Chapter XVII: Appendix: I (1)

_Speech made on October 6, 1830, by_ M. DE TALLEYRAND _on the
occasion of his presenting his credentials to the_ KING OF
ENGLAND _as Ambassador of France at the Court of St. James's.
See page 270._

SIR,

His Majesty the King of the French has chosen me to be the interpreter of his sentiments towards Your Majesty, and I have joyfully accepted a mission which sheds so much lustre on the end of my long career.

Sir, of all the vicissitudes which I have seen in the course of my long life, in all the changes of fortune which I have experienced during forty eventful years, nothing perhaps could have so completely satisfied my desires as an appointment which would bring me back to this happy country. But how times change! The jealousies and prejudices which so long divided France and England have given place to sentiments of esteem and enlightened affection. Common principles bind the two countries even more closely together. England in her foreign policy repudiates, like France, the principle of interfering in her neighbour's foreign relations, and the Ambassador of a Monarch who is the unanimous choice of a great people feels himself at ease in a land of liberty in the presence of a scion of the illustrious House of Brunswick. I appeal, Sir, with confidence for your countenance in the duties with which I am charged at your Majesty's Court, and I pray that your Majesty will be pleased to accept the homage of my profound respect.

II

_Speech addressed by_ H.I.M. _the_ CZAR NICOLAS _to the
Municipality of Warsaw on October 10, 1835._[61]

[61] This speech first appeared in the _National_. The _Moniteur_
reproduced it some days later.

GENTLEMEN, I know that you wished to speak to me, and I even know the contents of the speech you proposed to make. It is in order to save you from uttering a lie that I do not allow that speech to be made--Yes, Gentlemen, a lie--for I know that your sentiments are not what you would have me believe. How could I believe you whose language on the eve of the Revolution was the same? Was it not you who five years since, aye eight years since, talked to me of your fidelity and devotion, and made the finest protestations? Before a fortnight had gone you broke your oaths and committed the most atrocious crimes.

The Emperor Alexander, who did more for you than an Emperor of Russia should have done, was recompensed with the blackest ingratitude. You have never been content with your position, however advantageous it has been made for you, and you have ended by destroying your own happiness--I am telling you the truth as this is the first time that I have had occasion to see you since the late troubles. Deeds, Gentlemen, are required, not words. Repentance must come from the heart. I am speaking without heat; you see that I am calm: I bear you no malice and I will do you good in spite of yourselves.

The Marshal here is carrying out my intentions and assisting me in my plans; he too is concerning himself with your welfare. (_Here the members of the deputation bowed to the Marshal_). Well, Gentlemen, what do these bows mean? Before all things you must do your duty and behave like decent people. You have to choose one of two courses, either to persist in your illusions about the independence of Poland, or to live quietly like faithful subjects under my government.

If you are obstinate enough to go on dreaming of a separate nationality, of an independent Poland and chimeras of that kind the only possible result will be that you will bring disaster on your own heads. I have built a fortress here and I assure you that on the slightest symptom of revolt I will have the town bombarded. I will destroy Warsaw, and most assuredly it will not be I who will rebuild it.

It is very painful to me to speak to you thus. It is very painful for any sovereign to have to address his subjects in such terms; but I do so for your good. Your business, Gentlemen, is to labour to deserve that the past should be forgotten, and it is only by your devotion to my government that you can achieve this.

I know that correspondence is carried on with foreign countries and that malignant persons are sent here to pervert you. But with the best police in the world clandestine relations cannot be altogether suppressed on a frontier like yours. You must yourselves act as police for the suppression of the evil. Bring up your children well and inculcate good principles of religion and fidelity to their sovereign, and you will have no difficulty in keeping the right road.

In the midst of all the troubles which are agitating Europe and all the theories which threaten the fabric of society, Russia alone stands firm and intact. Believe me, gentlemen, it is a piece of real good fortune to belong to her and to enjoy her protection. If you behave well and fulfil all your duties my paternal solicitude will be extended to you all, and in spite of all that has passed my government will constantly study your welfare.

Think well of what I have said to you!

BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF THE NAMES OF PERSONS MENTIONED IN THIS BOOK

A

ABERCROMBY, George Ralph (1800-1852). A colonel in the British
Army; also a Member of Parliament and a Lord Lieutenant. He was
a member of Lord Grey's Cabinet.

ABERDEEN, George Hamilton Gordon, Earl of (1784-1860). He served
with distinction in the British Diplomatic Service, was a member
of several Ministries, and became Prime Minister in 1852 for
three years.

ABERGAVENNY, Henry, Earl of (1755-1843). Married in 1781 Mary,
only daughter of Lord Robinson. The family name is Nevill.

ABRANTÈS, Laure de Saint-Martin-Permon, Duchesse d' (1784-1838).
Descended through her mother from the Imperial family of the
Comneni. Born at Montpellier, she married General Junot on his
return from Egypt, followed him on his campaigns, studied and
observed much, and on her husband's death in 1813 devoted
herself to the education of her children. She wrote several
novels more suited for the circulating library than for serious
reading.

ADÉLAÏDE D'ORLÉANS, Madame (1777-1847). Youngest sister of King
Louis-Philippe, to whom she was devotedly attached. This
Princess had much influence on her brother, and was spoken of as
his Egeria. She was a woman of intellect, and in the time of the
Restoration she helped to gather round Louis-Philippe the most
distinguished men of the Liberal Party, and in 1830 she
persuaded him to accept the Crown. She never married, and left
her immense fortune to her nephews.

ADELAIDE, Queen (1792-1849). Daughter of the Duke of
Saxe-Meiningen. In 1818 she married the Duke of Clarence, who
ascended the throne of England as William IV.

AGOULT, Anne Henriette Charlotte de Choisy, Vicomtesse d'. Died in
1841. She was lady-in-waiting to Madame la Dauphine, whom she
followed into exile. She died at Goritz. She married the Vicomte
Antoine Jean d'Agoult, who died in 1828. He was a Grand Cross of
the Order of St. Louis, and Governor of Saint Cloud. He was made
a Peer of France in 1823 and a Knight of the Saint Esprit in
1825.

ALAVA, Don Ricardo de (1780-1843). Lieutenant-General in the
Spanish Army. Along with the Prince of Orange he was
aide-de-camp to the Duke of Wellington during the war, and at
that time became intimate with the future King of the
Netherlands. He was Minister Plenipotentiary of Spain in
Holland, in London, and in Paris after the death of Ferdinand
VII. In 1834 he was made a Senator by the Queen Regent, Maria
Christina. After the insurrection of La Granja he retired from
public life and settled in France, where he died.

ALBANY, Countess of (1753-1814). Caroline de Stolberg. She married
in 1773 the Pretender, Charles Edward, who had taken the title
of Count of Albany. She separated from him in 1780 and lived
with the poet Alfieri, who had a great passion for her, and who
secretly married her after the death of the Count of Albany.
After Alfieri's death the Countess returned to Florence, where
she formed relations with the French painter Fabre.

ALCUDIA, Comte d'. A Spanish statesman. He was a member of the
Calomarde Ministry during the lifetime of Ferdinand VII., and
replaced Salmon at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He was,
however, always a person of secondary importance, and lost his
place at Calomarde's death.

ALDBOROUGH, Cornelia, Lady. The eldest daughter of Charles Landry;
she married Lord Aldborough in 1804.

ALEXANDER THE GREAT, King of Macedon (356-323 B.C.).

ALEXANDER I., Czar of Russia (1777-1825). Eldest son and successor
of the Czar Paul I., he was celebrated for his great struggle
with Napoleon.

ALFIERI, Count Victor (1749-1803). The great Italian tragic poet.
Left an orphan at an early age his education was much neglected,
but at the age of twenty-five a sudden change took place in him.
To please the Countess of Albany, who had inspired him with a
taste for poetry and literature, he undertook a most elaborate
course of study, created a new system of poetical composition,
and wrote prose works which entitle him to rank with Machiavelli
himself.

ALLEN, George (1770-1843). A learned English doctor, who produced
numerous works on history, metaphysics, and physiology. He was
very intimate with Lord Holland and lived with him.

ALTHORP, John Charles Spencer, Lord (1782-1845). An English
statesman. He was made Chancellor of the Exchequer after having
been Home Secretary and a Lord of the Admiralty. His eloquence
and financial capacity were only moderate, but he was a
laborious and conscientious Minister and proverbial for his
political honesty.

ALVANLEY, Lord (1787-1849). Son of Richard Pepper-Arden. Created
Lord Alvanley in 1801. He had a duel with Morgan, son of
O'Connell.

AMELIA, Princess of England (1783-1810). The last of King George
III.'s fourteen children, her father's favourite and companion.
She died unmarried at the age of twenty-seven.

AMPÈRE, Jean-Jacques (1800-1864). Professor at the Collège de
France. A distinguished man of letters, member of the Académie
des inscriptions et belles-lettres, and of the Académie
française.

ANNE OF AUSTRIA, Queen of France (1602-1666). Eldest daughter of
Philip II., King of Spain. She married Louis XIII., King of
France, and at his death became regent during the minority of
her son, Louis XIV.

ANNA PAULOWNA, Queen of the Netherlands (1795-1865). She was a
daughter of the Czar Paul of Russia, and in 1816 married King
William II. of the Netherlands.

ANNE, Queen of England (1665-1714). Daughter of James II. During
her reign there was a long struggle with Louis XIV., and the
Union of England and Scotland was brought about.

ANTROBUS, Lady (1800-1885). Only daughter of Hugh Lindsay and wife
of Sir Edmund Antrobus.

APPONYI. Countess (1798-1874). Daughter of Count Nogarola; married
in 1818 Count Antony Apponyi, who for many years was Austrian
Ambassador at Paris.

ARBUTHNOT, Mrs. Died in 1834. Mrs. Arbuthnot and her husband,
Charles Arbuthnot, nicknamed "Gosh" in society, were the most
intimate friends of the Duke of Wellington, with whom they
lived, and were very well known in the best London society.

ARENBERG, Louise Marguerite, Duchesse d'. Born 1730. She was the
only daughter and heiress of the last Count de la Mark, and
married in 1748 Duke Charles d'Arenberg.

ARENBERG, Prosper-Louis, Duc d' (1785-1861). Married a Princess
Lobkowitz in 1819.

ARENBERG, Prince Pierre d'(1790-1877). Married first, in 1829,
Mlle. de Talleyrand-Périgord, who died in 1842. In 1860 he
married the daughter of Count Kannitz Rietberg, widow of Count
Antony Starhemberg.

ARENBERG, Princesse Pierre d' (1808-1842). Alix Marie Charlotte,
daughter of the Duc de Périgord.

ARGENSON, Comte Voyer d' (1771-1842). Grandson of Marc-Pierre
d'Argenson, Minister of War under Louis XV. He entered the army
in 1791. In 1809 he was Prefect of the Department of Deux-Nèthes
(Antwerp). Under the Restoration and the Monarchy of July he was
a Deputy and conspicuous for his liberal opinions. He married
the widow of Prince Victor de Broglie, mother of Duke Victor.

ARNAULT, Antoine Vincent (1766-1834). A French tragic poet and
fabulist. He attached himself to Bonaparte at an early period,
and accompanied him to Egypt, and was made by him Governor of
the Ionian Islands. He then worked at the organisation of Public
Instruction. He was made a member of the Institut in 1799, and
in 1833 became Perpetual Secretary of the Académie française.

ASHLEY, Lord (1801-1881). An English statesman and philanthropist.
In 1830 he married Lady Emily Cooper, and in 1851, on the death
of his father, became Earl of Shaftesbury. In 1826 he was
elected to the House of Commons, and was a member of several
Ministries.

ATHALIN, Baron Louis Marie (1784-1856). A French General of
Engineers. Served with distinction in the Imperial Campaigns,
received the title of Baron after the Battle of Dresden, and
under the Restoration became aide-de-camp to the Duc d'Orléans.
He was entrusted with several diplomatic missions and was made a
Peer of France when Louis-Philippe ascended the throne. After
1848 he retired into private life.

AUBUSSON DE LA FEUILLADE, Pierre Hector Raymond Comte d'
(1765-1848). Under the First Empire he was Chamberlain to the
Empress Josephine, then Minister Plenipotentiary and Ambassador.
The Emperor made him a Peer during the Hundred Days, but the
Restoration removed him. He did not re-enter the House of Peers
till November 1831. He was the father of the Duchesse de Lévis
and the last of his name, having in 1842 lost his son who had
become insane.

AUGEREAU, Pierre François Charles (1757-1816). Marshal of France
under the First Empire and Duc de Castiglione. He distinguished
himself in several campaigns and carried out the _coup d'état_
of 18th Fructidor.

AUGUSTA, Princess of England, daughter of King George III., died
unmarried.

AUSTRIA, Emperor of, Ferdinand I. (1793-1875). Son of Francis II.,
ascended the throne in 1835. His incapacity for Government and
his bad health obliged him to leave the control of affairs to a
regency chiefly directed by Prince Metternich. He abdicated in
1848 in favour of his nephew Francis Joseph I.

AUSTRIA, Archduke Louis Joseph of (1784-1864). Son of the Emperor
Leopold II. and of the Empress Marie Louise, daughter of Charles
III. of Spain; he was Director-General of Artillery.

AUSTRIA, Archduchess Sophia of (1805-1872). Daughter of Maximilian
I., King of Bavaria, married in 1824 the Archduke
Francis-Charles, and was the mother of Francis Joseph I.

B

BACKHOUSE, John, died in 1845. An English author and statesman.
He was for some years Canning's private secretary, and was
twice Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.

BACOURT, Adolphe Fourrier de (1801-1865). A French Diplomatist and
a Peer of France. He was sent to assist the Prince de Talleyrand
while the latter was King Louis-Philippe's Ambassador in London,
and was afterwards Minister at Carlsruhe and Washington, and
Ambassador at Turin. He resigned in 1848.

BAILLOT, a young officer and an only son who was killed in Paris
during the _émeute_ of April 13, 1834, by a pistol shot fired at
him point blank while he was carrying an order from Marshal
Lobau.

BALBI, Comtesse de (1753-1839). She was the daughter of the
Marquis de Caumont la Force and married the Comte de Balbi, a
Genoese. She was lady-in-waiting to the Comtesse de Provence,
and was honoured with the friendship of the Comte de Provence
(afterwards Louis XVIII.).

BARANTE, Baron de (1782-1866). He was successively Auditor of the
Conseil d'État, charged with various diplomatic missions,
Prefect of La Vendée, and then of Nantes, Deputy, Peer of France
and Ambassador at St. Petersburg. He was very successful as a
historian and was elected to the Academy.

BARBÉ-MARBOIS, François, Marquis de (1745-1837). Before the
Revolution he held several diplomatic appointments. At the
Revolution he was deported to La Guyane, and did not return
until after the 18th brumaire. The First Consul made him
President of the Cour des Comptes, an office which he held till
1834.

BARRINGTON, Charles, a young Englishman intimate with Lord Holland
towards 1832.

BARROT, Odilon (1781-1873). A French politician. He began as a
lawyer and took an active part in the Revolution of 1830. Under
Louis-Philippe he was the leader of the dynastic Left.

BARTHE, Felix (1795-1863). French magistrate and statesman. He was
connected with the Carbonari and a violent opponent of the
Restoration. In 1830 he was a Deputy and was subsequently
Minister of Public Instruction, Garde des Sceaux, and President
of the Cour des Comptes. In 1831 he was made a Peer. In the Molé
Cabinet he was Minister of Justice, and in 1852 he was summoned
to the Senate.

BASTARD D'ETANG, Comte (1794-1844). French magistrate and
politician. Conseiller à la Cour in 1810, in 1819 he was
summoned to the House of Peers. He conducted the prosecution of
Louvel with integrity, showed much political independence, and
after 1830 was one of the members of the Upper House charged
with the prosecution of Charles X.'s ministers.

BASSANO, Hughes Bernard Maret, Duc de (1763-1839). Began as a
lawyer, and in 1789 published the bulletins of the National
Assembly, thus founding the _Moniteur Universel_. Bonaparte
after the 18th Brumaire made him Secretary General to the
Consuls, and afterwards a Minister. He always accompanied the
Emperor, was made Duc de Bassano in 1811 and Minister of Foreign
Affairs. In 1831 Louis-Philippe made him a Peer of France, and
in 1834 he was for a very brief period Minister of the Interior
and President of the Council.

BASSANO, Duchesse de, Madame Maret, wife of the Duc de Bassano,
was Maid of Honour to the Empresses Josephine and Marie-Louise.

BATHURST, Henry, Earl (1762-1834). An English Statesman and one of
the most eminent members of the Tory Party. He was Secretary of
State for Foreign Affairs, for War and for the Colonies, as well
as President of the Board of Trade and Lord President of the
Council in the Duke of Wellington's Ministry. He was an intimate
friend of the Duke and an implacable enemy of Napoleon I., whom
he caused to be banished to St. Helena.

BATTHYANY, Countess (1798-1840). _Née_ Baroness von Ahrenfeldt.
She married Field-Marshal Count Bubna. She became a widow in
1825 and married in 1828 Count Gustave Batthyany Stratlman.

BAUDRAND, Marie-Etienne François, Comte de (1774-1848). A French
General. Served under the Republic in the Armies of the Rhine
and Italy, took part in the Battle of Mont Saint Jean as Chief
of Staff, became a Peer of France under Louis-Philippe, was
aide-de-camp to the Duc d'Orléans at the siege of Antwerp in
1832, and in 1837 became Governor of the Comte de Paris.

BEAUHARNAIS, Eugène de (1781-1824). Son of General de Beauharnais
and Josephine Tascher de la Pagerie, who afterwards became
Empress by her second marriage with Bonaparte. Eugène de
Beauharnais took an active part in the Wars of the Empire. In
1805 he was appointed Viceroy of Italy, and in 1806 he married
the Princess Augusta, daughter of the King of Bavaria. After the
fall of Napoleon he retired to Bavaria with the title of Duke of
Leuchtenburg.

BEAUHARNAIS, Hortense de (1783-1837). Daughter of the Empress
Josephine, married in 1802 Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland, and
became the mother of Napoleon III. Under the Restoration she
received a pension and the title of Duchesse de Saint-Leu.

BEAUHARNAIS, Stéphanie de (1789-1860). Daughter of Claude de
Beauharnais, Chamberlain of the Empress Marie-Louise, married in
1806 the Grand Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Baden, who died
in 1818.

BEAUVEAU, Maréchale, Princesse de (1720-1807). Marie Charlotte de
Rohan-Chabot; married first in 1749 J. B. de Clermont d'Amboise,
and secondly, in 1764, the Prince de Beauveau.

BEAUVILLIERS, Duchesse de (1774-1824). She was the seventh
daughter of the Duc de Mortemart by his first marriage with
Mlle. d'Harcourt. She married François, Duc de Beauvilliers de
Saint-Aignan, Peer of France.

BEDFORD, John, Duke of (1766-1839). Married, firstly, a daughter
of Viscount Torrington; and, secondly, a daughter of the Duke of
Gordon. His third son was Lord John Russell.

BEDFORD, Duchess of. Died 1853. Daughter of Alexander, Duke of
Gordon. Married in 1803 the Duke of Bedford.

BEÏRA, Duchesse de (1793-1874). Marie-Thérèse, Infanta of
Portugal. In 1813 she lost her husband, Don Pedro Carlos,
Infante of Spain, and married, secondly, the Infante Don
Carlos of Spain in 1828. He died in 1855.

BELFAST, Anne Henrietta, Lady (1799-1860). Married Lord Belfast in
1822.

BELGIUM, Princess Louise d'Orléans, Queen of (1812-1850). Second
wife of King Leopold I. of Belgium, and daughter of Louis
Philippe, King of France.

BENCKENDORFF, Alexander, Count (1784-1844). A Russian officer. In
the rebellion of 1825 he showed great devotion to the Emperor
Nicolas, who made him his aide-de-camp and created him Count and
Senator. He was the brother of the Princesse de Lieven.

BÉRANGER, Madame de. Died in 1826. She was a Mlle. de Lannois and
married in 1793 the Duc de Châtillon Montmorency. In 1806 she
married, secondly, Comte Gua de Béranger.

BÉRANGER, Mlle. Elisabeth de. A daughter of the Duchesse de
Châtillon by her second marriage. She married the Comte Charles
de Vogüé, brother of the Marquis.

BERGAMI, Barthélemy. An Italian postillion in the stables of Queen
Caroline, wife of George IV. of England. The Queen raised him to
the rank of Chamberlain after she had left England and taken
refuge in Italy. He was very good-looking, and had two brothers,
Balloti and Louis. The Queen made the latter her steward, and
entrusted her financial affairs to the former. Their sister, who
had married a Count Oldi, became her Lady-in-Waiting.

BERGERON, Louis. Born in 1811: a French journalist. After 1830 he
threw himself into the Republican movement, and in November,
1832, was accused of having shot at Louis-Philippe. He was
acquitted, but in 1840, having struck M. de Girardin at the
Opera in the course of a polemical discussion, he was condemned
to three years' imprisonment.

BERRY, Duc de (1778-1820). Second son of the Comte d'Artois
(Charles X.). He followed his family during the Emigration, and
returned to France in 1814. In 1816 he married the Princess
Caroline of Naples. He was assassinated at Paris on February 13,
1820, by Louvel, who wished to extinguish in him the race of the
Bourbons. He left, however, a posthumous child, the Duc de
Bordeaux.

BERRY, Duchesse de (1798-1870). Princess Caroline, daughter of
Francis I., King of the Two Sicilies. Married in 1816 the Duc de
Berry, and was the mother of the Comte de Chambord.

BERRYER, Antoine (1790-1868). An advocate of the first rank, and
the orator of the Legitimist party. He was several times Deputy,
and was elected to the Académie in 1855. At twenty years of age
he married Mlle. Caroline Gauthier. His last years were spent in
retirement on his estate of Augerville.

BERULLE, Cardinal Pierre de (1575-1629). Distinguished alike by
his kindly and conciliatory temper, by his religious firmness
and by the extent of his knowledge. He powerfully assisted
Cardinal de Peyron in his controversies with the Protestants; he
established the Order of the Carmelites in France, and founded
the Congregation of the Oratory.

BERTIN DE VEAUX (1766-1842). Born at Essonnes. He founded in 1799
the _Journal des Débats_, along with his brother. He was
Conseiller d'État, Deputy, Vice-President of the Chamber,
Minister at the Hague, and a Peer of France.

BIGNON, Louis Pierre Edouard, Baron (1771-1841). A French
diplomatist; Secretary of Legation in Switzerland, Sardinia, and
Prussia. He was Minister at Cassel and Carlsruhe, and
Administrator in Poland and Austria under the First Empire. He
was made a Deputy in 1817 and a Peer of France in 1837.

BIRON, Armand Louis, Duc de (1747-1793). Known under the name of
Lauzun. He took part in the American War of Independence. In
1792 he was made Commander-in-Chief of the Armies of the Rhine.
Accused of treason by the Committee of Public Safety and tried
before the Revolutionary Tribunal, he was condemned to death and
executed.

BIRON-COURLANDE, Princess Antoinette de (1813-1881). Married the
Comte de Lazareff, a Russian colonel.

BJOERNSTERNA, Magnus Frederick Ferdinand. After the Battle of
Eckmühl he was sent on a mission to Napoleon I. He was
afterwards Minister-Plenipotentiary at London.

BLACAS, Pierre Louis Jean, Duc de (1770-1839). Attached himself to
the person of Louis XVIII. during his exile, and at the
Restoration was made Minister of the King's Household. He became
a member of the House of Peers, and was sent to Naples to
negotiate the marriage of the Duc de Berry with the Princess
Caroline, and to Rome to conclude a concordat which never came
into operation.

BOIGNE, Comtesse de (1780-1866). Adèle d'Osmond married the Comte
de Boigne in 1798 during the Emigration. The Comte, after an
adventurous life, had returned from India with a large fortune.
From 1814 to 1859 Madame de Boigne's salon was one of the most
important in aristocratic, diplomatic, and political circles in
Paris. The Duc Pasquier was its most regular _habitué_.

BOISMILON, Jacques Dominique de (1795-1871). A French teacher who
was made Secretary to the Duc d'Orléans. He was afterwards
attached to the Comte de Paris, and was promoted Officer of the
Legion of Honour in 1845.

BOISSY, Mlle. Rouillé de. Sister of the Marquis de Boissy, Peer of
France. She married Comte Pierre d'Aubusson, who became insane
and died in 1842. She herself died in 1855.

BOLIVAR, Simon (1783-1830). The Liberator of America. He freed
Venezuela and New Granada, which he united in a single Republic
under the name of Columbia.

BONAPARTE, General. _See_ NAPOLEON.

BONAPARTE, Jerome (1784-1860). King of Westphalia. The youngest
brother of Napoleon I. In his youth he had married a Miss
Paterson, whom the Emperor forced him to divorce in order that
he might marry Princess Catherine of Würtemberg.

BONAPARTE, Lucien (1773-1840). The third brother of Napoleon I. He
had many talents, but an independent character. He was in
disgrace with his brother and retired to Rome, where Pope Pius
VII. raised his estate of Canino to the rank of a Principality.

BONNIVARD. François de (1494-1571). Historian and politician;
Prior of Saint-Victor in the territories of Geneva. He made
common cause with the Genevan patriots against Charles III.,
Duke of Savoy, who coveted the place. When the Duke became
master of Geneva he imprisoned Bonnivard at Chillon, where he
remained six years. He is the subject of Lord Byron's fine poem
"The Prisoner of Chillon."

BORDEAUX, Duc de (1820-1883). Son of the Duc de Berry and grandson
of Charles X. He lived in exile with his family from the year
1830, either at Frohsdorff in Styria or at Venice. He used the
title of Comte de Chambord. He married an Archduchess of
Austria, and never had any children.

BOULLE, André Charles (1642-1732). A celebrated cabinet maker.

BOURQUENEY, Baron, afterwards Comte de (1800-1869). Connected with
the _Journal des Débats_, then Maître des Requêtes to the
Conseil d'Etat. He afterwards took up diplomacy, and was
Secretary of Embassy in London, and thereafter, in 1844,
Ambassador at Constantinople, and, in 1859, at Vienna. He soon
afterwards gave up diplomacy and entered the Senate.

BRAGANZA, Duchess of (1812-1873). Amelia Augusta, daughter of
Eugène de Beauharnais, Viceroy of Italy, and of a Bavarian
Princess. She was the second wife of Dom Pedro I., Emperor of
Brazil, who died in 1834.

BRENIER, de Renaudière, Baron (1807-1885). He was sent on a
mission to Greece in 1828, and was afterwards Secretary of
Embassy at London, Lisbon, and Brussels. In 1855 he was French
Minister at Naples.

BRESSON, Charles, Comte (1788-1847). A French diplomatist who
under Napoleon I. was an official in the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs. In 1833 he was appointed First Secretary at London, and
in 1835 he was made Minister at Berlin, where he re-established
friendly relations between France and Prussia. In 1841 he became
Ambassador at Madrid, and in 1847 at Naples, where he killed
himself in a fit of insanity.

BRETONNEAU, Dr. Pierre (1788-1862). A celebrated French physician,
who lived at Tours, his native place, where he settled, being
indifferent to fame. He was one of the greatest ornaments of the
French medical school, and did much good among the poor.

BROGLIE, Duc de, Achille Charles Victor (1785-1870). Member of the
House of Peers, where he distinguished himself by defending
Marshal Ney on the occasion of his case. He belonged to the
doctrinaire party, and was several times in office under Louis
Philippe. He was a member of the Académie française, and was
married to a daughter of Madame de Staël.

BROGLIE, Duchesse de (1797-1840). Albertine de Staël married the
Duc Victor de Broglie in 1814. Madame de Broglie was beautiful,
serious, and pious, and had the reputation of being rather
severe.

BROOKE, Lord. Born in 1818. Married in 1852 Anne, daughter of the
Earl of Wemyss, and succeeded his father as Earl of Warwick in
1853.

BROUGHAM, Henry, Lord (1778-1868). An English politician and man
of letters, a brilliant contributor to the _Edinburgh Review_,
and after making a great success at the Bar, entered Parliament
in 1810. He was the celebrated and successful defender of Queen
Caroline, who had been accused of adultery. He was made a Peer
and Lord Chancellor in the Ministry of Lord Grey in 1830.

BROUGHAM, Lady. Died 1865. Mary Anne, daughter of Sir Thomas Eden,
married firstly Lord Spalding. On his death she married Lord
Brougham in 1819, by whom she had one daughter named Eleonora,
who died of consumption at the age of seventeen. In the hope
that the fine climate might cure her, Lord Brougham built a
house at Cannes, and so laid the foundation of the prosperity of
that resort.

BÜLOW, Henry, Baron von (1790-1846). A Prussian diplomatist. In
1827 he was appointed Prussian Minister in England, and took
part in the Conference of London in 1831. Afterwards he held the
portfolio of Foreign Affairs in Prussia. He married the daughter
of Wilhelm von Humboldt.

BURGERSH, John, Lord (1811-1859). After the death of his father he
became Earl of Westmorland. After being aide-de-camp to the Duke
of Wellington, he adopted the career of diplomacy and was
Minister at Florence, Berlin, and Vienna. He was a great
musician and composed several operas.

BUTERA, Prince di; died 1841. He was an Englishman named Wilding,
who married the Princesse di Butera, the representative of a
great family of Palermo. By decree of the king of the Two
Sicilies in 1822 he was authorised to add the title to his name.
In 1835 another decree made him in his own right Prince di
Radoli, a title which he bore until his death. He left no heir.

BYRON, George Gordon, Lord (1788-1824). A celebrated English poet.
At the commencement of the Greek War of Independence he went to
the scene of action and died at Missolonghi.

C

CALOMARDE, Francis Thadé (1775-1842). A Spanish statesman who was
the life and soul of his country's policy after the restoration
of Ferdinand VII. He was a member of the Ministry of Grace and
Justice in 1824, and managed to preserve a preponderating
influence over the king. He became the leading spirit of the
reactionary party, was partly responsible for the decree
whereby Ferdinand VII. abolished Salic law in Spain, and
severely punished the Carlist risings. However, when the King
was struck down by serious illness in 1832, and was believed to
be dead, Calomarde was the first to salute Don Carlos with the
title of King, and Queen Christina exiled him to his estates
when she became Regent. He was on the point of being arrested
when he fled to France, where he lived in retirement until his
death.

CAMBRIDGE, Augusta, Duchess of, daughter of the Landgrave
Frederick of Hesse-Cassel. Married in 1818 Adolphus Frederick,
Duke of Cambridge, seventh son of George III. of England. He
died in 1857.

CAMPAN, Madame (1752-1822). Jeanne Genet who, at fifteen years of
age, became lectrice to Mesdames, daughters of Louis XV. She
married M. Campan, and became first woman of the Bedchamber to
Marie Antoinette. During the Revolution she retired to the
Valley of Chevreuse, and founded a school for young ladies to
which Madame de Beauharnais sent her daughter. Napoleon I.
afterwards made Madame Campan superintendent of the school which
he founded at Ecouen for the education of daughters of Members
of the Legion of Honour.

CANINO, Charles Jules Laurent, Prince of Canino and Musignano
(1803-1857). Son of Lucien Bonaparte. Married a daughter of
Joseph Bonaparte. He was President of the Roman Constituent
Assembly in 1848, was a distinguished naturalist and a
corresponding member of the Institute of France.

CANIZZARO, Duchess of. An Englishwoman who married François de
Plantamone, Duke of Canizzaro, who for several years was
Minister of the Two Sicilies at the Court of England.

CANNING, George (1770-1827). An English statesman. He left the Bar
and entered the House of Commons in 1793 as a supporter of Pitt,
who made him an Under Secretary of State. Afterwards he was in
Opposition, and later was Ambassador at Lisbon. He travelled on
the Continent, and his association with the Parisian Liberals
altered his principles. In 1822 he became Foreign Secretary, and
thenceforward concerned himself with Liberal reforms. He was a
generous friend of the Catholics.

CANNING, Charles John, Earl (1812-1862). An English statesman, son
of George Canning. He entered the House of Commons in 1836 and
took the side of the Opposition led by Sir Robert Peel. On his
father's death he went to the House of Lords, and became Under
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. In 1846 he was appointed
to the Woods and Forests, and in 1852 was made
Postmaster-General. He was subsequently Governor-General of
India, where for two years he had to struggle with the Mutiny.

CANNING, Lady (1817-1864). Eldest daughter of Lord Stuart of
Rothesay. Married Lord Canning in 1835 and died childless.

CANOVA, Antony (1757-1822). A celebrated Italian sculptor.

CAPO D'ISTRIA, Jean Antoine, Count (1776-1831). Born at Corfu, he
was educated in Italy and entered the Russian service. The Czar,
Alexander I., sent him on several missions to Germany, Turkey,
and Switzerland. He was a plenipotentiary on the occasion of the
second Treaty of Paris in 1815. He afterwards retired to
Switzerland and supported the Greeks in their revolt. He was
assassinated by the sons of the Bey of the Maniotes.

CARLISLE, George William, Earl of, Viscount Morpeth (1802-1864).
On his mother's side he was the grandson of the beautiful
Duchess of Devonshire. He filled with distinction the position
of Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland under the Liberal Administration
of Lord John Russell.

CARLOTTA, The Infanta (1804-1844). Daughter of the King of the Two
Sicilies and sister of Queen Marie Christina of Spain, wife of
Don Francesco de Paulo, Infante of Spain.

CAROLINE, Queen (1781-1821). Daughter of the Duke of Brunswick;
married in 1795 the Prince of Wales, who became Regent in 1810,
and King of England in 1820 as George IV. Her husband publicly
accused her of adultery, and the resulting case is famous. The
inquiry only proved that her Majesty had been guilty of
indiscretions.

CARRACI, Annibale (1560-1609). Considered the greatest of the
painters of his family, the members of which were almost all
distinguished artists.

CARREL, Armand (1800-1836). A celebrated French publicist. He was
educated at Saint Cyr, and took an active part in the
semi-Liberal, semi-Bonapartist conspiracies of the time of the
Restoration. On the occasion of the Spanish Revolution he went
in secret to fight for the Constitutionalists. He quitted the
sword for the pen, and became editor in chief of the _National_,
a newspaper founded by Messieurs Thiers and Mignet for the
purpose of hastening the downfall of the Bourbons and the
elevation of the House of Orleans to the throne. It was only in
1832 that the _National_ adopted the principles of
Republicanism. Carrel fought a duel with M. de Girardin, and
died forty-eight hours later as the result of the wounds he
received.

CASTELLANE, André, Marquis de (1758-1837). Deputy for the nobility
in 1789, he joined the Tiers État, and was secretary of the
Constituent Assembly. During the Terror he was thrown into
prison and only escaped the guillotine owing to the death of
Robespierre. In 1802 he was made Prefect of the Basses Pyrénées,
and thereafter Maître des Requêtes to the Council of State.
Louis XVIII. made him a Peer of France in 1815, and
Lieutenant-General in the following year. He was the father of
Marshal de Castellane.

CASTELLANE, Comtesse de (1796-1847). Cordelia Greffulhe married
the Comte de Castellane, afterwards Marshal of France, in 1813.

CASTLEREAGH, Robert Stuart, Viscount, Marquess of Londonderry
(1769-1822). He entered the House of Commons, where he supported
the policy of Pitt. He was a fierce enemy of the French
Revolution, and the life and soul of the coalitions against
Napoleon I. While he was Secretary for War he furnished
subsidies to the Powers fighting against the Emperor. At the
Congress of Vienna in 1815 he sacrificed Poland, Belgium,
Saxony, and Genoa. He was vehemently attacked in Parliament, and
killed himself in a fit of insanity.

CASTRIES, Armand Charles Augustin de la Croix, Duc de (1756-1842).
A deputy to the States General, he had taken part as a Colonel
in the American War of Independence. He was an energetic
defender of the Royal prerogatives, and in a duel which sprang
from a political discussion he wounded Charles de Lameth in the
arm. As a result of this he was obliged to retire to Germany. In
1814 he was made a General of Division and a Peer of France. He
afterwards rallied to the July monarchy.

CATHERINE of Aragon (1483-1536). Daughter of Ferdinand of Aragon
and of Isabella of Castille. Married successively Henry VII. and
Henry VIII. of England. The latter repudiated her in order to
marry Anne Boleyn, and this divorce was the origin of the
English schism.

CATHERINE dei Medici (1519-1589). Queen of France, daughter of
Lorenzo II. dei Medici, married Henry II. King of France, and
was Regent during the minority of her second son, Charles IX.
Catherine brought from Italy a taste for art. She built the
palace of the Tuileries and continued the building of the
Louvre.

CATHERINE Paulowna, the Grand Duchess (1788-1819). Daughter of the
Czar Paul I. of Russia. Married first Prince Peter of Holstein,
then William I., King of Würtemberg, by whom she had a daughter.

CAULAINCOURT, Comtesse de. Died in 1835. Blanche d'Aubusson
married in 1812 Auguste Jean Gabriel de Caulaincourt, who was
killed at the Battle of La Moskowa, and who was the brother of
the Duc de Vincence.

CELLES, Antoine Charles, Comte de Visher de (1769-1841). A member
of an illustrious family of Brabant, he was elected a member of
the States General for that province. Napoleon I. made him
Maître des Requêtes to the Council of State and Prefect of the
Loire-Inférieure, and afterwards of the Zuyder-sée. After 1814
he became a subject of the King of the Netherlands, and was for
some time a member of the provincial estates. King Leopold
having sent him to France as Minister Plenipotentiary, M. de
Celles became naturalised and became a Councillor of State in
France in 1833. He was the brother-in-law of Marshal Gérard.

CHABANNES la Palice, Comte Alfred de (1799-1868). He was first a
member of the Garde du Corps of Louis XVIII.; then Chef
d'Escadron and colonel after the siege of Antwerp. He became
General of Brigade and aide-de-camp to the King in 1840. He left
the service in 1848, and followed the royal family into exile.

CHABANNES, Louisa de (1701-1869). A Carmelite nun: she became
Superior of the Paris Convent, and after some years became
Superior of that at Brussels, where she died.

CHALAIS, Princesse de, Marie Françoise de Rochechouart-Mortemart.
Married, first, the Marquis de Cany, by whom she had a daughter,
who became the grandmother of the Prince de Talleyrand. She
married secondly Louis Charles de Talleyrand, Prince de Chalais,
who died in 1757. She was lady-in-waiting to the Queen.

CHALAIS, Princesse de. Died 1834. Élolie Pauline Beauvilliers de
Saint-Aignan married in 1832 Hélie-Royer de Talleyrand-Périgord,
Prince de Chalais, a title borne by the eldest son of the head
of this House.

CHANTELAUZE, Victor de (1787-1859). A Deputy; Charles X.'s last
Garde des Sceaux. He drafted the famous decrees which caused the
Revolution of July. He was arrested and sentenced to
imprisonment for life. The Amnesty of 1837 set him at liberty.

CHARLEMAGNE (742-814). King of the Franks and head of the
Carolingian dynasty. He succeeded his father Pepin the Short in
768. In 800 Pope Leo III. crowned him Emperor of the West.

CHARLES I., King of England (1600-1649). Son of James I.: he
married Henrietta of France, daughter of Henri IV. and sister of
Louis XIII. He died on the scaffold.

CHARLES IX., King of France (1550-1574). Second son of Henri II.
and Catherine dei Medici. In his reign the kingdom was
distracted by religious wars.

CHARLES X., King of France (1757-1836). Brother of Louis XVI. and
Louis XVIII., whom he succeeded in 1824. He bore the title of
Comte d'Artois until his accession. He died in exile at Goritz.

CHARLES JOHN, King of Sweden (1764-1844). General Bernadotte,
Prince de Ponte Corvo, Marshal of France. He married Mlle.
Clary, sister of Joseph Bonaparte's wife. After the death of
Charles XIII. of Sweden, by whom he had been adopted, he became
in 1818 King of Sweden and Norway.

CHARLOTTE, Princess of Prussia (1798-1860). Daughter of King
Frederick William III. Married in 1817 the Grand Duke Nicolas of
Russia, who succeeded his brother Alexander I. on the throne.

CHATEAUBRIAND, François René, Vicomte de (1768-1848). One of the
most illustrious of the French authors of the nineteenth
century. He was intimate with many women celebrated for their
talent, their grace, or their beauty. Under the Restoration he
was for some years in the diplomatic service, and as Minister
of Foreign Affairs had much to do with the Spanish war of 1822.

CHATILLON-MONTMORENCY, Duc de, husband of Mlle. Lannois. He
perished in the wreck of the frigate _Blanche_ at the mouth of
the Elbe.

CHODRON, Jules (1804-1870). Son of M. de Talleyrand's notary. M.
de Talleyrand obtained for him the grant of the name Courcel
from King Louis-Philippe. He entered the diplomatic service, in
which he attained an honourable and distinguished position. His
son was for several years Ambassador at Berlin and London.

CHOISEUL-STAINVILLE, Etienne François, Duc de (1719-1785). A
French statesman, Ambassador, and afterwards Minister from 1758
to 1770 under Louis XV. He was responsible for the conclusion of
the Family Compact. He was overthrown by a Court intrigue
because he would not give way to Madame Dubarry. Banished to his
estate of Chanteloup, he received there, in spite of the King,
many tokens of public esteem. He married Mlle. Crozat du Châtel,
who paid the debts which her husband's generosity had led him to
contract, and passed the last years of her life, after becoming
a widow, in a poor convent at Paris.

CLANRICARDE, Marquess of (1802-1874). An English politician.
Married in 1825 the daughter of George Canning, and was in the
following year summoned to the House of Lords. He was Under
Secretary for Foreign Affairs in 1826, Ambassador to Russia from
1838 to 1841, Postmaster-General from 1846 to 1852, and Lord
Privy Seal in 1857.

CLANRICARDE, Lady. Died 1876. Henrietta, only daughter of George
Canning; wife of Lord Clanricarde.

CLARENCE, Duchess of (1792-1849). _See_ Adelaide, Queen.

CLARENDON, Edward Hyde, Earl of (1608-1674). An English Minister
and historian. In the Civil War, under Charles I., he took the
Royalist side. Charles II. made him Lord Chancellor. He retired
to France, and died at Rouen.

CLARENDON, Earl of (1800-1870). British Minister at Madrid in
1833. Afterwards President of the Board of Trade and Lord
Lieutenant of Ireland. In 1853 he became Secretary of State for
Foreign Affairs, represented England at the Congress of Paris in
1856, and was afterwards Ambassador to Italy in 1868.

COBBETT, William (1766-1835). An English demagogue. He spent
several years in the United States, and on his return to England
in 1804 he edited a Radical journal, which was often prosecuted.
In 1832 he was elected to the House of Commons, where he was a
warm supporter of Parliamentary Reform.

COBURG, Prince Ferdinand of (1816-1888). He was the second husband
of Queen Doña Maria da Gloria, whom he married in 1836. He
received the title of King in 1837. His wife died in 1853, and
he became Regent during his son's minority. In 1869 he
contracted a morganatic marriage with Mlle. Hensler, who was
made Countess Elice d'Edla. He was the brother of King Leopold
of Belgium and of the Duchess of Kent.

COLNAGHI, a London print and picture dealer. The origin of this
firm goes back to 1750 when Paul Colnaghi, an Italian who came
from Paris, opened a shop in partnership with a M. Nolteno. King
George IV. was a constant patron.

CONROY, Sir John (1786-1854). An English officer, Gentleman in
Waiting to the Duchess of Kent. On her accession Queen Victoria
made him a baronet. He married in 1808 the daughter and heiress
of Major Fisher, brother of the Bishop of Salisbury.

CONYNGHAM, William, Lord (1765-1854). An Irish barrister and
member of the House of Commons. He belonged to the Liberal group
of which Burke was a member. Towards the end of his life he
leaned towards the Tories. He was raised to the Peerage.

CONYNGHAM, Henry, Lord (1766-1832), married the eldest daughter of
Joseph Denison.

CONYNGHAM, Lady, died 1861. Elizabeth, daughter of J. Denison, a
London banker, married in 1794 Henry, Baron Conyngham, who was
made a Marquis in 1816. She was intimate with the Prince Regent
and turned her influence over him to good account.

CONYNGHAM, Francis Nathaniel, Marquis of (1797-1882). During his
father's lifetime he bore the name of Mount Charles. He
distinguished himself in public life by his liberal ideas, was
Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, a Lord of the
Treasury, and Postmaster General in 1834, a Privy Councillor in
1835, and Vice-Admiral of Ulster in 1849.

CORINNA, A Grecian poetess of the fifth century, B.C.

COUSIN, Victor (1792-1867). A French philosopher and author, a
Peer of France, director of the Ecole Normale and a member of
the Académie française. For a very short time he was Minister of
Public Instruction under M. Thiers in 1840.

COWLEY, Lady (1796-1860). Georgiana Augusta, eldest daughter of
the Marquis of Salisbury, married in 1816 the Hon. Henry
Wellesley, who in 1828 was created Baron Cowley.

COWPER, Lady, Sister of W. Lamb, Lord Melbourne. She married Lord
Palmerston (secondly) in 1840, being then fifty years of age.

CRANMER, Thomas (1489-1556). Archbishop of Canterbury, a promoter
of the Reformation in England. He pronounced, himself, the
divorce against Catherine of Aragon, which the Pope had refused
to Henry VIII. On the Accession of Queen Mary Tudor he was
arrested as a heretic and burned at the stake.

CROMWELL, Oliver (1599-1658). Lord Protector of the Commonwealth
of England in 1653. He brought about the ruin of the Royalist
Cause, and the misfortunes of Charles I., for whose condemnation
he was responsible.

CUMBERLAND, Ernest Augustus, Duke of (1771-1851). The last of the
sons of George III. In 1837 he mounted the throne of Hanover.

CUMBERLAND, Duchess of (1778-1841). Frederica, Princess of
Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Younger sister of Queen Louise of Prussia.
She married in 1793 Prince Louis of Prussia, brother of
Frederick William III. On his death she married secondly Prince
Frederick William of Solms-Braunfels, and finally, thirdly, the
Duke of Cumberland who was called to the Throne of Hanover in
1837. She was the mother of King George V. of Hanover.

CUVIER, Georges (1769-1838). A celebrated naturalist, member of
the Académie française, Councillor of State in 1814, and Peer of
France in 1831.

CZARTORYSKI, Prince Adam (1770-1860). Son of Adam Casimi
Czartoryski, who on the death of Augustus III. King of Poland
was proposed as a candidate for the Throne, but was set aside in
favour of Stanislas Poniatowski at the instance of Catherine II.
After the partition of Poland, he was sent as a hostage to St.
Petersburg where he enjoyed high favour with the Czar Alexander
I., became Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1801 to 1805, and in
1815 became Senator Palatine of Poland and Curator of the
University of Vilna. He retired from public life in 1821, and
after 1830 established himself at Paris. In 1817 he married the
Princess Anna Sapieha.

D

DACRE, Thomas Brand, Lord (1774-1851), married in 1819, Barbara,
daughter of Sir C. Ogle.

DALBERG, Duc de (1773-1833). Son of the Primate and
Arch-Chancellor of the same name, member of the Conseil
provisoire at Paris after the fall of Napoleon, and
plenipotentiary at the Congress of Vienna.

DAUPHIN DE FRANCE, Louis, son of Louis XV. (1729-1765), married
first the Infanta Maria of Spain, who died soon afterwards. He
had several children by his second marriage with Princess
Josepha, daughter of the Elector of Saxony and King of Poland.
He never came to the Throne, but was father of Louis XVI., Louis
XVIII., and Charles X. He was a model of all the virtues and
lived a saintly life.

DAURE, M. A teacher at the Collège Henri IV. in Paris, who wrote
for the _Constitutionnel_.

DAVOUT, Napoleon Louis (1810-1853). Son of the Marshal. He was on
Marshal Gérard's Staff at the siege of Antwerp. He entered the
House of Peers in 1836 and bore the title of Prince d'Eckmühl.

DAWSON DAMER, George Lionel, born in 1788. A colonel in the
British Army. He married the niece and adopted daughter of Mrs.
Fitzherbert, who died in 1848.

DECAZES, Elie, Duc (1780-1846). He was at first a lawyer and was
then attached to the service of King Louis of Holland. Louis
XVIII. afterwards made him a Minister and a Peer of France. In
1820 he had to quit the Ministry as the more fanatical Royalists
did not scruple to blame him for the assassination of the Duc de
Berry. He was created a Duke and sent as Ambassador to England.
After 1830 he rallied to Louis-Philippe, and was made Grand
Référendaire de la Cour des Pairs.

DECAZES, Duchesse, daughter of the Comte de Saint-Helaire by his
marriage with Mlle. de Soycourt, and grand-daughter on her
mother's side of the last Prince of Nassau-Sarbrück, and
grand-niece of the Duchess of Brunswick-Beovern, who obtained
from Frederick VI. of Denmark the transmission of the Duchy of
Glucksburg in favour of the Duc and Duchesse Decazes on their
marriage in 1818. She was the second wife of the Duc Decazes.

DEDEL, Solomon (1775-1846). A Danish diplomatist. He was
Ambassador to Sweden, Spain and England, and died at London.

DEMION, M. Agent for the Montmorency family, for the Prince de
Talleyrand, and for the James Rothschilds. For several years he
administered the estates of Valençay.

DENISON, Albert (1805-1860). Second son of the Marquis of
Conyngham. Through his mother he inherited a large fortune from
his uncle, Denison, and took his name. He was raised to the
Peerage as Lord Londesborough in 1850.

DESAGES, Emile (1793-1850). Son of a high official in the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs, he entered that office at the age of
sixteen. In 1820 he was appointed Secretary of Embassy at
Constantinople. In 1830 General Sébastiani then Minister of
Foreign Affairs, made him head of the Political Branch of the
Department. He retired after 1848 to Menesele in the Charente.

DEVONSHIRE, William, Duke of (1760-1835). He belonged to the
Courtenay family. The title being extinct in the elder branch,
the Duke succeeded in regaining it, after having proved before
the House of Lords in 1831 that by Letters Patent of 1553 Queen
Mary had laid down that the title, in default of direct heirs,
should pass to collateral branches.

DEVONSHIRE, Marchioness of. Died 1806, daughter of Lord Spencer,
married in 1774 the Marquis of Devonshire.

DIANE DE POITIERS (1499-1586). Eldest daughter of Jean de Poitiers
Seigneur de Saint-Vallier. Diane married Louis de Brézé, when
she was thirteen. She was the favourite of Henri II., who made
her Duchesse de Valentinois and gave her the Château d'Anet, one
of the finest pieces of architecture of this period.

DIDOT, Firmin (1764-1836). He distinguished himself early in life,
by the advances in the art of printing which were due to him.
His father and elder brother had already similarly distinguished
themselves. He was elected Deputy in 1827. Decorated with the
Legion of Honour, he was appointed by King Louis-Philippe,
Printer to the King and to the Institut de France.

DINO, Duchesse de (1793-1862). The title borne by the Comtesse
Edmond de Périgord from 1815 onwards. It had been granted by the
King of Naples to the Prince de Talleyrand, who had so
successfully defended his interests at the Congress of Vienna,
and M. de Talleyrand bestowed it as a compliment on his niece.

DOLOMIEU, Marquise de (1779-1849). Lady-in-waiting to Queen Maria
Amelia, to whom she was most devoted. Madame de Dolomieu was the
sister of Madame de Montjoye, Mme. Adélaïde's lady-in-waiting.

DOM MIGUEL (1802-1866). He was Regent of the Kingdom of Portugal
during the minority of his niece Queen Doña Maria da Gloria. He
seized the opportunity to possess himself of the Throne, and had
himself proclaimed king in 1828. Dom Pedro I. then returned from
Brazil, and after a sharp struggle he succeeded in re-conquering
the crown for his daughter, and in forcing Dom Miguel to leave
Portugal.

DON ANTONIO, the Infante (1755-1817). One of the Spanish princes
confined at Valençay by Napoleon I. On his return from captivity
he was made Grand Admiral of Castille.