Chapter XIX: Appendix: I (3)

MUSSET, Alfred de (1810-1857). A French poet, son of an official
of the Ministry of War. He was a fellow-pupil of the Duc
d'Orléans at the Collège Henri IV., and became his friend.

N

NANTES, Mlle. de (1673-1743). Fourth child of Louis XIV. and
Madame de Montespan, legitimated by Royal Letters Patent, and
married in 1785 to the Duc de Bourbon.

NAPLES, Princess Marie of (1820-1861). Married in 1850 Charles de
Bourbon, Comte de Montemolin.

NAPOLEON I., Emperor of the French (1769-1821). Second son of
Charles Bonaparte and Laetitia Ramolino. Married first Josephine
Tascher de la Pagerie, widow of General de Beauharnais, whom he
divorced in 1810, and married Marie Louise, Archduchess of
Austria, by whom he had a son.

NASSAU, William George Augustus, Duke of (1782-1839).

NECKER, Jacques (1732-1804). A banker of Geneva, who became
Director of French Finances under Louis XVI. He was the father
of Madame de Staël.

NECKER, Madame (1739-1794). Suzanne Curchot, daughter of a Swiss
Calvinist Pastor, wife of Jacques Necker, who was celebrated for
her beauty, her wit, and her goodness.

NEELD, Lady Caroline, died 1869. Daughter of the Earl of
Shaftesbury. She married Joseph Neeld in 1831.

NEMOURS, Duc de (1814-1896). Louis Charles d'Orléans, son of King
Louis-Philippe. He married a Princess of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.

NESSELRODE, Count (1780-1862). He belonged to a Westphalian
family, a branch of which settled in Livonia. He entered the
Russian diplomatic service, and was _attaché_ at various
Embassies, notably at that of Paris. He afterwards became
Chancellor of the Russian Empire. He married the daughter of
Count Gourieff, Russian Finance Minister. The Countess died in
1849.

NETHERLANDS, Prince Frederick of the (1797-1881). Admiral of the
Fleet. In 1825 he married Princess Louise of Prussia
(1808-1870), daughter of King Frederick William III.

NEY, Michel (1769-1815). Duc d'Elchingen, Prince de la Moskowa,
Marshal of France. He covered himself with glory in the wars of
the Revolution and the Empire. Napoleon called him _le brave des
braves_. Made a Peer of France by Louis XVIII. he declared for
Napoleon in the Hundred Days. At the Second Restoration he was
condemned by the House of Peers and shot.

NICOLAS I., Czar of Russia (1776-1855). Third son of Paul I. He
ascended the throne in 1825, succeeding his brother Alexander I.
on the renunciation of his brother, the Grand Duke Constantine.

NOAILLES, Paul, Duc de (1802-1885). Attached himself to the
Government of Louis-Philippe and frequently took part in
important debates in the House of Peers. At the Revolution of
1848 he retired into private life, and thenceforth occupied
himself with literature. He was elected to the Academy in 1849.

NOAILLES, Duchesse de. _See_ MORTEMART.

NOAILLES, Vicomtesse de (1792-1851). Charlotte Marie Antoinette,
daughter of the Duc de Poix, married her cousin Alfred, Vicomte
de Noailles, who was killed in 1812 at the crossing of the
Beresina.

NOAILLES, Mlle. Sabineide (1819-1870). Married, 1846, Lionel
Widdrington Standish.

NORFOLK, Duke of (1791-1856). Married, 1814, Charlotte Sophia,
daughter of the Duke of Sutherland. William IV. conferred the
Order of the Garter on him in 1834.

NORTHUMBERLAND, Duchess of. Died 1848. She was Lady Louisa Stuart
Wortley.

O

O'CONNELL, Daniel (1775-1847). Early in life he became connected
with associations for the emancipation of Irish Catholics. In
1823 he founded a Catholic Association embracing all Ireland.
As member of the House of Commons he had much influence;
brought about the triumph of the Whigs and supported
Parliamentary Reform.

OLIVIER, Abbé Nicolas Théodore. Born 1798. He was Curé de
Saint-Roch in Paris, and in 1841 became Bishop of Évreux.

OMPTEDA, Charles Georges, Baron (1767-1857). A Hanoverian
diplomatist, Minister of State, and Chief of the Hanoverian
Cabinet in 1823. From 1831 he was accredited to the Court of St.
James. He resigned on the death of William IV.

OMPTEDA, Baroness (1767-1843). Frederica Christina, Countess von
Schlippenbach. She married first Count Solms-Sonnenwald, and
secondly Baron Ompteda.

ORANGE, William, Prince of (1793-1849). Ascended the throne of
Holland in 1840. He married, in 1816, Anna Paulowna, _q.v._

ORLÉANS, Duc d' (1741-1793). Louis-Philippe Joseph, known as
Philippe Égalité. He systematically opposed the Court throughout
his life, and in 1787 became the leader of all the malcontents.
He was elected to the States-General, and became a member of the
Jacobin Club, but this did not prevent his being guillotined.

ORLÉANS, Duc d' (1810-1842). Ferdinand, eldest son of King
Louis-Philippe and Queen Marie Amélie. He served under Marshal
Gérard in Belgium, commanded in the Algerian campaigns, and died
as the result of a carriage accident near Paris.

ORSAY, Count Alfred d' (1801-1852). Surnamed the King of Fashion.
Good looks were hereditary in the d'Orsay family and the Count
was a dandy by vocation. He went early in life to London, then
regarded as the centre of masculine elegance. He ruined himself
by his extravagant though artistic tastes, and died miserably of
a spinal complaint.

OSSULSTON, Lord, born 1810. He married a daughter of the Duke of
Manchester and in 1859 became Lord Tankerville.

P

PAHLEN, Peter, Count, born in 1775, a Russian General. He played
a distinguished part in the campaigns of 1812, 1813, and 1814,
was Russian Ambassador at Paris from 1835 till 1841, and was
afterwards made a member of the Council of the Empire and
Inspector-General of the Cavalry.

PALAFOX, Don José de (1780-1847). The intrepid defender of
Saragossa. In 1808 he accompanied the Royal Family to France as
an officer, and escaped when he saw Ferdinand VII. detained as a
prisoner. He raised all Aragon, and, after vigorously defending
Saragossa, forced the French to retreat. They returned, however,
to the charge with all their forces and compelled him to
capitulate. Palafox powerfully contributed to the restoration of
Ferdinand VII. to the throne. In 1820 he declared for the
Constitution, and thereafter lived in retirement. On her
accession as Regent, Queen Maria Christina made him Duke of
Saragossa and a Grandee of Spain.

PALMELLA, P. de Souza Holstein, Duc de (1786-1850). A Portuguese
statesman. He was Regent of Portugal in 1830, and made the cause
of Doña Maria prevail over that of Dom Miguel. He was one of the
plenipotentiaries at the Congress of Vienna in 1815.

PALMERSTON, Lord (1784-1865). An English statesman. Elected to the
Commons in 1807, he was a Lord of the Admiralty in 1808,
Secretary for War 1809-1828, Secretary of State for Foreign
Affairs 1830-1841, and 1846-1851, Home Secretary 1852-1855,
First Lord of the Treasury 1855-1858, and from 1859 till his
death.

PALMERSTON, Lady (1787-1869). Sister of Lord Melbourne, married
first Lord Cowper and secondly Lord Palmerston.

PALMYRE, Mlle. The first dressmaker in Paris in the time of
Louis-Philippe.

PARRY, Sir William Edward (1790-1855). An English navigator famous
for his expeditions to the North Pole. He was hydrographer to
the Admiralty, and accompanied Ross on his first voyage of
discovery.

PASQUIER, Étienne, Duc (1767-1862). Napoleon made him Maître des
Requêtes, then Conseiller d'État. He rallied to the Bourbons in
1814, was made Garde des Sceaux in 1815, and afterwards a member
of the Upper House, the Presidency of which he received under
Louis-Philippe. He was raised to the dignity of Chancellor in
1837.

PASSY, Hypolite Philibert (1793-1880). A French politician and
member of the Institute, elected Deputy in 1830. He was a member
of the ephemeral Cabinet of the Duc de Bassano in 1834. In 1838
he succeeded M. de Talleyrand as member of the Academy of Moral
and Political Science.

PASTA, Judith (1798-1865). An Italian singer of Jewish origin. She
came to Paris in 1821 and made a great name for herself. She
retired in 1849 to her beautiful house by the lake of Como.

PEDRO I., Dom (1798-1834). Emperor of Brazil and King of Portugal,
father of Queen Doña Maria of Portugal.

PEEL, Sir Robert (1788-1850). An English statesman. Elected to the
House of Commons in 1809, he was Home Secretary in 1822. He was
Conservative in politics, but held Liberal views on questions of
criminal legislation and administration. He was a member of
several Ministries and in 1838 re-established the financial
equilibrium of the country, disturbed by the Whig deficit of
£30,000,000, by the introduction of the Income Tax, while he
opened new sources of revenue by the abolition of the Corn Laws.

PEEL, Lady, died 1849. Julia, daughter of General Sir John Lloyd,
Bart., married Sir Robert Peel in 1820.

PÉPIN (1780-1836). A grocer of the Place de la Bastille, Paris.
Pépin was elected Captain of the Garde Nationale after the
events of July 1830. He was implicated in Fieschi's crime in
1835 and was arrested, condemned to death and executed.

PÉRIER, Casimir (1777-1832). He entered politics in 1817. After
1830 he was elected President of the Chamber of Deputies, and
shortly afterwards was made Minister without a portfolio. In
1831 he was President of the Council, and governed in a firm and
resolute manner. He succumbed to an attack of cholera contracted
as the consequence of a visit to the Hôtel Dieu with the Duc
d'Orléans.

PÉRIGORD, Duc de (1788-1879). Augustin Marie Élie Charles de
Talleyrand-Périgord. A Grandee of Spain of the first class.

PÉRIGORD, Duchesse de (1789-1866). Marie Nicolette, daughter of
the Comte de Choiseul-Praslin, married, in 1807, the Duc de
Périgord.

PÉRIGORD, Alexandre, Comte de, afterwards Duc de Dino (1813-1894).
Second son of the Duc de Talleyrand and the Princess Dorothea of
Courland. Alexandre de Périgord was at first in the Navy, but
soon abandoned that career. In 1849 he took part in the campaign
of Piedmont against Austria as a member of the Staff of King
Charles Albert, and during the Crimean War he was attached to
the Sardinian Army Corps as French Commissary. He married Mlle.
Valentine de Sainte-Aldegonde.

PÉRIGORD, Mlle. Pauline de (1820-1890). Daughter of the Duc de
Talleyrand and of the author of these Memoirs. She married, in
1839 Henri, Marquis de Castellane, who died in 1847. From that
time she lived a retired life, distinguished by the practice of
the highest virtues. She lived for the most of the year at her
estate of Rochecotte, in the Valley of the Loire.

PERSIL, Jean Charles (1785-1870). A French magistrate and
statesman. Elected Deputy in 1830, he immediately attacked the
Polignac Ministry, protesting against the decrees. He was
Minister of Justice in 1834, but, having had a difference of
opinion with M. Molé, he resigned. In 1839 he entered the Upper
House, and took the Direction of the Hôtel des Monnaies.
Napoleon III. made him a member of the Conseil d'État.

PETER, Mrs. An English lady very well known in London society
about 1835, and the friend of several statesmen.

PETIT, General (1772-1856). Distinguished himself in the campaigns
of the Revolution and the Empire. It was he who, at
Fontainebleau, received the last accolade of the Emperor and the
touching adieux which he addressed to the whole army. He was
made a Peer of France in 1838.

PIRON, M. (1802-1865). Son of a landed proprietor in the
Nivernais. He was well educated, and occupied an important
position in the French Post Office. His duties brought him into
contact with the English postal officials, and he knew England
well. In 1834 M. Dupin, who came from the same part of France,
took him with him on his journey to London in order that M.
Piron might act as his guide to English society, with which he
had for some time been in touch. He had, for instance, known the
Duke of Richmond (who had been Postmaster-General) and Lord
Brougham. The premature death of his son, to whom he was deeply
attached, inflicted such a blow on M. Piron that he too died of
a seizure some weeks later.

PITT, William (1759-1806). Followed in the footsteps of his
father, the celebrated English statesman. After the French
Revolution he displayed a great hatred of France and made three
coalitions against her. He was a great administrator.

PLANTAGENET. A dynasty which occupied the throne of England from
Henry II. till the accession of Henry VII. In the fourteenth
century the family separated into two rival branches, from whose
quarrels arose the Wars of the Roses.

PLYMOUTH, Lady (1792-1864). She was a daughter of the Duke of
Dorset, and married first, in 1811, Lord Plymouth. Having become
a widow she married, secondly, William Pitt, Lord Amherst. She
died childless.

POIX, Duchesse-Princesse de (1785-1862). Mélanie de Périgord,
daughter of the Duc de Talleyrand and Mlle. de Senozan, married,
in 1809, Juste, Comte de Noailles, Prince de Poix. The Duchesse
de Poix had been Lady-in-waiting to the Duchesse de Berry.

POLIGNAC, Jules Armand, Prince de (1780-1847). President of the
Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs at the end of the reign
of Charles X. On July 29, 1830, he signed the famous decrees
which caused the Revolution and the fall of the elder branch of
the Bourbons.

POLIGNAC, Princesse de. _Née_ Miss Barbara Campbell, a Scottish
lady. She was very beautiful and very rich, but of obscure
family. She had to abjure the Protestant religion and become a
Catholic in order to marry the Prince de Polignac. She died in
1819.

PONIATOWSKI, Prince Joseph (1762-1803). A Polish general. He
served in the Polish Legion under Napoleon I., was made a
Marshal of France at Leipzig, and perished in the waters of the
Elster. His chivalrous courage won him the surname of the Bayard
of Poland.

PONSONBY, Lord (1770-1855). Brother-in-law of Lord Grey.
Ambassador at Constantinople, 1822-1827.

PORCHESTER, Lord (1800-1849). Henry John Charles, Earl of
Carnarvon. Married, in 1830, the daughter of Lord Molyneux.

POTOCKI, Stanislas, Count (1757-1821). Fought against Russia in
1793, in which year he left Poland. On the creation of the Grand
Duchy of Warsaw by Napoleon I., he was made Senator Palatine and
Chief of the Council of State. He was retained in office by the
Czar Alexander I. On the formation of the new kingdom of Poland
Count Potocki was appointed Minister of Public Worship and
Instruction, and afterwards President of the Council of State.

POZZO DI BORGO, Count (1764-1842). A Corsican, who took service
under different Powers, and finally under Russia. He was one of
the Czar's representatives at the Congress of Vienna, and was
afterwards Ambassador.

PRUDHON, Pierre (1760-1822). A French painter. He spent several
years at Rome, where he became intimate with Canova. He was
selected by Napoleon I. to give drawing lessons to the Empress
Marie Louise.

PRUSSIA, Prince Louis of (1773-1796). Brother of King
Frederick-William III. He married Princess Frederica of
Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister of Queen Louise of Prussia.

Q

QUÉLEN, Comte de (1778-1839). A member of a Breton family, he
took Orders early in life. Cardinal Fesch favoured him, and
made him his secretary. Under the Restoration he became
Coadjutor of Cardinal de Talleyrand-Périgord, and in 1821 he
succeeded him as Archbishop of Paris. In 1831 his palace was
sacked during a riot. Mgr. de Quélen showed the utmost
devotion during the cholera epidemic of 1832. His pastoral
letters and several elegantly written funeral sermons secured
his election to the Académie française.

R

RADNOR, William, Lord (1779-1869). A Member of the British
Parliament and a friend of Lord Brougham. He married three
times; first in 1814, the daughter of the Duke of Montrose;
secondly, in 1837, Emily Bagot; and finally, Fanny Royd-Rice.

RAMBUTEAU, Claude Philibert Bertelot, Comte de (1781-1869).
Chamberlain to Napoleon I. in 1809. Peer of France in 1835, a
Member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts in 1843. In 1833
Louis-Philippe made him Prefect of the Seine, and he held this
post for fifteen years. He married in 1809 the daughter of
Louis, Comte de Narbonne.

RAPHAEL SANZIO (1483-1520). The celebrated painter of the Roman
School.

RAULLIN, M. Son of an official in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
who was much esteemed by the Prince de Talleyrand. He became a
Conseiller d'État.

RAYNEVAL, Maximilien, Comte de (1778-1836). A French diplomatist.
Secretary of Embassy at Lisbon, then at St. Petersburg; he was
made Consul-General at London at the Restoration. He then became
successively Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs,
Ambassador at Berlin, in Switzerland, at Vienna and at Madrid.
In every case he rendered eminent services, and was made a Count
and raised to the Peerage.

RÉAL, Comte (1765-1834). Procureur au Châtelet before the
Revolution, Conseiller d'État after the 18th brumaire, Prefect
of Police during the Hundred Days. He was proscribed by the
Second Restoration, and did not return to France till 1818. In
1830 he had a post in the office of the Prefect of Police, and
thereafter lived in retirement.

RÉCAMIER, (1777-1849). Julie Bernard, married when she was sixteen
M. Récamier, a rich Parisian banker. She was both witty and
good, and under the Consulate and the Empire she collected in
her salon a crowd of distinguished persons. Exiled from Paris
she returned after the fall of Napoleon. Madame Récamier retired
in 1819 to the Abbaye-aux-Bois, where she continued to receive
all the celebrities of the period.

REGENT, The, Philippe d'Orléans (1674-1723). Governed France
during the minority of Louis XV.

RÉMUSAT, Charles, Comte de (1797-1875). A French author and
politician. A member of the Institut and a Minister of State.

RETZ, Cardinal de (1614-1679). Jean François Paul de Gondi played
a prominent part in the Fronde troubles. He was forced into
exile until the death of Mazarin. He left Memoirs which are one
of the masterpieces of French literature.

RICHMOND, Duke of (1799-1860). Charles Lennox, a British officer,
Lord Lieutenant of Sussex. Became Postmaster-General in the
Reform Government of 1830. He married a sister of the Marquess
of Anglesea.

RIGNY, Henri Gauthier, Comte de (1783-1835). Entered the Navy 1798
and took part in the campaigns of the First Empire. He was made
a Rear-Admiral at the Restoration, and distinguished himself at
Navarino, on which occasion he received the title of Count and
was made Maritime Prefect of Toulon. He became Minister of
Marine in 1831, then Minister for Foreign Affairs, and
afterwards Ambassador to Naples.

RIPON, Lord (1781-1859). Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1833. He
was originally a Tory but joined the Whigs.

ROBESPIERRE, Maximilien (1758-1794). A lawyer and member of the
Convention. He governed by terror through the Committee of
Public Safety, but a reaction set in and he perished on the
scaffold.

ROBSHART, Amy (1532-1560). Married Robert Dudley, Earl of
Leicester in 1550, but soon separated from him. She was found
dead, and it was never discovered whether she had committed
suicide or if Leicester had killed her in the hope of marrying
Queen Elizabeth. She is the heroine of Sir Walter Scott's novel
_Kenilworth_.

RODIL, Marquis de (1789-1853). Don José Ronion Rodil joined the
battalion called the "literary cadets" in 1808, at the time of
the French invasion of Spain. In 1816 he sailed for the revolted
South American colonies, and distinguished himself at the
defence of Callao. He returned to Spain in 1825, and in 1833
assisted Dom Pedro in Portugal against Dom Miguel and Don
Carlos. In 1836 he was Minister of War for a few months. From
1840 till 1843 he was President of the Council in the last
Ministry of the Espartero Regency.

ROGERS, Samuel (1763-1855). An English poet. He was a man of a
good and generous nature, but his sarcasm spared no one.

ROLAND, Madame (1754-1793). Manon Philipon, a woman of a
distinguished intellect, who married a member of the Convention.
She died on the scaffold.

ROMERO-ALPUENDE. A Spanish Deputy. He was an extreme Radical of an
extravagant temperament, but of little importance.

ROSS, Sir John (1777-1856). Son of the Rev. Andrew Ross, and a
Captain in the British Navy. He made himself famous by his two
expeditions to the Polar Sea along with Sir Edward Parry in 1818
and 1819. Sir John Ross made the second expedition at his own
expense and found the Northern magnetic pole. He lost his ship,
and it was not until the fourth winter after his departure that
he was rescued by a Hull vessel and brought back to England.

ROTHSCHILD, Nathan (1777-1826). Third son of Mayer Anselme
Rothschild, founder of the famous banking house. He was head of
the London Branch.

ROTHSCHILD, Madame Salomon de (1771-1855). Wife of Salomon
Rothschild, who founded a branch of the business at Vienna, and
divided the German business with his brother Mayer. Towards 1835
he left the management of the Viennese business to his son and
came to Paris with his wife to join his brother James.

ROUSSIN, Admiral (1781-1854). Post-Captain in 1814; corrected the
charts of the coasts of Africa and Brazil; Rear-Admiral in 1822,
he was a member of the Admiralty Council in 1824. In 1831 he
commanded the French Squadron sent to demand satisfaction from
Portugal for the insults offered to French residents. He forced
the entrance to the Tagus, reputed impregnable, and obtained all
that he demanded. At the close of this brilliantly successful
expedition Louis-Philippe, in 1832, raised him to the Peerage
with the title of Baron.

ROYER-COLLARD, Pierre Paul (1763-1845). A French philosopher and
statesman. He was a lawyer, and in 1797 a member of the Conseil
des Cinq Cents. Under the First Empire he gave up politics and
occupied himself entirely with the study of philosophy. He was
made a member of the Académie française in 1827. M.
Royer-Collard lived at Châteauvieux, near Valençay, and was a
great friend of the Prince de Talleyrand and the Duchesse de
Dino.

RUBINI, Jean Baptiste (1795-1854). A celebrated Italian singer.
Bellini's operas owed much of their success to him.

RUSSELL, Lord William (1799-1846). An English diplomatist. He was
for some years Ambassador at Berlin. He married Elizabeth
Rawdon, niece of the Marquess of Hastings.

RUSSELL, Lord John (1792-1878). An English statesman; third son of
the Duke of Bedford. He was one of the authors of the celebrated
Reform Bill. In 1831 he was Home Secretary, Secretary for the
Colonies, and Head of the Whig Cabinet. In 1859 he was Foreign
Secretary, and again Premier on the death of Lord Palmerston.

S

SAINTE-ALDEGONDE, Comtesse de (1793-1869); _née_ de Chavagnes. A
Creole by origin, she married Marshal Augereau, Duc de
Castiglione, who died in 1816. In 1817 she married the Comte de
Sainte-Aldegonde. She had two daughters, the second of whom
married Alexandre de Périgord, Duc de Dino.

SAINTE-AULAIRE, Louis Beaupoil, Comte de. He was Chamberlain to
Napoleon I., a Prefect under Louis XVIII., and a Deputy. After
1830 he was one of the ablest supporters of the Monarchy of
July, was successively Ambassador at Rome, Vienna, and London,
and was raised to the Peerage.

SAINT THERESA (1515-1582). Of a rich and noble family of Avila in
Old Castile. She reformed the Carmelite Order, St. John of the
Cross, reformed that of the Carmelite Monks. She was canonised
in 1621. Her numerous writings led to her being named a doctor
of the Church by Popes Gregory XV. and Urban VIII.

SAINT-LEU or SAINT-LOUP (573-623). Archbishop of Sens from 609,
famous for his charity. King Clotaire II., deceived by false
reports, exiled him to Picardy in 613, but on better knowledge
of the facts, recalled him in the following year and loaded him
with honours.

SAINT-LEU, Duchesse de. _See_ BEAUHARNAIS, Hortense de.

SAINT-PAUL, Vergibier de. A French general who commanded the
troops of the Indre in 1834.

SAINT-PRIEST, Alexis, Comte de (1805-1851). Son of the Comte de
Saint-Priest, Governor of Odessa, and of a Princess Galitzin. He
did not come to France till 1822, when he attracted much notice
owing to his literary tastes. An intimate friend of the Duc
d'Orléans, he entered the diplomatic service in 1833 and became
French Minister in Brazil, at Lisbon and Copenhagen. He was made
a Peer of France in 1841, and a Member of the Académie française
in 1849. He married Mlle. de La Guiche.

SALISBURY, Marchioness of (1750-1835). Mary Amelia, daughter of
the Marquess of Devonshire. Married in 1773. She was burned to
death in a fire at Hatfield House.

SALVANDY, Comte de (1795-1856). At first a soldier, he took part
in the Campaigns of 1813 and 1814, retiring from the service at
the Restoration, under which he held several posts at the Court
of Louis XVIII. He resigned in 1823, and turned to literature.
After 1830 he was elected Deputy and was Minister of Public
Instruction 1837-1839, Ambassador at Madrid 1841, at Turin,
1843. From 1845 till 1848 he was again Minister of Public
Instruction. In 1835 he was elected to the Académie française.

SAMPAÏO, Antonio Rodriguez (1806-1882). A Portuguese journalist
and statesman, a consistent Liberal.

SAND, George (1804-1876). Aurore Dupin, Baroness Dudevant, one of
the most celebrated authoresses of the nineteenth century.

SARAÏVA, Antonio Ribeira (1800-1890). A Portuguese diplomatist.
Under Dom Miguel's Regency he was sent on a secret mission to
Spain and England. He was a fanatical partisan of absolute power
and did not return to Portugal after the fall of the Pretender
but lived in London till his death.

SARMENTO, M. de. A Portuguese diplomatist, the representative of
Dom Pedro in London at the Conferences after 1830.

SAUZET, Paul (1800-1877). A member of the Lyons bar. He was
elected Deputy in 1834, and two years later was made Minister of
Justice in the Thiers Cabinet.

SAXE, Maurice, Comte de (1695-1750). Marshal of France. He was
natural son of Augustus II., Elector of Saxony, and the Countess
Aurora von Koenigsmark. He covered himself with glory in the war
of the Austrian Succession, and in recompense of his services
King Louis XIV. gave him the Château of Chambord and 40,000
livres a year.

SAXE-MEININGEN, Bernard, Duke of (1800-1882). Brother of Queen
Adelaide of England. In 1866 he abdicated in favour of his son,
Duke George II.

SCHEFFER, Ary (1785-1858). A French painter whose family was of
German origin. He was a great favourite of King Louis-Philippe
and his family.

SÉBASTIANI DE LA PORTA, Marshal (1775-1851). A Corsican by birth,
he distinguished himself with the army of Italy. In 1806 he was
sent as Ambassador to Constantinople, where he made the Sultan
Selim declare war on Russia, and directed the operations which
compelled the British Fleet to repass the Dardanelles. After
Waterloo he was one of the Commissaries appointed to treat for
peace. Under Louis-Philippe he was Minister for Foreign Affairs,
and afterwards Ambassador at Naples and London. He married Fanny
de Coigny, who died in 1807 in giving birth to a daughter, who
married the Duc de Praslin.

SEFTON, Lord (1772-1838). Made a Peer in 1831. He married in 1791
Maria Margaret, daughter of Lord Craven, who died in 1851.

SÉGUIER, Comte (1768-1848). An _émigré_ during the Revolution. He
returned in 1800 and, thanks to Cambacérès, he had a fine
judicial career under the Empire. In 1815 Louis XVIII. made him
a Peer of France, and appointed him to prosecute Marshal Ney. He
rallied to Louis-Philippe in 1830.

SÉGUR, Louis-Philippe, Comte de (1753-1833). Took part in the
American war in 1781. Was Ambassador at St. Petersburg. Lived by
his pen during the Revolution, was afterwards called to the
Corps Législatif by the First Consul and became Grand Master of
the Ceremonies at the Imperial Court. He was a member of the
Académie française from 1803, and Louis XVIII. made him a Peer.

SÉMONVILLE, Marquis de (1754-1839). He was charged with several
foreign missions. A Peer of France in 1814, he was the first to
receive the title of Grand Référendaire de la Cour des Pairs, a
position which he did not resign till 1834.

SÉVIGNÉ, Marquise de (1626-1696). Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, one of
the most distinguished women of the seventeenth century, famous
for the letters which she wrote to her daughter Madame de
Grignan. She married in 1644 the Marquis de Sévigné, who was
killed in a duel, leaving her a widow at twenty-five.

SGRICCI, Thomas (1788-1836). A celebrated Italian improvisatore
and a great scholar. He revealed his prodigious facility in
versification at a masked ball, where in the costume of the
Sibyl he delivered oracles in verse with an ease and promptitude
which were much admired.

SHAFTESBURY, Cropley Ashley (1768-1851). A member of the House of
Lords. He married Anne, daughter of the Duke of Marlborough.

SIDNEY, John Robert, Lord. Born 1805. Lord Chamberlain; married,
in 1832, Lady Emily Caroline Paget, daughter of the Marquis of
Anglesey.

SIDNEY, Sophia, Lady. Lady Sophia Fitzclarence, a natural daughter
of William IV. of England. Married, in 1825, Philip Charles
Sidney, Baron de l'Isle and Dudley.

SIEYÈS, Abbé (1748-1836). He was Vicar-General of Chartres, and
one of the greatest politicians of his time. He made manifest
the power of the Tiers État, and was the author of several of
the most important measures of the Revolution. He was a member
of the Conseil des Cinq Cents, and was made a Senator and a
Count by Napoleon.

SOBIESKI, John III., King of Poland (1629-1696). One of the
national heroes of his country; he conquered the Turks and
delivered Vienna when besieged by Kara Mustapha.

SOMERSET, Duke of (1773-1855). Edward Saint Maur, Baron Seymour.
He married Lady Hamilton.

SOPHIA OF ENGLAND, Princess (1777-1848). One of the daughters of
George III. of England. She died unmarried.

SOULT, Nicholas Jean de Dieu (1769-1852). He took part in all the
Campaigns of the Revolution and the Empire. After the taking of
Königsberg, he was made Duc de Dalmatie. Exiled by the Second
Restoration he attached himself to the Government of 1830, and
was twice Minister of War, and President of the Council.

SPRING RICE, Sir Thomas (1790-1866). He was raised to the Peerage
in 1839, as Lord Monteagle of Brandon. He was Under Secretary of
State for the Home Department in 1827, then Secretary to the
Treasury, and in 1834, Secretary of State for the Colonies. In
1835 he became Chancellor of the Exchequer. He was a Fellow of
the Royal Society, and of the Royal Astronomical Society.

STAËL, Madame de (1766-1817). _Née_ Necker, famous for her talent
and her banishment.

STAËL, Baronne de. Adelaïde Vernet, grand-daughter of the Swiss
Professor Pictet. Married in 1826 Auguste, Baron de Staël, son
of the famous Madame de Staël.

STANLEY, Edward Geoffrey (1799-1869). An English statesman better
known as the Earl of Derby, to which title he succeeded in 1831.
He was Under Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1827. Then
(1830-1833) Chief Secretary for Ireland. As Secretary of State
for the Colonies in 1833 he passed the Bill for the
Emancipation of Slaves. In 1858 he pacified India and
reorganised its administration. He married in 1825 the second
daughter of Lord Skelmersdale.

STANLEY, Edward, Baron (1801-1869). Member of the British
Parliament from 1831. He was Under Secretary of State, Under
Secretary for Foreign Affairs, and Postmaster-General. He
married in 1826 a daughter of Viscount Dillon.

STEVENS, Catherine (1794-1872). An English singer who was much
admired. She appeared at Covent Garden, then at Drury Lane. She
retired in 1815, and in 1838 married the Earl of Essex.

STRATFORD DE REDCLIFFE, Lord. Sir Stratford Canning (1788-1880).
Cousin of the celebrated Canning and an English diplomatist. He
was Minister Plenipotentiary in Switzerland, took part in the
Congress of Vienna in 1815, and was Ambassador at Constantinople
from 1851 till 1858, when he retired. He was created Viscount
Stratford de Redcliffe.

STUART OF ROTHESAY, Lady (1789-1867). A daughter of Lord
Hardwicke. She married in 1816.

SURREY, Earl of (1815-1860). Eldest son of the Duke of Norfolk.
Elected to Parliament in 1837, where he posed as a zealous
Catholic. In 1839 he married a daughter of Lord Lyons, and he
became Duke of Norfolk on the death of his father in 1856.

SUSSEX, Augustus Frederick, Duke of (1773-1843). One of the sons
of King George III. of England. He was Grand Master of
Freemasons in that country.

SUCHET, Marie (1820-1835). Daughter of Marshal Suchet, Duc
d'Albuféra. She was an intimate friend of Mlle. Pauline de
Périgord, and died young.

SUTHERLAND, Duchess of, died 1868. Daughter of Lord Carlisle; she
married the Duke of Sutherland in 1823. The Duchess was Mistress
of the Robes to Queen Victoria.

T

TAHMASP-KOULI-KHAN, NADIR SHAH, King of Persia (1688-1747). At
first a camel driver and then a brigand. He entered the service
of Tahmasp II., brought the affairs of that Prince into a most
flourishing condition by defeating the Turks, and then deposed
him. After an interval of regency, he caused himself to be
proclaimed Shah of Persia. He reduced the Afghans, who had
revolted, and attacked the Empire of the Great Mogul. He
oppressed the Persians, who hated him, and he was killed by his
own generals.

TALLEYRAND-PÉRIGORD, Cardinal de (1736-1821). Alexandre Angélique,
second son of Daniel de Talleyrand-Périgord and Marie de
Chamillart, Lady-in-Waiting to the Queen. He entered the Church,
was made almoner to the King, Vicar-general of Verdun, and in
1766 coadjutor to the Archbishop of Rheims, whom he succeeded
in 1777. Deputy to the States-General in 1789, he struggled
against innovation and left the country. A councillor of Louis
XVIII. at Mittau, Mouseigneur de Périgord became, in 1808, his
grand almoner; his was the first name inscribed on the list of
Peers in 1814, and in 1817 he obtained the Cardinal's hat and
the Archbishopric of Paris.

TALLEYRAND, Prince de (1754-1838). Charles Maurice de
Talleyrand-Périgord, Prince of Benevento, Duc de Dino, a Peer,
Grand Chamberlain of France, and a member of the Institut. Lame
from birth he was destined for the Church, although the eldest
of his family. A pupil of Saint-Sulpice, he completed his
ecclesiastical studies there, and was at first known as the Abbé
de Périgord. In 1788 he was Bishop of Autun; in 1789 a member of
the States-General. Afterwards he was obliged to take refuge in
America, from which he returned in 1797. He was made Minister
for Foreign Affairs by the Directory, and for eight years
directed the external policy of France. In his capacity of
Vice-Grand Elector of the Empire he was able, in 1814, to
convoke the Senate and proclaim the deposition of the Emperor.
He represented Louis XVIII. at the Congress of Vienna. In 1830
Louis-Philippe appointed him Ambassador in London. The last act
of his public life was the conclusion of the Quadruple Alliance
between France, England, Spain and Portugal.

TALLEYRAND, Princesse de (1762-1835). Daughter of Captain Werlée
of the navy and Laurence Allany. She was born on the Coromandel
Coast of India, and at the age of fifteen she married at
Calcutta a Civil Servant named George Grant; she was, however,
divorced a year later. Towards 1780 Mrs. Grant sailed for
Europe, and settled at Paris, where she married the Prince de
Talleyrand in 1802. She separated from her husband and retired
to Auteuil. She died in 1835 and was buried at Montparnasse with
this inscription: "The widow of Mr. Grant, afterwards civilly
married to the Prince de Talleyrand."

TALLEYRAND-PÉRIGORD, Baronne de (1800-1873). Charlotte-Alix-Sarah,
wife of Baron Alexandre-Daniel de Talleyrand, Conseiller d'État,
by whom she had three children.

TALLEYRAND-PÉRIGORD, Edmond, Comte de (1787-1872). Duc de Dino
from 1817, and Duc de Talleyrand after the death of his father
in 1838. He married in 1809 Princess Dorothea of Courlande. A
brave officer and a good comrade, he was singled out for praise
among the aides-de-camp of Major-General Berthier. He took part
in the campaigns of the Grand Armée. He was Commander of the
Order of Saint-Louis, Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour, and
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of S. Ferdinand of Spain. He
passed the last forty years of his life at Florence, where he
died.

TALMA, François Joseph (1766-1826). A celebrated tragic actor much
liked by Napoleon, who paid his debts more than once.

TANKERVILLE, Lady. Died 1865. Daughter of Antoine, Duc de Gramont.
She married Lord Tankerville in 1806.

TAYLOR, Sir Herbert (1775-1839). At first an officer in the army,
he became private secretary to his friend the Duke of York, and
was transferred in the same capacity to the service of King
George III. He was charged with several delicate missions in
Sweden and Holland. He married a daughter of Edward Disbrowe.

TERCEIRA, Duke of, Marquis of Villaflor (1790-1860). A Portuguese
General. He placed himself at the head of the partisans of Dom
Pedro and helped him to expel Dom Miguel. He married as his
second wife the daughter of the Marquis de Loulé.

TESTE, Jean Baptiste (1780-1852). A French jurisconsult. Deputy in
1831; a Liberal. In 1839 he became Minister of Justice, in 1840
of Public Works. In 1843 he was made a Peer of France and
President of the Cour de Cassation, but the end of his life was
saddened by a deplorable case in which he was compromised.

THIARD DE BUSSY, Comte de (1772-1852). A French General,
Chamberlain to Napoleon in 1804. He accompanied him as
aide-de-camp in the campaigns of 1805-1807, but afterwards
retired. Louis XVIII. made him Maréchal de Camp. A Deputy in
1815, he sat almost without interruption until 1848, and then
became for a year Minister in Switzerland.

THIERS, Adolphe (1797-1877). A French statesman and historian. He
commenced his career in Paris as a journalist, founded the
_National_ in 1830, became Minister in 1832, and President of
the Council in 1836 and 1840. As Deputy he vainly opposed the
war of 1870. He was President of the Republic in 1871.

THIERS, Madame (1815-1880). Elise Dosne; she was only sixteen when
she married M. Thiers, to whom she brought a large fortune.

THORWALDSEN, Bartholomew (1769-1844). A celebrated Danish
sculptor. Son of a poor sailor in Copenhagen, he paid long
visits to Italy, where he worked very hard. He founded a museum
at Copenhagen, to which he left his immense fortune.

TORENO, José, Count (1786-1843). A Spanish statesman. A member of
the Cortes from 1811, he procured the abolition of the
Inquisition. He was made Finance Minister, then President of the
Council with the portfolio of Foreign Affairs. He retired from
public life in 1835.

TRÉVISE, Duc de. _See_ MORTIER.

TULLEMORE, Lady. Died 1848. Sister of the Duke of Argyll. Married
1821.

TYSKIEWICZ, Princess (1765-1834). Maria Theresa, daughter of
Prince Andrew Poniatowski, second brother of the King. She
married Count Vincent Tyskiewicz, but kept her title of
Princess. Her husband was Referendary of the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania. The Princess was a great friend of the Prince de
Talleyrand. She almost always stayed at Valençay when in France,
and is buried there.

V

VALENÇAY, Duc de (1811-1898). Louis de Talleyrand-Périgord, Duc
de Talleyrand et de Valençay, Duc de Sagan after the death of
his mother; son of Edmond, Duc de Talleyrand, and Princess
Dorothea of Courlande, Knight of the Golden Fleece of Spain and
of the Black Eagle of Prussia. He married first in 1829 Alix,
daughter of the Duc de Montmorency; then Countess Hatzfeld,
daughter of Marshal de Castellane. The Duc de Valençay was the
eldest son of the Duchesse de Dino.

VALENÇAY, Duchesse de (1810-1858). Alix, daughter of the Duc de
Montmorency and Caroline de Matignon.

VALOIS, a French dynasty which came to the throne with Philip VI.
in 1328 and ended with Henri III. in 1576.

VAN DYCK, Sir Antony (1599-1641). A Flemish painter, a pupil of
Rubens. He travelled in Italy, Holland, France and England,
where he went and settled on the invitation of Charles I.

VANTADOUR, Duchesse de (1799-1863). Daughter of Comte d'Aubusson
la Feuillade and his first wife, Mlle. de Refouville. She
married the Duc de Lévis et de Vantadour.

VAUDÉMONT, Princesse de (1763-1832). Elise Marie Colette de
Montmorency Logny married in 1778 Prince Joseph de Vaudémont, of
the House of Lorraine, who died in 1812. She was an intimate
friend of M. de Talleyrand and was a good and clever woman who
had retained many of the customs of the _ancien régime_.

VICTORIA, Queen (1819-1901). Daughter of the Duke of Kent, fourth
son of George III., who died in 1820. She ascended the throne in
1837 on the death of her uncle William IV. In 1840 the young
queen married her cousin Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.

VIENNET, Jean Guillaume (1777-1868). A French man of letters who
was elected to the Academy in 1830.

VILLEMAIN, Abel François (1790-1870). A professor, author and
politician. A member of the Académie française from 1822 and a
Peer of France. He was twice Minister of Public Instruction and
from 1835 was Perpetual Secretary of the Académie.

VISCONTI-AYMI, Marchesa, died 1831 at Paris. Née Carcano. She
belonged to the most elegant society of Milan in the days of the
vice-royalty of Eugène de Beauharnais. She married first the
Comte Sopranzi by whom she had a son who was aide-de-camp to
Marshal Berthier, a great friend of hers.

VITROLLES, Eugène d'Arnaud, Baron de (1774-1854). Served in
Condé's Army, was appointed Minister of State in 1814, but was
so violent that Louis XVIII. dismissed him. At his accession
Charles X. made him Ambassador at Turin. In 1795 he married
Mlle. de Folleville.

VIVONNE, Louis Victor de Rochechouart, Comte de (1636-1688).
Afterwards Duc de Mortemart, and a Marshal of France. He enjoyed
rapid promotion owing to the influence of his sister, Madame de
Montespan. He was celebrated for his wit, his epigrams and his
corpulence.

VOGÜÉ, Charles, Comte de. He married Mlle. de Béranger, and was a
brother of the Marquis de Vogüé.

VOLTAIRE, M. de (1694-1778). François Marie Arouet de Voltaire,
son of a treasurer of the Chambre des Comptes. He exercised an
immense influence on the literature and philosophy of the
eighteenth century.

W

WARD, Sir Henry George (1798-1860). Son-in-law of Lord Grey,
entered the British Diplomatic Service in 1816 as Attaché at
Stockholm, a position he also occupied at The Hague and Madrid.
He entered Parliament in 1832 and was made Commissioner for the
Ionian Islands in 1849. From 1856 until his death he was
Governor of Ceylon.

WARWICK, Guy, Earl of, died 1471. Surnamed the King-maker. Brother
of Richard of York, he urged him to make good his claim to the
Crown, then he caused Edward IV. to be proclaimed, and finally
set Henry VI. on the throne and procured the Regency for
himself.

WARWICK, Earl of (1779-1853). Henry Richard Greville, Lord Brooke.
Through the female line he was descended from the ancient family
of Beauchamp.

WARWICK, Lady, died 1851. Married first Lord Monson, and secondly
the Earl of Warwick.

WEIMAR, Charles Bernard, Duke of (1792-1862). A general in the
service of the Netherlands. He married in 1815 Ida, Princess of
Saxe-Meiningen, Sister of Queen Adelaide. His son Prince Edward
of Weimar entered the British service.

WELLESLEY, Marquess (1760-1842). Richard, Earl of Mornington,
elder brother of the Duke of Wellington. Governor-General of
India in 1797, he became Minister for Foreign Affairs in 1810
and Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland in 1822.

WELLINGTON, Duke of (1769-1852). Third son of Viscount Wellesley,
Earl of Mornington, served in 1797 in the Indian army, returned
to England in 1805. Commanded the British army in the Peninsula
and conquered Napoleon at Waterloo. He was a member of several
Ministries.

WERTHER, Wilhelm, Baron von (1772-1859). A Prussian diplomatist.
Was Minister at Paris (1824-1837) and Minister for Foreign
Affairs at Berlin (1837-1841). He married Sophia, Countess
Sandizell, a Bavarian lady who died in 1853.

WESSENBERG, Ampringen, Baron (1773-1858). An Austrian diplomatist,
was a member of the Conferences at London in 1830, and in 1848
was for a short time Minister for Foreign Affairs.

WEYER, Sylvan van de (1803-1874). A Belgian statesman and man of
letters. He was charged with an important mission to London, and
succeeded in obtaining the acceptance of the proposition to
summon a Conference in London to settle the new Belgian
constitution, and the recognition of Prince Leopold of Coburg as
King of the Belgians. In 1845 he was recalled to preside over
the Cabinet, and in 1846 again became Ambassador in London till
1867, when he retired from public life.

WILLIAM II., King of the Netherlands (1792-1849). Married in 1818
Anna Paulowna, daughter of the Czar Paul of Russia, and had a
peaceful and prosperous reign.

WILLIAM IV., King of England (1765-1837). He ascended the throne
at the age of sixty-five, succeeding his brother, George IV. He
reigned from 1830 to 1837. He married in 1818 Adelaide, daughter
of the Duke of Saxe-Meiningen.

WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR, or the Bastard, Duke of Normandy and King
of England (1027-1087). He conquered England in 1066, and
strongly organised his kingdom by creating a feudal nobility.

WILLIAM TELL. Died 1354. One of the leaders of the revolt which
freed Switzerland in 1307.

WILLOUGHBY COTTON, Sir Henry (1796-1865). A Member of the House of
Commons.

WINCHELSEA, Lord (1791-1858). George William Hatton. His first
wife was a daughter of the Duke of Montrose. In 1829 he had a
famous duel with the Duke of Wellington. The Duke missed his
adversary, and Lord Winchelsea fired in the air.

WORONZOFF, Countess. Died in 1832 in London. Catherine Siniavin,
wife of General Woronzoff.

WÜRTEMBERG, King of (1781-1864). William I. succeeded to the
throne in 1816. He married, first, the Grand Duchess Catherine
of Russia, and secondly, his cousin, the Duchess Pauline of
Würtemberg.

WÜRTEMBERG, Princess Maria of (1816-1863). Daughter of King
William I. She married in 1840 Major-General Count Neipperg.

WÜRTEMBERG, Princess Sophia of (1818-1877). Sister of the
foregoing. Married in 1839 William III., King of the
Netherlands.

Y

YARBOROUGH, Lord (1812-1851). An officer of the Royal Household
in 1831.

YORK, Duke of (1763-1827). Brother of King George IV. and King
William IV. He married Princess Frederica of Prussia.

Z

ZEA BERMEDEZ, Don Francisco (1772-1850). A Spanish diplomatist.
_Chargé d'Affaires_ at St. Petersburg 1809-1820, afterwards
Ambassador at Constantinople. In 1824 he was appointed Minister
for Foreign Affairs; in 1825 was Ambassador at Dresden; and from
1828 till 1833 Ambassador in London. From 1834 he almost
constantly lived in Paris, where he died.

ZEA BERMEDEZ, Madame, wife of the foregoing. She was very popular
in Society, owing to her distinction and amiability. She was born
at Malaga.

ZUMALACARREGUY, Thomas (1789-1835). A Spanish general in command
of the Royal Guard at the death of Ferdinand VII. He resigned his
appointment and declared for Don Carlos, and waged a terrible war
on the followers of Queen Christina.

ZUYLEN VAN NYEVELT, Baron Hugo (1781-1853). A Dutch statesman. He
took an active part in his country's efforts to shake off the
rule of Napoleon I. He was Ambassador at Paris, Madrid,
Stockholm, and Constantinople. He returned to The Hague in 1829,
and was very active in 1830, on the occasion of the Belgian
Revolution. He was afterwards sent with Falk to the Conference of
London. From 1833 till 1848 he held several portfolios, and soon
after the latter date retired into private life.

Printed by BALLANTYNE & CO. LIMITED Tavistock Street, Covent Garden, London

Transcriber's Note:

In the Biographical Index of the names of persons mentioned in this book,

MARBOIS, François, Marquis de Barbé- (1745-1837)
has been corrected to:
BARBÉ-MARBOIS, François, Marquis de (1745-1837).

SAXE-MAURICE, Comte de
has been corrected to:
SAXE Maurice, Comte de

ZUYLEN VAN NEVELT
has been corrected to:
ZUYLEN VAN NYEVELT.