Chapter XXXIV: Part 34

[410] See New Echota treaty, December 29, 1835, and supplementary articles, March 1, 1836, in Indian Treaties, pp. 633-648, 1837; also full discussion of same treaty in Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1888.

[411] Royce, op. cit., p. 292.

[412] Ibid., p. 314.

[413] In the Cherokee language Tsiskwâ'hi, "Bird place," Ani'-Wâ'dihi, "Paint place," Wa`yâ'hi, "Wolf place," E'lawâ'di, "Red earth" (now Cherokee post-office and agency), and Kâlanûñ'yi, "Raven place." There was also, for a time, a "Pretty-woman town" (Ani'-Gilâ'hi?).

[414] The facts concerning Colonel Thomas's career are derived chiefly from the author's conversations with Thomas himself, supplemented by information from his former assistant, Capt. James W. Terrell, and others who knew him, together with an admirable sketch in the North Carolina University Magazine for May 1899, by Mrs. A. C. Avery, his daughter. He is also frequently noticed, in connection with East Cherokee matters, in the annual reports of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs; in the North Carolina Confederate Roster; in Lanman's Letters from the Alleghany Mountains; and in Zeigler and Grosscup's Heart of the Alleghanies, etc. Some manuscript contributions to the library of the Georgia Historical Society in Savannah--now unfortunately mislaid--show his interest in Cherokee linguistics.

[415] The facts concerning Yonaguska are based on the author's personal information obtained from Colonel Thomas, supplemented from conversations with old Indians. The date of his death and his approximate age are taken from the Terrell roll. He is also noticed at length in Lanman's Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, 1848, and in Zeigler and Grosscup's Heart of the Alleghanies, 1883. The trance which, according to Thomas and Lanman, lasted about one day, is stretched by the last-named authors to fifteen days, with the whole 1,200 Indians marching and countermarching around the sleeping body!

[416] The name in the treaties occurs as Yonahequah (1798), Yohanaqua (1805), and Yonah, (1819).--Indian Treaties, pp. 82, 123, 268; Washington, 1837.

[417] The name refers to something habitually falling from a leaning position.

[418] Act quoted in Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 636, 1896.

[419] The facts concerning Junaluska are from the author's information obtained from Colonel Thomas, Captain James Terrell, and Cherokee informants.

[420] Author's information from Colonel Thomas.

[421] Commissioner Crawford, November 25, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 333, 1839.

[422] Author's information from Colonel Thomas, Captain Terrell, and Indian sources; Commissioner W. Medill, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 399, 1848; Commissioner Orlando Brown, Report of Indian Commissioner for 1849, p. 14, 1850.

[423] Synopsis of the treaty, etc., in Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 300-313, 1888; see also ante, p. 148.

[424] Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, pp. 94-95, 1849.

[425] Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, p. 111.

[426] See act quoted in "The United States of America v. William H, Thomas et al."; also Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 313, 1888. In the earlier notices the terms "North Carolina Cherokee" and "Eastern Cherokee" are used synonymously, as the original fugitives were all in North Carolina.

[427] See Royce, op. cit., pp. 313-314; Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. li, 1884; Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 495, 1898; also references by Commissioner W. Medill, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 399, 1848; and Report of Indian Commissioner for 1855, p. 255, 1856.

[428] Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 313 and note.

[429] Report of the Indian Commissioner, pp. 459-460, 1845.

[430] Commissioner Crawford, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 3, 1842.

[431] Royce, op. cit., p. 314.

[432] The history of the events leading to the organization of the "Thomas Legion" is chiefly from the author's conversations with Colonel Thomas himself, corroborated and supplemented from other sources. In the words of Thomas, "If it had not been for the Indians I would not have been in the war."

[433] This is believed to be a correct statement of the strength and make-up of the Thomas Legion. Owing to the imperfection of the records and the absence of reliable memoranda among the surviving officers, no two accounts exactly coincide. The roll given in the North Carolina Confederate Roster, handed in by Captain Terrell, assistant quartermaster, was compiled early in the war and contains no notice of the engineer company or of the second infantry regiment; which included two other Indian companies. The information therein contained is supplemented from conversations and personal letters of Captain Terrell, and from letters and newspaper articles by Lieutenant-Colonel Stringfield of the Sixty-ninth. Another statement is given in Mrs Avery's sketch of Colonel Thomas in the North Carolina University Magazine for May, 1899.

[434] Personal Information from Colonel W. H. Thomas, Lieutenant-Colonel W. W. Stringfield, Captain James W. Terrell, Chief N. J. Smith (first sergeant Company B), and others, with other details from Moore's (Confederate) Roster of North Carolina Troops, IV; Raleigh, 1882; also list of survivors in 1890, by Carrington, in Eastern Band of Cherokees, Extra Bulletin of Eleventh Census, p. 21, 1892.

[435] Thomas-Terrell manuscript East Cherokee roll, with accompanying letters, 1864 (Bur. Am. Eth. archives).

[436] Personal information from Colonel W. H. Thomas, Captain J. W. Terrell, Chief N. J. Smith, and others; see also Carrington, Eastern Band of Cherokees, Extra Bulletin of Eleventh Census, p. 21, 1892.

[437] Author's information from Colonel Thomas and others. Various informants have magnified the number of deaths to several hundred, but the estimate here given, obtained from Thomas, is probably more reliable.

[438] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 314, 1888.

[439] Commissioner F. A. Walker, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 26, 1872.

[440] Royce, op. cit., p. 353.

[441] Constitution, etc., quoted in Carrington, Eastern Band of Cherokees, Extra Bulletin Eleventh Census, pp. 18-20, 1892; author's personal information.

[442] See award of arbitrators, Rufus Barringer, John H. Dillard, and T. Ruffin, with full statement, in Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians against W. T. Thomas et al. H. R. Ex. Doc. 128, 53d Cong., 2d sess., 1894; summary in Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 315-318, 1888.

[443] See Royce, op. cit., pp. 315-318; Commissioner T. J. Morgan, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. xxix, 1890. The final settlement, under the laws of North Carolina, was not completed until 1894.

[444] Royce, op. cit., pp. 315-318; Carrington, Eastern Band of Cherokees, with map of Temple survey, Extra Bulletin of Eleventh Census, 1892.

[445] Report of Agent W. C. McCarthy, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 343-344, 1875; and Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 118-119, 1876.

[446] Author's personal information; see also Carrington, Eastern Band of Cherokees; Zeigler and Grosscup, Heart of the Alleghanies, pp. 35-36, 1883.

[447] Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxiv-lxv, 1881, and Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxix-lxx, 1882; see also ante, p. 151.

[448] See Commissioner T. J. Morgan, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 141-145, 1892; author's personal information from B. C. Hobbs, Chief N. J. Smith, and others. For further notice of school growth see also Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 426-427, 1897.

[449] Zeigler and Grosscup, Heart of the Alleghanies, pp. 36-42, 1883.

[450] Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxix-lxx, 1882.

[451] Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. li-lii, 1884.

[452] Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxix-lxxi, 1882, also "Indian legislation," ibid., p. 214; Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxv-lxvi, 1883.

[453] Commissioner J. D. C. Atkins, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. lxx, 1885.

[454] Same commissioner, Report of the Indian Commissioner, p. xlv, 1886; decision quoted by same commissioner, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. lxxvii, 1887.

[455] Same commissioner, Report of the Indian Commissioner, p. li, 1886; reiterated by him in Report for 1887, p. lxxvii.

[456] See act in full, Report of Indian Commissioner, vol. I, pp. 680-681, 1891.

[457] From author's personal acquaintance; see also Zeigler and Grosscup, Heart of the Alleghanies, pp. 38-39, 1883; Agent J. L. Holmes, in Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 160, 1885; Commissioner T. J. Morgan, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 142, 1892; Moore, Roster of the North Carolina Troops, IV, 1882.

[458] Commissioner D. M. Browning, Report of Indian Commissioner for 1894, pp. 81-82, 1895; also Agent T. W. Potter, ibid., p. 398.

[459] Agent T. W. Potter, Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 387, 1896.

[460] Agent J. C. Hart, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 208, 1897.

[461] Agent J. C. Hart, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 218-219, 1898.

[462] At the recent election in November, 1900, they were debarred by the local polling officers from either registering or voting, and the matter is now being contested.

[463] American Anthropologist, vol. XI, July, 1898.

[464] See page 20.

[465] Adair, American Indians, p. 81, 1775.

[466] Lawson, Carolina, 67-68, reprint 1860.

[467] Harris, J. C., Uncle Remus, His Songs and His Sayings, p. 29; New York, 1886.

[468] For a presentation of the African and European argument see Harris, Nights with Uncle Remus, introduction, 1883; and Uncle Remus, His Songs and His Sayings, introduction, 1886; Gerber, Uncle Remus Traced to the Old World, in Journal of American Folklore, VI, p. 23, October, 1893. In regard to tribal dissemination of myths see Boas, Dissemination of Tales among the Natives of North America, in Journal of American Folklore, IV, p. 12, January, 1891; The Growth of Indian Mythologies, in the same journal, IX, p. 32, January 1896; Northern Elements in the Mythology of the Navaho, in American Anthropologist, X, p. 11, November, 1897; introduction to Teit's Traditions of the Thompson River Indians, 1898. Dr Boas has probably devoted more study to the subject than any other anthropologist, and his personal observations include tribes from the Arctic regions to the Columbia.

[469] See contemporary notice in the Historical Sketch.

[470] See "The Daughter of the Sun."

[471] See the next story.

[472] "The Onondagas retain the custody of the wampums of the Five Nations, and the keeper of the wampums, Thomas Webster, of the Snipe tribe, a consistent, thorough pagan, is their interpreter. Notwithstanding the claims made that the wampums can be read as a governing code of law, it is evident that they are simply monumental reminders of preserved traditions, without any literal details whatever.

"The first [of this] group from left to right, represents a convention of the Six Nations at the adoption of the Tuscaroras into the league; the second, the Five Nations, upon seven strands, illustrates a treaty with seven Canadian tribes before the year 1600; the third signifies the guarded approach of strangers to the councils of the Five Nations (a guarded gate, with a long, white path leading to the inner gate, where the Five Nations are grouped, with the Onondagas in the center and a safe council house behind all); the fourth represents a treaty when but four of the Six Nations were represented, and the fifth embodies the pledge of seven Canadian christianized nations to abandon their crooked ways and keep an honest peace (having a cross for each tribe, and with a zigzag line below, to indicate that their ways had been crooked but would ever after be as sacred as the cross). Above this group is another, claiming to bear date about 1608, when Champlain joined the Algonquins against the Iroquois."--Carrington, in Six Nations of New York, Extra Bulletin, Eleventh Census, pp. 33-34, 1892.

[473] Haywood, Nat. and Aborig. Hist. of Tennessee, pp. 222-224, 1823.

[474] Ibid, p. 241.

[475] Ibid, p. 222.

[476] Schoolcraft, Notes on Iroquois, p. 160, 1847.

[477] Heckewelder, Indian Nations, p. 88, reprint of 1876.

[478] Brinton, Lenape and Their Legends, p. 130 et passim, 1885; Schoolcraft, Notes on Iroquois, pp. 147, 305 et passim, 1847; Heckewelder, Indian Nations, pp. 47-50, ed. 1876.

[479] Heckewelder, op. cit., p. 54.

[480] Loskiel, History of the [Moravian] Mission, pp. 124-127; London, 1794.

[481] Heckewelder, Indian Nations, pp. 88-89, 1876.

[482] See Haywood, Nat. and Aborig. Hist. of Tennessee, pp. 220, 224, 237, 1823.

[483] North Carolina Colonial Records, III, pp. 153, 202, 345, 369, 393, 1886.

[484] Mooney, Siouan Tribes of the East (bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology), pp. 56, 61, 1894.

[485] Catawba MS from South Carolina official archives. Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes, III, pp. 293-4, 1853.

[486] Ibid., p. 294, 1853.

[487] Royce, The Cherokee Nation of Indians, in Fifth Report of Bureau of Ethnology. pp. 205-208, 266-272, 1887; also (for 1783) Bartram, Travels, p. 483, 1792.

[488] Haywood, Nat. and Aborig. Hist. Tenn., p. 241, 1823. Bullhead may be intended for Doublehead, an old Cherokee name.

[489] Mooney, The Cherokee Ball Play, in The American Anthropologist, III, p. 107, April, 1890.

[490] Bartram, Travels, p. 518, 1791.

[491] Adair, History of American Indians, pp. 227, 247, 252-256, 270, 276-279, 1775.

[492] Ramsey, Annals of Tennessee, pp. 81, 84, 1853.

[493] Mooney, Siouan Tribes of the East (bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology), p. 83, 1894.

[494] Bienville, quoted in Gayarré, Louisiana.

[495] Haywood, Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee, pp. 105-107, 1823. For a sketch of the Natchez war and the subsequent history of the scattered fragments of the tribe, see the author's paper, The End of the Natchez, in the American Anthropologist for July, 1899.

[496] Adair, History of American Indians, p. 257, 1775. The other statements concerning the Taskigi among the Creeks are taken from Gatschet's valuable study, A Migration Legend of the Creek Indians, I, pp. 122, 145, 228, 1884.

[497] Haywood, Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee, p. 24, 1823. From a contemporary reference in Rivers, South Carolina, page 57, it appears that this war was in full progress in 1757.

[498] Margry, quoted in Gatschet, Creek Migration Legend, I, pp. 16, 87, 1884.

[499] Wasash, French Ouasage, corrupted by the Americans into Osage.

[500] Nat. and Aborig. Hist. Tenn., p. 266.

[501] MacGowan, Dr D. J., Indian Secret Societies, Historical Magazine, X, p. 139, 1866. Morrisania, N. Y.

[502] Haywood, Nat. and Aborig. Hist. Tenn., p. 239.

[503] Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, pages 41-42.

[504] Gatschet, Some Mythic Stories of the Yuchi Indians, in American Anthropologist, VI, p. 281, July, 1893.

[505] Asher & Co., Berlin, 1895.

[506] Antiquities of the Cherokee Indians, compiled from the collection of Reverend Sabin Buttrick, their missionary from 1817 to 1847, as presented in the Indian Chieftain; Vinita, Indian Territory, 1884.

[507] Buttrick, Antiquities of the Cherokee Indians, pp. 9-10.

[508] Schoolcraft, Notes on the Iroquois, p. 359, 1847.

[509] Buttrick, op. cit., p. 10.

[510] Travels, pp. 449-450.

[511] W. O. Tuggle, Myths of the Creeks, MS, 1887. Copy in archives of the Bureau of American Ethnology.

[512] A. S. Gatschet, Some Mythic Stories of the Yuchi Indians, in American Anthropologist, VI, p. 281, July, 1893.

[513] Antiquities.

[514] E. G. Squier, The Serpent Symbol and the Worship of the Reciprocal Principles of Nature in America (Am. Archæological Researches, 1); New York, 1851.

[515] Rev. Wm. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, with a preface by F. Max Müller; London, 1876, pp. 18, 21, 58, 71.

[516] G. E. Foster, Sequoyah, the American Cadmus and Modern Moses; Philadelphia, Indian Rights Association, 1885.

[517] Historical Sketches of the Cherokees, together with some of their Customs, Traditions, and Superstitions, by Wahnenauhi, a Cherokee Indian; MS in archives of the Bureau of American Ethnology.

[518] Frank Russell, Myths of the Jicarilla Apaches, in Journal of Am. Folklore, October, 1898.

[519] H. R. Schoolcraft, Algic Researches, Comprising Inquiries Respecting the Mental Characteristics of the North American Indians; first series, Indian Tales and Legends (two volumes); New York, 1839.

[520] The Dhegiha Language, in Contributions to North American Ethnology, VI (Department of the Interior, U. S. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region. J. W. Powell in charge), Washington, D. C.

[521] League of the Iroquois, pp. 161, 102, and 199.

[522] Hewitt, Cosmogonic Gods of the Iroquois, in Proc. Am. Ass. Adv. Sci., XLIV, 1895.

[523] History of Carolina, ed. 1860, p. 35.

[524] Traditions of the Thompson River Indians of British Columbia, collected and annotated by James Teit, with introduction by Franz Boas (Memoirs of the American Folk-Lore Society, VI); Boston and New York, 1898, p. 74.

[525] Memoirs, p. 77.

[526] History of the American Indians, p. 401.

[527] Erminnie Smith, Myths of the Iroquois, in Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, p. 80.

[528] Teit, Thompson River Traditions, p. 61.

[529] Josiah Gregg, The Commerce of the Prairies, or The Journal of a Santa Fe Trader During Eight Expeditions across the Great Western Prairies and a Residence of Nearly Nine Years in Northern Mexico; vol. II, pp. 239-240; New York and London, 1844.

[530] Francis Parkman, The Jesuits in North America in the Seventeenth Century, second edition, p. lxxxiii (quoting Le Clerc); Boston, 1867.

[531] Teit, Thompson River Traditions, p. 85.

[532] Alfred Wiedemann, Religion of the Ancient Egyptians; New York, 1897, p. 55.

[533] Heli Chatelain, Folktales of Angola: Fifty Tales, with Ki-mbundu text, literal English translation, introduction, and notes (Memoirs of the American Folk-Lore Society, I); Boston and New York. 1894.

[534] Memoirs of American Folk-Lore Society, V; Boston and New York, 1897.

[535] J. W. Bouton, Bible Myths and their Parallels in Other Religions; 2d ed., New York, 1883; Bible Folklore, A Study in Comparative Mythology; New York, 1884.

[536] The Myths of the New World, A Treatise on the Symbolism and Mythology of the Red Race of America; 3d ed., Philadelphia, 1896.

[537] Heckewelder, Indian Nations, p. 254, ed. 1876.

[538] Henry, Travels and Adventures in Canada, etc., pp. 212-213, New York, 1809.

[539] G. B. Grinnell, Pawnee Hero Stories and Folktales, with Notes on the Origin, Customs, and Character of the Pawnee People; New York, 1889, pp. 358-359.

[540] Joel C. Harris, Uncle Remus, His Songs and His Sayings; New York, 1886.

[541] J. C. Harris, Nights with Uncle Remus: Myths and Legends of the Old Plantation; Boston, 1883.

[542] C. G. Leland, Algonquin Legends of New England, p. 212; Boston, 1884.

[543] History of the American Indians, p. 30.

[544] J. E. Holbrook, North American Herpetology, or a Description of the Reptiles inhabiting the United States, II, p. 119; Phila., 1842.

[545] J. G. M. Ramsey, The Annals of Tennessee to the end of the Eighteenth Century, etc., Philadelphia, 1853.

[546] Buckingham Smith, Letter of Hernando de Soto and Memoir of Hernando de Escalante, translated from the Spanish; Washington, 1854, p. 46.

[547] Manuscript Journal, 1796, with Georgia Historical Society, Savannah.

[548] Dr Elias Boudinot, A Star in the West, or a Humble Attempt to Discover the Long Lost Ten Tribes of Israel, Preparatory to Their Return to Their Beloved City, Jerusalem; Trenton, N. J., 1816.

[549] J. M. Stanley, Portraits of North American Indians, with sketches of scenery, etc., painted by J. M. Stanley, deposited with the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, December, 1852; pp. 18-22. The Stanley account was not seen by the present author until after the Wafford tradition was in proofs.