Chapter XXXII: Preface (1)

At one time in the history of the United States, when the population was comparatively small, and most of it concentrated in what are now termed the Eastern States, almost every one was familiar with the exploits of our naval officers and seamen during the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812-15, the Mexican and the Florida Wars--beside the encounters with pirates in many parts of the world. Since these memorable encounters the way of the population has largely gone westward, so that the East, where maritime affairs are necessarily better understood, has been left much in the minority. When a war occurs--which must be largely naval--the people of the centre and West are naturally inquiring--“Why do we not have more ships?” The answer is, that Congress (their own representatives among them) has not seen fit to increase the navy in proportion to our increase of population and the increase of our responsibilities.

Many representatives do not at all realize that it takes years to build a modern battleship, and that the men to man them are not to be picked up on the wharves of any seaboard city, but must be put through a long training to be efficient.

Recent events, however, will prevent any serious opposition to naval increase for years to come. The lesson has been too striking an one.

Yet Congress has not been illiberal--according to its lights. Since 1883 it has authorized the construction of seventy-seven vessels, of all rates, sixteen of which are not yet completed. The cost of these was more than $134,000,000, yet that has only about been spent in a month of war preparation, which might possibly have been saved if we had had ready a naval and military force which would have rendered impossible any armed opposition to our demands.

Fifteen years ago there was not a modern gun afloat in the United States Navy, and we had no facilities for the manufacture of heavy armor. Now our establishments for gun-making, armor-forging, and ship and engine building compare favorably with any in the world.

It is well that it is so, for this is an age of progress, and the art of war progresses with as much rapidity as peaceful arts.

Other nations take full advantage of these improvements, and so must we. A great and rich nation, as ours is, cannot afford to do otherwise.

We must, in future, be armed at all points, and especially in the naval points.

Contents

PAGE

SERAPIS AND BONHOMME RICHARD. A. D. 1779.

Remarkable Action; Sketch of the Hero, John Paul Jones; Receives
a Commission in the United Colonial Navy; Hoists the First
American Flag on Sea; The French Salute the “Stars and Stripes;”
France Gives Him a Large Merchantman, which he Names the Bonhomme
Richard; Sketch of Jones’ Later Life; Lafayette; Franklin;
Additional Ships Fitted out for Jones in France; Description of
the Bonhomme Richard; Sailing of the Fleet; Richard Dale; Cruises
on the Coast of Scotland; Discovery of the Serapis Convoying
About Forty Merchantmen; Description of Her; The Serapis Stands
Out to Protect Her Convoy; The Two Vessels Engage as Night Comes
On; Two of Jones’ 18 pounders Burst at the First Discharge;
Captain Pearson, of the Serapis, Inquires whether the Bonhomme
Richard has Struck; Jones Replies that He has Not yet Commenced
to Fight; The Vessels Come Afoul Again; Jones Lashes Them
Together; The Americans Drop Hand-grenades and Matches Down the
Hatches of the Serapis and Cause a Terrific Explosion; The
Serapis Finally Surrenders; Jones Transfers His Men to the
Serapis; The Bonhomme Richard Sinks; Jones Carries His Force to
the Texel; One of the Most Remarkable Sea Fights on Record. II-13

WASP AND FROLIC. A. D. 1812.

The American Sloop Wasp Encounters the English Sloop Frolic; The
Fight Begins in a Rough Sea; Accurate Firing of the Americans;
The Frolic Terribly Shattered; She Surrenders; The Wasp and Her
Prize Overtaken and Captured by a British 74. II-45

CONSTITUTION. A. D. 1812.

Description of the English Squadron Sent to American Waters; They
Discover the U. S. Frigate Constitution and Give Chase; She
Escapes and Reaches Boston, by Good Seamanship; Puts to Sea again
and Meets the Guerrière; A Sharp Conflict; The British Frigate
Dismasted and Compelled to Surrender; Controversies Regarding the
Relative Strength of the Two Frigates; An English View of the
Fight. II-50

LAKE ERIE, 10th SEPTEMBER, A. D. 1813.

Importance of This Victory; Observations by Roosevelt; Sketch of
Oliver Hazard Perry; He Equips a Fleet on Lake Erie; Strength of
the Enemy’s Forces; Captain Robert Heriot Barclay in Command of
the Latter; His Brilliant Career; Description of the American
Fleet; The British Discovered Near Put-In-Bay; Perry Prepares to
Meet Them; The Battle Opens; Perry’s Flag-ship Suffers Severely;
Her Guns Disabled; Perry Leaves in an Open Boat, for the Niagara;
He Brings Her Into Action and Forces the Enemy to Surrender in
Short Order; Condition of Both Fleets; The Losses; Perry’s Famous
Letter; Incidents Related by Surgeon Parsons. II-67

ESSEX, PHŒBE AND CHERUB.

A Remarkable Engagement; First Appearance of Farragut in History;
Sketch of Captain Porter, Commander of the Essex; Sent to the
South Sea to Destroy the English Merchant Marine; Success of His
Mission; The English Send Commodore James Hillyar to Look After
Him; Porter Goes Into Valparaiso Bay, a Neutral Port; The Phœbe
and Cherub Appear in the Harbor; Friendly Salutations of the
Opposing Commanders; Various Incidents; Hearing of Other English
Vessels, Porter Determines to Escape to Sea; Meets with an
Accident in Rounding a Point; Attacked by the Phœbe and Cherub
while Attempting to Regain Her Former Anchorage; She is Terribly
Cut Up, and Finally Surrenders; Later Incidents; Farragut’s
Observations. II-97

BATTLE OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN, SEPTEMBER 11th, A. D. 1814.

Important Results of This Battle; Events Relating Thereto; Both
Nations Begin the Building of a Fleet; Captain Thomas McDonough;
The English Invade the Country by Land and Water; Relative
Strength of the Two Armies and Navies; Captain Downie in Command
of the English; The Hostile Fleets Meet Off Plattsburg, September
11th, 1814; Good Judgment of Captain McDonough in Selecting a
Position; The Battle Begins; Steady and Accurate Firing on Both
Sides; McDonough’s Flag-ship, after Having all the Guns on one
side Silenced, Shifts Round, and with the Other Broadside Decides
the Day; Concluding Remarks; Honors to McDonough. II-124

THE CONSTITUTION IN ACTION WITH THE CYANE AND LEVANT. A. D. 1815.

A Singular Action; Captain Charles Stewart; History of the
Constitution Prior to this Event; She Meets the Cyane and Levant
and Captures Both After a Short Action; Details of the Fight;
Skillful Management of the Constitution by Captain Stewart; He
Carries His Prizes to Porto Praya; Discovers a Large Vessel
Outside the Harbor; He gives Instant Orders to Put to Sea; Three
British Vessels of War Turn Up; The Cyane Escapes to New York;
The Levant Returns to Porto Praya Harbor, where the English
Recapture Her; Good Judgment of Captain Stewart; Later History of
the Constitution. II-150

MONITOR AND MERRIMAC. MARCH 9TH, A. D. 1862.

Origin and History of the Merrimac; Strength of the Union Fleet
at Hampton Roads; Government Preparations to Meet the Ironclad
Merrimac; The Latter Makes Her Appearance; Sinks the Cumberland
and Compels the Congress to Strike Her Colors; The Guns of the
Union Fleet Harmless on the Armor of the Merrimac; The Monitor
puts in an Appearance; Her History, and That of Captain Ericsson,
Her Inventor; Details of Her Engagement With the Merrimac; The
Latter Finally Retires; Armament of the Opposing Ironclads;
Subsequent History of the Monitor. II-165

FARRAGUT AT NEW ORLEANS.

The Government Determines to Regain Possession of the
Mississippi; Farragut sent to the Gulf; The Army Under Gen.
Butler to Co-operate With Him; Description of the Approaches to
New Orleans, the Obstructions and Fortifications; Strength of
Farragut’s Fleet; He Determines to Pass the Forts; The Fleet
Advances on the Night of April 23-24; Detailed Account of the
Thrilling Incidents; New Orleans at His Mercy; The City
Surrenders; Destruction of Property by the Confederates; The
Forts Surrender; Minor Details. II-182

ATLANTA AND WEEHAWKEN. JUNE 17TH, A. D. 1863.

The Blockade-runner Fingal Converted Into the Ironclad Atlanta;
Description of Her; Confidence in Her Ability to Destroy the
Monitors; She Leaves Savannah to Break the Blockade and
Encounters the Weehawken; A Trial of Heavy Artillery and Heavy
Armor; The Atlanta Strikes Her Colors in Fifteen Minutes After
the Battle Begins; Details of this Extraordinary Engagement;
Practical Results of this Fight. II-205

KEARSARGE AND ALABAMA. JUNE 19TH, A. D. 1864.

Origin and History of the Alabama; Her Destruction of Our
Commerce; Eludes Our Cruisers; Discovered in Cherbourg Harbor by
Captain Winslow, of the United States Steamer Kearsarge; Semmes,
of the Alabama, Challenges Winslow; The Former is Escorted Beyond
the French Jurisdiction by the French Ironclad Couronne, June
19th, 1864; The Kearsarge Clears for Action; The Battle Opens;
Terrible Effects of the Latter’s Guns; The Alabama Soon Disabled
and Sinking; She Surrenders; An English Yacht, Permitted to Pick
Up the Prisoners, Among Whom are Captain Semmes and Other
Officers, Treacherously Makes Off With Them to England; Letter of
Secretary Welles to Winslow; Other Interesting Particulars. II-210

MOBILE BAY. AUGUST 5TH, A. D. 1864.

Farragut’s Movements After the Battle of New Orleans; His
Promotion; Prepares to Attack Mobile; Minor Incidents;
Description of the Enemy’s Fleet and Fortifications; Names of
Farragut’s Vessels and Their Commanders; The Order to Advance;
Sinking of the Monitor Tecumseh by a Torpedo; Splendid Manœuvring
of the Fleet; Heavy Cannonading on Both Sides; Surrender of the
Confederate Ironclad Tennessee; Further Details of this Great
Battle; Honors to Farragut. II-226

CUSHING AND THE ALBEMARLE. OCTOBER, A. D. 1864.

The Confederates Discovered Building an Ironclad on Roanoke
River, North Carolina; She Makes Her Appearance, Destroys One
Union Vessel, and Injures Several Others; Lieutenant Cushing; His
Singular Character and Daring Adventures; He Sinks the Albemarle
with a Torpedo, while she is Lying at a wharf; His Official
Report; His Subsequent Career; His Death. II-256

FORT FISHER. DECEMBER A. D. 1864, JANUARY A. D. 1865.

Importance of the Place to the Confederates; The Largest Fleet
That Ever Sailed Under the American Flag Invests It, Under
Admiral Porter; The Army Co-operates With the Fleet; Failure of
the First Attack; Gen. Terry Arrives With Reinforcements, and a
Fresh Investment of the Place Begins January 13th, 1865; Details
of This Famous Engagement; Fort Fisher Surrenders; Appearance
After the Battle; Other Incidents; Blockade-runners. II-273

DEEDS OF VALOR ON THE SEAS.

Captain Silas Talbot; Ancestry; In the American Camp; Commands a
Fire-Ship; Grapples the “Asia”; Promoted; Captures the “Pigot”;
Again Promoted; Fits Out the “Pigot” and the “Argo”; Captures
three Prizes from the West Indies; The “King George”; A Terror to
the Coast; Talbot Captures the “King George”; “Argo” Returned to
her Owners; Talbot in Command of a Private Armed Ship; Captured
by an English Fleet; The Notorious Prison Ship “Jersey”; Taken to
England; Dartmoor Prison; Three Attempts at Escape; Exchanged for
an English Officer; At Paris; Sails for America; Captured by a
Privateer; Reaches New York; Retires to a Farm; Selected to
Command a New Frigate; In Command of “Old Ironsides”; Captures
the “Sandwich”; Questions of Rank; Withdraws from the Service;
Buys Land in Kentucky; Characteristics; Death; Burial in Trinity
Church, New York; The Whaleboat Men of the Revolution; George
Raymond; The Connecticut Fleet; A Terror to the British; Daring
Leaders; Captain Mariner; Captain Hyde; Mariner Visits a Tavern
in Disguise; Major Sherbook Denounces Mariner; Mariner Searches
the Major’s House; Captures the Major; Captain Hyler at Egg
Harbor; Captures an English Corvette; Hyler Visits New York in
Disguise; Searches for a Notorious Tory; Captures an East
Indiaman; Hyler on Land; Captures a Hessian Major; Captures four
Trading Sloops; Usefulness of the Whaleboat Men ended with the
War; Captain James Drew; In the English Service; Persecuted by a
Lieutenant; Knocks his Persecutor Down; Escape by Swimming;
Arrives at Philadelphia; Goes to France; In Command of the “De
Brock”; Loaded with Gold and War Material; Lands in Maryland;
Cargo Escorted to Wilmington; Arms to Headquarters; Treasure to a
Mansion; The Gold Stolen; Drew Mans his Ship; Fights an English
Ship; Drew’s Former Persecutor in Command; The Duel on the Deck;
Drew Kills the Commander and Captures the Ship; Drew’s Marriage;
Captures two Prizes of Immense Value; Drew’s Fatal Banquet; Loss
of the “De Brock”; Drew’s Body Washed Ashore; The Churchyard at
Lewes, Delaware; Stephen Decatur; Story of the Barbary Pirates;
The Frigate “Philadelphia”; Captured by Pirates; The Bashaw of
Tripoli; The “Philadelphia” added to the Bashaw’s Fleet; The
“Mastico”; Decatur Burns the “Philadelphia”; Chased by Pirates;
Commodore Preble; Submission of the Bashaw; McDougall and the
“Wyoming”; Searching for the “Alabama”; In Japanese Seas; The
Prince of Nagato; Independent Pirate; His Captures; Fires on the
“Pembroke”; McDougall at Simonoseki; Fights three Japanese
Vessels and Shore Batteries; Disables the Ships; Silences the
Batteries; Demands Indemnity; The Share of the United States;
Captain McGiffen; Graduate of Annapolis; In the Chinese Service;
Battle of the Yalu; Battle between Modern Ships; The Chen Yuen;
Desperate Fighting; McGiffen Thrashes a Coward; Five Hours
Action; McGiffen Terribly Wounded; Returns to America a Physical
Wreck; His Death. II-289

OUR NEW NAVY.

Use of Armor for Ships; Harveyized Nickel Steel; Modern
Explosives; Vessels of the New Navy; The Question of Fuel;
Torpedo Boats; Torpedo Catchers; Speed; The Navies of Europe; Of
China and Japan; Need of a Better Navy; Merchant Vessels; Ship
Yards; Machinery; Duty of Officers; Training of Officers; The
Naval Academy; History of the Institution; Course of Instruction;
Marine Corps; Revenue Marine; Marine Hospital Service; Light
Houses; Training Ships; Life Saving Service; The Flag. II-337

THE EXPLOSION OF THE MAINE.

The Maine at Havana; The Explosion; Loss of Life; Captain
Sigsbee’s Telegram; Description of the Maine; Divers and Wrecking
Apparatus; The Flag Hauled Down; Naval Board of Inquiry; The
Testimony; The Finding of the Court; Feeling in the United
States; Forbearance of the Nation; Chaplain Chidwick; Rumors of
Retaliation; The President and his Advisers. II-398

DEWEY’S ACTION AT MANILA.

First Serious Encounter between the United States and Spain; The
Philippine Islands; Area and Population; Discovery of the Group;
Religious Orders; Island of Luzon; City of Manila; Commerce and
Manufactures; Bay of Manila; Arrival of the United States
Squadron; Partial Destruction; Breakfast; Bombardment Resumed;
Complete Destruction of the Spanish Ships and Forts; Dewey’s
Despatch; Vessels Composing American Fleet; The Action in Detail;
Secretary of the Navy Congratulates Dewey; Congress Votes a Sword
for Dewey; Medals for Officers and Men; Dewey Made a Rear
Admiral. II-415

List of Illustrations

PAGE
0. DECK OF BATTLESHIP INDIANA _Frontispiece._
1. ENGAGEMENT BETWEEN SERAPIS AND BONHOMME RICHARD II-16
2. MEDAL AWARDED TO JOHN PAUL JONES II-43
3. THE WASP BOARDING THE FROLIC II-44
4. CAPTURE OF THE GUERRIERE BY THE CONSTITUTION II-51
5. PERRY’S VICTORY ON LAKE ERIE II-66
6. MCDONOUGH’S VICTORY ON LAKE CHAMPLAIN II-134
7. CAPTURE OF THE CYANE AND LEVANT BY THE CONSTITUTION II-151
8. ENGAGEMENT BETWEEN THE MONITOR AND MERRIMAC II-170
9. NEW ORLEANS--FLEET PASSING FORTS JACKSON AND ST. PHILIP II-187
10. SINKING OF THE ALABAMA BY THE KEARSARGE II-211
11. THE NEW BATTLESHIP KEARSARGE II-218
12. FARRAGUT ENTERING MOBILE BAY II-242
13. LE SOLFERINO, 1865 II-255
14. LIEUT. CUSHING’S TORPEDOBOAT SINKING THE ALBEMARLE II-259
15. MONITOR FLEET IN A GALE OFF FORT FISHER II-278
16. THE MIANTONOMOH II-295
17. GUNBOATS ON WESTERN RIVER II-295
18. THE CLERMONT—FULTON’S FIRST STEAMBOAT—1807 II-319
19. FIGHT WITH ALGERINE PIRATES II-319
20. CRUISER FOLLOWING TORPEDO INTO ACTION II-330
21. BATTLESHIP INDIANA II-347
22. CRUISER BALTIMORE II-354
23. BATTLESHIP TEXAS II-363
24. CRUISER CHICAGO II-370
25. BATTLESHIP OREGON II-375
26. CRUISER CINCINNATI II-386
27. CRUISER NEWARK II-391
28. BLOWING UP OF THE MAINE IN HAVANA HARBOR II-399
29. RAM KATAHDIN II-405
30. ADMIRAL DEWEY AND HIS FLAGSHIP OLYMPIA II-414
31. MAP OF MANILA BAY II-419
32. THE BATTLE OF MANILA--THE AMERICAN FLEET II-424
33. THE BATTLE OF MANILA--THE SPANISH FLEET II-425

Naval Battles of America.

SERAPIS AND BONHOMME RICHARD. A. D. 1779.

This remarkable action is interesting not only on account of its bloody and desperate character, and on account of the sensation it produced at the time, but because it illustrates one phase of our great struggle for independence; a considerable space is therefore devoted to it.

The hero of this action, John Paul, was born at Kirkcudbright, in Scotland, July 6th, 1747; and was sent to sea, as an apprentice, at the age of twelve. He afterwards made voyages as mate of a slaver, then an honored and recognized employment for a portion of the English merchant marine.

At twenty-one he had command of a vessel in the West India trade, so that his merits as a seaman were early recognized. He afterwards became a trader in a vessel of his own.

At the age of twenty-six he left the sea; and adopted the name of Jones. The reason for this does not clearly appear. He may have had some old scores to clear; and, settling in a new world, may have thought a new name necessary.

In December, 1775, he was appointed a First Lieutenant in the United Colonial Navy, and ordered to the Alfred, our first flag-ship. He hoisted the first flag of the Colonies afloat; a yellow flag, with the pine tree and rattlesnake. In this ship he participated in several actions; and was afterwards in command of the Providence, when he only escaped capture by excellent seamanship. He made many prizes in this ship.

On Oct. 10th, 1776, he was named the 18th naval captain, and, in command of the Alfred and Providence, captured a valuable armed ship, and other prizes, again eluding recapture by good seamanship.

He next went to European waters in command of the Ranger, 18, and there received, from a French squadron, the first salute to the Stars and Stripes, by this time adopted.

He cruised in English waters, burning ships at White Haven, and spiking guns in batteries on shore; and then attempted to carry off the Earl of Selkirk. In this he failed, but having carried off some of that nobleman’s plate, was branded by the English as a pirate. This epithet came with a bad grace from a nation then celebrated for thorough “looting” of every place which came into their hands, in India, and elsewhere. The real offence was that Jones was an English subject, who had renounced his allegiance, and was serving against the mother country; like all the rest of those engaged in the Revolution. During this cruise in the Ranger he took the Drake, of 20 guns.

After this he received from the French government an old Indiaman, called the Duc de Duras, which he renamed the “Bonhomme Richard,” or Poor Richard, in allusion to the publication by Benjamin Franklin.

He had some other armed vessels, mostly “letters of marque,” under his command.

The Bonhomme Richard had 40 guns, and a mixed crew, of various nationalities. Jones sailed under such hampering restrictions that he was prevented from carrying out many promising projects; but at last, on the 23d of September, he fell in with a Baltic fleet of merchantmen, convoyed by the English frigate Serapis, 44, and the Countess of Scarborough, 20. The result of the engagement which ensued will be given hereafter.

To continue the sketch of Jones himself, we may say that, in 1780, the year after this action, he sailed for the United States, in the Ariel, 20, but lost his masts in a severe gale of wind, and was obliged to return to France; whence he sailed again and arrived safely, about the beginning of 1781.

He was then launched in the America, 74, which was presented by our Government to the French; and he made a cruise in her as a volunteer.

In 1783 he was prize agent of the United States in Europe; and finally, in 1787, while in Denmark, he resigned, and entered the Russian Navy--hoisting his flag, as Rear Admiral, in the “Vladimir,” on the 28th of June, 1788. He found so much jealousy and enmity towards him that he resigned in about a year.

Afterwards he resided in Holland and France, and was appointed Commissioner of the United Slates to Algiers--but his death occurred at this time, at the age of forty-five.

And now, to return to his cruise in the Bonhomme Richard:--

Paul Jones had obtained so much celebrity for his cruise in the Ranger, that, after that ship departed for America he remained in France, in the hope of receiving a more important command.

During the years 1778-9 various projects were discussed, in which he was to have a part. One idea was to make a descent upon Liverpool, with a body of troops to be commanded by La Fayette. These plans all came to nothing, and his offers of service were repulsed; until at last a singular arrangement was proposed to him.

M. de Sartine, French Minister of Marine, in a letter of February, 14th, 1779, states that the King of France had decided to purchase, and put at the disposition of Captain Jones, the Duras--an old Indiaman of some size, then at l’Orient. To this vessel were added three more, procured by means of M. le Ray de Chaumont, a banker who had connections with the French Ministry.

Dr. Franklin, who, as Minister of the United States, was supposed, in a legal sense, to direct the whole affair, added the Alliance, 32, by virtue of authority from Congress.

The vessels thus procured formed a little squadron, composed of the Bonhomme Richard, Alliance, Pallas, Cerf, and Vengeance. The Pallas was a purchased merchantman; the Vengeance a small purchased brig; the Cerf was a large cutter, and, with the exception of the Alliance, the only vessel of the squadron built for war purposes. All but the Alliance were French built, and they were placed under the American flag by the following arrangement: the officers received appointments, which were to remain valid for a limited period only, from Dr. Franklin, who had been furnished blank commissions, to fill at his own discretion, ever since he had arrived in Europe. The vessels were to show the American ensign and no other. In short, the French ships were to be considered as American ships during this particular service: and when it was terminated they were to revert to their former owners. The laws and provisions made for the American navy were to govern, and command was to be exercised, and to descend, according to its usages. Such officers as already had rank in the American Navy took precedence, agreeably to dates of commission, and new appointments were regulated by priority of appointment.

By especial provision, Captain Jones was to be Commander-in-chief, a post which his original commission entitled him to fill, as Captain Landais, the only other regular captain in the squadron, was his junior. The joint right of the American Minister and of the French Government to direct the movements of the squadron was recognized.

It is not exactly known from what source the money was obtained to fit out this squadron; and it is likely that it never will be known, especially as the French Revolution destroyed so many records, public and private. Although the name of the King was used, it is possible that private adventure was at the bottom of the enterprise, although the French Government furnished vessels and the use of its stores. Dr. Franklin expressly stated that he made no advances for the ships employed.

As everything connected with this remarkable expedition has interest for us, it is as well to go a little further into the composition of the force fitted out by Jones.

After many delays, the Bonhomme Richard was equipped and manned. It was intended to cast 18-pounders for her, but as that would take too much time, old 12’s were substituted. With this change in armament, the Richard, as she was called by the sailors, got ready for sea.

She was, properly, a single-decked ship, that is, carrying her armament on one gun-deck, with the usual additions on the quarter-deck and forecastle.

But Commodore Jones, with a view to attacking the enemy’s large convoys, caused twelve ports to be cut in the gun-room, below, where six old 18-pounders were mounted, with the intention of fighting all of them on the same side, in smooth water. It was foreseen that these guns could only be of use in moderate weather, or when engaged to leeward, but the ship’s height admitted of them, and it was done.

On her gun-deck proper the ship had twenty-eight ports, the regular construction of an English 38-gun ship at that time. Here the 12-pounders were placed. On her quarter-deck and forecastle were mounted eight 9’s; making, in all, a mixed armament, rather light, to be sure, of 42 guns. If the six 18’s were taken away, the ship would have been what was called a 32-gun frigate.

She was a clumsy vessel, built many years before, with the high, old-fashioned poop, which resembled a tower.

With a vessel of this singular armament and unwieldy construction, Jones was compelled to receive on board a crew of very doubtful composition. A few Americans filled officers’ positions; but the crew embraced representatives of more than twelve nationalities. To keep this motley crew in order, one hundred and thirty-five marines, or soldiers, were put on board. These were nearly as much mixed, as to nationalities, as the sailors.

Just as the squadron was about to sail M. le Ray de Chaumont appeared at l’Orient, and presented a _concordat_ or agreement, for the signature of all the commanders. This looked very much like a partnership in a privateering expedition, and was the cause of much after disobedience among Jones’ captains.

On June 19th, 1779, the ships sailed, bound south, with a small convoy of vessels. These they escorted safely into the Garonne, and other ports; but not without repeated exhibition, thus early, of disobedience of orders, and unseamanlike conduct, which marked the whole career of this squadron, so ill assorted and manned.

While lying to, off the coast, the Alliance, by lubberly handling, got foul of the Richard, and lost her mizzen-mast; carrying away, at the same time, the head, cutwater and jib-boom of the Richard. This necessitated a return to port, to refit.

When at sea again, and steering to the northward, the Cerf cutter was sent in chase of a strange sail, and parted company.

The next morning she engaged a small English cruiser, of 14 guns, and caused her to strike, after a sharp fight of an hour; but she was forced to abandon her prize by the approach of an enemy’s vessel of superior force. The Cerf went into l’Orient again.

On the 23d three enemy’s vessels-of-war were seen by the squadron; and, having the wind, they ran down in a line abreast, when, most probably deceived by the height and general appearance of the Richard, they hauled up and escaped under a press of sail. On the 26th the Alliance and Pallas parted company with the Richard, leaving that ship with the Vengeance brig only, for consort. On reaching the Penmarks, a headland of Finisterre, the designated rendezvous, the missing vessels did not appear. On the 29th, the Vengeance having gone, by permission, into Groix Roads, the Richard fell in with two more of the English cruisers, which, after some hesitation, also ran, evidently under the impression that the Richard was a two-decker.

Jones had reason to be satisfied with the spirit of his crew on this occasion, the people manifesting a strong disposition to engage.

At last, on the 30th, the Richard ran into Isle Groix, off l’Orient; and about the same time the Pallas and Alliance came in.

Then another delay occurred. A court was convened to inquire into the conduct of Captain Landais, of the Alliance, in running foul of the Richard. Both ships also had to undergo repairs. Luckily, just then a cartel arrived from England, bringing more than one hundred exchanged American seamen, most of whom joined the squadron.

This was a most important accession to the crew of the Richard, and that of the Alliance. Neither of these ships had had many Americans among their crews. Among those who came from the English prisons was Mr. Richard Dale, who had been captured as a Master’s Mate, in the Lexington, 14.

This young officer did not reach France in the cartel, however, but had previously escaped, came to l’Orient, and joined the Richard. Jones soon learned his worth, and, in reorganizing his ship, had made him First Lieutenant.

The Richard had now nearly one hundred American seamen on board, and all the officers were native Americans, but the commander and one midshipman. Many of the petty officers were Americans also. In a letter of August 11th, Jones states that the crew of the Richard consisted of 380 souls, including 137 soldiers, or marines.

On the 14th of August the squadron sailed a second time, from Groix Roads; having the French privateers Monsieur and Granville in company, and under Jones’ orders. The first parted company almost immediately, on account of differences concerning a valuable prize; and another was taken the day she left.

On the 23d the ships were off Cape Clear, and while towing the Richard’s head round, in a calm, the crew of the boat, which happened to be manned by Englishmen, cut the tow-line, and escaped. Mr. Lunt, the sailing-master, manned another boat, and taking four marines, pursued the fugitives. A fog came on, and Mr. Lunt not being able to find the ships again, fell into the hands of the enemy. Through this desertion, and its immediate consequences, the Richard lost twenty of her best men.

The day after this escape the Cerf cutter was sent close in, to reconnoitre, and to look for the missing people; and, for some unexplained reason this useful vessel never rejoined the squadron. There appeared to have been no suspicion of any treachery on her part, and we are left to conjecture the cause of her disappearance.

A gale of wind followed, during which the Alliance and Pallas separated, and the Granville parted company, by order, with a prize. The separation of the Pallas was caused by the breaking of her tiller; but that of the Alliance was due to the unofficerlike and unseamanlike conduct of her commander.

On the morning of the 27th the brig Vengeance was the only vessel in company with the Commodore.

On August 31st the Bonhomme Richard, being off Cape Wrath, the northwest extremity of Scotland, captured a large English letter-of-marque, bound from London to Quebec; a circumstance which proves the expedients to which their ship-masters were then driven to avoid capture, this vessel having gone north about, to escape the cruisers on the ordinary track. While in chase of the letter-of-marque, the Alliance hove in sight, having another London ship, from Jamaica, as a prize.

Captain Landais, of the Alliance, was an officer who had been obliged to quit the French Navy on account of his unfortunate temper. He now began to show a disorganizing and mutinous spirit; pretending, as his ship was the only real American vessel in the squadron, that that fact rendered him superior to Jones, and that he should do as he pleased with his ship.

That afternoon a strange sail was made, and the Richard showed the Alliance’s number, with an order to close. Instead of obeying the signal, Captain Landais wore, and laid the head of his ship in the opposite direction. Other signals were disobeyed; and the control of Commodore Jones over the ship, which ought to have been the most efficient of the squadron, may be said to have ceased.

Jones now shaped his course for the rendezvous he had appointed, in hopes of meeting the missing ships, and the Pallas rejoined him, having captured nothing.

From then until the 13th of September the squadron continued its course round Scotland; the ships separating and rejoining constantly, and Captain Landais assuming power over the prizes, as well as over his own vessel, that was altogether opposed to discipline and to marine usage.

On the 13th of September the Cheviot Hills were in sight from the ships. Understanding that a 20-gun ship, with two or three man-of-war cutters, were lying at anchor off Leith, in the Frith of Forth, Commodore Jones planned a descent upon that town. At this time the Alliance was absent, and the Pallas and Vengeance having chased to the southward, the necessity of communicating with those vessels caused a fatal delay, and ruined a promising project. The attempt was at last made, but when the men were actually in the boats the ships were driven out of the Frith by a heavy blow; and when in the North Sea one of their prizes actually foundered.

The design was so audacious that it is probable the English would have been taken by surprise; and no doubt much damage would have been done to them, but for the gale. Dale, a modest and prudent man, thought so.

After this bold project was abandoned, Jones appears to have meditated another still more daring; but his _colleagues_, as he bitterly styles his captains, refused to join in it. We do not know what it was; but only that the officers of Jones’ own ship heartily approved it. Jones had much respect for the judgment of Captain Cottineau, of the Pallas, and as he disapproved of it, it was dropped.

The Pallas and Vengeance even left the Richard--probably with a view to prevent the attempt to execute this nameless scheme; and the Commodore was compelled to follow his captains to the southward or lose them altogether.

Off Whitby they came together again, and on Sept. 21st the Richard chased a collier ashore, near Flamborough Head.

The next day she was at the mouth of the Humber, the Vengeance being in company, and several vessels were taken or destroyed. Pilots were enticed on board, and a knowledge of the state of things inshore obtained. It appeared that the whole coast was alarmed, and that many persons were burying their plate. By this time about a dozen vessels had been taken, and rumor increased the number. No vessels had ever before excited such local alarm on British shores, for centuries.

Under the circumstances Commodore Jones did not think it prudent to remain so close in with the land, and he accordingly stood out under Flamborough Head. Here he was joined, next day, by the Pallas and Alliance. This was on the 23d of September.

The wind was light from the southward, the water smooth, and many vessels in sight, steering in different directions. About noon the squadron, with the exception of the Cerf and the two privateers, being all in company, Jones manned one of the pilot-boats he had detained, and sent her in chase of a brig, which was lying to, to windward. On board the little vessel were Mr. Lunt, the Second Lieutenant, and fifteen men, all of whom were absent from the ship for the rest of the day.

In consequence of the loss of the two boats off Cape Clear, the absence of the party in the pilot-boat, and the number of men that had been put in prizes, the Richard was now left with only one lieutenant, and with but little more than three hundred souls on board, exclusive of prisoners. Of the latter there were about one hundred and fifty in the Richard.

The pilot-boat had hardly left the Richard when the leading ships of a fleet of more than forty sails were seen stretching out on a bowline from behind Flamborough Head, turning down to the south. From previous intelligence this fleet was immediately known to be the Baltic ships, under the convoy of the Serapis, 44, Captain Richard Pearson, and a hired ship that had been put into the King’s service, called the Countess of Scarborough. The latter was commanded by Captain Piercy, and mounted 22 guns.

As the interest of the succeeding details will principally centre in the two ships, the Serapis and Bonhomme Richard, it may be well to give a more minute account of the actual force of the former. At that period 44’s were usually built on two decks; and such was the construction of this ship, which was new, and was reputed to be a fast vessel. On her lower gun-deck she mounted 20 18-pound guns; and on her upper gun-deck 20 9-pound guns; and on her quarter-deck and forecastle ten 6-pound guns; making an armament of fifty guns.

She had a regularly trained man-of-war’s crew of 320 souls, of whom fifteen are said to have been Lascars.

When Jones made out the convoy, the men-of-war were inshore, astern, and to leeward, probably with a view to keeping the merchantmen together. The officials at Scarborough, perceiving the danger into which this fleet was running, had sent a boat off to the Serapis, to apprise her of the presence of a hostile force, and Captain Pearson fired two guns, signaling the leading vessels to come under his lee. These orders were disregarded, however, the headmost ships continuing to stand out from the land.

Jones, having ascertained the character of the fleet in sight, showed signal for a general chase; and another to recall the lieutenant in the pilot-boat.

The Richard then crossed royal-yards. These signs of hostility alarmed the nearer English merchant ships, which hurriedly tacked, fired alarm guns, let fly their top-gallant-sheets, and made other signals of the danger they found themselves in; while they now gladly availed themselves of the presence of the men-of-war to run to leeward, or else seek shelter close in with the land.

The Serapis, on the contrary, signaled the Scarborough to follow, and hauled boldly out to sea, until she got far enough to windward, when she tacked, and stood inshore again, to cover her convoy.

The Alliance being much the fastest vessel of the American squadron, took the lead in the chase, speaking the Pallas as she passed. It has been proved that Captain Landais told the commander of the latter vessel, on this occasion, that if the stranger proved to be a fifty-gun ship, they had nothing to do but to escape. His subsequent conduct fully confirms this; for no sooner had he run down near enough to the two English vessels-of-war to ascertain their force, than he hauled up, and stood off from the land again. This was not only contrary to all regular order of naval battle, but contrary to the positive command of Jones, who had kept the signal to form line flying; which should have brought the Alliance astern of the Bonhomme Richard, and the Pallas in the van. Just at this time the Pallas spoke the Richard, and inquired what station she should take, and she was directed to fall into line.

Captain Cottineau was a brave man, who subsequently did his duty in the action, and he had only thought that, because the Richard had suddenly hauled up from the land, her crew had mutinied, and that she was being run away with. Such was the want of confidence in the force so singularly composed, and such were the disadvantages under which this celebrated combat was fought.

So far, however, from meditating retreat or mutiny, the crew of the Richard had gone cheerfully to their quarters, although every man on board was conscious of the force of the enemy with whom they were about to contend; and the spirit of the commanding officer appears to have communicated itself to his men.

It was now quite dark, and Jones was compelled to use a night-glass, to follow the movements of the enemy. It is probable that the darkness added to the indecision of the captain of the Pallas, for even after the moon rose it was thick, and objects at a distance were seen with difficulty. The Richard continued to stand steadily on; and at about half-past seven she came up with the Serapis; the Scarborough being a short distance to leeward. The American ship was to windward, and, as she slowly approached, Captain Pearson hailed. The answer returned was purposely equivocal, and both ships delivered their broadsides at almost the same moment.

As the water was quite smooth, Jones had relied very much upon the eighteen-pounders which were in the Richard’s gun-room; but at this first discharge, two of the six that were fired bursted, blowing up the deck above, and killing or wounding many of the people stationed below. This disaster rendered it impossible to make the men stand at the other heavy guns, as they could have no confidence in them. It at once reduced the broadside of the Richard to about one-third less than that of her opponent; and the force which remained was distributed among the light guns, in a disadvantageous manner. In short, the battle was now between a twelve-pounder and an eighteen-pounder frigate; with the chances almost preponderatingly in favor of the latter.

Jones himself said that after this accident his hopes rested solely upon the twelve-pounders that were immediately under the command of his First Lieutenant, Dale.

The Richard, having backed her top-sails, exchanged several broadsides, when she filled again and shot ahead of the Serapis; which ship luffed across her stern, and came up on the weather quarter of her antagonist, taking the wind out of her sails, and, in her turn, passing ahead.

All this time, which was about half an hour, the fire was close and furious. The Scarborough now drew near; but it is uncertain whether she fired or not. The officers of the Richard state that she raked them at least once; but her commander reported that, owing to the smoke and darkness, he was afraid to discharge his guns, not being able to make out which ship was friend and which foe.

Unwilling to lie by and be uselessly exposed to shot, Captain Piercy edged away from the combatants, exchanging one or two broadsides, at a great distance, with the Alliance, and shortly afterward was engaged at close quarters by the Pallas, which ship compelled him to strike to her, after a creditable resistance of about an hour.

Let us now return to the principal combatants:--

As the Serapis kept her luff, sailing and working better than the Richard, it was the intention of Captain Pearson to pay broad off, across the Richard’s fore-foot, as soon as he had got far enough ahead. But making the attempt and finding he had not room, he put his helm down, to keep clear of his adversary, and this double movement brought the two ships nearly in a line, the Serapis leading.

By these evolutions the English ship lost some of her way, while the American, having kept her sails trimmed, not only closed, but actually ran on board of her antagonist, bows on, a little on her starboard quarter. The wind being light, much time was consumed in these manœuvres, and nearly an hour had elapsed between the firing of the first gun and the moment when the vessels got foul of each other, in the manner just described. The English thought it was the intention of the Americans to board; and for some minutes it was uncertain whether they would do so or not, but the position was not safe for either party to pass into the opposing ship.

There being at this time a complete cessation of the firing, Captain Pearson hailed, and asked whether the Richard had struck. “I have not yet begun to fight,” was the answer from Jones.

The Richard’s yards were then braced aback, and the sails of the Serapis being full, the ships separated.

As soon as they were far enough apart, the Serapis put her helm hard down, laid all aback forward, shivered her after sails, and wore short round on her heel, with a view, most probably, of luffing up across the Richard’s bow, in order to rake her. In this position the Richard would have been fighting her starboard, and the Serapis her port guns; but Jones, by this time, had become convinced of the hopelessness of success against so much heavier metal; and so backed astern some distance, filled on the other tack, and luffed up, with the intention of meeting the enemy as he came to the wind, and of laying him athwart hawse.

In the smoke and dim light, one or the other party miscalculated the distance, for the vessels came foul again, the bowsprit of the English vessel passing over the poop of the American. As neither had much way the collision did but little injury, and Jones, with his own hands, immediately lashed the enemy’s head-gear to his mizzen-mast. The pressure on the after sails of the Serapis, which vessel was nearly before the wind at the time, brought her hull round, and the two ships gradually fell close alongside of each other, head and stern; the jib-boom of the Serapis giving way with the strain. A spare anchor of the English ship now hooked in the quarter of the American, and additional lashings were got out on board the latter, to secure her opponent in this position.

Captain Pearson, who was a brave and excellent officer, was fully aware of his superiority in weight of metal; and he no sooner perceived that the vessels were foul than he dropped an anchor, in the hope that the Richard would drift clear of him. But, of course, such an expectation was futile, as the yards were interlocked, the hulls pressed close together, there were lashings fore and aft, and every projection aided in holding the two ships together. When the cable of the Serapis took the strain, the vessels slowly tended, with the bows of the Serapis and the stern of the Richard, to the tide.

At this time the English made an attempt to board, but were repulsed, with trifling loss. All this time there was a heavy fire kept up from the guns. The lower ports of the Serapis having been closed as the vessel swung, to prevent boarding, they were now blown off, to allow the guns to be run out; and cases actually occurred in which the rammers had to be thrust into the ports of the opposing ship, in order to be entered in the muzzles of their proper guns. It was evident that such a state of things could not last long. In effect, the heavy metal of the Serapis, in one or two discharges, cleared all before it, and the main-deck guns of the Richard were almost abandoned. Most of her people went upon the upper deck, and a great number collected on the forecastle, where they were safe from the battery of the Serapis; continuing the fight by throwing grenades and using muskets.

At this stage of the action, then, the Serapis was tearing the American to pieces, below, at each discharge of her battery; the latter only replying to the English fire by two guns on the quarter-deck, and three or four of her twelve-pounders. To the quarter-deck guns Jones succeeded in adding a third, by shifting a gun from the port side; and all these were used with effect, under his own eye, until the close of the action.

He tried to get over a second gun, from the port side, but did not succeed.

The fight must now have been decided in favor of the English, but for the courage and activity of the people aloft. Strong parties were placed in the tops, and, after a sharp and short contest, the Americans had driven every man of the enemy from the upper deck of the English frigate. After this they kept up so sharp a fire of small-arms upon the quarter-deck of the English ship as to keep it clear, shooting down many in the operation.

Thus, this singular condition of affairs obtained, that, while the English had the battle very much to themselves, below, the Americans had control of their upper deck and tops. Having cleared the latter, some of the American seamen laid out on the Richard’s main-yard, and began to throw hand grenades down upon the deck of the British ship; while the men on the Richard’s forecastle seconded these efforts by casting grenades, and other combustibles, through the ports of the Serapis.

At length one man, in particular, became so bold as to take up his post on the extreme end of the yard; and being provided with a bucket of grenades and a match, he dropped the explosives upon the enemy, one of them passing down the Serapis’ main hatchway. The powder boys of the English ship had got up more cartridges than were needed at the moment, and had carelessly laid a row of them along her main deck, parallel with the guns.

The grenade which came down the hatch set fire to some loose powder on the deck, and the flash passed to these cartridges, beginning abreast of the main-mast, and running away aft.

The effect of the explosion was awful. More than twenty men were instantly killed; many of them being left with nothing on them but the collars and wrist-bands of their shirts, and the waist-bands of their duck trowsers. This is often the effect of explosions in confined places.

The official returns of Captain Pearson, made a week after the action, show that there were no less than thirty-three wounded on board then, still alive, who had been injured at this time; and thirty of them were said to be in great danger.

Captain Pearson reported that the explosion destroyed nearly all the men at the five or six aftermost guns of the Serapis; and, altogether, nearly sixty of the Serapis’ men must have been instantly disabled by this sudden blow.

The advantages thus obtained by the coolness and intrepidity of the topmen of the Bonhomme Richard, in a measure restored the chances of the fight, and, by lessening the fire of the enemy, enabled Jones to increase his. And in the same degree that it encouraged the Americans did it diminish the hopes of the English.

One of the guns, directed by Jones himself, had been for some time firing against the main-mast of his enemy; while the two others were assisting in clearing his decks with grape and canister. Kept below decks by this double attack, where they had a scene of horror before their eyes in the agonies of the wounded, and the other effects of the explosion, the spirits of the English crew began to droop, and a very little would have caused them to surrender. From this despondency they were temporarily raised by one of the unlooked-for events which characterize every battle, whether afloat or ashore.

After exchanging the ineffectual and distant broadsides with the Scarborough, as already mentioned, the Alliance had kept standing off and on, to leeward of the two principal ships, and out of the direction of their shot, when, about half-past eight, she appeared, crossing the stern of the Serapis, and the bow of the Richard, and firing, at such a distance, and in such a way, that it was impossible to say which vessel would suffer the most.

As soon as she had drawn out of range of her own guns, her helm was put up, and she ran down near a mile to leeward, and hovered about, aimlessly, until the firing had ceased between the Pallas and the Scarborough, when she suddenly came within hail, and spoke both vessels.

Captain Cottineau, of the Pallas, earnestly entreated Captain Landais, of the Alliance, to take possession of his prize, and allow him to go to the assistance of the Richard, or else to stretch up to windward in the Alliance, and go to the succor of the Commodore.

After some delay, Captain Landais took the very important duty of assisting his consort into his own hands, and, making two long stretches, under top-sails only, he appeared, at about the time at which we have arrived in the story of the fight, directly to windward of the two ships which were locked together in mortal combat. The head of the Alliance was then to the westward. This ship then opened fire again, doing at least as much damage to friend as foe. Keeping away a little, she was soon on the port-quarter of the Richard; and some of the people of the latter affirmed that her guns were discharged until she had got nearly abeam.

Many voices now hailed, to inform the Alliance that she was firing into the wrong ship; and three lanterns were shown in a line on the off-side of the Richard, which was the regular signal for recognition in a night action. An officer was then directed to hail, to command Captain Landais to lay the enemy on board; and, the question being put as to whether the order was understood, an answer was given in the affirmative.

As the moon had now been up for some time, it was impossible not to distinguish between the two vessels. The Richard was all black, while the Serapis had yellow sides; and the impression among the people of the Richard was that Landais had intentionally attacked her.

Indeed, as soon as the Alliance began to fire, the people left one or two of the twelves on board the Richard, which they had begun to fight again, saying that the English in the Alliance had got possession of the ship and were helping the enemy.