Chapter XXIII: Appendix: I (3)

NOAILLES, Viscomtesse Alfred de* (1792-1851). Daughter of the
marriage of Charles de Noailles, Duc de Mouchy, with Mlle.
Nathalie de Laborde. She married her cousin, the Vicomte de
Noailles, who died at the age of twenty-six at the Bérésina.

NOAILLES, the Duc Paul de* (1802-1885). Peer of France and member
of the Academy.

NOAILLES, the Duchesse de (1800-1887). _Née_ Alicia de Mortemart.

NODIER, Charles (1780-1844). Man of letters and collector of
books; member of the Academy from 1834.

NORMANBY, Constantine Henry, Marquis of (1797-1863). English
politician who belonged to the Whig party and was
Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland for several years. In 1846 he became
Ambassador at Paris and held that post till 1854, when he was
transferred to Florence; there he became very unpopular by
reason of his Austrian leanings, and was recalled in 1858. He
became a Member of the House of Lords in 1831 on the death of
his father, Lord Mulgrave, whose title he bore till 1838, when
Queen Victoria made him a Marquis. He married in 1818 the Hon.
Maria Liddell, daughter of Lord Ravensworth, who died in 1882.
By her he had an only son, who succeeded to his titles.

NOSTITZ, Count Augustus of (1777-1866). Prussian infantry General.

NOSTITZ, Countess Clara of, died in 1858. A daughter of Prince
Hatzfeldt-Trachenberg, she married in 1809 Count Augustus of
Nostitz.

NOTHOMB, Baron J. B. de (1805-1881). At first a lawyer, he strove,
by writing in support of Belgian independence, to bring about
the Revolution of 1830, and was appointed a deputy at the
National Congress under Leopold I. He was several times Minister
and afterwards diplomatist to the Berlin Court for many years.

O

OBERKAMPF, Christophe Philippe (1738-1815). The famous
manufacturer, the first to introduce the manufacture of
oilcloth into France. Louis XVI. made him a noble and Napoleon
gave him the Cross of the Legion of Honour. He founded the
factory of Jouy-en-Josas and started at Essonnes the first
French cotton-spinning mill.

O'DONNELL, Count Maurice, General (1780-1843). An Austrian
Field-Marshal; he married Mlle. de Ligne.

OLDENBURG, the Grand Duke Augustus of (1783-1853). Succeeded his
father in 1829.

OLFERS, Franz Werner (1793-1871). Born in Westphalia, he studied
medicine at Göttingen and then entered a diplomatic career. In
1839 the King of Prussia appointed him General Director of the
Berlin Museums. He resigned in 1869.

OLOZAGA, Don Salluste (1803-1873). Spanish statesman. He began
life as a lawyer and was implicated as a member of a secret
society in a conspiracy against Ferdinand VII.; he was
imprisoned and escaped, and after the King's death he was
appointed Deputy to the Cortes. As he was a rival of Espartero,
the latter had no sooner obtained the power than he sent him to
Paris as Ambassador in 1840. In 1843 Queen Isabella, on
attaining her majority, commissioned Olozaga to form the
Cabinet; then Court intrigues overthrew him, and forced him to
flee to Portugal and afterwards to England. He did not return to
Spain until 1848. In 1854 he was again appointed Ambassador at
Paris. He died at Enghien.

ORÏE, Dr.** Died in 1846. He practised at Bourgueil, in Touraine.

ORLÉANS, Gaston d' (1608-1660). Brother of Louis XIII. This
Prince, known as Monsieur, spent his life in intrigues and
revolts against Richelieu and Mazarin. He first married the
Duchesse de Montpensier, who died in 1627; in 1632 he contracted
a secret marriage with Marguerite of Lorraine, and was forced to
suffer many humiliations to secure recognition of this union. On
the death of Louis XIII. he was appointed Lieutenant-General of
the Kingdom.

ORLÉANS, the Duc d'* (1810-1842). Eldest son of King Louis
Philippe.

ORLÉANS, the Duchesse d' (1814-1858). _Née_ Princess Helena of
Mecklenburg-Schwerin. She married in 1837 the Duc d'Orléans,
eldest son of King Louis Philippe, whose widow she became in
1842. Her children were the Comte de Paris and the Comte de
Chartres.

ORSAY, Lady Harriet d' (1812-1869); only daughter and heiress of
Charles John Gardiner, Lord Blessington. She married Comte
Alfred d'Orsay* in 1827. In 1852 she was left a widow, and
married in the same year the Hon. Charles Spencer Cowper
(1816-1879), third son of the marriage of Lord Cowper with
Amelia, daughter of the first Lord Melbourne who afterwards
married Lord Palmerston.

OULTREMONT ET DE VERGIMOND, the Comtesse Flore d'. Born in 1792.
Morganatic wife of King William I. of the Low Countries.

OUTREMONT DE MINIÈRES, General d'. Died at Tours in 1858. He
married in 1819 Marie Albertine de la Ribellerie, widow of Baron
Marchand.

P

PAGANINI, Niccolo (1784-1840). Celebrated Italian violinist.

PAGEOT, Alphonse. French diplomatist who began his career in 1819.
In 1831 he became First Secretary to the United States. He was
envoy to Madrid in 1840 and to Washington in 1842. He resigned
in 1848.

PAHLEN, Count Peter.* Born in 1775. Russian General and
diplomatist.

PALFFY OF ERDOED, Count Aloys (1801-1876). Chamberlain and Privy
Councillor in the Austrian Service and Governor of Venice until
1848. He married in 1831 Princess Sophia Jablonocka.

PALMERSTON, Lord Henry John* (1784-1865). English statesman and on
several occasions Minister of Foreign Affairs.

PALMERSTON, Lady* (1787-1869). Amelia, daughter of Peniston, first
Viscount of Melbourne. She married in 1805 Lord Cowper
(1778-1837), by whom she had five children, and married in 1839
Lord Palmerston.

PANIS, the Comte de. Landowner of Borelli near Marseilles, he
married in 1841 Mlle. de Vandermarcq, daughter of the
stockbroker.

PARIS, the Comte de** (1838-1894). Eldest son of the Duc
d'Orléans, representative of the French Royal Family after the
death of the Comte de Chambord.

PASKEWITCH, Ivan Fedorovitch (1782-1856). Russian General who
defeated the Persians in 1826 and 1827; in 1828 he conducted the
campaign against Turkey and forced the Porte to sign the treaty
of Adrianople in 1829, and was rewarded by the rank of
Field-Marshal. He suppressed the Polish Insurrection in 1831,
was appointed Prince of Warsaw and Governor-General of Poland.
He took part in the subjugation of Hungary in 1849 and in the
Turkish War in 1853.

PASQUIER, the Duc.* Peer of France and Lord Chancellor.

PASSY, Hippolyte. French politician who took the place of the
Prince de Talleyrand in the Academy of Moral and Physical
Science.

PASTORET, the Marquis de (1756-1840). An exile during the
Revolution, he did not return to France until 1795. He was
deputy in the Council of the Five Hundred, was proscribed as a
Royalist and took refuge in Switzerland. On the Restoration he
was raised to the Peerage and entered the Academy in 1820. Louis
XVIII. made him guardian of the children of the Duc de Berry in
1821, and Charles X. gave him the rank of Minister of State in
1826; made him Vice-Chancellor in 1828 and Chancellor in 1829.
After 1830 he retired to private life.

PEEL, Sir Robert* (1788-1850). One of the most distinguished of
English orators and statesmen. He married in 1820 Julia, the
youngest daughter of General Sir John Lloyd, by whom he had
seven children.

PEEL, the Right Hon. William Yates (1789-1858). Brother of Sir
Robert Peel, Member of Parliament and of the Privy Council. In
1819 he married Jane Elizabeth, second daughter of Lord
Mountcastle who died in 1847. She had eleven children, of whom
four were boys.

PELLICO, Silvio (1788-1854). Italian poet and man of letters who,
in conjunction with Manzoni, Sismondi, Romagnosi, Gioja, founded
a Liberal newspaper, _Il conciliatore_, which became an object
of suspicion to Austria who suppressed it in 1820. He was
condemned to death in 1822, but his penalty was commuted to
fifteen years' imprisonment in the Spilberg; in the course of
the ninth year he was pardoned and went to Piedmont where he
afterwards lived in retirement. The story of his captivity "My
Prisons," which he published in 1833, became popular in Europe.

PERIER, Auguste Casimir (1811-1877). Eldest son of the celebrated
Minister of Louis Philippe. He first pursued a diplomatic career
and abandoned it in 1846 to enter the Chamber of Deputies. He
retired on the _coup d'état_ of 1852, of which he disapproved.
In 1871 he was elected to the National Assembly and gained a
high reputation for his knowledge of financial matters. He
became Minister of the Interior under the Presidency of M.
Thiers.

PÉRIGORD, the Duc Charles de (1788-1879). A noble of Spain of the
first class. He married in 1807 Marie Nicolette, daughter of
Comte César de Choiseul Praslin who died in 1866 at the age of
seventy-seven.

PÉRIGORD, Boson de.** Born in 1832, he afterwards became Prince de
Sagan and was the eldest son of the Duc de Valençay.

PERPONCHER, the Comtesse Adélaide de.** _Née_ Comtesse de Reede
and wife of the Minister of the Low Countries at Berlin.

PERSIGNY, Fialin de (1808-1872). A great friend of Louis
Bonaparte, he took part in the disturbances at Strasburg and
ardently supported the cause of Napoleon in the Assembly after
the Revolution of 1848. Napoleon III. made him Count, afterwards
Duke and Senator. He was twice Ambassador at London and twice
Minister of the Interior.

PETETOT, the Abbé Louis Pierre** (1801-1887). General Superior of
the Oratory. At Paris he had previously held the incumbency of
Saint Louis d'Antin and of Saint Roch.

PEYRONNET, Pierre Charles, Comte de** (1778-1854). Minister of
Charles X. He signed the Ordinances.

PIUS VII., Pope** (1742-1823). He signed the Concordat with
France.

PIUS IX., Count Mastai Feretti, Pope (1792-1878). He held the
Papacy for thirty-six years, and saw the loss of the Pope's
temporal power, after a tenure of office greatly disturbed by
political events.

PODENAS, the Marquise Adélaïde de. Born in 1785. Daughter of the
Marquis de Nadaillac; she married in 1813 the Marquis de
Podenas, Prince of Rome. Her mother had married as her second
husband in 1816 the Baron, afterwards the Duc des Cars.

POECHLIN, Frederick Christian, Baron of (1809-1863). First
Secretary to the Danish Legation at Frankfort and afterwards
Minister to the Germanic Diet; he was appointed Minister to the
Duchy of Lauenburg from 1852-1856. He was a Privy Councillor and
had married in 1826 the Countess Adelaide of Eyben.

POIX, the Duc de. Juste de Noailles. Born in 1777. He had been
Chamberlain to Napoleon I. and had married Mlle. Mélanie de
Périgord.

POIX, the Duchesse de* (1785-1862). _Née_ Mélanie de Périgord. She
had married in 1809 the Comte Juste de Noailles, Duc de Poix,
who was Chamberlain to the Emperor Napoleon I.

POLIGNAC, Prince Jules** (1780-1847). Minister of Charles X.

PONCEAU, the Vicomte Adolphe du (1803-1878). A native of Anjou, he
sold the estate which he held at Viniève and settled at Benais
in Touraine with M. de Messine, his father-in-law. His sister
married as her first husband the Comte de Contades, afterwards
Duc de Luynes.

PONCEAU, the Vicomtesse de (1821). _Née_ Marie Agathe Collet de
Messine, she died in 1886.

PONSARD, Francis (1814-1867). Dramatic poet; appointed member of
the French Academy in 1855.

PONSONBY, Lord* (1770-1855). English diplomatist.

POURTALÈS, the Comte Louis de (1773-1848). President of the
Council of State at Neuchâtel, he protested in 1823 against the
conjunction of the principality with the Swiss Confederation,
and in 1832 he induced the Council to sign an address, asking
the King of Prussia to break the connection between the
Principality and Switzerland; as this attempt proved a failure,
he retired into private life.

POZZO DI BORGO, Count* (1764-1842). Russian diplomatist.

POZZO DI BORGO, Count Charles. Nephew of the foregoing; he served
in the French Army until 1830 and then resigned with the rank of
Colonel. He married Mlle. Valentine de Crillon, daughter of the
Duc de Crillon.

PRASLIN, the Marquis Charles de Choiseul, Duc de** (1805-1847).
Son-in-law of Marshal Sébastiani.

PRASLIN, the Duchess de. Died in 1847. Daughter of Marshal
Sébastiani.

PRITWITZ, General Charles Ernest of (1790-1871). Aide-de-camp to
King Frederick William III. and Lieutenant-General in 1844;
Commander of the Berlin troops in 1848 and Chief of the Federal
Army in Schleswig in 1849.

PROKESCH-OSTEN, Baron Anton of (1795-1876). Austrian diplomatist.
He represented Austria at Berlin from 1849-1852, and at
Frankfort until 1857, and afterwards at Constantinople.

PRUSSIA, Prince Augustus of (1778-1843). Youngest son of Prince
Ferdinand of Prussia, he was the youngest brother of Frederick
the Great, and of his wife the Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt.

PRUSSIA, Prince William of (1783-1851). Brother of King Frederick
William III., he married in 1814 a Princess of Hesse-Homburg. He
was a cavalry general and Governor at Mayence.

PRUSSIA, Prince Adalbert of (1811-1873). Son of Prince William and
of a Princess of Hesse-Homburg.

PRUSSIA, Prince Waldemar of (1817-1849). Second son of Prince
William, brother of Frederick William III.

PRUSSIA, Princess Maria of** (1825-1889). Sister of the foregoing
and wife of King Maximilian II. of Bavaria.

PRUSSIA, Prince Frederick of (1794-1863). Son of Prince Louis of
Prussia,* younger brother of Frederick William III. and of
Princess Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister of Queen
Louise. He married a Princess of Anhalt-Bernburg, and was the
father of the Princes Alexander and George of Prussia.

PRUSSIA, Queen Elizabeth of (1801-1873). Daughter of King
Maximilian of Bavaria and wife of Frederick William IV.

PRUSSIA, the Prince William of** (1797-1888). Second son of
Frederick William III.; he became King in 1861 and Emperor of
Germany in 1871.

PRUSSIA, the Princess of** (1811-1890). Wife of the foregoing, and
afterwards the Empress Augusta.

PRUSSIA, Prince Charles of** (1801-1883). Third son of King
Frederick William III.

PRUSSIA, the Princess Charles of** (1808-1877). Daughter of the
Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar.

PRUSSIA, Prince Albert of** (1809-1872). Fourth son of King
Frederick William III.

PRUSSIA, Princess Albert of** (1810-1883). By birth a Princess of
the Low Countries.

PRUSSIA, Princess Charlotte of (1831-1855). Daughter of the Prince
and Princess Albert. She married in 1850 the Hereditary Prince
of Saxe-Meiningen.

PÜCKLER, Prince Hermann** (1795-1871). Traveller and German man of
letters. Member of the House of Lords from 1863.

PÜCKLER, Princess Anna** (1776-1854). _Née_ Princess Hardenberg,
and was first married to Count Pappenheim.

PUTBUS, Prince William of (1783-1854). Governor-General of
Prussian Pomerania and of the island of Rügen; Member of the
Council of State and Chamberlain.

PUTBUS, Princess Louise of (1784-1860). By birth Baroness of
Lauterbach, she first married in 1803 Count Röttger of Veltheim,
whom she divorced in 1806 in order to marry Prince G. of Putbus.

PUTBUS, Count Malte of** (1807-1837). Son of the foregoing.
Attaché to the Prussian Legation at Naples.

Q

QUÉLEN, Mgr. de* (1778-1839). Archbishop of Paris from 1821, and
member of the French Academy.

QUINEMONT, the Marquis of. Born in 1808. Formerly a pupil of Saint
Cyr and cavalry officer. He resigned in 1830 and entered the
diplomatic career; was attached to the French Legation in
Tuscany and afterwards in Denmark. In 1863 he was appointed
Deputy and afterwards Senator.

R

RACHEL, Mlle. Elisa Félix** (1820-1858). Famous French tragedian,
her talent contributed to revive tragedy in its full perfection
upon the stage.

RADETZ-RADETZKY, Count (1766-1858). Austrian Field-Marshal, who
took part in all the wars of his time. When war broke out with
Piedmont in 1848 he was at first beaten, but took a glorious
revenge in 1849 with the victory of Novara.

RADOWITZ, Joseph von, General (1797-1853). A great friend of
Frederick William IV., who largely influenced the King's policy.

RADZIWILL, Prince Anton (1775-1833). Second son of the Count
Palatine of Vilna. He studied in Germany and at the age of
eighteen married Princess Louise of Prussia, daughter of the
youngest brother of Frederick the Great. His marriage obliged
him to settle in Berlin. After the Congress of Vienna the King
of Prussia appointed him the Royal Representative for the Grand
Duchy of Posen. He there resided for ten years and his memory
was regarded with great affection.

RADZIWILL, Prince William** (1797-1870). Eldest son of the
foregoing and a General in the Prussian service.

RADZIWILL, Princess William** (1806-1896). By birth Countess
Mathilde Clary Aldringen.

RAMBUTEAU, the Comte de* (1781-1869). Prefect of the Seine from
1833-1848.

RAMBUTEAU, the Comtesse de. Daughter of the Comte Louis de
Narbonne, she had married in 1809 the Comte de Rambuteau.

RANELAGH, Thomas, Viscount (1812-1886). Seventh and last Viscount
of Ranelagh. His sister Barbara married Count Rechberg, an
Austrian officer.

RAUCH, Christian Daniel** (1777-1857). Famous Prussian sculptor.

RAUCH, Friedrich von (1790-1850). Lieutenant-General in the
Prussian Army and aide-de-camp to King Frederick William IV. He
was military attaché at the St. Petersburg Court from 1832-1848.

RAUZAN, the Duchesse de. Born in 1820, Claire, daughter of the
last Duc de Duras. Married in 1819 the Marquis Louis de
Chastellux, who was made Duc de Rauzan on the day of his
marriage by Louis XVIII., and afterwards inherited his
father-in-law's title.

RAVIGNAN, the Abbé de** (1775-1858). Member of the Society of
Jesus.

RÉCAMIER, Madame* (1777-1849). Famous for her beauty.

REDERN, Count Wilhelm von** (1802-1880). Member of the House of
Lords in Prussia.

REDERN, Countess Wilhelmina von** (1811-1875) _Née_ Bertha Ienisz,
daughter of a Hamburg Senator.

REEDE, the Countess of** (1769-1847). _Née_ Krusemacht.

REEDTZ, Holger Christian of (1800-1857). Danish historian and
statesman. He was commissioned in 1848 to negotiate the treaty
of Malmoe with the King of Sweden for the purpose of
establishing a new government in Schleswig-Holstein. He was
Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1850-1851 in the Cabinet
presided over by Count Moltke, and afterwards lived in
retirement.

REICHENBACH, Countess Emelie of (1791-1843). _Née_ Örtlöpp, the
morganatic wife of the Elector of Hesse, William II. On her
marriage with him in 1841, she took the title of Countess
Reichenbach-Lessowitz.

RÉMUSAT, the Comte Ch. de* (1797-1875). French historian and
politician; son of M. de Rémusat, Chamberlain to Napoleon I. and
of Mlle. de Vergennes, famous for her beauty and wit.

RÉMUSAT, the Comtesse Pauline de. _Née_ de Lasteyrie,
granddaughter of General de La Fayette and wife of the Comte Ch.
de Rémusat.

RIVIÈRE, the Duc de (1817-1890). Son of Charles François
Riffardeau, who was condemned to death with Georges Cadoudal in
1804 and was only saved by the intervention of Joséphine. He
married Mlle. de Cossé-Brissac and resided upon his estate in
the Department of Cher. In 1876 he was elected Senator.

RODEN, Lord Robert (1788-1870). Member of the Privy Council at the
English Court. He married in 1813 Maria Frances Catherine,
daughter of Lord Thomas le Despencer, who died in 1861, leaving
him with six children, the eldest of whom was Lord Robert,
Viscount Jocelyn. In 1862 he married the widow of an officer,
_née_ Clementine Andrews.

ROENNE, Ludwig Moritz Peter von (1804-1875). German lawyer and
publicist, councillor at the Court of Justice at Berlin in 1843.

ROGER, Jean François (1776-1842). French dramatic author and
politician, member of the French Academy in 1817.

ROHAN-CHABOT, Fernand, Duc de (1789-1869). Aide-de-camp to
Napoleon I., whom he accompanied during his Russian campaign. He
also served under the Restoration and afterwards lived in
retirement.

ROKEBY, Baron Edward (1787-1847). Eldest son of Lord Matthew
Montagu, fourth Lord Rokeby, he succeeded his father in 1831. He
died unmarried, leaving the title to his brother Henry, who was
the sixth Baron Rokeby (1798-1883); with him the title became
extinct as he left female issue only.

ROSAS, Manuel (1793-1874). Statesman in the Argentine and Governor
of the Argentine Republic from 1828-1861. He was overthrown by
an insurrection supported by Brazil and was obliged to take
refuge in England.

ROSSI, Count. Of Italian origin, he married the widow of Prince
Maximilian of Saxony, whose Chamberlain he became. He was a
cousin of the Count Rossi who married Fräulein Sontag.

ROSSI, Pellegrino (1787-1848). French economist and diplomatist,
of Italian origin, born at Carrara; he had studied at Bologna
and was forced to go into exile in 1815. He became a naturalised
Frenchman and was member of the Council of Education in 1840. In
1844 he was Peer of France; in 1845 he was sent to Rome as
Ambassador, won the confidence of Pope Pius IX. and undertook to
guide his Ministry. He was then assassinated by a Republican
fanatic.

ROTHSCHILD, Anselm von (1772-1855). Eldest son of the founder of
this celebrated firm, he lived at Frankfort-on-Main. The Emperor
of Austria gave him the title of Baron in 1825.

ROTHSCHILD, the Baron Anselm von. Died in 1874. He was the son of
Solomon Rothschild, who founded the Vienna branch of the firm,
and joined his brother James in Paris in 1835, leaving the
Vienna bank to his son. He was a great lover of art and
possessed vast estates in Silesia.

ROVIGO, the Duchesse de. _Née_ Mlle. de Faudoas.

ROYER COLLARD, Pierre Paul* (1763-1845). French philosopher and
statesman.

RUMFORD, Madame de** (1766-1836). _Née_ Mlle. de Paulze.

RUMIGNY, the Comte de, General** (1789-1860). Aide-de-camp to the
Duc d'Orléans, and faithful servant to Louis Philippe, whom he
accompanied into exile.

RUSSELL, Lord William* (1799-1846). English Ambassador at Berlin;
he was succeeded by Lord Westmoreland.

RUSSELL, Lord John* (1792-1878). English statesman. He married as
his first wife in 1835 the widow of Lord Ribblesdale, _née_
Adelaide Lister, who died in 1838, leaving him two daughters. In
1841 he married Lady Frances Elliot, daughter of Lord Minto, by
whom he had three sons and one daughter.

RUSSIA, the Emperor Nicholas I. of* (1796-1855). Ascended the
throne in 1825.

RUSSIA, the Empress of** (1798-1860). Charlotte, daughter of King
Frederick William III. of Prussia and wife of the Emperor
Nicholas I.

RUSSIA, the Hereditary Grand Duke of** (1818-1881). Succeeded his
father, Nicholas I., in 1855 as Alexander II.

RUSSIA, the Grand Duke Constantine of (1779-1831). Second son of
the Emperor Paul.

RUSSIA, the Grand Duke Constantine of (1827-1892). Second son of
the Emperor Nicholas I.; Admiral in the Russian navy.

RUSSIA, the Grand Duchess Constantine of. Born in 1830. Alexandra,
daughter of Duke Joseph of Saxe-Altenburg, married the Grand
Duke Constantine in 1844.

RUSSIA, the Grand Duke Michael of (1798-1849). The youngest son of
the Emperor Paul I. and brother of Nicholas I. He married in
1824 Princess Charlotte of Würtemberg, who took the title of the
Grand Duchess Helena.**

RUSSIA, the Grand Duchess Olga of (1795-1865). Daughter of the
Emperor Paul I. She married in 1816 William II., King of the Low
Countries.

S

SAINTE-ALDEGONDE, the Comtesse Camille de* (1793-1869). _Née_ de
Chavagnes.

SAINTE-AULAIRE, the Comte de* (1778-1854). Ambassador and Peer of
France.

SAINTE-BEUVE, Charles Augustin (1804-1869). Famous French critic,
author of the _Causeries du Lundi_.

SAINTE-ELME, Ida (1778-1845). _La Contemporaine_, adventuress and
author of scandalous memoirs concerning the Revolution and the
Empire.

SALVANDY, the Comte de* (1795-1856). French politician.

SALVANDY, the Comtesse de.** _Née_ Julie Ferey.

SAPIEHA, Princess Hedwige (1806-1890). _Née_ Countess Zamoyska.
She married Prince Leon Sapieha in 1825.

SAUZET, Paul* (1800-1877). Deputy and politician.

SAVIGNY, Frau von (1780-1863). Marie Brentano de Laroche married
in 1809 Herr von Savigny, Prussian lawyer. She was the sister of
the poet Brentano.

SAVOY, Prince Eugène of (1763-1836). Known under the name of
_Prince Eugène_, he was the son of Maurice Eugène, Duc de Savoie
Carignan, Comte de Soissons and of Olympe Mancini. After vainly
seeking a position in France under Louis XIV. Prince Eugène
entered the Austrian service, and distinguished himself as one
of the greatest Generals of his age.

SAXONY, King Frederick Augustus II. of** (1797-1854). Succeeded
his uncle, King Anthony, in 1836.

SAXONY, Queen Maria of** (1805-1877). By birth a Princess of
Bavaria.

SAXE-COBURG-ALTENBURG, the Dowager Duchess of (1771-1848).
Caroline, daughter of William I., Elector of Hesse. Her husband,
Duke Augustus of Saxe-Coburg-Altenburg, died in 1822.

SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA, Prince Augustus of (1818-1881). Cousin of the
King of Saxony. He married in 1843 Princesse Clémentine
d'Orléans, by whom he had several children, including King
Ferdinand I. of Bulgaria.

SAXE-MEININGEN, Duke Bernard of* (1800-1882). He abdicated in 1866
in favour of his son, Prince George, who became Duke George II.

SAXE-MEININGEN, Prince George of. Born in 1826, and came to the
throne in 1866. He was three times married: in 1850 to Princess
Charlotte of Prussia, who died in 1855; also to Princess Feodora
of Hohenlohe, who died in 1872; and in 1873 he contracted a
morganatic marriage with the Baroness Helena of Heidelburg.

SAXE-WEIMAR, the Duchesse Amelia of (1739-1807). Daughter of Duke
Charles of Brunswick. She married in 1756 the reigning Duke of
Weimar, and under her reign Weimar became the literary centre of
Germany.

SAXE-WEIMAR, the Grand Duchess Louise of (1757-1830). Daughter of
the Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt. She married in 1775 Duke
Charles Augustus of Saxe-Weimar.

SAXE-WEIMAR, Duke Bernard of** (1792-1862). Infantry General in
the service of the Low Countries.

SAXE-WEIMAR, Princess Ch. B. of (1794-1852). _Née_ Princess Ida of
Saxe-Meiningen.

SAXE-WEIMAR, the Grand Duke Charles Frederick of (1783-1853). In
1804 he married the Grand Duchesse Maria Paulowna, daughter of
Paul I., Emperor of Russia.

SAXE-WEIMAR, the Hereditary Prince of (1818-1901). Prince Charles
became Grand Duke on his father's death in 1853.

SAXE-WEIMAR, the Hereditary Princess of (1824-1897). Sophia,
Princess of Orange, daughter of King William II. of Holland,
married in 1842 her cousin-german, the future Grand Duke Charles
of Saxe-Weimar.

SCHEFFER, Ary* (1785-1858). A French painter who enjoyed high
favour from the Orléans family.

SCHLEGEL, Augustus Wilhelm (1767-1845). Learned German critic and
poet. He was on terms of friendship about 1804 with Madame de
Staël, whom he followed to Paris as tutor to her children.

SCHLEINITZ, Count Alexander of (1807-1885). At first diplomatist,
and in 1841 councillor and reporter to the political division of
Foreign Affairs at Berlin, and in 1858 Minister of Foreign
Affairs. He resigned this post in 1861 to become Minister of the
King's Household, which office he held until his death.

SCHNEIDER, the Chevalier Antoine (1779-1847). At first officer,
then deputy in 1834, he became Minister of War in 1839.

SCHÖNBORN, Countess Ernestine of. Born in 1800. As Countess
Küenburg, she married in 1824 Count Charles of Schönborn. On his
death in 1841 she became chief lady at the court of the
Archduchess Sophia of Austria.

SCHÖNBURG, Princess Louise of** (1803-1884). By birth a Princess
of Schwarzenberg.

SCHÖNHALS, General von (1788-1857). Lieutenant-General in the
Austrian army, aide-de-camp and friend of Marshal Radetzky.

SCHÖNLEIN, Dr. Johann Ludwig** (1793-1864). Learned doctor of
Zurich, in practice at Berlin.

SCHRECKENSTEIN, Baron Maximilian of.** Chief Gentleman at the
Court of Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden.

SCHULENBURG, Count Charles of** (1788-1856). Austrian
Lieutenant-Colonel, the third husband of the Duchess Wilhelmina
of Sagan.

SCHULENBURG-KLOSTERODE, the Count of** (1772-1853). Austrian
diplomatist.

SCHWANTHALER, Ludwig Michael (1802-1848). Famous Bavarian
sculptor.

SCHWARZENBERG, Prince Felix (1800-1852). Austrian diplomatist and
Prime Minister after 1848. By his energy he re-established the
Emperor's authority, but carried the policy of repression to
excess.

SCHWARZENBERG, Cardinal, Prince Friedrich (1807-1885). Prince and
Archbishop of Salzburg in 1836, he received the Cardinal's hat
in 1842, and was appointed Prince Bishop of Prague in 1849. He
was a Member of the House of Lords in Austria.

SCHWARZENBERG, Princess Lory (1812-1873). A daughter of Prince
Moritz Lichtenstein, she married Prince Adolphus Schwarzenberg
in 1830.

SCHWERIN, Count Maximilian (1804-1872). A Prussian statesman of
very liberal opinions, Minister of Public Worship in 1848 in
Arnim's Ministry. After his resignation he became President of
the Second Chamber; he was also Minister of the Interior in
1858.

SCRIBE, Eugene (1791-1861). French dramatic author.

SEAFORD, Charles Rose Ellis, Lord. Born in Jamaica. He married
Elizabeth Caroline Catherine Hervey, granddaughter of the fourth
Lord Bristol. She died in 1803, leaving a son, Charles Augustus,
who afterwards become Lord Howard Walden.**

SÉBASTIANI DE LA PORTA, Marshal* (1775-1851). French General and
diplomatist.

SEMONVILLE, the Marquis de* (1754-1839). Chief referendary to the
Court of Peers.

SEYDELMANN, Charles (1793-1843). Celebrated German actor.

SEYMOUR, Lady. Died in 1884. Jane Georgiana, the youngest daughter
of Thomas Sheridan, Esq., son of the Right Hon. Richard Brinsley
Sheridan, M.P., married in 1830 Edward Adolphus Saint Maur
(1804-1885) who succeeded his father in 1855 as twelfth Duke of
Seymour and was First Lord of the Admiralty from 1859 to 1866.
Lady Seymour, was sister to Lady Dufferin and to Mrs. Norton and
all three were famous for their beauty. Lady Seymour was
popularly known as the "Queen of Beauty," a title which had been
given her in a famous tournament held by Archibald William
Eglinton at Eglinton Castle in Scotland. Among the knights
present on that occasion was Prince Louis Napoleon, afterwards
Napoleon III.

SISMONDI, Jean Charles Sismondi de (1773-1843). Born at Geneva of
a rich family which belonged to Pisa, he became a member of the
Representative Council of Geneva. He made his name as a
historian and economist.

SOLMS-BRAUNFELS, Prince Charles of (1812-1873). Son of Prince
Frederick William of Solms-Braunfels; his wife was a Princess of
Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and widow of Prince Ludwig of Prussia. He
was an officer in the Prussian army.

SOMMERSET, Lady Blanche. Daughter of the seventh Duke of Beaufort.
She married in 1848 Lord Kinnoul.

SOULT, Marshal* (1769-1852). French General and politician.

SPARRE, the Comtesse de. Daughter of the Italian singer Naldi, she
was educated by her father and made her first appearance in 1819
at the Italian theatre in Paris where she shared the fame of
Judith Pasta. Well known for her beauty, she left the stage in
1823 to marry the General, the Comte de Sparre.

STADION, Count Francis (1806-1853). Austrian statesman; he became
Aulic councillor in 1834, Governor of Trieste from 1841-1847,
and Governor of Galicia from 1847-1848. He then became Minister
of the Interior in the Cabinet of Prince F. Schwarzenberg, but
fell ill in 1848 and died in 1853.

STAËL, Madame de* (1766-1817). _Née_ Necker.

STANGER, Baron Albert von. Born in 1796 and an officer in the
Prussian service until 1829, he obtained a post in 1837 at a
prison at Lichtenberg. In 1841 he became governor of the prison
of Sagan; in 1845 he held a similar post at Jauer and retired to
Hirschberg in 1871.

STOCKHAUSEN, General von (1791-1861). Prussian Minister of War in
1850.

STOLBERG-WERNIGERODE, Count Heinrich of (1772-1854). Prussian
Minister of State.

STRAUSS, Johann (1825-1899). Austrian composer.

STROGONOFF, the Countess Julia. Countess of Ega by her first
marriage.

STUART, Sir Charles (1779-1845). English diplomatist. In 1860 he
was sent to the Court of Portugal as Envoy-Extraordinary; he was
then Ambassador at Paris from 1815-1830; in 1828 he became a
Peer of England with the title of Lord Stuart of Rothesay.

STURMFEDER, Frau von** (1819-1891). _Née_ von Münchingen.

STYLER. German painter.

SULLY, the Duc de (1560-1641). Minister and friend of King Henry
IV.

SUTHERLAND, the Duchess of.* Died in 1868. Mistress of the Robes
to Queen Victoria.

SUTHERLAND, George Granville, Duke of (1786-1891). He entered
Parliament during his father's lifetime (who died in 1833), as
Lord Gower. He was Lord-Lieutenant of the County of Sutherland.

SWEDEN, the Princess Amelia of (1805-1853). Daughter of Gustavus
IV., King of Sweden, sister of Prince Gustavus of Vasa, father
of Queen Carola of Saxony.

SWETCHINE, Madame. A Russian by birth (1782-1857). Anna Sophia
Soymonoff married General Swetchine; she settled at Paris where
her drawing-room was very popular.

T

TALLEYRAND, Charles Maurice, Prince de* (1754-1838). Prince of
Benevento, vice-Grand-Elector of the Empire, Minister of
Foreign Affairs, Ambassador in England, Peer of France and
member of the Academy of Moral and Political Science.

TALLEYRAND, Baron, afterwards Count Charles de (1821-1896). French
diplomatist, in succession secretary to the embassies at Lisbon,
Madrid, St. Petersburg, and London. He was Minister
Plenipotentiary at Weimar in 1852 and at Baden in 1854; Minister
at Turin in 1859, and at Brussels in 1861; Ambassador at Berlin
in 1862, and at St. Petersburg in 1864. In 1868 he was appointed
Senator.

TATITCHEFF, Demetrius Paulowitch** (1769-1845). Russian
diplomatist.

TESTE, J. B.* (1780-1852). French legal authority and politician.

THORWALDSEN, Bartholomew* (1769-1844). Celebrated Danish sculptor.

THUN UND HOHESTEIN, Count Leon of (1811-1888). He held a post in
the Aulic Chancery at Vienna until 1848; was Minister of
Education and Public Worship in 1849; life member of the House
of Lords in 1861, and Envoy to the Bohemian Diet. After the
victory of the Constitutional party he left the Landtag of
Bohemia in 1871 and was not re-elected until 1883.

TIECK, Ludwig von (1773-1853). Celebrated German poet and man of
letters, the translator of Shakspere and friend of Schlegel.

TILLY, the Comte de (1559-1632). One of the most famous
Imperialist Generals in the Thirty Years War.

TOCQUEVILLE, Comte Alexis Clérel de** (1805-1859). French Deputy
and distinguished historian.

TORENO, the Countess of. Wife of Jose Maria Gueipo y Slano, Count
of Toreno,* Spanish statesman who retired from politics in 1835
and then settled at Paris.

TRACY, the Marquis de (1781-1864). At first an officer, he
resigned in 1818 to devote himself to scientific research. In
1822 he was appointed a Deputy and took his seat on the Extreme
Left with La Fayette. In 1848 he declared against the insurgents
and under Prince Louis Napoleon took the portfolio of Naval and
Colonial Affairs; he protested against the _coup d'état_ and
retired to his estates.

TRIQUETI, Baron Henri de (1802-1874). French painter and sculptor,
a pupil of Hersent and by birth a native of Piedmont.

TROUBETZKOÏ, Prince Sergius. Died in 1861. He was one of the
leaders of the conspiracy of 1825 and was condemned to death by
the Supreme Court of Justice. His punishment was commuted by the
Emperor Nicholas to permanent exile in Siberia, but he was
pardoned on the accession of Alexander II. in 1855.

TUSCANY, Leopold II., Archduke of Austria, Grand Duke of**
(1797-1870). He succeeded his father the Grand Duke Ferdinand
III. in 1824.

TYCHO-BRAHÉ (1546-1601). Famous Swedish astronomer, who discovered
an astronomical system in advance of the Ptolemaean and
Copernican systems.

TYSZKIEWICZ, Princess* (1765-1834). Niece of Stanislas Augustus
Poniatowski, last King of Poland.

U

UGGLAS, the Countess (1793-1836). Eldest daughter of the
Field-Marshal Count Stedingk, Swedish Ambassador in Russia from
1790-1811. In 1812 she married the Lieutenant-Colonel Count
Ugglas, who was afterwards a member of the Council of Ministers
in Sweden.

ULRICA, Queen (1720-1782). Wife of King Adolphus Frederick of
Sweden whom she married in 1844, and mother of King Gustavus
III. She was a daughter of Frederick I., King of Prussia, and a
sister of Frederick the Great.

USEDOM, Count Charles Louis Guido of (1805-1884). Prussian
diplomatist and secretary to the Legation at Rome in 1835, and
afterwards Envoy-Extraordinary in the same town. In 1850 he was
commissioned to conclude peace with Denmark; in 1858 he was
appointed Plenipotentiary for Russia to the Germanic
Confederation, and in 1863 Ambassador in Italy. In 1872 he was
appointed general director of the Berlin museums.

V

VALÉE, Marshal** (1773-1846). He became Governor-General of
Algiers towards the end of his career.

VALENÇAY, Louis de Talleyrand-Périgord, Duc de Talleyrand et de*
(1811-1898). Duc de Sagan after the death of his mother, _née_
Princesse Dorothée de Courlande, author of these memoirs.

VALENÇAY, the Duchesse de* (1810-1858). First wife of the Duc de
Valençay. _Née_ Alix de Montmorency.

VALLOMBROSE, the Duchesse de. Died in 1841. _Née_ Claire de
Gallard de Brassac de Béarn, she married the Duc Vincent de
Vallombrose.

VELTHEIM, the Countess of. Born in 1781 as Charlotte von Bülow.
She was the third wife of Count Röttger von Veltheim.

VÉRAC, the Marquis Armand de** (1768-1858). Peer of France and
Governor of Versailles.

VERNET, Horace** (1789-1863). Illustrious French painter.

VÉRON, Dr. Louis Désiré (1789-1867). On the conclusion of his
professional work (he had practised from 1823), he devoted
himself to literature and to commercial enterprises. For some
years he was director of the opera; he then undertook, at the
instance of M. Thiers, to revive _le Constitutionnel_ of which
he became managing director. He supported with all his power the
candidature of Prince Louis Napoleon for the Presidency; was
elected Deputy in 1852; sold _le Constitutionnel_ to M. Mirès,
and then retired from public life.

VESTIER, Phidias** (1796-1874). Architect at Tours.

VIARDOT, Madame. Born in 1821. She was Pauline Garcia, sister of
Malibran and married Louis Viardot. She was a famous singer.

VICTOR EMMANUEL II. (1820-1878). King of Sardinia in 1849, King of
Italy in 1861. He was the eldest son of the King Charles Albert
who abdicated in his favour after the Battle of Novara. He
overcame his difficulties by choosing clever and energetic
Ministers. By his intervention in the Crimean war, to which he
sent a force of seventeen thousand men, he obtained the right to
proclaim the grievances and the rights of Italy at the Congress
of Paris before Europe. The alliance of his daughter Clotilda
with Prince Napoleon gave him the all-powerful support of France
in the war against Austria in 1859, with which event Italian
national unity began. In 1842 he married Adelaide, daughter of
the Archduke Regnier, who died in 1855.

VILLELE, Mgr. de** (1770-1840). He was appointed Archbishop of
Bourges in 1824.

VILLENEUVE, Madame de. Mlle. Guibert married under the Empire M.
René de Villeneuve, who shared in some of the campaigns of the
Grand Army, was made Count, and afterwards attached to Queen
Hortense as Chamberlain.

VISCONTI, Louis Joachim (1791-1853). A famous architect, of
Italian nationality, who left his country in 1798 and was a
naturalised Frenchman in 1799. In 1808 he entered the School of
Fine Arts, and in 1825 became architect of the Royal Library. He
designed the tomb of the Emperor Napoleon at the Invalides; and
also designed the fountains of Molière, of Louvois, and of
Saint Sulpice, and finished building the Louvre, the general
plan of which was of his design.

VITROLLES, the Baron de* (1774-1854). French diplomatist.

W

WALCKENAER, Baron Charles Athanase de (1771-1852). A learned
French geographer, entomologist, and biographer, a member of
the Institute. He was Prefect of Nièvre in 1826, and treasurer
of the Royal Library in 1839.

WALDECK, Benedict Franz Löwe (1802-1870). A Prussian lawyer and
great political agitator. In the Chambers of 1848 he joined the
Opposition and headed a conspiracy, which ended in his arrest
and imprisonment.

WALDECK, the Princess Regent of (1802-1858). Emma, daughter of the
Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaunburg, married in 1823 Prince
George of Waldeck. On her widowhood, in 1845, she became Regent
of the Principality of Waldeck during the minority of her son.

WALDSTEIN-DUX-LEUTOMISCHL, the Count of (1793-1848). Austrian
Chamberlain and major. He married in 1817 a Countess
Fünfkirchen.

WALLENSTEIN (1583-1634). A famous soldier; one of the best-known
Generals of the Thirty Years War.

WALSCH, Countess Agatha. Chief Lady at the Court of the Grand
Duchess Stephanie of Baden.

WALEWSKI, the Comte (1810-1868). A French politician who supported
Napoleon III. and became Minister of Foreign Affairs.

WALMODEN-GIMBORN, Count Ludwig von (1769-1862). An Austrian
officer of great capacity and unusual strength of character.
After 1823 he commanded the Austrian forces in Upper Italy and
held this post until 1848, when he retired.

WASA, Prince Gustavus (1799-1877). In 1830 he married Princess
Louise of Baden, daughter of the Grand Duchess Stephanie of
Baden. Their only daughter married King Albert of Saxony.

WELLESLEY, Richard, Marquis of* (1760-1842). Eldest brother of the
Duke of Wellington. He did important service for England as
Governor-General of India, where he defeated Sultan Tippoo and
destroyed the Empire of Mysore. He was twice Lieutenant of
Ireland. He married in 1794 Mlle. Gabrielle Roland, who died in
1816; in 1825 he married the widow of Robert Paterson, the
brother of the first wife of Jérôme Bonaparte.

WELLINGTON, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of* (1769-1852). At first an
officer in the Indian Army and Member of the Irish Parliament,
he became famous for his high military talent. He was present at
the Congress of Vienna in 1814, and at that of Aix-la-Chapelle
in 1818; he then played an important part in English politics.
In 1806 he married the Hon. Catherine Pakenham, daughter of Lord
Longford, who died in 1831.

WERTHER, the Baron von* (1772-1859); Prussian diplomatist.

WERTHER, the Baroness von* (1778-1853). _Née_ Countess Sophie
Sandizell.

WESSENBERG-AMPRIGEN, the Baron* (1773-1858). Austrian diplomatist.

WESTMORLAND, John, Lord (1759-1841). Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland
from 1790 to 1795 under Pitt's Ministry. In 1782 he married Miss
Sarah Child, who died in 1795, and in 1800 he married Miss
Saunders, who survived him.

WESTMORLAND, John Burghersh, eleventh Earl of* (1784-1859). The
only son and successor of the foregoing. He was a highly
talented English General and an eminent diplomatist; was
Minister Plenipotentiary at Berlin in 1841, at Vienna in 1851,
and one of the chief members of the Vienna Conference in 1855;
he retired to private life shortly afterwards.

WESTMORLAND, Lady Anne (1793-1879). Wife of the foregoing. She was
married in 1811, and had six children. Her eldest son, Lord
Burghersh, died in 1848 at the age of nineteen. Lady Westmorland
was a daughter of William, Lord Maryborough, brother of the
Marquis of Wellesley and of the Duke of Wellington above
mentioned. She was a clever woman, with many friends.

WESTPHALIA, Count of. Born in 1805. Minister of the Interior in
Prussia from 1850-1858, and Member of the House of Lords from
1854.

WEYER, Sylvan van de* (1803-1874). Belgian statesman and man of
letters; Ambassador at London from 1846-1867.

WICHMANN, Ludwig Wilhelm (1784-1859). Prussian sculptor. Brother
of Karl Friedrich Wichmann, also a sculptor.

WIELAND (1732-1813). Famous German poet and man of letters.

WILTON, Thomas Egerton, Lord (1799-1882). Second son of the
Marquis of Westminster. He was a naval officer, and in 1835 held
a post at Court. In 1821 he married Lady Margaret Stanley,
daughter of Lord Edward of Derby, who died in 1858, leaving
five children. In 1863 he married Miss Isabelle Smith, daughter
of an officer in the Indian Army.

WINDISCH-GRAETZ, Prince Alfred of (1787-1862). Austrian General;
he was commissioned in 1848, after a brilliant career, to
suppress the insurrection in Vienna, and was rewarded by the
rank of Field-Marshal. He afterwards conducted the Hungarian
campaign with less success.

WINDISCH-GRAETZ, Princess Eleanor (1796-1848). _Née_ Princess
Schwarzenberg, she married in 1817 Prince Alfred of
Windisch-Graetz. She was killed at Prague during the
insurrection.

WINDISCH-GRAETZ, Princess Veriand of (1795-1876). _Née_ Princess
Eleanor of Lobkowitz, she had married in 1812 Prince Veriand of
Windisch-Graetz.

WINTER, Herr von. Minister of the Interior in Prussia from
1859-1860. and afterwards chief of police from 1860-1861.

WITTGENSTEIN, Prince William of Sayn-** (1770-1851). Minister in
the Household of King Frederick William III.

WOLFF, Herr von.** Councillor to the Home Office in Prussia.

WOLFF, Frau von.** _Née_ Hennenberg.

WORONZOFF-DASCHKOFF, Count Ivan** (1791-1854). Russian
diplomatist.

WREDE, the Prince of (1767-1838). A Bavarian General who took an
active part in the Wars of the Empire.

WURMB, Friedrich Karl von** (1766-1843). Estate agent to the
Duchesse de Talleyrand and de Sagan in Silesia.

WÜRTEMBURG, King William I. of* (1781-1864). Ascended the throne
in 1816.

WÜRTEMBERG, the Prince Royal of. Born in 1823. In 1864 he ascended
the throne of Würtemberg under the name of Charles I. He was the
son of King William I., of his second marriage with his cousin
Pauline of Würtemberg. He married in 1846 the Grand Duchess Olga
Nicolaievna, born in 1822, daughter of the Emperor of Russia.

WÜRTEMBERG, Prince Paul of** (1785-1852). Brother of King William
I.

WÜRTEMBERG, Prince Augustus of** (1813-1885). Distinguished
officer in the Prussian service, where he held important posts.

WÜRTEMBERG, Princess Sophia (1818-1877). Daughter of the King of
Würtemberg; she married in 1839 Prince William of Orange,
afterwards King of the Low Countries.

WYM, Sir Henry Walthin (1783-1856). English diplomatist who for
several years was Minister Plenipotentiary at Copenhagen.

Z

ZEA, Madame de.* Spanish lady, and wife of M. Zea Bermedez, a
diplomatist.

ZEDLITZ, Baron Joseph Christian von (1790-1862). Famous German
poet, who was an officer in the Austrian service and held a post
at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs at Vienna.

ZICHY, Count Ferdinand (1783-1862). Austrian Field-Marshal. When
commander of the Fortress of Vienna, in 1848, he capitulated to
the insurgents; tried before a court-martial, he was condemned
to lose his rank and to ten years' confinement in a fortress. He
was pardoned in 1851.

ZICHY-VASONYKÖ, Count Eugène (1803-1848). He was accused as a spy
by the Hungarian insurgents, who put him to death.

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