, 549.
Cowania mexicana, 549.
_Cowania Stansburiana_, 549.
Cow Oak, 304.
Crab Apple, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 387, 389.
Crab, Bechtel, 388.
Crab Wood, 654.
Crabs, Siberian, 379.
Cratægus, 397.
Cratægus acclivis, 496.
Cratægus acutifolia, 409.
Cratægus æstivalis, 434.
_Cratægus æstivalis_, 435, 436.
Cratægus æstivalis var. luculenta, 435.
Cratægus algens, 407.
Cratægus amnicola, 426.
Cratægus annosa, 524.
Cratægus anomala, 486.
Cratægus Anomalæ, 400.
Cratægus apiifolia, 530.
Cratægus apiomorpha, 457.
Cratægus aprica, 529.
Cratægus arborea, 412.
Cratægus arborescens, 443.
Cratægus arduennæ, 406.
Cratægus arkansana, 466.
Cratægus arnoldiana, 481.
Cratægus Ashei, 514.
Cratægus assurgens, 491.
Cratægus atrorubens, 446.
Cratægus basilica, 462.
_Cratægus Beckwithæ_, 454.
Cratægus berberifolia, 418.
Cratægus Berlandieri, 471.
Cratægus blanda, 442.
Cratægus Boyntonii, 508.
Cratægus Bracteatæ, 400.
Cratægus brachyacantha, 533.
Cratægus Brachyacanthæ, 400.
Cratægus brazoria, 430.
Cratægus Buckleyi, 509.
Cratægus Bushii, 410.
Cratægus callicarpa, 451.
Cratægus canadensis, 473.
Cratægus Canbyi, 403.
Cratægus champlainensis, 482.
Cratægus Chapmanii, 537.
Cratægus Coccineæ, 399.
_Cratægus coccinea_ var. _rotundifolia_, 504.
Cratægus coccinioides, 503.
Cratægus Cocksii, 411.
Cratægus collina, 425.
Cratægus consanguinea, 519.
_Cratægus cordata_, 531.
Cratægus corusca, 474.
Cratægus crocina, 420.
Cratægus Crus-galli, 399, 402.
Cratægus Crus-galli var. capillata, 402.
Cratægus Crus-galli var. oblongata, 402.
Cratægus Crus-galli var. pyracanthifolia, 402.
Cratægus Crus-galli var. salicifolia, 402.
Cratægus dallasiana, 431.
_Cratægus Davisii_, 438.
Cratægus delecta, 497.
Cratægus denaria, 415.
Cratægus depilis, 461.
Cratægus Deweyana, 539.
Cratægus diffusa, 454.
Cratægus dilatata, 500.
Cratægus Dilatatæ, 399.
Cratægus disjuncta, 452.
Cratægus dispar, 528.
Cratægus Douglasianæ, 400.
Cratægus Douglasii, 545.
Cratægus Douglasii f. badia, 546.
Cratægus Douglasii var. Suksdorfii, 546.
Cratægus drymophila, 453.
Cratægus Eamesii, 498.
Cratægus edita, 416.
Cratægus edura, 419.
Cratægus Ellwangeriana, 484.
Cratægus Engelmanii, 413.
Cratægus erecta, 408.
Cratægus fastosa, 427.
Cratægus fecunda, 404.
Cratægus fera, 420.
Cratægus flava, 516.
Cratægus Flavæ, 400.
Cratægus floridana, 521.
Cratægus Gaultii, 537.
Cratægus gemmosa, 541.
Cratægus georgiana, 450.
Cratægus glabriuscula, 441.
Cratægus gravida, 467.
Cratægus Harbisonii, 513.
Cratægus Hillii, 490.
Cratægus Holmesiana, 495.
Cratægus Holmesiana var. tardipes, 496.
Cratægus Holmesiana var. villipes, 496.
Cratægus hudsonica, 502.
Cratægus ignava, 518.
Cratægus illinoiensis, 542.
Cratægus induta, 476.
Cratægus ingens, 447.
Cratægus integra, 526.
Cratægus integriloba, 543.
Cratægus Intricatæ, 400.
Cratægus invisa, 468.
Cratægus Jonesæ, 505.
Cratægus Kelloggii, 475.
Cratægus lacera, 460.
Cratægus lacrimata, 522.
Cratægus lanuginosa, 480.
Cratægus Lettermanii, 432.
Cratægus limaria, 469.
Cratægus lobulata, 493.
Cratægus lucorum, 459.
Cratægus luxuriosa, 455.
_Cratægus Mackensenii_, 469.
Cratægus macracantha, 544.
Cratægus Macracanthæ, 400.
Cratægus Margaretta, 506.
_Cratægus Medioximæ_, 453.
Cratægus meridionalis, 472.
Cratægus micracantha, 448.
Cratægus Microcarpæ, 400.
Cratægus mitis, 445.
Cratægus Mohrii, 421.
Cratægus Molles, 399.
Cratægus mollis, 464.
_Cratægus mollita_, 537.
Cratægus monogyna, 398.
Cratægus montivaga, 414.
Cratægus neo-londinensis, 489.
Cratægus nitida, 444.
Cratægus noelensis, 487.
Cratægus opaca, 436.
Cratægus opima, 512.
Cratægus ovata, 439.
Cratægus Oxyacantha, 398.
Cratægus Palmeri, 408.
Cratægus panda, 525.
Cratægus paucispina, 458.
Cratægus pausiaca, 424.
Cratægus pedicellata, 494.
Cratægus pedicellata var. gloriosa, 495.
Cratægus penita, 447.
Cratægus pennsylvanica, 483.
Cratægus pentandra, 458.
Cratægus peoriensis, 403.
Cratægus Phænopyrum, 531.
Cratægus pratensis, 433.
Cratægus Pringlei, 492.
Cratægus pruinosa, 449.
Cratægus Pruinosæ, 399.
Cratægus Pulcherrimæ, 400.
Cratægus punctata, 423.
Cratægus punctata var. aurea, 423.
Cratægus punctata var. canescens, 424.
Cratægus punctata var. microphylla, 424.
Cratægus Punctatæ, 399.
Cratægus pyriformis, 479.
Cratægus quercina, 478.
Cratægus Ravenelii, 523.
Cratægus recurva, 527.
Cratægus regalis, 405.
Cratægus rivularis, 546.
_Cratægus Robbinsiana_, 454.
Cratægus Robesoniana, 485.
Cratægus robur, 512.
Cratægus rotundifolia, 504.
Cratægus rotundifolia var. pubera, 505.
Cratægus Rotundifoliæ, 399.
Cratægus rufula, 435.
Cratægus saligna, 534.
Cratægus Sargentii, 510.
Cratægus scabrida, 547.
Cratægus senta, 523.
Cratægus sera, 465.
Cratægus sertata, 499.
Cratægus signata, 415.
Cratægus silvestris, 427.
_Cratægus silvicola_, 453.
Cratægus Silvicolæ, 399.
Cratægus sordida, 429.
Cratægus spathulata, 532.
_Cratægus spathulata_ var. _flavanthera_, 532.
_Cratægus spissiflora_, 485.
Cratægus submollis, 484.
Cratægus suborbiculata, 501.
Cratægus succulenta, 540.
Cratægus Tenuifoliæ, 399.
Cratægus tersa, 417.
Cratægus texana, 477.
Cratægus tomentosa, 536.
Cratægus Treleasei, 472.
Cratægus tristis, 520.
Cratægus uniqua, 412.
Cratægus vegeta, 538.
Cratægus velutina, 442.
Cratægus venusta, 510.
Cratægus verruculosa, 428.
Cratægus viburnifolia, 470.
Cratægus Virides, 399.
Cratægus viridis, 438.
Cratægus virilis, 548.
Cratægus visenda, 517.
Cratægus vulsa, 440.
Crescentia _cucurbitina_, 873.
Cucumber-tree, 343.
Cucumber-tree, Large-leaved, 348.
Cucumber-tree, Long-leaved, 349.
Cupressus, 69.
Cupressus arizonica, 73, 75.
Cupressus arizonica var. bonita, 74.
_Cupressus Bakeri_, 72.
_Cupressus glabra_, 74.
Cupressus Goveniana, 70, 71.
Cupressus guadaloupensis, 73.
_Cupressus Lawsoniana_, 77.
Cupressus Macnabiana, 72.
Cupressus macrocarpa, 70.
_Cupressus nevadensis_, 72.
_Cupressus nootkatensis_, 76.
_Cupressus pygmæa_, 70.
Cupressus Sargentii, 71.
Cupressus sempervirens, 69.
_Cupressus thyoides_, 75.
Cypress, 69, 72, 73.
Cypress, Bald, 63, 64.
Cypress, Deciduous, 64.
Cypress, Lawson, 77.
Cypress, Monterey, 70.
Cypress, Sargent’s, 71.
Cypress, Sitka, 76.
Cypress, Tecate, 73.
Cypress, Yellow, 76.
Cyrilla, 666.
Cyrilla racemiflora, 666.
Cyrilla racemiflora var. parviflora, 667.
Cyrilla racemiflora var. racemifera, 667.
Cyrillaceæ, 665.

D
Dagger, Spanish, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117.
Dahoon, 670.
Dalea, 621.
Dalea spinosa, 621.
Darling Plum, 720.
Davidia, 779.
Deciduous Cypress, 64.
Desert Palm, 104.
Desert White Cedar, 82.
Desert Willow, 869.
Devil Wood, 857.
Dicotyledons, 118.
Digger Pine, 20.
Dilly, Wild, 819.
Diospyros, 820.
Diospyros texana, 823.
Diospyros virginiana, 821.
Diospyros virginiana var. Mosieri, 823.
Diospyros virginiana var. platycarpa, 822.
Diospyros virginiana var. platycarpa f. atra, 822.
Dipholis, 810.
Dipholis salicifolia, 811.
Dipteronia, 681.
Dogwood, 787, 788, 789.
Dogwood, Flowering, 785.
Dogwood, Jamaica, 629.
Dogwood, Poison, 663.
Douglas Spruce, 48.
Downward Plum, 816.
Drypetes, 650.
Drypetes diversifolia, 650.
_Drypetes keyensis_, 650.
Drypetes lateriflora, 651.
Dwarf Maple, 682.

E
Ebenaceæ, 820.
Ebony, 588.
Ehretia, 862.
Ehretia elliptica, 862.
Elder, 882.
Elder, Box, 699.
Elkwood, 347.
Elliottia, 791.
Elliottia racemosa, 791.
Elm, 308.
Elm, Cedar, 314.
Elm, Cork, 311.
Elm, English, 309.
Elm, Red, 313, 315.
Elm, Rock, 311.
Elm, Scotch, 309.
Elm, Slippery, 313, 750.
Elm, Water, 317.
Elm, White, 309.
Elm, Winged, 312.
Enallagma, 873.
Enallagma cucurbitina, 873.
Encina, 269.
Endothia parisitica, 230.
Engelmann Spruce, 38.
English Elm, 309.
Ericaceæ, 790.
Erythrina, 627.
Erythrina herbacea, 628.
Erythrina herbacea var. arborea, 628.
Eucalypti, Australian, 768.
Eugenia, 770.
Eugenia aromatica, 771.
Eugenia axillaris, 772.
Eugenia buxifolia, 771.
Eugenia confusa, 774.
Eugenia dicrana, 774.
Eugenia Jambos, 771.
Eugenia rhombea, 773.
Eugenia Simpsonii, 775.
Euphorbiaceæ, 649.
European Mountain Ash, 390.
Evergreen Oak, 282.
Evonymus, 675.
Evonymus atropurpureus, 675.
Exostema, 877.
Exostema caribæum, 877.
Exothea, 714.
Exothea paniculata, 715.
Eysenhardtia, 620.
Eysenhardtia orthocarpa, 620.
Eysenhardtia polystachya, 620.

F
Fagaceæ, 227.
_Fagara clava-Herculis_, 635.
Fagara coriacea, 637.
_Fagara Fagara_, 634.
_Fagara flava_, 636.
Fagus, 228.
_Fagus americana_, 228.
Fagus grandifolia, 228.
Fagus grandifolia var. caroliniana, 229.
Fagus grandifolia var. caroliniana f. mollis, 230.
Fagus sylvatica, 228.
Fan Palm, 104.
Farkleberry, 802.
Feltleaf Willow, 157.
Fetid Buckeye, 703.
Ficus, 333.
Ficus aurea, 334.
Ficus brevifolia, 335.
Ficus Carica, 333.
_Ficus populnea_, 335.
Fiddle Wood, 864.
Fig, 333, 335.
Fig, Wild, 334, 335.
Fir, 50.
Fir, Balsam, 51, 52, 53.
Fir, Red, 48, 57, 58, 59.
Fir, Silver, 60.
Fir, White, 54, 55, 56.
Firmiana simplex, 749.
Flowering Dogwood, 785.
Forestiera, 853.
Forestiera acuminata, 854.
Foxtail Pine, 7, 8.
Franklinia, 752.
Fraxinus, 833.
Fraxinus americana, 841.
Fraxinus americana f. iodocarpa, 841.
Fraxinus americana var. crassifolia, 841.
Fraxinus americana var. microcarpa, 841.
Fraxinus anomala, 837.
Fraxinus Berlandieriana, 847.
Fraxinus biltmoreana, 843.
Fraxinus caroliniana, 838.
Fraxinus chinensis, 833.
Fraxinus cuspidata, 834.
Fraxinus cuspidata var. macropetala, 834.
Fraxinus cuspidata var. serrata, 834.
Fraxinus dipetala, 833.
_Fraxinus floridana_, 839.
Fraxinus Greggii, 835.
Fraxinus Lowellii, 836.
Fraxinus nigra, 852.
Fraxinus oregona, 850.
Fraxinus Ornus, 833.
Fraxinus papilosa, 840.
Fraxinus pauciflora, 839.
Fraxinus pennsylvanica, 845.
Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. lanceolata, 846.
Fraxinus profunda, 844.
Fraxinus quadrangulata, 851.
Fraxinus Smallii, 842.
Fraxinus Standleyi, 840.
Fraxinus texensis, 842.
_Fraxinus Toumeyi_, 849.
Fraxinus velutina, 848.
Fraxinus velutina var. Toumeyi, 849.
Fremontia, 749.
Fremontia californica, 750.
_Fremontodendron californicum_, 750.
Frijolito, 616.
Fringe-tree, 855.

G
Galloway Nut, 181.
Garland Tree, 382.
Geiger-tree, 859.
Georgia Bark, 876.
Glaucous Willow, 159.
Gleditsia, 607.
Gleditsia aquatica, 610.
Gleditsia texana, 609.
Gleditsia triacanthos, 608.
Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis, 608.
_Glyptostrobus sinensis_, 65.
Golden-leaved Chestnut, 234.
Gordonia, 750.
Gordonia alatamaha, 752.
Gordonia Lasianthus, 751.
Grape, Sea, 339.
Gray Birch, 207, 210.
Gray Pine, 24.
Great Laurel, 792.
Green Ash, 846.
Green-barked Acacia, 614, 615.
Guaiacum, 630.
Guaiacum officinale, 630.
Guaiacum sanctum, 630, 631.
Guava, 768.
Guettarda, 879.
Guettarda elliptica, 880.
Guettarda scabra, 881.
Guiana Plum, 651.
Gum, Cotton, 783.
Gum Elastic, 813.
Gum, Hog, 659.
Gum, Sour, 780.
Gum, Sweet, 367.
Gum, Tupelo, 783.
Gumbo filet, 363.
Gumbo Limbo, 646.
Gurgeon Stopper, 771.
Gyminda, 678.
_Gyminda Grisebachii_, 679.
Gyminda latifolia, 679.
Gyminda latifolia var. glaucescens, 679.
Gymnanthes, 654.
Gymnanthes lucida, 654.
Gymnocladus, 605.
Gymnocladus dioicus, 606.
Gymnospermæ, 1.