Chapter XXI: Appendix: I (1)

MADEMOISELLE RACHEL

From _Sketches and Portraits_ by M. DE LA ROCHEFOUCAULD, Duc de Doudeauville, _vol. ii. p. 307 ff, edition of 1844_

You have asked me for your portrait, Rachel; do you really wish to know yourself, or have you yielded only to the desires of Madame Récamier? In any case your request is a challenge, and I am too French to be able to decline it; but do not accuse me of foolish presumption or of cruel frankness. There is sadness and melancholy in the depths of your heart, but you prefer to delude yourself concerning its needs. You might be the most accomplished and the most remarkable character of our age, or leave your true friends under a sense of profound regret; that choice is before you. The most exquisite polish of manner is as essential a part of your character as talent. Talent and yourself are inseparable, but in return for these superior powers, have you any thought, any fervour, any gratitude to the Eternal who has given them to you? It was impossible for a poor observer like myself to meet you without studying you with extreme interest. I would have laid aside my pen, but you order and I must obey and my pen will chronicle good and evil, perfections and deficiencies. I could wish you were perfect, Rachel, in every respect, and that you would trample beneath your pretty feet all that could stain your lofty nature. You are your own work and no one can boast of what is your success. The true and the beautiful have been your only masters. No one knows you well, child as you are, thrown into the world without experience and feeling everything with an intensity that is with difficulty repressed. You are one of those chosen natures which sometimes come down to earth by sudden transition; a creature of instinct that knows without learning and understands without study. You study little, but you think deeply and feel more deeply. You have a power of energy and enthusiasm which sometimes frightens you: to great loftiness of mind you add a charming lack of restraint which is sometimes not sufficiently repressed. You can dominate yourself, but you have not yet learnt how to conquer yourself. You have nothing to learn, for you have understood the world as clearly as the theatre and are perfect upon either stage; but when you are tired of putting constraint upon yourself, you sometimes forget the spectators who observe you. Not without anxiety do your admirers see your heart and soul expand too freely. For you the stage is a passion, and glory is your sole object. Your mind is unduly refined, your character vastly distinguished, and exquisite taste is native to you. Greater nobility and dignity cannot be seen at the theatre than you display; you are more than an admirable actor, you are the character in person as it is felt and imagined to be. You then rise to the full height of your fine talents, and your simple and expressive gestures are never exaggerated. Those who criticise you unjustly should rather be astonished by the height of perfection and truth which you have been able to attain since the outset of your career, and should leave to your admirable instinct the task of correcting the slight imperfections which are due to your inexperience of passion. Your soul is an abyss into which you fear to descend: your head is aflame with feeling, your heart is a touchstone which tries every sentiment; you fear danger without attempting to avoid it, and if excitement wears you out, it pleases you. Your beliefs are restricted, and you take men only for what they are worth. You are trustful but not blindly so, and you can be carried away without conviction. You can please, but can you love? It is to be feared that those who feel only the passions of others, for that very reason never attain the passion that they so perfectly express, and which in the world as in the theatre lasts so short a time. Thus privileged you might be sublime. Be not content to remain the most perfect actor that the stage and the world have ever produced. Vexation stirs you, obstacles disgust you, and constraint wearies you, but the trick of counterfeiting feeling has become so natural to you that we rather divine than see your impressions. In your face, as in the whole of your being, there is a delicacy and certainty of expression full of charm. Greater daintiness of bearing, greater distinction of manner, greater tact in conversation or greater soundness of judgment, no one could possess: to invincible perseverance you add an iron will and are able to attack great difficulties by force of character as well as by originality. Every new part is for you the material for a triumph, of which you are happy without being proud, and your modesty justifies your success. When you cannot solve a problem, you outflank it with admirable skill; you are a perfect improvisor, and though we never know what you will say, you always say what should be said. An opinion of you formed in society from first impressions would quote you as the model of all women; but be not content to become an admirable actress, become a perfect model in all respects. To restore the dignity of the theatre by showing that passions can be expressed but need not be felt, would be a true glory and one which you are worthy to claim. Insensible to vulgar sentiment, you can appreciate deserved praise. You have an excellent judgment of those who speak to you and can follow good advice. You read the minds of others with exquisite tact: flattery would leave you untouched but passion stirs you; sincere praise arouses in you the ambition to deserve it, unjust criticism shocks you and you prefer to ignore it. Lively, impressionable, and even imperious, you are nervous, changeable and irascible under your outward calm, and rather passionate than capable of deep feeling. Your genius is as great as your instinct and you will always remain yourself without attempting to imitate any one. Sublime is a great word, Rachel, and to deserve it you must reach perfection. The term has been justly applied to you when you play certain parts in which you are inimitable. Desire that that term should be applicable to your life, and if any obstacle should check your path to sublimity, take breath and resume your progress to the pinnacle of glory. Neglect no tendril of your crown as a woman, and if it is your pleasure to collect wreaths of laurel, disdain not the spray of lilies which contrasts with them so finely. I am no prophet and even less a flatterer, but of all those who have met you, I am perhaps the one who has best understood your position, and my frankness is the irrevocable proof of my esteem. You will be astonished by these words and perhaps be angry, but you will feel no grudge against me, for your mind is too great not to love the truth. But you will think that I am not every one, and that is indeed a valid argument when I am confronted by you who resemble no one. Your genius is depicted on your expressive countenance, and to see you is to know you, for those at least who can study you. Complete frankness is difficult towards one who must be ever self-observant. Your look is piercing and attempts to read the depths of the heart, but if your words are sweet your thoughts are often bitter. What might you be if you had the courage to abandon all these delusions and to seek realities? Ever the perfection of grace upon the stage, you are no less graceful in society, nor does any one appear there with greater charm, distinction and simplicity. You are welcomed and noticed wherever you go; all seek your society, but you have too much pride and real dignity to desire a fleeting success. Your look sometimes expresses madness, passion, extravagance and delirium, and when you feel this, your eyelids droop and immediately restore the greatest calm and sweetness to your face. You are a most exceptional person, difficult to know and yet more difficult to explain. Too much severity towards you would be an injustice; we may be afraid of the dangers which surround you, but your destiny alone can be blamed for them. Who else in your place would have been what you are? And how many obstacles must you not have overcome to attain so fair a result? Everywhere around you are flatterers, admirers, courtiers, adorers, and no support, no real friend. How can you safely avoid these many rocks and reefs? If, however, you understand the high and noble mission to which you are called by the world and by your surprising success, you will never be unequal to your task however difficult it may appear. Talent is all that is usually asked from an artist, but more is asked from you. We wish you to be worthy of your renown, worthy of yourself, and, in short, to be that which you must be to justify the esteem which you inspire. Such demands are entirely an honour, for they show that you are appreciated. Remember that if you do much for the world, the world has done much to support you against envy, at the beginning of your career. Do not fall beneath its hopes and your destiny will be truly great, your life worthy of envy, and you will hold the fairest place in the whole of dramatic history, for the historian will be able to say: Rachel has shown that purity of heart and soul are the food of genius and the best source of real talent. Yes, Rachel, it is my real belief that you will offer the world that has adopted you nobility and generosity of conduct in return for its benefits. As you are endowed with so much energy, can you lack energy in well-doing? No, for you portray virtue too eloquently not to love it. At twenty years life is beginning and your life must be unparalleled. Live, therefore, so that you can always meet the severest eyes and never be like those debtors who do not pay their debts. Continue, in short, to be one of those brilliant personages of whom our country is proud, but whom it has the right to question.

II

_Note by M. DE BACOURT on the conversation of the COMTE D'ARTOIS and PRINCE TALLEYRAND._

(_"Memoirs of Prince Talleyrand," vol. i. Appendix to the first part._)

We wish to add to this passage[251] certain details which M. de Talleyrand had omitted or perhaps forgotten. It is certain that at the time to which this passage refers[252] M. de Talleyrand had several interviews with the Comte d'Artois in which he tried to convince the Prince of the necessity for vigorous measures; while supporting the concessions which the King had already made, he urged the energetic repression of the popular agitations which were of daily occurrence and had already stained the streets of the capital with blood. The most important and the last of these interviews took place at Marly on the night of the 16th and 17th of July, 1789, a few hours before the Prince left France. When M. de Talleyrand appeared at the house of the Comte d'Artois the Prince was already in bed, but none the less urged him to come in. The conversation lasted for more than two hours, and M. de Talleyrand again explained the dangers of the situation and begged the Prince to communicate them to the King. The Comte d'Artois in much agitation rose and went to the King, and after a lengthy absence he came back to tell M. de Talleyrand that nothing could be done with the King, who had resolved to yield rather than to shed a drop of blood by resisting the popular demonstrations. "As for me," added the Comte d'Artois, "I have made up my mind that I shall leave France to-morrow morning." M. de Talleyrand vainly urged the Prince to abandon this resolution, pointing out the difficulties and dangers in which it might involve him and showing how it might prejudice his own rights and those of his children in the future. The Comte d'Artois persisted and M. de Talleyrand eventually said, "Then, my Lord, it only remains for each of us to think of his own interests, as the King and the Prince are deserting theirs and those of the monarchy." "That," replied the Prince, "is precisely what I should advise you to do. Whatever may happen I shall never be able to blame you, and you can always rely upon my friendship." The Comte d'Artois left the country the next day.

[251] An allusion to pages 123 and 124 of vol. i. of the _Memoirs
of Prince Talleyrand_ in which he referred to his interviews with
the Comte d'Artois, without giving details of them.

[252] June 1789, after the famous session of the 17th, when the
Third Estate had proclaimed itself to be the National Assembly;
M. de Talleyrand was at that time one of the clerical Deputies.

In the month of April 1814, M. de Talleyrand, who had become President of the Provisional Government, was able to tell the Comte d'Artois, who was then at Nancy awaiting events, that Louis XVIII. had been called to the throne, and that the Prince had been invited to go to Paris to take the post of Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom. He commissioned the Baron de Vitrolles with this message; when the Baron was on the point of departure, while the Prince's despatch was being sealed, M. de Talleyrand walked about with him in the hall of his residence in the Rue St. Florentin and told him the story of the interview of July 16, 1789. He then said, "Oblige me by asking the Comte d'Artois if he remembers this little incident."

M. de Vitrolles, after delivering this important message, asked the Prince M. de Talleyrand's question and received this reply: "I remember the incident perfectly, and M. de Talleyrand's account is entirely correct."

As we were informed that M. de Vitrolles had related this anecdote to several people, we thought it our duty to appeal to his memory and his loyalty; to justify this expression of loyalty it must be said that after the revolution of July 1830 M. de Vitrolles had broken off his relations with M. de Talleyrand and had criticised his actions very severely. Hence the tone of hostility and bitterness which is perceptible in the letter from M. de Vitrolles which we propose to insert here; we think that this hostility will be nothing but a guarantee both for the reader and for ourselves, of the sincerity with which M. de Vitrolles has made his declaration, and of the authenticity of the passage in the _Memoirs of M. de Talleyrand_. The slight differences which will be noticed in the story as given by M. de Talleyrand and as it appears in the letter from M. de Vitrolles can be naturally explained as the result of lapse of time which has affected the memories of the two narrators. The fact, however, remains certain that M. de Talleyrand in July 1789 believed that the revolutionary movement could be stopped, was strong enough to say what he thought and bold enough to undertake the task of checking it. He is not, perhaps, the only man who boasted of it later, but we think that we have shown at least that he did not boast wrongly. The following is the letter from M. de Vitrolles:

_THE BARON DE VITROLLES to M. DE BACOURT._

_Paris, April 6, 1852._

Sir,--As you have placed some value upon the testimony which I
can give with respect to a special incident in the life of M. de
Talleyrand, I think that I cannot better satisfy your wish than
by copying here what I wrote many years ago in a narrative of the
events of 1814.

"When the Emperor of Russia and the Prince de Talleyrand had
realised that the presence of the King's brother invested with
power as a Lieutenant-General of the Realm became necessary, and
when I started to induce Monsieur to come to Paris, I had several
interviews on this subject with the President of the Provisional
Government (the Prince de Talleyrand). In the last conversation
at the moment of departure we discussed the forms and conditions
under which Monseigneur was to be received: after a moment's
silence the Prince de Talleyrand continued with his gentle smile
and in a tone which was intended to be careless and almost
indifferent:

"'I beg you to ask the Comte d'Artois if he remembers the last
opportunity that I had of seeing him. It was in the month of July
1789, and the Court was at Marly. Three or four of my friends had
been startled like myself by the rapidity and violence of the
movement which was sweeping men's minds away, and we resolved to
inform King Louis XVI. of the real state of affairs of which the
Court and the Ministers seemed to be ignorant. We requested His
Majesty to be so kind as to receive us. We were anxious that this
audience should be kept secret in his interests as well as our
own. We were informed that the King had commissioned his brother,
the Comte d'Artois, to receive us, and an appointment was given
us at Marly in the residence which the Comte d'Artois occupied
alone. We arrived there at midnight.'

"M. de Talleyrand told me the precise date and the names of the
friends who accompanied him; they were members of the National
Assembly and of that minority of nobles who had joined the Third
Estate, but I have forgotten both the date and the names.

"'When we came before the Comte d'Artois,' continued M. de
Talleyrand, 'we told him with full frankness the state of affairs
and of the country as we saw it. We told him that it was a
delusion to suppose that the movement that had begun in men's
minds could be easily laid to rest. Procrastination, negotiation,
and a few concessions were not the means of averting the danger
which threatened France, the Throne, and the King. The true means
were a strong display of the royal authority wisely and prudently
exerted. We knew the ways and means, and our position allowed us
to undertake the task and to guarantee success, if the King's
confidence called us to act. The Comte d'Artois listened very
carefully and fully appreciated our representations, perhaps with
the idea that we were exaggerating the danger of the situation
and our own powers of improving it; but, as he told us, he had
been ordered by the King only to hear us and to bring to him the
information which we wished to impart; he could give us no answer
and had no power to pledge the King's will or word. At that point
we requested the Comte d'Artois to tell the King that if the step
we were taking in all good conscience and good faith was not
appreciated, if it had no consequence and led to no result,
Monseigneur must not be astonished if we followed the new current
of national progress, in impotence to stand against the torrent
which threatened to sweep everything away. Ask Monsieur, if you
please,' repeated M. de Talleyrand, 'if the conversation of that
night has remained in his memory; it was just before the time
when he left France.'

"I admired the cleverness of the man who could find in one of
these recollections an explanation an excuse and almost a
justification for the whole of his revolutionary life. He would
have found many other similar excuses to justify different and
even contrary circumstances. When I heard this story, which was
related with a kind of indifference and childlike simplicity, I
ventured to doubt whether the recollections of Monsieur would be
in complete correspondence with the words I had just heard.
However, when I performed M. de Talleyrand's commission at Nancy,
Monseigneur told me without going into details that he had not
forgotten the incident and that my reminder of the circumstance
was in entire harmony with the truth."

I trust, Sir, that this testimony will fulfil your requirements.
I thank you for giving me this opportunity of presenting my
compliments, and I beg to remain,

Faithfully yours,

THE BARON DE VITROLLES.

BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX

[The names followed by an asterisk (*) are those which have been
already given with more details in the Biographical Index to vol.
I.; those followed by two asterisks (**) have been given in vol.
II.]

A

ABERDEEN, Lord* (1784-1860). Diplomatist and English statesman.
Prime Minister from 1852-1855.

ACERENZA, the Duchesse d'** (1783-1876). Third daughter of the
last Duke of Courlande, and sister of the Duchesse de
Talleyrand.

AFFRE, Denis Auguste** (1793-1848). Archbishop of Paris from 1840;
successor to M. de Quélen. On June 25, 1848, in an attempt to
stop the bloodshed which had been proceeding for four days in
Paris, Mgr. Affre went to one of the barricades of the Faubourg
St. Antoine, and was struck by a bullet and died of the wound.

AFFRE (Saint). She lived in the time of Diocletian; after leading
a very scandalous life at Augsburg she was converted by the
preaching of Saint Narcissus, and received baptism. She
underwent martyrdom and death in 304 A.D.

AGOULT, the Vicomtesse d'.* Died in 1841 at Goritz in exile, where
she had followed the Dauphine, whose Mistress of the Robes she
was.

ALAVA, Don Ricardo de* (1780-1843). Lieutenant-General of the
Spanish army.

ALBUFÉRA, the Duchesse d'** (1791-1884). _Née_ de Saint Joseph.

ALDBOROUGH, Lady.* Married Lord Aldborough in 1804.

ALTON SHÉE DE LIGNÈRES, the Comte** (1810-1874). Peer of France in
1836.

ALVENSLEBEN, Count Albert of. Born in 1794. He was Minister of
State in Prussia for many years.

AMPÈRE, Jean Jacques* (1800-1864). Distinguished literary man.

ANCELOT, M. (1794-1854). Author of tragedies and comedies, and
member of the French Academy.

ANDRAL, Dr. Gabriel (1797-1876). Learned French doctor and
son-in-law of M. Royer Collard.

ANGOULÊME, the Duc d'** (1775-1844). Eldest son of King Charles X.

ANHALT-DESSAU, the Duchess of (1796-1850). Frederica of Prussia,
daughter of Prince Ludwig of Prussia and of the Princess of
Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister of Queen Louise, married the Duke
of Anhalt Dessau in 1818.

APPONYI, Count Antony** (1782-1852). Austrian diplomatist,
Ambassador at Paris from 1826-1848. He married a daughter of
Count Nogarola.

APPONYI, the Countess. _Née_ Benkendorff, niece of the Princesse
de Lieven.

ARAGO, François Dominique (1786-1853). Celebrated astronomer and
one of the greatest scientists of the nineteenth century.
Formerly a pupil of the Polytechnic School and a member of the
Academy of Science. In 1830 he entered upon a political career:
as a deputy of the Pyrenees he sat on the extreme Left, and was
the orator of the Opposition; at the revolution of 1848 he
formed part of the Provisional Government, and directed the
Ministries of War and of the Navy.

ARENBERG, Prince Pierre d'* (1790-1877).

ARENBERG, Princesse Pierre d'* (1808-1842). Daughter of the Duc
and Duchesse of Périgord.

ARGOUT, the Comte d'** (1782-1858). French politician and
financier.

ARNFELD, Baron Gustavus Maurice of (1757-1824). A Swede, born in
Finland. He followed a military career, and was rapidly promoted
by Gustavus III., who was very fond of him. He incurred the
disfavour of the Prince Regent during the minority of Gustavus
IV.; was forced to go into exile, and lived in Russia for
several years; eventually restored to his old position, he was
appointed Swedish Minister at Vienna in 1802. After the cession
of Finland to Russia he was made Governor of Finland in 1813.

ARNIM-BOITZENBURG, Count Adolphus of (1803-1868). Minister of
State in Prussia. In 1830 he married Countess Caroline of
Schulenburg-Wolfsburg.

ARNIM-HEINRICHSDORF, Baron Henry of** (1789-1861). Prussian
diplomatist, Minister at Paris from 1840-1848, then Minister of
Foreign Affairs at Berlin in 1848 for a short time.

ASSELINE, Adolphe (1806-1892). Private secretary to the Duchesse
d'Orléans; he retired after 1848.

ASTON, Sir Arthur Ingram. Born in 1798. An English diplomatist,
and Secretary to the Paris Embassy in 1833, and Minister at
Madrid in 1840.

AUDIN, J. M. W. (1793-1851). Historian and founder of the famous
collection of _Guides Richard_, which proved very lucrative.

AUERSPERG, Princess Gabrielle of (1793-1863). _Née_ Princess
Lobkowitz. She lost her husband, Prince Vincent of Auersperg in
1812.

AUGUSTENBERG, the Duchess of (1795-1867). Louise Countess of
Daneskjold married in 1820 the Duke of Augustenberg. She was the
mother of Queen Caroline of Denmark, wife of Christian VIII.

AUMALE, Henri d'Orléans, Duc d'** (1822-1897). Fourth son of Louis
Philippe, and distinguished for his military talent.

AUMALE, Duchesse d'. Caroline, daughter of the Prince of Salerno,
married the Duc d'Aumale in 1844 and died in 1869.

AUSTRIA, the Archduke John of (1782-1859). Son of the Emperor
Leopold II. and of Princess Louise of Bourbon, daughter of
Charles III., King of Spain. He was elected Vicar of the Empire
in 1848 by the Frankfort Assembly, in which he played a somewhat
insignificant part.

AUSTRIA, the Archduchess Sophia of* (1805-1872). Daughter of
Maximilian I., King of Bavaria, and mother of the Emperor
Francis Joseph I.

AUSTRIA, the Emperor Francis Joseph I. of. Born in 1830. Son of
the Archduke Francis Charles (1802-1878), and of the Archduchess
Sophia, and nephew of the Emperor Ferdinand I., who abdicated in
1848 at Olmütz. Francis Joseph I. ascended the throne before the
abdication of his father, which took place immediately
afterwards. In 1854 he married his cousin, Princess Elizabeth of
Bavaria, who died in 1898.

AUSTRIA, the Archduke Max of (1832-1867). Second brother of the
Emperor Francis Joseph, and Governor of Lombardy until 1859; he
accepted in 1864 the Imperial Crown of Mexico, where after many
grievous disappointments he was shot by his subjects who had
appointed him their ruler. This unfortunate Prince married in
1857 Princess Charlotte, daughter of Leopold I., King of the
Belgians.

AUSTRIA, the Archduke Albert of (1817-1895). One of the most
renowned military figures during the reign of the Emperor
Francis Joseph I. In 1844 he married Princess Hildegarde of
Bavaria.

AUSTRIA, the Archduchess Elizabeth of (1831-1903). Daughter of the
Palatine of Hungary. She married in 1849 Ferdinand Charles
Victor, Archduke of Modena Este, who died in 1849; in 1854 she
married the Archduke Charles Ferdinand.

AYLESBURY, Lord (1773-1856). Charles Bruce, made Marquis of
Aylesbury in 1821.

AYLESBURY (Lady). Died in 1893. Maria, daughter of the Hon.
Charles Tollemache, second wife of Lord Aylesbury, whom she had
married in 1833. She was very popular in London society.

B

BACH, Alexander, Baron (1813-1870). Austrian statesman, Minister
of Justice in 1848, Minister of the Interior in 1849,
afterwards appointed Ambassador to the Pope, which office he
held until 1867.

BADEN, the Grand Duchess Stephanie of (1789-1860). _Née_ de
Beauharnais.* Her husband, the Grand Duke Charles of Baden, died
in 1818.

BADEN, the Grand Duke Leopold of** (1790-1858). He succeeded his
brother Louis in 1830.

BADEN, the Grand Duchess Sophia of (1801-1865). Daughter of the
King of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus IV. She married in 1819 Prince
Leopold of Baden, who died in 1852.

BADEN, Princess Alexandria of. Born in 1820. She married in 1842
the Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg Gotha.

BALLANCHE, Pierre Simon (1776-1847). Philosopher and mystic;
director of a large publishing house at Lyons. He settled in
Paris, where he was welcomed by illustrious friends. He
published several books marked by real learning, which secured
him a place in the French Academy in 1844.

BALZAC, Honoré de** (1799-1850). French man of letters.

BARANTE, the Baron Prosper de.* Diplomatist and French historian;
for a long time Ambassador at St. Petersburg.

BARBÈS, Armand (1809-1870). French politician and representative
of the people in 1848, nicknamed the "Bayard of the Democracy."
He was imprisoned in 1849, released in 1854, but went into
voluntary exile and died in Holland.

BARING, Sir Francis (1796-1866). Made Baron Northbrook a short
time before his death. He had been a Member of Parliament for
Portsmouth from 1826-1865; Chancellor of the Exchequer from
1839-1841, and First Lord of the Admiralty from 1849-1852.

BARING, Lady Arabella (1809-1884). Daughter of the Count of
Effingham. She married Sir Francis Baring in 1841, and was his
second wife.

BARROT, Odilon* (1791-1873). French politician.

BARRY, Dr. Martin (1802-1855). Of Scotch extraction, he had
studied in England, France, and Germany, and took his doctor's
degree in 1831. He was a great friend of Alexander von Humboldt.

BASSANO, Hughes Maret, Duc de* (1763-1839). Held important
military and political posts under the Empire and the July
Monarchy.

BATTHYÁNY, the Countess (1798-1840). By birth Baroness of
Ahrenfeldt. She married as her second husband in 1828 Count
Gustavus Batthyány Strathmann.

BAUDRAND, General, Count* (1774-1848). Served with distinction
under the Republic, the Empire, the Restoration, and the July
Monarchy.

BAUFFREMONT, the Duchesse de.** Born in 1771. _Née_ de la
Vauguyon. She married in 1787 the Duc Alexandre de Bauffremont.
She was a friend of Prince Talleyrand.

BAUFFREMONT, the Princess de** (1802-1860). Laurence, daughter of
the Duc de Montmorency, had married in 1819 Prince Théodore de
Bauffremont.

BAUSSET, Cardinal** (1748-1824). Bishop of Alais and member of the
French Academy.

BAUTAIN, the Abbé** (1796-1867). At first a pupil of the Normal
School, he was appointed Vicar-General of the diocese of Paris
in 1849.

BAVARIA, King Louis I.** (1786-1868). Ascended the throne in 1825,
and abdicated in 1848.

BAVARIA, Queen Theresa of** (1792-1854). Daughter of Duke
Frederick of Saxony Altenburg, she married in 1810 Louis I. of
Bavaria.

BAVARIA, the Crown Prince of** (1811-1864). Son of Louis I. He
succeeded in 1848 to the throne under the name of Maximilian II.
He had married in 1842 Princess Maria of Prussia.

BAVARIA, Princess Hildegarde of (1825-1864). She married in 1844
the Archduke Albert, by whom she had a daughter who afterwards
married a Duke of Wurtemberg.

BEAUFORT, Duke Henry of (1792-1848). He first married in 1814 a
daughter of the Hon. Henry Fitzroy, and in 1822 Emily Frances
Smith, of the Wellesley family on her mother's side. Her
husband inherited her father's title in 1835.

BEAUVALE, Lord (1782-1852). Frederick Lamb.* English diplomatist,
brother of Lord Melbourne, to whose title he succeeded in 1848.

BELGIANS, the King of* (1790-1865). Leopold I., Prince of
Coburg-Gotha.

BELGIANS, the Queen of** (1812-1850). Louise, Princesse d'Orléans,
daughter of King Louis Philippe.

BELGIOJOSO, the Princesse Christine** (1808-1871). Remarkable for
her beauty, her wit, and her eccentricity. She became famous for
her liberal ideas. In 1846 she published an _Essay on the
Formation of Catholic Dogma_ which aroused much discussion.

BELLUNE, Victor, Duc de (1766-1841). Marshal of France.

BELOW, General von (1783-1864). A Prussian general who commanded
the Federal Fortresses from 1843-1847.

BEM, General Joseph* (1795-1850). A Pole, he first saw service in
the Polish Artillery in 1812, and covered himself with glory in
the insurrection of 1830, and at the time of the defence of
Warsaw in 1831. On his defeat he took refuge in France, and
reappeared in Vienna in 1848, at the time of the insurrection,
when he joined the Hungarians, who had revolted against Austria.
He afterwards embraced Mohammedanism, and took service in
Turkey.

BENACET, M. (1773-1848). Director of the Baden gambling houses,
and successor to M. Chabert. He paid six thousand florins a year
for the privilege; his son, who succeeded him, paid forty-five
thousand. On the death of the latter in 1868, his nephew, M.
Dupressoir, obtained this inheritance. To them Baden owes its
theatre, its hospital, and part of its prosperity.

BENNINGSEN, Count Alexander von. Born in 1809. A German statesman,
son of the famous Russian general. He had studied in Germany,
entered the Financial Chamber, and became chief overseer of
taxes in Hanover. In 1848 he was President of the Council and
Minister of Foreign Affairs. He resigned in 1850.

BÉRIOT, Charles Auguste de (1802-1870). Famous Belgian violinist,
and one of the most remarkable virtuosos of his time. He married
Madame Malibran.

BERNARD, Samuel (1651-1739). Rich financier and famous contractor.
He made a noble use of his immense fortune, and came to the help
of Kings Louis XIV. and Louis XV., with whom he was in very high
favour. Chamaillard and Desmaret borrowed considerable sums of
him for State purposes.

BERNSTORFF, Count Albert von (1809-1873). Prussian diplomatist and
successively Minister Plenipotentiary at Munich, Vienna, Naples,
and London; Minister of Foreign Affairs for Prussia and
Ambassador at London.

BERRYER, Antoine* (1790-1868). Celebrated lawyer and Legitimist
orator, member of the French Academy and several times deputy.

BERTIN DE VEAUX, M.* (1771-1842). Founded the _Journal des
Débats_, was Councillor of State and Deputy.

BERTIN DE VEAUX, Auguste (1799-1879). Cavalry officer and attaché
to the staff of the Duc d'Orléans. He was a deputy from 1837 to
1842 and then peer of France. He was appointed brigadier-general
in 1852 and chief officer of the Legion of Honour in 1867.

BETHMANN-HOLLWEG, Moritz Augustus von (1795-1877). German lawyer,
a friend of Savigny, and an authority on jurisprudence. He held
the post of Minister of Public Worship in Prussia in 1848 and
showed unusual competence as Minister of Education. He resigned
in 1852.

BÉTHISY, the Marquis de (1815-1881). Peer of France till 1848. He
married a daughter of the Duc de Rohan-Chabot.

BEUST, Count Frederick Ferdinand of (1809-1886). Saxon statesman
and Minister of Foreign Affairs in Saxony in 1849. Summoned to
Austria after the war of 1866, he became President of the
Austrian Council with the title of Chancellor of the Empire. He
cleverly reconciled Austria with Hungary and secured the
coronation of the Emperor Francis Joseph, King of Hungary, at
Pesth on June 8, 1867. In 1871 he was appointed Austrian
Ambassador at Paris and afterwards at London, where he died.

BIGNON, François (1789-1868). A business man of Nantes. Knight of
the Legion of Honour, and appointed deputy in 1834. His business
capacity gave him a certain position in the Chamber.

BINZER, Frau von** (1801-1891). Wife of a German man of letters.

BIRON-COURLANDE (Prince Charles of).** Born in 1811.

BIRON-COURLANDE (Princess Charles of). Born in 1810 as Princess of
Lippe-Biesterfeld, and married Prince Biron in 1833.

BIRON-COURLANDE, Princess Fanny of** (1815-1883). Sister of the
Countess of Hohenthal. She married General von Boyen.

BIRON-COURLANDE, Prince Calixtus von (1817-1882). He inherited in
1848 the seniority and the lands of his brother Charles. After
spending some years in the Prussian military service, he
afterwards held a high position at the Prussian Court. In 1845
he married Princess Helena Mertschersky.

BIRON-COURLANDE, Prince Peter of (1818-1852). Cuirassier officer
in Prussia.

BLUM, Robert (1807-1848). Famous German revolutionist. He was
first known as the editor of several newspapers, and in 1848 he
was appointed Deputy to the Frankfort Parliament. He was one of
the most ardent promoters of the rising at Vienna; was taken
prisoner and shot by the victorious troops of the Government.

BODELSCHWINGH, Charles von (1800-1873). Prussian Minister of
State, who twice held the post of Financial Minister, from
1851-1858, and from 1862-1866.

BOIGNE, the Comtesse de* (1780-1866). Born Adèle d'Osmond. Her
salon was one of the most important at Paris from 1814-1859.

BOISMILON, M. de. At first private secretary to the Duc d'Orléans
and afterwards tutor to the Comte de Paris.

BONALD, the Vicomte de (1754-1840). The most famous representative
of the monarchical and religious doctrines of the Restoration.
Exiled in 1791, he did not return to France until the
proclamation of the Empire. From 1815 to 1822 he was a Deputy,
and was made a peer of France in 1823, and afterwards member of
the Academy. He devoted his pen and his oratorical powers to the
maintenance of the Crown and the Church, thus contributing to
facilitate the return of religious ideas to France.

BONAPARTE, Lucien* (1773-1840). Third brother of Napoleon I.; made
Prince of Canino by Pope Pius VII.

BONAPARTE, Prince Louis** (1808-1873). Son of Louis Bonaparte and
of Hortense de Beauharnais. After an adventurous youth he took
advantage of the events of 1848 to secure his nomination as
President of the Republic, and re-established the Empire to his
own advantage in 1852, taking the name of Napoleon III.

BONIN, General Eduard von (1793-1865). At the head of a body of
Prussian troops in 1848, he was ordered to occupy the duchies of
Schleswig and Holstein, where he afterwards organised a national
army. In 1852 he took the place of General Stockhausen as
Minister of War at Berlin.

BORDEAUX, the Duc de* (1820-1883). Son of the Duc de Berry and
grandson of Charles X.; he also bore the title of Comte de
Chambord.

BOURQUENEY, the Comte de* (1800-1869). French diplomatist;
appointed Ambassador at Constantinople in 1844 and at Vienna in
1859.

BRAGANZA, the Duchess Amelia of* (1812-1873). Daughter of the Duke
Eugène of Leuchtenberg and second wife of Pedro I. Emperor of
Brazil.

BRANDENBURG, Count Frederick William of (1792-1850). A son of the
morganatic marriage of King Frederick William II. with the
Countess Dönhoff. He entered the army at an early age: in 1848
he took the place of Herr von Pfuel as leader of the Prussian
Cabinet, and in November 1849 was sent to Warsaw to negotiate
with Russia concerning the conflict between Austria and Prussia.

BRANDENBURG (the Countess of). _Née_ Massenbach, she married the
Count of Brandenburg in 1818. For several years she was chief
lady to Queen Elizabeth of Prussia.

BRANDHOFEN, Frau von. _Née_ Anne Plochel in 1802; she married
morganatically in 1827 the Archduke John of Austria; she then
received the title of Baroness of Brandhofen which was changed
in 1845 to that of Countess of Meran.

BRAZIL, the Emperor Dom Pedro II. of (1825-1891). Succeeded his
father under the regency in 1831 and became ruler in 1840. In
1843 he married Princess Theresa of Bourbon, daughter of Francis
I. King of the Two Sicilies. The revolution drove him out of
Brazil in 1890.

BREDY, Hugo von (1792-1848). Austrian officer of artillery:
major-general in 1846. He was killed in the Vienna Insurrection
on October 6, 1848.

BRESSON, Comte* (1788-1847). French diplomatist.

BRESSON, Comtesse. _Née_ de Cominge-Guitaut, of a noble Burgundian
family.

BRIFAUT, Charles (1787-1867). Poet and French man of letters;
member of the French Academy. He wrote with the same enthusiasm
upon the birth of the King of Rome and the return of Louis
XVIII.

BRIGNOLE-SALE, the Marquis Antoine de (1786-1863). Born of an old
illustrious family of Genoa, he was first reporter to the
Imperial Council of State, then Prefect of Savona, and in 1814
Plenipotentiary Minister for the town of Genoa at the Council of
Vienna. He supported the Monarchy in Savoy and became Chief of
the Royal University in 1816, Ambassador at Rome in 1839, and
afterwards Ambassador at Paris where he remained for many years.

BRIGNOLE-SALE, the Marquise de. _Née_ Durazzo. She was the mother
of the Duchesse Melzi and of the Duchesse de Galliera.

BROGLIE, Duc Victor de* (1785-1870). Chief of the Doctrinaire
Party and several times Minister under Louis-Philippe. He had
married Albertine de Staël, who died in 1840.

BRONZINO, Angiolo (1502-1572). Italian painter, born at Florence.

BROUGHAM, Lord Henry* (1778-1868). English politician.

BRUGES, Madame de. Died in 1897. _Née_ Emilie de Zeuner. She had
married as her first husband the Comte de Bruges, a French
_émigré_ in Prussia, while her second husband was General von
Berger of the Prussian service.

BRUNNOW, Baron (1796-1875). A Russian diplomatist. Minister at
Darmstadt in 1839. He was appointed London Ambassador in 1840
after negotiating the marriage of the Hereditary Grand Duke, who
became Alexander II. He took a large share in the negotiations
which led to the conclusion of the treaty of the quadruple
alliance on July 15, 1840, in which French politics received so
severe a check. Accredited to the Germanic Confederation in 1855
he was nominated, together with Count Orloff, to represent the
Russian Government at the Congress of Paris in 1856.

BRUNSWICK, Duke William of (1806-1884). This Prince took the reins
of government in 1825, after the flight of his brother Charles,
and became definite ruler of the duchy from 1837.

BUGEAUD DE LA PICONNERIE, Marshal (1784-1849). Entered the army in
1804 and served with distinction in the campaigns under the
Empire; he then withdrew to his estate of Excideuil in Dordogne
after the fall of Napoleon. Recalled to active service in 1830
he loyally supported the new monarchy, energetically repressed
several insurrections at Paris and was sent to Algiers in 1836,
where he defeated Abd-el-Kader and forced him to accept the
treaty of Tafna. In 1840 he was appointed Governor of Algeria
and showed fine administrative powers, defeated the forces of
Morocco in the battle of Isly and consolidated the French
possessions in Northern Africa.

BÜLOW, Baron Henry von* (1790-1846). Prussian diplomatist. He was
Minister in England and afterwards Minister of Foreign Affairs
in Prussia.

BÜLOW, Count Hans Adolphus Charles of (1807-1869). Prussian
statesman, who was commissioned to undertake several
negotiations in Hanover, Oldenburg, and in Brunswick. From 1850
to 1858 he directed the affairs of Mecklenburg.

BULWER, Sir Henry Lytton** (1804-1872). English diplomatist.
Minister Plenipotentiary in Spain from 1843-1848; Ambassador at
Constantinople in 1858.

BUNSEN, the Chevalier Christian Charles Josias von (1791-1860).
German diplomatist. He spent twenty years at Rome as Secretary
to the Prussian Legation and negotiated the question of mixed
marriages. He was very intimate with the Prince Royal of Prussia
who became King Frederick William IV. in 1840. He was appointed
by this ruler Ambassador at London, where he remained until the
Crimean War in 1854.

BUTENIEFF, Apollinaire de. Russian diplomatist, Minister at
Constantinople and afterwards at Rome. He married as his second
wife Marie de Chreptowicz.

C

CAMBRIDGE, Prince George of. Born in 1819. Son of Duke Adolphus
of Cambridge and of Princess Augusta of Hesse-Cassel; he became
Duke of Cambridge in 1850 on the death of his father, and held
a high position at the head of the English Army.

CAMBRIDGE, Princess Augusta of. Born in 1822, and sister of Prince
George. She married in 1843 the Grand Duke of
Mecklenburg-Strelitz, at that time Hereditary Prince.

CAMPHAUSEN, Ludolf (1802-1890). President of the Prussian Ministry
in 1848, afterwards Minister Plenipotentiary to the Central
Germanic power, where he proposed a confederation in which
Prussia was to have the controlling influence.

CAPO D'ISTRIA, Count* (1776-1831). Native of Corfu.

CARAMAN, the Marquise de.** _Née_ Gallard de Béarn; widow of the
Marquis de Caraman after 1836.

CARDIGAN, James Thomas Brudenell Bruce (1797-1864). General and
peer of England; of an old family in which the family of the
Marquises of Aylesbury originated. After several differences
with the officers of his regiment, he had a duel with a captain
and wounded his adversary. He was then tried before the House of
Lords in its judicial capacity in 1841 and was acquitted.

CARIGNAN, Princesse Joséphine de (1753-1797). Grandmother of King
Charles Albert of Sardinia, daughter of Louis Charles de
Lorraine, Duc d'Elbeuf, Prince de Lambesc, Comte de Brionne. She
married in 1768 Prince Victor Amédée II. de Carignan, who was
settled at Paris.

CARLOTTA, the Infanta* (1804-1844). Daughter of the King of the
Two Sicilies and sister of Queen Marie Christina of Spain.

CARNÉ, the Comte Joseph de (1804-1876). Entered the office of the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1825 and joined the July
Government. He was elected Deputy and took an active part in
parliamentary work. He entered the French Academy in 1863.

CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Prince Henry of** (1783-1864). General of
Prussian cavalry and chief royal huntsman.

CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Princess Adelaide of (1797-1849). Daughter of
the Count of Pappenheim, she married Prince Henry Carolath in
1817.

CARS, the Duchesse des. Died in 1870. Her maiden name was
Augustine du Bouchet de Sourches de Tourzel. In 1817 she married
Duc Amédée François des Cars.

CASTELLANE, the Comtesse de* (1796-1847). _Née_ Cordelia
Greffulhe, mother of the Marquis Henri de Castellane.

CASTELLANE, the Marquis Henri de** (1814-1847). Eldest son of the
Marshal de Castellane and Deputy for Cantal.

CASTELLANE, the Marquise Henri de (1820-1890). _Née_ Pauline de
Périgord,* grandniece of the Prince de Talleyrand and daughter
of the author of these memoirs.

CASTELLANE, Marie de. Born in 1840. Daughter of the Marquis and
Marquise Henri de Castellane and granddaughter of the author of
these memoirs. In 1857 she married at Sagan Prince Antony
Radziwill, who died in 1904.

CASTLEREAGH, Viscount* (1769-1822). English statesman and an
embittered enemy of the French revolution and of Napoleon I.

CAULAINCOURT, Armand Augustin Louis, Marquis de, Duc de Vicence
(1772-1827). French general and the business-man of Napoleon I.
at the Congress of Châtillon and one of his most faithful
servants.

CAVAIGNAC, General Louis Eugène (1802-1857). After gaining
practically all his military experience in Algiers, he was
appointed governor of this province after the revolution of
1848. On the _coup d'état_ of December 2, 1851, he was arrested
and transported to Ham. On his liberation he requested to be
retired and entered private life.

CELLAMARE, the Prince of (1657-1733). Was appointed Spanish
Ambassador to the Court of France in 1715. He became, in concert
with the Duchesse du Maine, the instrument by which Alberoni
worked against the regent. His correspondence was intercepted
towards the end of 1718 and he was himself arrested and
conducted to the Spanish frontier.

CÉSOLE, the Comte Eugène de. Lived at Nice and was very popular in
society by reason of his cheerful disposition and his talents as
a violinist.

CÉSOLE, the Comtesse de (1812-1892). _Née_ de Castellane. She
lived at Nice to the end of her life.

CESSAC, the Comte de (1752-1841). Jean Gérard Lacué de Cessac was
on duty when the revolution broke out. He was a member of the
Council of the Anciens in 1775. A supporter of the 18th
Brumaire, Cessac was summoned to the Council of State and
became Minister of War in 1807 and remained faithful to the
Emperor till his death. In 1831 Cessac entered the Chamber of
Peers.

CHABANNES LA PALICE, the Comte Alfred de* (1799-1868).
Brigadier-General and Aide-de-Camp of Louis Philippe, whom he
followed into exile.

CHABANNES LA PALICE, the Comtesse Alfred de (1802-1891). Of
English origin; her maiden name was Miss Antoinette Ellice.

CHABOT, Philippe de, Comte de Jarnac** (1815-1875). French
diplomatist. Deeply attached to the Orléans family.

CHABOT, Mlle. Olivia de. Married in 1844 the Marquis de Lasteyrie,
who died in 1883.

CHAIX D'EST ANGE, Gustave (1800-1876). Famous legal authority,
magistrate and French politician. Grand officer of the Legion of
Honour and Senator in 1864.

CHALAIS, the Prince Elie de** (1809-1883). Eldest son of the Duc
de Périgord.

CHANALEILLES, the Marquise Stéphanie de. Second daughter of the
Duc de Crillon. She married Sosthène de Chanaleilles in 1832.
She was a sister of Countess Pozzo.

CHANGARNIER, General (1793-1877). After taking part in the Spanish
war in 1823, he won distinction in the Algerian campaigns. He
was exiled after the _coup d'état_ of 1851, returned to France
in 1859 and served in the army of Metz.

CHARTRES, Robert d'Orléans, Duc de. Born in 1840. Second son of
the Duc de Orléans and Princesse Helena of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
He married in 1863 his cousin-german, Françoise, daughter of the
Prince de Joinville.

CHATEAUBRIAND, the Vicomte de* (1768-1848). One of the most famous
French writers of his time.

CHATEAUBRIAND, the Vicomtesse de (1775-1845). _Née_ Celeste de la
Vigne Buisson, she had married in 1792 the Vicomte de
Chateaubriand with whose sisters she had been intimate since her
youth.

CHEVREUSE, the Duchesse Marie de (1600-1679). Widow of Duc Albert
de Luynes; she married Claude de Lorraine, Duc de Chevreuse and
played a part in the Fronde and in the plots against Mazarin.

CHOMEL, Dr. (1788-1859). Doctor to King Louis-Philippe and the
Duchesse d'Orléans. He was the first to begin a regular clinical
practice at the Hospital of la Charité. He was a pupil of
Corvisart.

CHREPTOWICZ, Countess Helena.** Died in 1878. A daughter of Count
Nesselrode, chancellor of Russia. She married Count Michael
Chreptowicz, a Russian diplomatist.

CIRCOURT, the Comtesse de (1808-1863). _Née_ Anastasie de
Klustine. She married in 1830 the Comte Adolphe de Circourt and
held a very remarkable salon at Paris. She was an intimate
friend of Count Cavour and they maintained a highly interesting
correspondence; several of the letters from Count Cavour to
Madame de Circourt have been published by the Comte Nigra.

CLANRICARDE, Lady,* died in 1876. She was the only daughter of the
famous George Canning.

CLARENDON, Lord* (1800-1870). Diplomatist and English politician.

CLARY-ALDRINGEN, Princess (1777-1864). By birth Countess Louise
Chotek, she had married in 1802 Prince Charles Clary Aldringen,
her cousin-german.

CLARY-ALDRINGEN, Prince Edmund (1813-1894). Son of Prince Charles
Clary. He was chamberlain at the Austrian Court. He married in
1841 a Countess Ficquelmont, who died in 1878.

CLAUSEL, the General, Comte** (1772-1842). Governor of Algiers in
1830 and Marshal of France in 1831.

CLÉREMBAULT, the Vicomte Jean Nicolas Adolphe de. Born in 1810.
Son of the Comte de Clérembault and Consul General for France in
Prussia in 1809; he served in the navy and became lieutenant. In
Belgium he married Mlle. Valerie Desœr; he was a knight of the
Legion of Honour.

COBURG, Duke Ernst II. of Saxe- (1818-1893). He succeeded his
father, Ernst I., in 1844 and married in 1842 Alexandrina of
Baden.

COBURG, Prince Albert of Saxe- (1819-1861). Brother of Duke Ernst
II. He married in 1840 Queen Victoria of England.

COEUR, the Abbé** (1805-1860). A talented pulpit orator. He was
made Bishop of Troyes in 1848.

COGNY, Dr.** Doctor at Valençay.

COIGNY, the Duc Gustave de** (1788-1865). Peer and Marshal of
France.

COLLOREDO, Count Francis of. Born in 1799. Austrian diplomatist;
Ambassador at London and afterwards at Rome.

COLLOREDO, the Countess of. _Née_ Severina Potocka. She married as
her first husband Sobanski. Count Colloredo became her second
husband in 1847.

COMMINES, Philippe de (1445-1509). Chronicler and author of the
_Memoirs_ of the reigns of Louis XI. and of Charles VIII., and a
historian of first-rate capacity.

CONDÉ, the Princesse Louise Adélaïde de (1757-1824). Daughter of
the Duc de Bourbon Condé and of Charlotte de Rohan Soubise. She
was appointed Abbess of Remiremont by Louis XVI. in 1784, but
did not take the veil. Deep feeling for a simple commoner
induced her to leave the world. She lived in the Benedictine
Order at Turin, at Warsaw, and even at Nieswiez in a convent
founded by the Princes Radziwill. There she heard of the death
of her brother, the Duc d'Enghien. On her return to France the
Princesse de Condé founded the monastery of the Temple.

CONSALVI, Cardinal Hercule (1757-1824). He enjoyed the patronage
of the Princesses of France, the aunts of Louis XVI., and of the
Cardinal of York, the last of the Stuarts. He occupied important
posts at the Papal Court of Pius VI., and was the chief agent in
the election of Pius VII., who made him Cardinal and Secretary
of State. In 1801 he came to France and signed the famous
Concordat, but Napoleon in order to remove him from business
kept him in France in practical exile, and he was unable to
return to Italy until 1814. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815
the Cardinal not only obtained the restoration to the Holy See
of the Marches and of Beneventum and Ponte Corvo, but also
secured the supremacy of the papal nuncios in the diplomatic
world.

CONTADES, the Vicomtesse Jules de (1793-1861). Adèle Alexandrine,
daughter of Gabriel Amys du Poureau. She married Vicomte Jules
de Contades; after his death in 1844 she married the Duc de
Luynes whose second wife she was.

CORNÉLIUS, Peter von** (1787-1867). Famous German painter.

COSSÉ-BRISSAC, Mlle. Stéphanie Marie de. Daughter of Comte Arthur
de Cossé-Brissac, married in 1841 Louis Marie de Riffardeau, Duc
de Rivière.

COURTIER. An ecclesiastic who enjoyed great popularity.

COWLEY, Lord (1804-1884). Son of Lord Mornington and nephew of the
Duke of Wellington. He entered upon a diplomatic career at an
early age and was accredited to the Germanic Confederation in
1841; in 1852 he was appointed Ambassador at Paris to take the
place of Lord Normanby, and took part in the Congress of Paris
in 1856 with Lord Clarendon. He retained his post in France
until 1867. In 1833 he had married Olivia FitzGerald of Ross.

COWPER, Lady Fanny. Died in 1880. Daughter of the first marriage
of Lady Palmerston and niece of Lord Melbourne. She married in
1841 Lord Robert Jocelyn (1816-1854), M.P., eldest son of Lord
Roden.

CRÉMIEUX, Adolphe (1796-1880). A lawyer and politician who was
elected Deputy for Chinon in 1842. He joined the government of
National Defence with Gambetta in 1870 and was appointed
permanent Senator in 1875.

CRILLON, Mlle. Marie Louise Amélie de. Daughter of the Marquis de
Crillon, peer of France. She married in 1842 Prince Armand de
Polignac, son of the last President of the Council of King
Charles X.

CRILLON, Mlle. Valentine de. Sister of the foregoing. She married
the Comte Charles Pozzo di Borgo.

CUJAS, Jacques (1520-1590). Famous legal authority of Toulouse,
nicknamed the Papinian of his age.

CUSTINE, the Marquis de (1770-1826). Delphine de Sabran, daughter
of the first marriage of Madame de Boufflers. She married in
1787 M. de Custine who perished on the scaffold with his
brother, General de Custine, in 1793. Madame de Custine was a
friend of Chateaubriand.

CUSTINE, the Marquis Astolphe de (1790-1857). Son of the
foregoing. Traveller and French man of letters.

COUVILLIER-FLEURY, Alfred** (1802-1887). French man of letters.
Tutor to the Duc d'Aumale, and afterwards his secretary. He was
elected member of the French Academy in 1866.

CZARTORYSKI, Prince Adam* (1770-1861). Friend and Minister of the
Emperor Alexander I. of Russia; he settled in Paris after 1839.

D