Chapter XXXIII: Part 33

Wa'ginsi'--The name of an eddy at the junction of the Little Tennessee and main Tennessee rivers, at Lenoir, in Loudon county, Tennessee. The town is now known to the Cherokee by the same name, of which the meaning is lost. See number 124.

waguli'--whippoorwill; the name is an onomatope; the Delaware name is wekolis (Heckewelder).

Wahnenauhi--see Wani'nahi.

wa`huhu'--the screech-owl (Megascops asio); see also tskili' and uguku'.

wa`ka--cow; from the Spanish vaca, as is also the Creek waga and the Arapaho wakûch.

walâ'si--the common green frog; there are different names for the bullfrog (kûnu'nu, q. v.) and for other varieties; warts are also called walâ'si.

Walâsi'yi--"Frog place." 1. A former settlement, known to the whites as Frogtown, upon the creek of the same name, north of Dahlonega, in Lumpkin county, Georgia. 2. Le Conte and Bullhead mountains in the Great Smoky range on the North Carolina-Tennessee line, together with the ridge extending into Sevier county, Tennessee, between the Middle and West forks of Little Pigeon river. See number 51 and notes.

walâs'-unûl'sti--"it fights frogs," from walâ'si, frog, and unûl'sti, "it fights" (habitually); gû`lihû', "I am fighting." The Prosartes lanuginosa plant. See number 126.

Walâs'-unûlsti'yi--"Place of the plant walâs'-unûl'sti," commonly known to the whites as Fightingtown, from a translation of the latter part of the name; a former settlement on Fightingtown creek, near Morganton, in Fannin county, Georgia. See number 125.

Walini'--a feminine name, compounded from Wali, another form of Kwali, "Polly," with a suffix added for euphony.

Wane'-asûñ'tlûñyi--"Hickory footlog place," from wane'i, hickory, asûñtlûñ'i (q. v.), footlog, bridge, and yi, locative. A former settlement, known to the whites as Hickory-log, on Etowah river, a short distance above Canton, in Cherokee county, Georgia.

Wani'nahi'--a feminine name of uncertain etymology; the Wahnenauhi of the Wahnenauhi manuscript.

Washington--see Wa'sitû'na.

Wâ'si--the Cherokee form for Moses.

Wa'sitû'na, Wa'sûñtû'na (different dialectic forms)--a Cherokee known to the whites as Washington, the sole survivor of a Removal tragedy. See page 158. The name denotes a hollow log (or other cylindrical object) lying on the ground at a distance; the root of the word is asi'ta, log, and the w prefixed makes it at a distance.

Wa'sulû'--a large red-brown moth which flies about the blossoming tobacco in the evening.

Watâ'gi (commonly written Watauga, also Watoga, Wattoogee, Whatoga, etc.)--a name occurring in two or more towns in the old Cherokee country; one was an important settlement on Watauga creek of Little Tennessee river, a few miles below Franklin, in Macon county, Tennessee; another was traditionally located at Watauga Old Fields, about the present Elizabethton, on Watauga river, in Carter county, Tennessee. See page 21. The meaning of the name is lost.

Watauga--see Watâ'gi.

Watsi'sa--a prominent old Cherokee, known to the whites as Wachesa, a name which cannot be translated, who formerly lived on lower Beaverdam creek of Hiwassee river, below Murphy, in Cherokee county, North Carolina. From the fact that the Unicoi turnpike passed near his place it was locally known as the Wachesa trail.

wa`ya--wolf; the name is an onomatope, intended as an imitation of the animal's howl; cf. the Creek name, yähä.

Wa`yâ'hi--"Wolf place," i. e. place of the Wolf clan; the form Ani'-Wa`yâ'hi is not used. Wolftown settlement on upper Soco creek, on the East Cherokee reservation, in Jackson county, North Carolina.

Waya gap--see A`tâhi'ta.

Wayeh--see Wâyi.

Wâyî--"Pigeon"; the modern Cherokee name for Big Pigeon river in western North Carolina; probably a translation of the English name. It appears also as Wayeh.

Welch, Lloyd--see Da'si`giya'gi.

wesa--cat; a corruption of "pussy."

White-path--see Nûñnâ'hi-tsune'ga.

Willstown--a former important settlement, so called from the halfbreed chief known to the whites as Red-headed Will, on Will's creek below Fort Payne, in Dekalb county, Alabama. The settlement was frequently called from him Wili'yi, "Will's place," but this was not the proper local name.

Wilsini'--the Cherokee name for H. W. Spray, agent and superintendent for the East Cherokee reservation; an adaptation of his middle name, Wilson.

Wil-usdi'--"Little Will," from Wili', Will and usdi'ga or usdi', little. The Cherokee name for Colonel W. H. Thomas, for many years the recognized chief of the eastern band.

Wissactaw--see gahawi'sita.

Wolftown--see Wa`yâ'hi.

Wootassite, Wrosetasatow--see Outacity.

Wude'ligûñ'yi--the west; literally "there where it (the sun) goes down" (w prefixed implies distance, yi, locative). See also Usûñhi'yi and wusûhihûñ'yi.

Wuliga'natûtûñ--excelling all others, either in good or bad; it may be used as equivalent to wastûñ, "beyond the limit." See page 232.

wusûhihûñ'yi--"there where they stay over night," i. e. "the west." An archaic term used by the narrator of the story of Ûñtsaiyi', number 63. The common word is wude'ligûñ'yi, q. v., while the term in the sacred formulas is Usûñhi'yi, q. v.

Xuala--see Ani-Suwa'li.

-ya--a suffix denoting principal or real, as tsiskwa'ya, "principal bird," the sparrow; Ani'-Yûñwiya', "principal or real people," Indians.

Yahoola--see Yahulâ'i.

Yahulâ'i--"Yahu'la place," from Yahu'la, a Cherokee trader said to have been taken by the spirit people; Yahu'la seems to be from the Creek yoho'lo, a name having reference to the song (yoholo), used in the "black drink" ceremony of the Creeks; thus a'si-yoho'lo, corrupted into Osceola, signified "the black drink song"; it may, however, be a true Cherokee word, yahu'lû, or yahu'li, the name for a variety of hickory, also for the "doodle-bug"; Ûñyahu'la is a feminine name, but can not be translated. Yahoola creek, near Dahlonega, in Lumpkin county, Georgia. See number 86 and notes.

Yalâ'gi--Alarka creek of Little Tennessee river, above the junction of Tuckasegee, in Swain county, North Carolina; the meaning of the name is lost.

yañdaska'ga--a faultfinder. See number 61.

Yân-e'gwa--"Big-bear," from yânû, bear, and egwa, great, large. A prominent chief about the year 1800; the name occurs in treaties as Yonah, Yohanaqua and Yonahequah. See page 164.

yâ'nû--bear.

Yâ'nû-dinehûñ'yi--"Where the bears live," from yânû, bear, dinehû', "they dwell" (e'hû, "I dwell, I live"), and yi, locative. A place on Oconaluftee river, a short distance above the junction with Tuckasegee, in Swain county, North Carolina. See number 122.

Yânûgûñ'ski--"The bear drowns him" (habitually), from yânû, bear, and tsigûñ'iska', "I am drowning him." A noted East Cherokee chief, known to the whites as Yonaguska or Drowning-bear. See page 162.

Yâ'nû-u'natawasti'yi--"Where the bears wash" (from yânû, bear, and yi, locative); a former pond in the Great Smoky mountains, about the extreme head of Raven fork, in Swain county, North Carolina. See number 122.

yân'-utse'stû--"the bear lies on it"; the shield fern (Aspidium). See number 126.

Yawâ'i--"Yawa place"; a place on Yellow creek of Cheowa river, in Graham county, North Carolina. See number 122.

Yellow-hill--see Elawâ'diyi.

Yohanaqua--see Yân-e'gwa.

yoho-o!--an unmeaning song refrain. See number 75.

Yonaguska--see Yâ'nûgûñ'ski.

Yonah--1. (mountain) see Gadalu'lu. 2. An abbreviated treaty form for the name of the chief Yân-e'gwa.

Yonahequah--see Yân-e'gwa.

Ytaua, Ytava--see I'tawa'.

Yu!--an unmeaning song refrain and interjection.

Yuha'li--Euharlee creek, of lower Etowah river, in Bartow county, Georgia. The name is said by the Cherokee to be a corruption of Yufala (Eufaula), a well-known Creek local name. See number 105.

yûnsû'--buffalo; cf. Creek yena'sa, Choctaw yanash, Hichitee ya'nasi.

Yûnsâ'i--"Buffalo place"; West Buffalo creek of Cheowa river in Graham county, North Carolina; the site of a former Cherokee settlement. See number 122.

yu'we-yuwehe'--an unmeaning song refrain. See number 118.

yûñ'wi--person, man; cf. Mohawk oñgwe`.

Yûñ'wi Ama'yine'hi--"Water-dwelling People," from yûñ'wi, person, and ama'yine'hi, plural of amaye'hi, q. v.; a race of water fairies. See number 78.

Yûñ'wi-dikatâgûñ'yi--see Yûñ'wi-tsulenûñ'yi.

Yûñ'wi Gûnahi'ta--"Long Man"; a formulistic name for the river, personified as a man with his head resting on the mountain and his feet stretching down to the lowlands, who is constantly speaking to those who can understand the message.

Yûñ'wini'giski--"Man-eaters," literally, "They eat people" (habitually), from yûñ'wi, person, man, and uni'giski, "they eat" (habitually), from tsikiû', "I am eating"; the Cherokee name for a distant cannibal tribe, possibly the Atakapa or the Tonkawa. See number 105. Cf. Anada'dûñtaski.

Yûñ'wi-tsulenûñ'yi--"Where the man stood," originally Yûñ'wi-dikatâgûñ'yi, "Where the man stands," from yûñ'wi, person, man, tsitâ'ga, "I am standing," and yi, locative; Standing Indian, a high bald mountain at the head of Nantahala river, in Macon county, North Carolina. See number 122.

Yûñ'wi Tsunsdi'--"Little People," from yûñ'wi, person, people, and tsunsdi'ga or tsunsdi', plural of usdi'ga, or usdi', little; the Cherokee fairies. See number 78.

Yûñ'wi Usdi'--"Little Man." A formulistic name for the ginseng, â'tali-gûli', q. v.

Yûñ'wi-usga'se`ti--"Dangerous Man, Terrible Man"; a traditional leader in the westward migration of the Cherokee. See page 99.

Yûñ'wiya'--"Indian," literally, "principal or real person," from yûñ'wi, person and ya, a suffix denoting principal or real. See pages 15 and 181.

FOOTNOTES

[1] See the notes to the historical sketch.

[2] Barton, Benj. S., New Views on the Origin of the Tribes and Nations of America, p. xlv, passim; Phila., 1797; Gallatin, Albert, Synopsis of Indian Tribes, Trans. American Antiquarian Society, ii, p. 91; Cambridge, 1836; Hewitt, J. N. B., The Cherokee an Iroquoian Language, Washington, 1887 (MS in the archives of the Bureau of American Ethnology).

[3] Heckewelder, John, Indian Nations of Pennsylvania, pp. 47-49, ed. 1876.

[4] Brinton, D. G., Walam Olum, p. 231; Phila., 1885.

[5] Schoolcraft, H. R., Notes on the Iroquois, p. 162; Albany, 1847.

[6] Heckewelder, Indian Nations, p. 47, ed. 1876.

[7] Haywood, John, Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee, pp. 225-226; Nashville, 1823.

[8] Jefferson, Thomas, Notes on Virginia, pp. 136-137; ed. Boston, 1802.

[9] Schoolcraft, Notes on the Iroquois, p. 163, 1847.

[10] Haywood, Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee, pp. 233, 236, 269, 1823.

[11] Haywood, Nat. and Aborig. Hist. Tennessee, pp. 226, 234, 1823.

[12] Bartram, Wm., Travels, p. 365; reprint, London, 1792.

[13] Haywood, op. cit., pp. 234-237.

[14] Barton, New Views, p. xliv, 1797.

[15] Haywood, Nat. and Aborig. Hist. Tennessee, pp. 166, 234-235, 287-289, 1823.

[16] See story, "The Great Leech of Tlanusi'yi," p. 328.

[17] Garcilaso de la Vega, La Florida del Inca, pp. 129, 133-134; Madrid, 1723.

[18] Gentleman of Elvas, Publications of the Hakluyt Society, ix, pp. 52, 58, 64; London, 1851.

[19] Ibid., p. 60.

[20] Garcilaso, La Florida del Inca, p. 136, ed. 1723.

[21] Ranjel, in Oviedo, Historia General y Natural de las Indias, i, p. 562; Madrid, 1851.

[22] Garcilaso, La Florida del Inca, p.137, 1723.

[23] See note 8, De Soto's route.

[24] Ranjel, op. cit., I, p. 562.

[25] Elvas, Hakluyt Society, IX, p. 61, 1851.

[26] Garcilaso, op. cit., p. 139.

[27] Ranjel, in Oviedo, Historia, I, p. 563, 1861.

[28] Elvas, Biedma, and Ranjel all make special reference to the dogs given them at this place; they seem to have been of the same small breed ("perrillos") which Ranjel says the Indians used for food.

[29] Garcilaso, La Florida del Inca, p. 139, 1723.

[30] See note 8, De Soto's route.

[31] See Elvas, Hakluyt Society, ix, p. 61, 1851; and Ranjel, op. cit., p. 563.

[32] See note 8, De Soto's route.

[33] Elvas, op. cit., p.64.

[34] Elvas, Hakluyt Society, IX, p. 66, 1851.

[35] Garcilaso, La Florida del Inca, p. 141, ed. 1723.

[36] Shea, J. G., in Winsor, Justin, Narrative and Critical History of America, II, pp. 260, 278; Boston, 1886.

[37] Narrative of Pardo's expedition by Martinez, about 1568, Brooks manuscripts.

[38] Vandera narrative, 1569, in French, B. F., Hist. Colls. of La., new series, pp. 289-292; New York, 1875.

[39] Shea, J. G., Catholic Missions, p. 72; New York, 1855.

[40] See Brooks manuscripts, in the archives of the Bureau of American Ethnology.

[41] Burk, John, History of Virginia, II, pp. 104-107; Petersburg, 1805.

[42] Ramsey, J. G. M., Annals of Tennessee, p. 37; Charleston, 1853 (quoting Martin, North Carolina, I, p. 115, 1853).

[43] Lederer, John, Discoveries, pp. 15, 26, 27, 29, 33, and map; reprint, Charleston, 1891; Mooney, Siouan Tribes of the East (Bulletin of Bureau of Ethnology), pp. 53-54,1894.

[44] Mooney, op. cit., pp. 34-35.

[45] Document of 1699, quoted in South Carolina Hist. Soc. Colls., I, p. 209; Charleston, 1857.

[46] Haywood, Nat. and Aborig. Hist. Tennessee, p. 233, 1823.

[47] Noted in Cherokee Advocate, Tahlequah, Indian Territory, January 30, 1845.

[48] Document of 1691, South Carolina Hist. Soc. Colls., I, p. 126.

[49] Hewat, South Carolina and Georgia, I, p. 127, 1778.

[50] Documents of 1705, in North Carolina Colonial Records, II, p. 904; Raleigh, 1886.

[51] Haywood, Nat. and Aborig. Tenn., p. 237, 1823; with the usual idea that Indians live to extreme old age, Haywood makes her 110 years old at her death, putting back the introduction of firearms to 1677.

[52] Letter of 1708, in Rivers, South Carolina, p. 238, 1856.

[53] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 140, 1888; Hewat, op. cit., p. 216 et passim.

[54] Hewat, South Carolina and Georgia, I, p. 216 et passim, 1778.

[55] See Journal of Colonel George Chicken, 1715-16, with notes, in Charleston Yearbook, pp. 313-354, 1894.

[56] Journal of South Carolina Assembly, in North Carolina Colonial Records, II, pp. 225-227, 1886.

[57] For notice, see the glossary.

[58] Hewat, South Carolina and Georgia, I, pp. 297-298, 1778; Royce, Cherokee Nation, in Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 144 and map, 1888.

[59] Royce, op. cit., p. 142.

[60] Document of 1724, in Fernow, Berthold, Ohio Valley in Colonial Days, pp. 273-275; Albany, 1890.

[61] Report of Board of Trade, 1721, in North Carolina Colonial Records, II, p. 422, 1886.

[62] Adair, James, American Indians, p. 227; London, 1775.

[63] Board of Trade report, 1721, North Carolina Colonial Records, II, p. 422, 1886.

[64] Pickett, H. A., History of Alabama, pp. 234, 280, 288; reprint, Sheffield, 1896.

[65] For notice, see the glossary.

[66] Hewat, South Carolina and Georgia, II, pp. 3-11, 1779; treaty documents of 1730, North Carolina Colonial Records, III, pp. 128-133, 1886; Jenkinson, Collection of Treaties, II, pp. 315-318; Drake, S.G., Early History of Georgia: Cuming's Embassy; Boston, 1872; letter of Governor Johnson, December 27, 1730, noted in South Carolina Hist. Soc. Colls., I, p. 246, 1867.

[67] Documents of 1731 and 1732, North Carolina Colonial Records, III, pp. 153, 202, 345, 369, 393, 1886.

[68] Adair, American Indians, pp. 232-234, 1775.

[69] Meadows(?), State of the Province of Georgia, p. 7, 1742, in Force Tracts, I, 1836.

[70] Jones, C.C., History of Georgia, I, pp.327, 328; Boston, 1883.

[71] Adair, American Indians, pp. 240-243, 1775; Stevens, W. B., History of Georgia, I, pp. 104-107; Phila., 1847.

[72] Anonymous writer in Carroll, Hist. Colls. of South Carolina, II, pp. 97-98, 517, 1836.

[73] Buckle, Journal, 1757, in Rivers, South Carolina, p. 57, 1856.

[74] Barcia, A.G., Ensayo Chronologico para la Historia General de la Florida, pp. 335, 336. Madrid, 1723.

[75] For more in regard to these intertribal wars see the historical traditions.

[76] Walker, Thomas, Journal of an Exploration, etc., pp. 8, 35-37; Boston, 1888; Monette (Valley of the Miss. I, p. 317; New York, 1848) erroneously makes the second date 1758.

[77] Letter of Governor Dobbs, 1755, in North Carolina Colonial Records, V, pp. 320, 321, 1887.

[78] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 50-52, 1853; Royce, Cherokee Nation, in Fifth Ann. Rep. Bur. of Ethnology, p. 145, 1888.

[79] Timberlake, Henry, Memoirs, pp. 73, 74; London, 1765.

[80] Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 51, 1853; Royce, Cherokee Nation, in Fifth Ann. Kept. Bur. of Ethnology, p. 145, 1888.

[81] For notice see Ata'-gûl'`kalû', in the glossary.

[82] Ramsey, op. cit., p. 50.

[83] Letters of Major Andrew Lewis and Governor Dinwiddie, 1756, in North Carolina Colonial Records V, pp. 585, 612-614, 635, 637, 1887; Ramsey, op. cit, pp. 51, 52.

[84] Letter of Governor Dobbs, 1756, in North Carolina Colonial Records, V, p. 604, 1887.

[85] Dinwiddie letter, 1757, ibid., p. 765.

[86] Adair, American Indians, 245-246, 1775; North Carolina Colonial Records, V, p. xlviii, 1887; Hewat, quoted in Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 54, 1853.

[87] For notices see the glossary.

[88] Timberlake, Memoirs, p. 65, 1765.

[89] Catawba reference from Milligan, 1763, in Carroll, South Carolina Historical Collections, II, p. 519, 1836.

[90] Figures from Adair, American Indians, p. 227, 1775. When not otherwise noted this sketch of the Cherokee war of 1760-61 is compiled chiefly from the contemporary dispatches in the Gentleman's Magazine, supplemented from Hewat's Historical account of South Carolina and Georgia, 1778; with additional details from Adair, American Indians; Ramsey, Tennessee; Royce, Cherokee Nation; North Carolina Colonial Records, v, documents and introduction; etc.

[91] Timberlake, Memoirs, p. 9 et passim, 1765.

[92] Stevens, Georgia, II, pp. 26-29, 1859.

[93] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 65-70, 1853.

[94] Royce, Cherokee Nation, in Fifth Ann. Rep. Bur. of Ethnology, pp. 146-149, 1888.

[95] Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 149; Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 71, 1853.

[96] Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 93-122; Royce, op. cit. pp. 146-149.

[97] Ramsey, op. cit., pp, 109-122; Royce, op. cit. p. 146 et passim.

[98] Bartram, Travels, pp. 366-372, 1792.

[99] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 143-150, 1853; Monette, Valley of the Mississippi, I, pp. 400, 401, 431, 432, and II, pp. 33, 34, 1846; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, I, pp. 276-281, and II, pp. 1-6, 1889.

[100] Ramsey, op. cit., p. 143.

[101] Quoted from Stedman, in Ramsey, op. cit., p. 162.

[102] Ramsey, op. cit., p. 162.

[103] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 150-159, 1853.

[104] Roosevelt, Winning of the West, I, pp. 293-297, 1889.

[105] See no. 110, "Incidents of Personal Heroism." For Rutherford's expedition, see Moore, Rutherford's Expedition, in North Carolina University Magazine, February, 1888; Swain, Sketch of the Indian War in 1776, ibid., May, 1852, reprinted in Historical Magazine, November, 1867; Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 164, 1853; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, I, pp. 294-302, 1889, etc.

[106] For Williamson's expedition, see Ross Journal, with Rockwell's notes, in Historical Magazine, October, 1876; Swain, Sketch of the Indian War in 1776, in North Carolina University Magazine for May, 1852, reprinted in Historical Magazine, November, 1867; Jones, Georgia, II, p. 246 et passim, 1883; Ramsey, Tennessee, 163-164, 1853; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, I, pp. 296-303, 1889.

[107] Jones, op. cit., p. 246; Ramsey, op. cit., p. 163; Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 295.

[108] For the Virginia-Tennessee expedition see Roosevelt, Winning of the West, I, pp. 303-305, 1889; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 165-170, 1853.

[109] Ross Journal, in Historical Magazine, October, 1867.

[110] Swain, Sketch of the Indian War of 1776, in Historical Magazine, November, 1867.

[111] Moore's narrative, in North Carolina University Magazine, February, 1888.

[112] Roosevelt, Winning of the West, I, pp. 285, 290, 303, 1889.

[113] About five hundred sought refuge with Stuart, the British Indian superintendent in Florida, where they were fed for some time at the expense of the British government (Jones, Georgia, II, p. 246, 1883).

[114] Royce, Cherokee Nation, in Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 150 and map, 1888; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 172-174, 1853; Stevens, Georgia, II, p. 144, 1859; Roosevelt, "Winning of the West, I, p. 306, 1889.

[115] Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 171-177, 185-186, 610 et passim; Royce, op. cit., p. 150; Campbell letter, 1782, and other documents in Virginia State Papers, III, pp. 271, 571, 599, 1883, and IV, pp. 118, 286, 1884; Blount letter, January 14, 1793, American State Papers; Indian Affairs, I, p. 431, 1832. Campbell says they abandoned their first location on account of the invasion from Tennessee. Governor Blount says they left on account of witches.

[116] Hawkins, manuscript journal, 1796, with Georgia Historical Society.

[117] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 174-178, 1853.

[118] Campbell letter, 1782, Virginia State Papers, III, p. 271, 1883.

[119] Ramsey, op. cit, pp. 186-188; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II, pp. 236-238, 1889. Ramsey's statements, chiefly on Haywood's authority, of the strength of the expedition, the number of warriors killed, etc., are so evidently overdrawn that they are here omitted.

[120] Heckewelder, Indian Nations, p. 827, reprint of 1876.

[121] Donelson's Journal, etc., in Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 197-208, 1853; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II, pp. 324-340, 1889.

[122] Ibid., II, p. 337.

[123] Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II, pp. 241-294, 1889; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 208-249, 1853.

[124] Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 256.

[125] Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II, pp. 298-300, 1889; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 261-264, 1853. There is great discrepancy in the various accounts of this fight, from the attempts of interested historians to magnify the size of the victory. One writer gives the Indians 1,000 warriors. Here, as elsewhere, Roosevelt is a more reliable guide, his statements being usually from official documents.

[126] Roosevelt, op. cit., pp. 300-304; Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 265-268; Campbell, report, January 15, 1781, in Virginia State Papers, I, p. 436. Haywood and others after him make the expedition go as far as Chickamauga and Coosa river, but Campbell's report expressly denies this.

[127] Ramsey, op. cit., p. 266.

[128] Roosevelt, op. cit, p. 302.

[129] Campbell, letter, March 28, 1781, in Virginia State Papers, I, p. 602, 1875; Martin, letter, March 31, 1781, ibid., p. 613; Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 268, 1853; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II, pp. 305-307, 1889.

[130] Campbell, letter, March 28, 1781, in Virginia State Papers, I, p. 602, 1875.

[131] Ramsey, op. cit., p. 269.

[132] Ibid.; Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 307.

[133] Ibid.; Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 267, 268. The latter authority seems to make it 1782, which is evidently a mistake.

[134] Stevens, Georgia, II, pp. 282-285, 1859; Jones, Georgia, II, p. 503, 1883.

[135] Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II, p. 811, 1889.

[136] Old Tassel's talk, in Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 271, 1853, and in Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 315.

[137] Ramsey, op. cit., p. 272; Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 317 et passim.

[138] Stevens, op. cit., pp. 411-415.

[139] Royce, Cherokee Nation, in Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 151, 1888.

[140] See documents in Virginia State Papers, III, pp. 234, 398, 527, 1883.

[141] Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 280, 1853.

[142] Ibid., p. 276.

[143] See Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., pp. 151, 152; Ramsey, op. cit., p. 299 et passim.

[144] Indian Treaties, p. 8 et passim, 1837. For a full discussion of the Hopewell treaty, from official documents, see Royce, Cherokee Nation, in Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 152-158, 1888, with map; Treaty Journal, etc., American State Papers; Indian Affairs, I, pp. 38-44, 1832; also Stevens, Georgia, II, pp. 417-429, 1859; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 336, 337, 1853; see also the map accompanying this work.

[145] Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 459-461; Agent Martin and Hopewell commissioners, ibid., pp. 318-336; Bledsoe and Robertson letter, ibid., p. 465; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II, p. 368, 1899.

[146] Roosevelt, Winning of the West, ii, p. 353, 1889.

[147] Ibid., p. 355, 1889; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 452-454, 1853.

[148] Ibid., pp. 358-366, 1889.

[149] Ibid., p. 341, 1853.

[150] Martin letter of May 11, 1786, ibid., p. 342.

[151] Reports of Tennessee commissioners and replies by Cherokee chiefs, etc., 1786, in Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 343-346, 1853.

[152] Martin (?) letter of March 25, 1787, ibid., p. 359.

[153] Ibid., p. 370.

[154] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 393-399, 1853.

[155] Ibid., pp. 417-423, 1853.

[156] Ibid., pp. 517-519, and Brown's narrative, ibid., p. 515.

[157] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 515, 519.

[158] Brown's narrative, etc., ibid., pp. 508-516.

[159] Ibid., pp. 459, 489.

[160] Bledsoe and Robertson letter of June 12, 1787, in Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 465, 1853.

[161] Ibid., with Robertson letter, pp. 465-476.

[162] Ibid., pp. 479-486.

[163] Monette, Valley of the Mississippi, I, p. 505, 1846.

[164] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 522, 541, 561, 1853.

[165] Washington to the Senate, August 11, 1790, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, p. 83, 1832.

[166] Secretary Knox to President Washington, July 7, 1789, ibid., p. 53.

[167] Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 550, 551.

[168] Indian Treaties, pp. 34-38, 1837; Secretary of War, report, January 5, 1798, in American State Papers, I, pp. 628-631, 1832; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 554-560, 1853; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 158-170, with full discussion and map, 1888.

[169] Indian Treaties, pp. 37, 38, 1837.

[170] Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 557, 1853.

[171] Abel deposition, April 16, 1792, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, p. 274, 1832.

[172] Henry Knox, Secretary of War, Instructions to Leonard Shaw, temporary agent to the Cherokee Nation of Indians, February 17, 1792, in American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, 247, 1832; also Knox, letters to Governor Blount, January 31 and February 16, 1792, ibid., pp. 245, 246.

[173] Estanaula conference report, June 26, 1792, ibid., p. 271; Deraque, deposition, September 15, 1792, ibid., p. 292; Pickens, letter, September 12, 1792, ibid., p. 317.

[174] See letters of Shaw, Casey, Pickens, and Blount, 1792-93, ibid., pp. 277, 278, 317, 436, 437, 440.

[175] Knox, instructions to Shaw, February 17, 1792, ibid., p. 247; Blount, letter, March 20, 1792, ibid., p. 263; Knox, letters, October 9, 1792, ibid., pp. 261, 262.

[176] Governor Telfair's letters of November 14 and December 5, with inclosure, 1792, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, pp. 332, 336, 337, 1832.

[177] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 562-663, 598, 1853.

[178] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 562-565, 1853.

[179] Blount, letter, October 2, 1792, in American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, p. 294, 1832; Blount, letter, etc., in Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 566, 567, 599-601; see also Brown's narrative, ibid., 511, 512; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 170, 1888.

[180] Ramsey, op. cit., 569-571.

[181] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 571-573, 1853.

[182] Ibid., pp. 574-578, 1853.

[183] Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 579.

[184] Ibid., pp. 580-583, 1853; Smith, letter, September 27, 1793, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, p. 468, 1832. Ramsey gives the Indian force 1,000 warriors; Smith says that in many places they marched in files of 28 abreast, each file being supposed to number 40 men.

[185] Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 584-588.

[186] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 590, 602-605, 1853.

[187] Haywood, Civil and Political History of Tennessee, pp. 300-302; Knoxville, 1823.

[188] Ibid., pp. 303-308, 1823; Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 591-594. Haywood's history of this period is little more than a continuous record of killings and petty encounters.

[189] Haywood, Civil and Political History of Tennessee, p. 308, 1823; Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 594, 1853; see also memorial in Putnam, Middle Tennessee, p. 502, 1859. Haywood calls the leader Unacala, which should be Une'ga-dihi', "White-man-killer." Compare Haywood's statement with that of Washburn, on page 100.

[190] Indian Treaties, pp. 39, 40, 1837; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 171, 172, 1888; Documents of 1797-98, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, pp. 628-631, 1832. The treaty is not mentioned by the Tennessee historians.

[191] Haywood, Civil and Political History of Tennessee, pp. 309-311, 1823; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 594, 595, 1853.

[192] Haywood, op. cit., pp. 314-316; Ramsey, op. cit., p. 596.

[193] Haywood, Political and Civil History of Tennessee, pp. 392-396, 1823; Ramsey, Tennessee (with Major Ore's report), pp. 608-618, 1853; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau Ethnology, p. 171, 1888; Ore, Robertson, and Blount, reports, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, pp. 632-634, 1832.

[194] Ramsey, op. cit., p. 618.

[195] Tellico conference, November 7-8, 1794, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, pp. 536-538, 1832, Royce, op. cit., p. 173; Ramsey, op. cit., p. 596.

[196] Beaver's talk, 1784, Virginia State Papers, III, p. 571, 1883; McDowell, report, 1786, ibid., IV, p. 118, 1884; McDowell, report, 1787, ibid., p. 286; Todd, letter, 1787, ibid., p. 277; Tellico conference, November 7, 1794, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, p. 538, 1832; Greenville treaty conference, August, 1795, ibid., pp. 582-583.

[197] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 173, 1888.

[198] Ibid., pp. 174, 175; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 679-685, 1853.

[199] Indian Treaties, pp. 78-82, 1837; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 692-697, 1853; Royce, Cherokee Nation (with map and full discussion), Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 174-183, 1888.

[200] See table in Royce, op. cit., p. 378.

[201] Adair, American Indians, pp. 230, 231, 1775.

[202] See Hawkins, MS journal from South Carolina to the Creeks, 1796, in library of Georgia Historical Society.

[203] Hawkins, Treaty Commission, 1801, manuscript No. 5, in library of Georgia Historical Society.

[204] Foote (?), in North Carolina Colonial Records, v, p. 1226, 1887.

[205] North Carolina Colonial Records, v, p. x, 1887.

[206] Reichel, E. H., Historical Sketch of the Church and Missions of the United Brethren, pp. 65-81; Bethlehem, Pa., 1848; Holmes, John, Sketches of the Missions of the United Brethren, pp. 124, 125, 209-212; Dublin, 1818; Thompson, A. C., Moravian Missions, p. 341; New York, 1890; De Schweinitz, Edmund, Life of Zeisberger, pp. 394, 663, 696; Phila., 1870.

[207] Morse, American Geography, I, p. 577, 1819.

[208] Indian treaties, pp. 108, 121, 125, 1837; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 183, 193, 1888 (map and full discussion).

[209] McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes, II, p. 92, 1858.

[210] Indian Treaties, pp. 132-136, 1837; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 193-197, 1888.

[211] Meigs, letter, September 28, 1807, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, p. 754, 1832; Royce, op. cit., p. 197.

[212] See treaty, December 2, 1807, and Jefferson's message, with inclosures, March 10, 1808, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, pp. 752-754, 1832; Royce, op. cit., pp. 199-201.

[213] Ibid., pp. 201, 202.

[214] In American State Papers: Indian Affairs, II, p. 283, 1834.

[215] See contract appended to Washington treaty, 1819, Indian Treaties, pp. 269-271, 1837; Royce map, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1888.

[216] Author's personal information.

[217] Mooney, Ghost-dance Religion, Fourteenth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 670 et passim, 1896; contemporary documents in American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, pp. 798-801, 845-850, 1832.

[218] See Mooney, Ghost dance Religion, Fourteenth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 670-677, 1896; McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes, II, pp. 93-95, 1858; see also contemporary letters (1813, etc.) by Hawkins, Cornells, and others in American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, 1832.

[219] Letters of Hawkins, Pinckney, and Cussetah King, July, 1813, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, II, pp. 847-849, 1832.

[220] Meigs, letter, May 8, 1812, and Hawkins, letter, May 11, 1812, ibid., p. 809.

[221] Author's information from James D. Wafford.

[222] McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes, II, pp. 96-97, 1858.

[223] Drake, Indians, pp. 395-396, 1880; Pickett, Alabama, p. 556, reprint of 1896.

[224] Coffee, report, etc., in Drake, Indians, p. 396, 1880; Lossing, Field Book of the War of 1812, pp. 762, 763 [n. d. (1869)]; Pickett, Alabama, p. 553, reprint of 1896.

[225] Ibid., p. 556.

[226] Drake, Indians, p. 396, 1880; Pickett, op. cit., pp. 554, 555.

[227] White's report, etc., in Fay and Davison, Sketches of the War, pp. 240, 241; Rutland, Vt., 1815; Low, John, Impartial History of the War, p. 199; New York, 1815; Drake, op. cit., p. 397; Pickett, op. cit., p. 557; Lossing, op. cit., p. 767. Low says White had about 1,100 mounted men, "including upward of 300 Cherokee Indians." Pickett gives White 400 Cherokee.

[228] Drake, Indians, pp. 391, 398, 1880; Pickett, Alabama, pp. 557-559, 572-576, reprint of 1896.

[229] Ibid., p. 579; Lossing, Field Book of the War of 1812, p. 773.

[230] Pay and Davison, Sketches of the War, pp. 247-250, 1815; Pickett, Alabama, pp. 579-584, reprint of 1896; Drake, Indians, pp. 398-400, 1880. Pickett says Jackson had "767 men, with 200 friendly Indians"; Drake says he started with 930 men and was joined at Talladega by 200 friendly Indians; Jackson himself, as quoted in Fay and Davison, says that he started with 930 men, excluding Indians, and was joined at Talladega "by between 200 and 300 friendly Indians," 65 being Cherokee, the rest Creeks. The inference is that he already had a number of Indians with him at the start--probably the Cherokee who had been doing garrison duty.

[231] Pickett, op. cit., pp. 584-586.

[232] Jackson's report to Governor Blount, March 31, 1814, in Fay and Davison, Sketches of the War, pp. 253, 254, 1815.

[233] General Coffee's report to General Jackson, April 1, 1814, ibid., p. 257.

[234] Colonel Morgan's report to Governor Blount, in Fay and Davison, Sketches of the War, pp. 258, 259, 1815.

[235] Coffee's report to Jackson, ibid., pp. 257, 258.

[236] Jackson's report to Governor Blount, ibid., pp. 255, 256.

[237] Jackson's report and Colonel Morgan's report, in Fay and Davison, Sketches of the War, pp. 255, 256, 259, 1815. Pickett makes the loss of the white troops 32 killed and 99 wounded. The Houston reference is from Lossing. The battle is described also by Pickett, Alabama, pp. 588-591, reprint of 1896; Drake, Indians, pp. 391, 400, 1880; McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes, II, pp. 98, 99, 1858.

[238] McKenney and Hall, op. cit., p. 98.

[239] Drake, Indians, p. 401, 1880.

[240] Indian Treaties, p. 187, 1837; Meigs' letter to Secretary of War, August 19, 1816, in American State Papers: Indian Affairs, II, pp. 113, 114, 1834.

[241] Indian Treaties, pp. 185-187, 1837; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 197-209, 1888.

[242] Indian Treaties, pp. 199, 200, 1837; Royce, op. cit., pp. 209-211.

[243] Claiborne, letter to Jefferson, November 5, 1808, American State Papers, I, p. 755, 1832; Gatschet, Creek Migration Legend, I, p. 88, 1884.

[244] Hawkins, 1799, quoted in Gatschet, op. cit., p. 89.

[245] See Treaty of St Louis, 1825, and of Castor hill, 1852, in Indian Treaties, pp. 388, 539, 1837.

[246] See number 107, "The Lost Cherokee."

[247] See letter of Governor Estevan Miro to Robertson, April 20, 1783, in Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II, p. 407, 1889.

[248] See pp. 76-77.

[249] Washburn, Reminiscences, pp. 76-79, 1869; see also Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 204, 1888.

[250] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 202, 203, 1888.

[251] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 202-204,1888; see also Indian Treaties, pp. 209-215,1837. The preamble to the treaty of 1817 says that the delegation of 1808 had desired a division of the tribal territory in order that the people of the Upper (northern) towns might "begin the establishment of fixed laws and a regular government," while those of the Lower (southern) towns desired to remove to the West. Nothing is said of severalty allotments or citizenship.

[252] Indian Treaties, pp. 209-215, 1837; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 212-217, 1888; see also maps in Royce.

[253] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 217-218, 1888.

[254] Ibid., pp. 218-219.

[255] Ibid., p. 219.

[256] Morse, Geography, I, p. 577, 1819; and p. 185, 1822.

[257] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 221-222, 1888.

[258] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 222-228, 1888.

[259] Indian Treaties, pp. 265-269, 1837; Royce, op. cit., pp. 219-221 and table, p. 378.

[260] Laws of the Cherokee Nation (several documents), 1820, American State Papers; Indian Affairs, II, pp. 279-283, 1834; letter quoted by McKenney, 1825, ibid., pp. 651, 652; Drake, Indians, pp. 437, 438, ed. 1880.

[261] List or missions and reports of missionaries, etc., American State Papers: Indian Affairs, II, pp. 277-279, 459, 1834; personal information from James D. Wafford concerning Valley-towns mission. For notices of Worcester, Jones, and Wafford, see Pilling, Bibliography of the Iroquoian Languages 1888.

[262] G. C., in Cherokee Phoenix; reprinted in Christian Advocate and Journal, New York, September 26, 1828.

[263] McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes, I, p. 35, et passim, 1858.

[264] Phillips, Sequoyah, in Harper's Magazine, pp. 542-548, September, 1870.

[265] Manuscript letters by John Mason Brown, January 17, 18, 22, and February 4, 1889, in archives of the Bureau of American Ethnology.

[266] McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes, I, p. 45, 1858.

[267] See page 43.

[268] See number 89, "The Iroquois wars."

[269] McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes, I, p. 46, 1858; Phillips, in Harper's Magazine, p. 547, September, 1870.

[270] Indian Treaties, p. 425, 1837.

[271] For details concerning the life and invention of Sequoya, see McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes, i, 1858; Phillips, Sequoyah, in Harper's Magazine, September 1870; Foster, Sequoyah, 1885, and Story of the Cherokee Bible, 1899, based largely on Phillips' article; G. C., Invention of the Cherokee Alphabet, in Cherokee Phoenix, republished In Christian Advocate and Journal, New York, September 26, 1828: Pilling, Bibliography of the Iroquoian Languages, 1888.

[272] G. C., Invention of the Cherokee Alphabet, op. cit.

[273] (Unsigned) letter of David Brown, September 2, 1825, quoted in American State Papers: Indian Affairs, II, p. 652, 1834.

[274] Foster, Sequoyah, pp. 120, 121, 1885.

[275] Pilling, Iroquoian Bibliography, p. 21, 1888.

[276] Brown letter (unsigned), in American State Papers: Indian Affairs, II, p. 652, 1834.

[277] For extended notice of Cherokee literature and authors see numerous references in Pilling, Bibliography of the Iroquoian Languages, 1888; also Foster, Sequoyah, 1885, and Story of the Cherokee Bible, 1899. The largest body of original Cherokee manuscript material in existence, including hundreds of ancient ritual formulas, was obtained by the writer among the East Cherokee, and is now in possession of the Bureau of American Ethnology, to be translated at some future time.

[278] Brown letter (unsigned), September 2, 1825, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, II, pp. 651, 652, 1834.

[279] See Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 241, 1888; Meredith, in The Five Civilized Tribes, Extra Census Bulletin, p. 41, 1894; Morse, American Geography, I, p. 577, 1819 (for Hicks).

[280] Fort Pitt treaty, September 17, 1778, Indian Treaties, p. 3, 1837.

[281] Cherokee Agency treaty, July 8, 1817, ibid., p. 209; Drake, Indians, p. 450, ed. 1880; Johnson in Senate Report on Territories; Cherokee Memorial, January 18, 1831; see laws of 1808, 1810, and later, in American State Papers: Indian Affairs, II, pp. 279-283, 1834. The volume of Cherokee laws, compiled in the Cherokee language by the Nation, in 1850, begins with the year 1808.

[282] Personal information from James D. Wafford. So far as is known this rebellion of the conservatives has never hitherto been noted in print.

[283] See Resolutions of Honor, in Laws of the Cherokee Nation, pp. 187-140, 1868; Meredith, in The Five Civilized Tribes, Extra Census Bulletin, p. 41, 1894; Appleton, Cyclopedia of American Biography.

[284] See fourth article of "Articles of agreement and cession," April 24, 1802, in American State Papers: class VIII, Public Lands, I, quoted also by Greeley, American Conflict, I, p. 103, 1864.

[285] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 231-233, 1888.

[286] Cherokee correspondence, 1823 and 1824, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, II, pp. 468-473, 1834; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 236-237, 1888.

[287] Cherokee memorial, February 11, 1824, in American State Papers: Indian Affairs, II, pp. 473, 494, 1834; Royce, op. cit., p. 237.

[288] Letters of Governor Troup of Georgia, February 28, 1824, and of Georgia delegates, March 10, 1824, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, II, pp. 475, 477, 1834; Royce, op. cit., pp. 237, 238.

[289] Monroe, message to the Senate, with Calhoun's report, March 30, 1824, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, II, pp. 460, 462, 1834.

[290] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 241, 242, 1888.

[291] Personal information from J. D. Wafford.

[292] Nitze, H. B. C., in Twentieth Annual Report United States Geological Survey, part 6 (Mineral Resources), p. 112, 1899.

[293] See Butler letter, quoted in Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 297, 1888; see also Everett, speech in the House of Representatives on May 31, 1838, pp. 16-17, 32-33, 1839.

[294] For extracts and synopses of these acts see Royce, op. cit., pp. 259-264; Drake, Indians, pp. 438-456, 1880; Greeley, American Conflict, I, pp. 105, 106, 1864; Edward Everett, speech in the House of Representatives, February 14, 1831 (lottery law). The gold lottery is also noted incidentally by Lanman, Charles, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, p. 10; New York, 1849, and by Nitze, in his report on the Georgia gold fields, in the Twentieth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, part 6 (Mineral Resources), p. 112, 1899. The author has himself seen in a mountain village in Georgia an old book titled "The Cherokee Land and Gold Lottery," containing maps and plats covering the whole Cherokee country of Georgia, with each lot numbered, and descriptions of the water courses, soil, and supposed mineral veins.

[295] Speech of May 19, 1830, Washington; printed by Gales & Seaton, 1830.

[296] Speech in the Senate of the United States, April 16, 1830; Washington, Peter Force, printer, 1830.

[297] See Cherokee Memorial to Congress, January 18, 1831.

[298] Personal information from Prof. Clinton Duncan, of Tahlequah, Cherokee Nation, whose father's house was the one thus burned.

[299] Cherokee Memorial to Congress January 18, 1831.

[300] Ibid.; see also speech of Edward Everett in House of Representatives February 14, 1831; report of the select committee of the senate of Massachusetts upon the Georgia resolutions, Boston, 1831; Greeley, American Conflict, I, p. 106, 1864; Abbott, Cherokee Indians in Georgia; Atlanta Constitution, October 27, 1889.

[301] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 261, 262, 1888.

[302] Ibid., p. 262.

[303] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 264-266, 1888; Drake, Indians, pp. 454-457,1880; Greeley, American Conflict, I, 106, 1864.

[304] Drake, Indians, p. 458, 1880.

[305] Royce, op. cit., pp. 262-264, 272, 273.

[306] Ibid., pp.274, 275.

[307] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Report Bureau of Ethnology, p. 276, 1888.

[308] Commissioner Elbert Herring, November 25, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 240, 1834; author's personal information from Major R. C. Jackson and J. D. Wafford.

[309] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 278-280, 1888; Everett speech in House of Representatives, May 31, 1838, pp. 28, 29, 1839, in which the Secretary's reply is given in full.

[310] Royce, op. cit., pp. 280-281.

[311] Ibid., p. 281.

[312] Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit. (Ross arrest), p. 281; Drake, Indians (Ross, Payne, Phoenix), p. 459, 1880; see also Everett speech of May 31, 1838, op. cit.

[313] Royce, op. cit., pp. 281, 282; see also Everett speech, 1838.

[314] See Fort Gibson treaty, 1833, p. 142.

[315] See New Echota treaty, 1835, and Fort Gibson treaty, 1833, Indian Treaties, pp. 633-648 and 561-565, 1837; also, for full discussion of both treaties, Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 249-298. For a summary of all the measures of pressure brought to bear upon the Cherokee up to the final removal see also Everett, speech in the House of Representatives, May 31, 1838; the chapters on "Expatriation of the Cherokees," Drake, Indians, 1880; and the chapter on "State Rights--Nullification," in Greeley, American Conflict, I, 1864. The Georgia side of the controversy is presented in E. J. Harden's Life of (Governor) George M. Troup, 1849.

[316] Royce, op. cit., p. 289. The Indian total is also given in the Report of the Indian Commissioner, p. 369, 1836.

[317] Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., pp. 283, 284; Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 285, 286, 1836.

[318] Quoted by Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., pp. 284-285; quoted also, with some verbal differences, by Everett, speech in House of Representatives on May 31, 1838.

[319] Quoted in Royce, op. cit., p. 286.

[320] Letter of General Wool, September 10, 1836, in Everett, speech in House of Representatives, May 31, 1838.

[321] Letter of June 30, 1836, to President Jackson, in Everett, speech in the House of Representatives, May 31, 1838.

[322] Quoted by Everett, ibid.; also by Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 286.

[323] Letter of J. M. Mason, jr., to Secretary of War, September 25, 1837, in Everett, speech in House of Representatives, May 31, 1838; also quoted in extract by Royce, op. cit., pp. 286-287.

[324] Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit. pp. 287, 289.

[325] Ibid., pp. 289, 290.

[326] Ibid., p. 291. The statement of the total number of troops employed is from the speech of Everett in the House of Representatives, May 31, 1838, covering the whole question of the treaty.

[327] Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 291.

[328] Ibid, p. 291.

[329] The notes on the Cherokee round-up and Removal are almost entirely from author's information as furnished by actors in the events, both Cherokee and white, among whom may be named the late Colonel W. H. Thomas; the late Colonel Z. A. Zile, of Atlanta, of the Georgia volunteers; the late James Bryson, of Dillsboro, North Carolina, also a volunteer; James D. Wafford, of the western Cherokee Nation, who commanded one of the emigrant detachments; and old Indians, both east and west, who remembered the Removal and had heard the story from their parents. Charley's story is a matter of common note among the East Cherokee, and was heard in full detail from Colonel Thomas and from Wasitûna ("Washington"), Charley's youngest son, who alone was spared by General Scott on account of his youth. The incident is also noted, with some slight inaccuracies, in Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains. See p. 157.

[330] Author's personal information, as before cited.

[331] As quoted in Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 292, 1888, the disbursing agent makes the number unaccounted for 1,428; the receiving agent, who took charge of them on their arrival, makes it 1,645.

[332] Agent Stokes to Secretary of War, June 24, 1839, in Report Indian Commissioner, p. 355, 1839; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 293, 1888; Drake, Indians, pp. 459-460, 1880; author's personal information. The agent's report incorrectly makes the killings occur on three different days.

[333] Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., pp. 294, 295.

[334] Council resolutions, August 23, 1839, in Report Indian Commissioner, p. 387, 1839; Royce, op. cit., p. 294.

[335] See "Act of Union" and "Constitution" in Constitution and Laws of the Cherokee Nation, 1875; General Arbuckle's letter to the Secretary of War, June 28, 1840, in Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 46, 1840; also Royce, op. cit., pp. 294, 295.

[336] See ante, pp. 105-106; Nuttall, who was on the ground, gives them only 1,500.

[337] Washburn, Cephas, Reminiscences of the Indians, pp. 81, 103; Richmond, 1869.

[338] Nuttall, Journal of Travels into the Arkansas Territory, etc., p. 129; Philadelphia, 1821.

[339] Ibid., pp. 123-136. The battle mentioned seems to be the same noted somewhat differently by Washburn, Reminiscences, p. 120; 1869.

[340] Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 222.

[341] Washburn, op. cit., p. 160, and personal information from J. D. Wafford.

[342] Royce, op. cit., pp. 242, 243; Washburn, op. cit., pp. 112-122 et passim; see also sketches of Tahchee and Tooantuh or Spring-frog, in McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes, I and II, 1858.

[343] Washburn, Reminiscences, p. 178, 1869; see also ante p. 206.

[344] Ibid, p. 138.

[345] See Treaty of 1817, Indian Treaties, 1837.

[346] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Report Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 243, 244, 1888.

[347] Ibid, p. 243.

[348] Author's personal information; see p. 143.

[349] Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 245.

[350] Ibid., pp. 247, 248.

[351] Treaty of Washington, May 6, 1828, Indian Treaties, pp. 423-428, 1837; treaty of Port Gibson, 1833, ibid., pp. 561-565; see also for synopsis, Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 229, 230, 1888.

[352] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 248, 1888.

[353] For a sketch of Tahchee, with portraits, see McKenney and Hall, I, pp. 251-260, 1858; Catlin, North American Indians, II, pp. 121, 122, 1844. Wash burn also mentions the emigration to Texas consequent upon the treaty of 1828 (Reminiscences, p. 217, 1869).

[354] Treaties at Fort Gibson, February 14, 1833, with Creeks and Cherokee, in Indian Treaties, pp. 561-569, 1837.

[355] Treaty of 1833, Indian Treaties, pp. 561-565, 1837; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 249-253, 1888; see also Treaty of New Echota, 1835, ante, pp. 123-125.

[356] Author's personal information. In 1891 the author opened two Uchee graves on the grounds of Cornelius Boudinot, at Tahlequah, finding with one body a number of French, Spanish, and American silver coins wrapped in cloth and deposited in two packages on each side of the head. They are now in the National Museum at Washington.

[357] Bonnell, Topographic Description of Texas, p. 141; Austin, 1840; Thrall, History of Texas, p. 58; New York, 1876.

[358] Author's personal information from J. D. Wafford and other old Cherokee residents and from recent Cherokee delegates. Bancroft agrees with Bonnell and Thrall that no grant was formally issued, but states that the Cherokee chief established his people in Texas "confiding in promises made to him, and a conditional agreement in 1822" with the Spanish governor (History of the North Mexican States and Texas, II, p. 103, 1889). It is probable that the paper carried by Bowl was the later Houston treaty. See next page.

[359] Thrall, op. cit., p. 58.

[360] Thrall, Texas, p. 46, 1879.

[361] Bonnell, Texas, pp. 142, 143, 1840.

[362] Ibid., p. 143, 1840.

[363] Bonnell, Texas, pp. 143, 144.

[364] Ibid., pp. 144, 146.

[365] Thrall, Texas, pp. 116-168, 1876.

[366] Bonnell, op. cit., pp. 146-150; Thrall, op. cit., pp. 118-120.

[367] Author's personal information from J. D. Wafford and other old western Cherokee, and recent Cherokee delegates; by some this is said to have been a Mexican patent, but it is probably the one given by Texas. See ante, p. 143.

[368] Thrall, Texas, p. 120, 1876.

[369] Author's personal information from Mexican and Cherokee sources.

[370] W. A. Phillips, Sequoyah, in Harper's Magazine, September, 1870; Foster, Sequoyah, 1885; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 302, 1888; letter of William P. Ross, former editor of Cherokee Advocate, March 11, 1889, in archives of Bureau of American Ethnology; Cherokee Advocate, October 19, 1844, November 2, 1844, and March 6, 1845; author's personal information. San Fernando seems to have been a small village in Chihuahua, but is not shown on the maps.

[371] For full discussion see Royce, op. cit., pp. 298-312.

[372] Pilling, Bibliography of the Iroquoian Languages (bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology), p. 174, 1888.

[373] See treaties with Cherokee, October 7, 1861, and with other tribes, in Confederate States Statutes at Large, 1864; Royce, op. cit., pp. 324-328; Greeley, American Conflict, II, pp. 30-34, 1866; Reports of Indian Commissioner for 1860 to 1862.

[374] In this battle the Confederates were assisted by from 4,000 to 5,000 Indians of the southern tribes, including the Cherokee, under command of General Albert Pike.

[375] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 329, 330, 1888.

[376] Ibid, p. 331.

[377] Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 376.

[378] Ibid., p. 376. A census of 1807 gives them 13,566 (ibid., p. 351).

[379] See synopsis and full discussion in Royce, op. cit., pp. 334-340.

[380] Act of Citizenship, November 7, 1865, Laws of the Cherokee Nation, p. 119; St. Louis, 1868.

[381] See Resolutions of Honor, ibid., pp. 137-140.

[382] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 356-358, 1888; Constitution and Laws of the Cherokee Nation, pp. 277-284; St. Louis, 1875.

[383] Royce, op. cit., p. 367.

[384] Foster, Sequoyah, pp. 147, 148, 1885; Pilling, Iroquoian Bibliography, 1888, articles "Cherokee Advocate" and "John B. Jones." The schoolbook series seems to have ended with the arithmetic--cause, as the Cherokee national superintendent of schools explained to the author, "too much white man."

[385] Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. lxv, 1881, and p. lxx, 1882; see also p. 175.

[386] Report of Indian Commissioner, p. lxv, 1883.

[387] Commissioner J. D. C. Atkins, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. xlv, 1886, and p. lxxvii, 1887.

[388] Agent L. E. Bennett, in Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 93, 1890.

[389] Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 22, 1889.

[390] See proclamation by President Harrison and order from Indian Commissioner in Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxxii-lxxiii, 421-422, 1890. The lease figures are from personal information.

[391] Commissioner T. J. Morgan, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 79-80, 1892.

[392] Commissioner D. M. Browning, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 33-34, 1893.

[393] Quotation from act, etc., Report of Indian Commissioner for 1894, p. 27, 1895.

[394] Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, ibid., p. 141.

[395] Ibid., and statistical table, p. 570.

[396] Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, ibid., p. 145.

[397] Agent D. M. Wisdom, in Report Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 155, 1896.

[398] Commissioner D. M. Browning, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 81, 1896.

[399] Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, pp. 159, 160, 1896.

[400] Letter of A. E. Ivy, Secretary of the Board of Education, in Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 161, 1896. The author can add personal testimony as to the completeness of the seminary establishment.

[401] Report of Agent Wisdom, ibid., p. 162.

[402] Letter of Bird Harris, May 31, 1895, in Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 160, 1896.

[403] Synopsis of Curtis act, pp. 75-79, and Curtis act in full, p. 425 et seq., in Report of Indian Commissioner for 1898; noted also in Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 84 et seq., 1899.

[404] Commissioner W. A. Jones, ibid., pp. i, 84 et seq. (Curtis act and Dawes commission).

[405] Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 141-144, 1897.

[406] Author's personal information; see also House bill No. 1165 "for the relief of certain Indians in Indian Territory," etc., Fifty-sixth Congress, first session, 1900.

[407] Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 159, 1898.

[408] See page 131.

[409] Charley's story as here given is from the author's personal information, derived chiefly from conversations with Colonel Thomas and with Wasitû'na and other old Indians. An ornate but somewhat inaccurate account is given also in Lanman's Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, written on the ground ten years after the events described. The leading facts are noted in General Scott's official dispatches.