Chapter IV: Highways and Trails (17)

On Hidden Wood Creek in this vicinity in 1882 was situated the main camp of the Indians from the Standing Rock Reservation who took part in the last big buffalo hunt of the Sioux tribe, said to be the last large hunt in the United States, held under the direction of Maj. James McLaughlin, then Indian agent at Fort Yates (_see Side Tour 8C_).

In the years following the Custer episode in 1876 (_see_ HISTORY _and_ FORT ABRAHAM LINCOLN STATE PARK) many of the Sioux, except the faithful few who accompanied Sitting Bull into exile in Canada (_see Side Tours 6B and 8C_), returned to the reservations to assimilate the white man's civilization. Before the white man's restrictions had been placed upon them the Plains Indians had been trained from childhood to the pursuit of the buffalo, for the buffalo was the staff of the Indian's life, providing food, shelter, and clothing. The hunt in 1882 caused much rejoicing among the tribesmen, offering them a temporary respite from the humdrum reservation life, and a brief return to the activity which had once existed in this land that was rightfully theirs.

Long and extensive preparations were made for this hunt. Strict religious ceremonies invoked the blessing of the Great Mystery. Running Antelope, whose picture was on the old five-dollar Treasury notes, was generalissimo of the affair, while under him, leading the different bands, were such famed Indians as Gall, Rain-in-the-Face, John Grass, Fire Heart, Kill Eagle, Crazy Walking, Spotted Horn Bull, Gray Eagle, and Charging Thunder.

Approximately 2,000 men, women, and children, including a few white men, made the 100-mile journey from Fort Yates to the scene of the hunt, and McLaughlin estimated that more than 600 mounted red men took part in the actual killing. The herd, said to number 50,000 head, was first sighted near White Butte, 10 m. S. of the present South Dakota town of the same name, and covered the valley from that point to Haynes (_see below_). On the first day of the hunt 2,000 buffalo were killed, and the second day was given to skinning and cutting up the dead animals. The third day found the Indians again on the chase, and this time 3,000 bison were killed. The Hidden Wood Creek camp was maintained until all the meat was cured and ready to take back to the reservation. Years later when the railroad was built, many of the settlers made a nice profit shipping the bones of the buffalo carcasses left from this hunt.

HAYNES, =3 m.= (2,540 alt., 167 pop.), was named for George B. Haynes, general passenger agent of the Milwaukee R. R. when it constructed its main line in 1907.

At =5 m.= are the junctions with ND 8, a graveled highway, and with an unimproved county dirt road. US 12 turns L.

1. Right from the junction on the unimproved road to the rammed-earth home and garage of the SCORIA LILY RANCH, =5 m.= The owner, Col. Paul S. Bliss, naturalist and author of three books of North Dakota verse, has had the two buildings erected as an example of the practical use of earth for permanent, low-cost farm buildings. In the building process earth is packed into plank forms. After "setting" it forms a durable, heat-and cold-resisting wall.

2. Straight ahead on ND 8 to the abandoned workings of the STATE MINE, =0.5 m.= (R), an underground lignite mine once owned and used for experimental purposes by the South Dakota School of Mines. The mine was abandoned several years ago when the coal vein caught fire. The coal is still burning, and occasionally at night the red glow of this earthly furnace is visible where the tunnel timbering and earth have caved in, leaving the hillsides pockmarked and scarred. Nearby on two short rails is a rusty railroad steam engine, its gears fast in the grip of rust and its wooden cab nearly eaten away by wind and rain. Deserted, it stands where it was last stopped before the rails of the spur from Haynes to the mine were taken up.

At =9 m.= on US 12 is the junction with an unimproved county dirt road.

Left on this road to PRAIRIE SPHINX BUTTE (R), =2.5 m.=, where the steep sandstone outcroppings at the top of the formation resemble the features of the Gizeh Sphinx.

HETTINGER, =13 m.= (2,668 alt., 1,292 pop.), seat of Adams County, is at the foot of a high hill rising from the valley of Hidden Wood Creek. Adams County was formerly part of Hettinger County, named for Mathias Hettinger, a Freeport, Ill., banker. When the counties were separated in 1907 each wished to retain the original name, and a compromise was finally effected whereby the new county could use the old name for its county seat. The new brick COURTHOUSE (R) was built in 1929.

Hettinger's first newspaper editor was a man of unusual enterprise. As he hauled his press overland from Dickinson, he stopped everyone he met to tell them about his forthcoming publication, and by the time he reached Hettinger he had procured nearly 100 subscriptions. In 1908 this paper, the Adams County _Record_, was appointed official paper for Hettinger, and in one of the first resolutions it published citizens were instructed to remove their buildings from the streets, where, in the rush of locating, they had built with little regard for the town site plat.

BUCYRUS, =22 m.= (2,778 alt., 124 pop.), was first known as Dolan, in honor of the contractor for the Milwaukee R. R. grade there. During the grading a new name was sought for the town, however, and Bucyrus, the trade name of one of the huge steam shovels in use, was suggested and adopted.

REEDER, =31 m.= (2,810 alt., 395 pop.), was named for E. O. Reeder, who at the time of the founding of the town was chief engineer for the Milwaukee R. R. Alden Scott Boyer, now a well-known American and French cosmetics manufacturer, operated a drug store here in 1909-13.

Right from Reeder on ND 22, a graveled road, to LOOKOUT POINT, =2 m.=, an elevation from which five towns, Reeder, Bucyrus, Gascoyne, Scranton, and Buffalo Springs, are visible.

WHETSTONE BUTTES (L), =9 m.=, a high range of hills visible for miles, are topped by a peculiar sandstone formation which is so hard that pieces from it were used by the Indians and early settlers for sharpening their tools and weapons.

GASCOYNE, =38 m.= (2,759 alt., 97 pop.), is L. of the highway. Northwest of town is a railroad RESERVOIR (_swimming and picnicking facilities_).

SCRANTON, =43 m.= (2,773 alt., 381 pop.), is a namesake of Scranton, Pa., because both are coal-mining towns. The first mine here opened in 1907, preceding the railroad which arrived late that year and providing the impetus for the town which grew up. The discovery of suitable clay resulted in the establishment of a brick plant, the product of which can be seen in many of the buildings in the town. On each side of the highway as it passes the Milwaukee R. R. station are two round markers picturing the head of a Texas longhorn steer and carrying the legend, "Comin' up the Texas Chisholm Trail." The markers indicate one of the trails by which cattle were brought to this part of the Great Plains. Although the Chisholm Trail is believed to have run no farther N. than Abilene, Kan., the name has often been loosely applied to other trails running N. of that city, unofficial extensions of the original route from the Panhandle region (_see Tour 4_).

BUFFALO SPRINGS, =48.5 m.= (2,850 alt., 75 pop.), was known briefly as Ingomar, but in 1907 received its present name, suggested by the nearby springs which once served as a watering place for the bison that roamed the plains. East of town is a railroad RESERVOIR (_swimming_, _fishing_). A COLLECTION (_open; inquire directions at post office_) of Indian artifacts, pioneer relics, petrified woods, and other curios, gathered by Ed Gorman, may be seen at his hardware store.

BOWMAN, =56.5 m.= (_see Tour 4_), is the junction with US 85 (_see Tour 4_).

RHAME, =73 m.= (3,184 alt., 356 pop.), named for M. D. Rhame, district engineer of the Milwaukee R. R. when it was established in 1907, has the highest elevation of any town in the State. It is in a high valley between two large, flat, scoria-capped buttes.

At =78 m.= is the junction with an unimproved country dirt road.

Right on this road, across the railroad, to FORT DILTS STATE PARK (L), =2 m.=, marking the site where Capt. James L. Fisk's 80-wagon immigrant train, bound for the Montana gold fields, was corraled in defense formation for 14 days in September 1864. The expedition, accompanied by a cavalry detachment of 50 men, left Fort Rice in August, and encountered no trouble until September 1, when a wagon overturned in crossing a steep-sided creek. Fisk detailed another wagon and a detachment of eight cavalrymen to remain and right the overturned vehicle. As soon as the main party was out of sight over a hill, a band of Hunkpapa Sioux--part of the group met by Sully at the Killdeer Mountains (_see Side Tour 8D_) and in the Battle of the Badlands (_see Tour 8_)--who were at that time engaged in hunting buffalo, attacked the detachment, killing nine and mortally wounding three. The expedition heard the rifle shots and returned to aid their comrades, but were too late to do more than rout the Indians. Just as the natives were being driven off, Jefferson Dilts, a scout for the expedition, returned from reconnoitering in the Badlands, and rode directly into the fleeing band of Sioux and was killed.

The expedition moved 10 m. the next day, and when it broke camp the morning of September 3 a large box of poisoned hardtack was purposely left behind. The Indians swooped down and hungrily devoured it, and it is said that 25 died from the effects of the poison, more than were killed by the expedition's bullets. That day the wagon train advanced only 3 m. before going into corral and beginning to throw up a defense, which they called Fort Dilts. Oxen and plows were used to obtain sod with which a dirt wall 6 ft. high and nearly 2 ft. thick was built outside the ring of wagons. The cavalry was stationed between the wall and the wagons. That night 16 volunteers slipped through the Indian lines and after 3 days and nights of hard riding reached Fort Rice, whence Col. Daniel J. Dill and a detachment set out at once. They arrived September 17, but by that time the Hunkpapa had departed for Cave Hills, S. Dak., where they had learned a large herd of bison was running. They had lingered only a day or two after the fortification was thrown up, sniping at it occasionally, before their interest waned.

The State park, which contains approximately 9 acres belonging to the State historical society, was dedicated to Jefferson Dilts in 1932. Within the fenced area are the remains of the sod fortification, and eight Government grave markers have been placed inside it in memory of those who lost their lives in the episode.

MARMARTH, =87.5 m.= (2,709 alt., 721 pop.), is at the confluence of Little Beaver Creek, Hay Creek, and the Little Missouri River. Known as the "city of trees", Marmarth is almost an oasis in the treeless Badlands country. Its name is derived from the mispronunciation of her own name, Margaret Martha, by a small granddaughter of the president of the Milwaukee R. R. The town had its inception in 1902, and grew rapidly following the advent of the Milwaukee R. R. in 1907 and the establishment of a railroad division point here the next year. Proximity to the Little Missouri and its tributaries has not always been advantageous; the town has been flooded five times--1907, 1913, 1929, and twice in 1921. To prevent another flood a dam has been built on Little Beaver Creek W. of town, and dikes have been put up around the town adjacent to the streams.

Theodore Roosevelt killed his first grizzly bear a short distance W. of Marmarth on the Little Beaver, and just N. of the town on the Little Missouri he shot his first buffalo. Many years later, when he was campaigning for the Presidency, on an appearance in Minneapolis he met a Marmarth pioneer. When informed the man was from Marmarth, at the mouth of Little Beaver Creek, the President exclaimed, "A town there? Do you have boats tied to your back doors?" He had visited the site only at times of high water.

Marmarth is a shipping point for cattle brought overland from range grounds in this State, Montana, and South Dakota. The stockyards, which cover an area of 45 acres, and contain 86 pens and 15 loading chutes, are built on the site of the old O-X (O Bar X) ranch. Nearby, on Hay Creek, still stands the squat old ranch house in which Theodore Roosevelt was once a guest.

Activity in the Little Beaver Dome, an oil field near Marmarth (_see below_), brought the town a boom in 1936. Business buildings and residences that had long stood idle were quickly occupied.

At =88.5 m.= is the junction with ND 16, an unimproved road.

Left on this highway to the junction with a country trail, =2 m.=; L. here =1 m.= to THE WOMAN IN STONE, a 50-foot rock which shows the head and face of a woman, even to the hairline, clearly outlined against the sky. The form of the sandstone is the result of countless years of weathering.

On ND 16 to a junction with a well-defined prairie trail, =16 m.=; R. on this trail to the NUMBER TWO WELL of the Little Beaver Dome, =21 m.= Work has not advanced far on this well, but results of the Number One Well, just over the State Line in Montana, show a crude oil apparently high in gasoline and kerosene content, very light, but darker in color, and with a somewhat different odor from that usually associated with mid-continent crude oils. The Little Beaver Dome is part of the Cedar Creek Anticline, a geologic formation of arched rock strata extending from eastern Montana into southwestern North Dakota. It is one of the greatest natural gas fields in the United States.

US 12 crosses the Montana Line at =94 m.=, 95 m. E. of Miles City, Mont. (_see Mont. Tour 17_).

TOUR 10 (Water Route)

Medora--South Roosevelt Regional State Park--Beaver River--North
Roosevelt Regional State Park--Cherry Creek--Missouri
River--Elbowoods--Stanton--Fort Clark--Washburn--Bismarck.

Route: Little Missouri and Missouri Rivers.

Medora to Bismarck, 350 m. (by river), 10 to 20 days.

N. P. Ry. parallels route from Stanton to Bismarck.

=Special equipment:= Light duffle, including 7 x 7 tent, waterproof
sleeping bags, waterproof duffle bags, complete change outdoor
clothing; flat-bottomed boat capable carrying 1,000 lb., of not
more than 5 in. draft for party of three; complete camping gear. No
accommodations available.

=Food:= Fourteen days supply, carried in paraffin-treated bags;
mainly canned goods--soups, meats, vegetables, and milk; flour,
salt, sugar, coffee, and cocoa; dried fruits. Butter hard to keep.
Biscuits can be made en route.

=Water:= Carry light water cask or bag. Refill at various ranch
houses. Use chlorine or iodine in settled river water.

=Warning:= No trip for "tenderfeet" unless accompanied by
experienced guide and riverman; select night camps on high ground
at safe distance back from river's bank, overhanging banks may
cave in, creek and gully bottoms subject to suddenly rising water
if rain falls; tie boats to trees on high ground, boat may be
lost in sudden rise of river if tied too low; avoid drifting near
overhanging cutbanks along stream, landslides dangerous to small
boats occur occasionally; watch channels for snags; high, upstream
winds dangerous on Missouri; carry antivenom serum for treatment of
possible rattlesnake bites.

=Seasons:= Latter part of June or first weeks of July. Spring
floods and early June rise make rivers treacherous; dry seasons of
late summer may require portage of Little Missouri.

=Maps:= Highway Planning Survey, Bismarck, N. Dak., can furnish
county maps.

For the experienced camper, for the seeker of adventures, for the lover of nature, this route offers much pleasure; it is on the Little Missouri River through the heart of North Dakota's Badlands and down the Missouri River to Bismarck. During past ages the Little Missouri has been the chief agent in cutting into the prairies of North Dakota the wide slash that is the Badlands region. Rain and surface waters have washed away the soft upper layers of the deposits made by successive prehistoric seas, and, continually seeking lower levels, in the slow process of erosion through the centuries have left a jumble of jagged buttes. The sides of these buttes expose the various strata, each the testimonial of one age in the geological history of the area.

Undoubtedly the Missouri and Little Missouri were navigated by many an Indian hunter in search of the big game that once roamed the region, and by many a brave seeking the scalp of some unwary opponent; but Baptiste Le Page, the French explorer who made the voyage from the Black Hills (which title then designated all the rough upland country W. of the Missouri here) to the mouth of the Knife River in 45 days in 1804, is believed to have been the first white man to journey down the tortuous Little Missouri into the Missouri, called Wakpa Hehanka (_elk river_) by the Sioux. Le Page joined the Lewis and Clark expedition at one of the Indian villages near the mouth of the Knife River.

While Le Page drifted down almost the entire course of the Little Missouri, the modern would-be explorer following this route slips his boat into the historic waters more than halfway down the stream at MEDORA (2,265 alt., 200 pop.) (_see Tour 8_), and heads downstream with the current.

North of Medora the river flows through a comparatively wide flood plain dotted with groves of cottonwood, box elder, and ash trees, with high, many-colored buttes rising on both sides to form the deep valley.

At about =1 m.= (R) is SHEEP CREEK, an intermittent tributary named for the bighorn mountain sheep that were found in the Badlands when white men first visited them. Along Sheep Creek are a few bull pines, _Pinus ponderosa scopulorum_, probably the northern limit of the species in the State.

At about =1.5 m.= (L) is ANDREWS CREEK, and at about 1.8 m. downstream from Medora the river crosses the southern boundary of the South Roosevelt Regional State Park (_see_ ROOSEVELT REGIONAL STATE PARKS). At =2.8 m.= the park highway fords the Little Missouri, and at times of low water caution is necessary here in navigating the ford. To the R. after passing the highway is one of the park picnic areas, and just below these grounds is the mouth of KNUTSON CREEK (L), at about =4.3 m.=

Below the buildings (R) of the PEACEFUL VALLEY RANCH (_see_ SOUTH ROOSEVELT REGIONAL STATE PARK) is the mouth of PADDOCK CREEK (R), =5.8 m.=, and at about =8.8 m.= the route passes JUEL CREEK (R). At about =11.5 m.= is GOVERNMENT CREEK (R), and at about =17 m.= WANNAGAN CREEK (L), the northern boundary of the park.

A few miles below the boundary is the PARKER RANCH (L), formerly the Wadsworth, said to be the first cattle ranch in the Badlands. Downstream from these buildings is ASH COULEE CREEK (R), named for the many ash trees that line its broad valley. It should be reached in a day of ordinary drifting. (_Good camping place for first night is opposite the mouth of this little stream._)

During the entire first day's journey the unusual beauty of the Badlands formations is revealed, but even more detail is evident as the setting sun lengthens the shadows cast by the hills and intensifies the reds, ochers, grays, greens, and taupes that form the weird color combinations of the region.

At =40 m.= is the SITE OF THE CABIN OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT'S ELKHORN RANCH (L). Only a few foundation stones and a depression in the flat river flood plain show where the cabin stood. The Rough Rider President, who ran cattle on two ranches in the Badlands in the 1880's (_see Tour 8_), spent the greater share of his time at the Elkhorn, using it as headquarters for hunting expeditions into the surrounding country.

Nearest neighbor of the future President was Howard Eaton, whose VI Ranch at =48 m.= was near the mouth of BEAVER RIVER, the Little Missouri's largest tributary. (_Opposite confluence here is good camping place._) Beaver River was first called Big Beaver Creek to distinguish it from Little Beaver (_see Tour 9_).

North of Beaver River the stream pursues its way in a meandering course, winding 14 m. to cross a single township, and passing MAGPIE and BEICEGEL (Bicycle) CREEKS. Magpie receives its name from the long-tailed black and white bird that is found in the area, while Beicegel (despite the spelling) is named for the Beisigl brothers who were early ranchers along its banks. They still (1938) live in North Dakota near Lemmon, S. Dak. (_Bet. Beicegel Creek and a point 2 m. farther down river are many places suitable for camp._)

Thus far the river current has been anything but swift, and the stream has been flowing between banks quite widely separated. As the trip is resumed on the fourth day the river soon narrows and becomes a swiftly rushing stream. Snags and submerged tree trunks that heretofore were easily avoided now become a danger to the unwary voyager. The added speed makes navigation more difficult, and a snag through the bottom of the boat at this point would precipitate disaster, the probable loss of equipment adding to the hardships of getting out of the rough country on foot.

In the vicinity of REDWING CREEK are some of the finest views of the entire journey. Grotesque formations carved in the wind-blown, rain-washed buttes are set off by cedar-dotted slopes and river flats covered with sage.

In the Redwing Creek area the river enters the southern boundary of the North Roosevelt Regional State Park (_see_ ROOSEVELT REGIONAL STATE PARKS), and a short hike left of the Little Missouri leads to one of the largest areas of PETRIFIED FOREST in the Badlands. Great silicified stumps, weighing many tons, are found perched atop slender pillars of gray, yellow, and ocher sandstone, and logs, sometimes several feet long and 12 to 14 inches in diameter, are found here.

Downstream from the Redwing, in a sharp bend of the river, SPERATI POINT rises to the L. The point is named for Dr. Carlo A. Sperati, director of the Luther College (Decorah, Iowa) Band at the time it visited here in 1927. From the summit is an exceptional view of the GRAND CANYON OF THE LITTLE MISSOURI. The river makes an almost right-angle turn to the E. here toward its confluence with the Missouri, and its flood plain again widens and the current is less swift.

The SQUAW CREEK PICNIC AREA (_see_ NORTH ROOSEVELT REGIONAL STATE PARK) is the only man-made camping place on the entire trip. It was at a sheep ranch on Squaw Creek that the "vigilantes" of 1884 dropped in for one of their raids, and burned 500 tons of hay, the barn, harnesses, and all machinery, and set fire to the prairie, burning a large area.

The glistening silver steel of the ROOSEVELT BRIDGE spans the Little Missouri, over which US 85 passes, and just E. of which is the eastern entrance to the North Roosevelt Park (_see Tour 4_). US 85 is the eastern boundary of the northern park.

CHARLIE BOB CREEK (R) drains the area N. and W. of the Killdeer Mountains (_see Side Tour 8D_). Here the buttes R. of the river rise 500 to 600 ft. above the stream bed, and the noonday shadows cast by the scattered groves of cedar on the northern slopes are cool and inviting. A climb to the butte tops reveals their precipitous, barren southern slopes.

The wide valley (L) of CHERRY CREEK (_good overnight camping place opposite mouth_), together with Tobacco Garden Creek (_see Tour 6_), which drains N. into the Missouri, in preglacial times was probably the bed of the Little Missouri, the present valley of which was formed when the glacier blocked the former course and diverted the waters in an easterly direction.

At about a half-day's journey below Cherry Creek a climb to the high river bluffs, through thickets of red birch, aspen, and oak trees, leads to a superb view. Southward from the butte tops a blue haze outlines the Killdeer Mountains, from which the Sioux fled after the Battle of Killdeer Mountains (_see Side Tour 8D_) to take refuge in this very section of the Badlands, the rough terrain of which prevented the army from pursuing. It was in this vicinity in 1886 that young Theodore Roosevelt and two of his ranch hands captured three thieves who had stolen a boat from his Elkhorn Ranch and had plundered almost every ranch house along the river. Roosevelt and his men pursued the three for several days before surrounding their camp and taking them completely by surprise. He then sent his men home and took the culprits overland to Dickinson, where he preferred charges against the two leaders, who were tried and subsequently served their sentences; one was later hanged for horse stealing in Montana. The third marauder, an elderly man, Roosevelt said was the "kind of person who was not capable of doing either much good or harm." When the old man thanked him profusely for thus befriending him, the future President remarked that it was the first time he had been thanked for calling a man a fool.

Between ELK and JIM'S CREEKS (R) the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation lies to the L. (_Good camping places bet. Elk and Jim's Creeks._)

LIGNITE STRIP MINING, VELVA

_Courtesy Truax-Traer Coal Co._]

ARIKARA
WOMAN
POUNDING
CHERRIES

_Photo by Russell Reid_]

WRITING
ROCK,
NEAR
GRENORA]

LAKE UPSILON, TURTLE MOUNTAINS

_Photo by Russell Reid_]

BUFFALO, SULLY'S HILL NATIONAL GAME PRESERVE]

Below Jim's Creek the river widens, its flood plain covers a large area on either side of the stream, broadening the valley along which the hills begin to be more grassy and less rugged and colorful. At the confluence with HANS CREEK (R) the river makes an abrupt right-angle turn L., and while the valley still remains wide, the stream itself narrows and runs more swiftly. (_Good overnight camp sites in the Indian reservation._)

Below the North Roosevelt Park ranches are fewer, and people are seldom seen from the river.

The wider, majestic Missouri is soon reached, and forms the route for the remainder of the voyage. Up this avenue of exploration came Lewis and Clark, Maximilian, Catlin, Ashley, Lisa, and other adventurous explorers and traders; first in the round, unwieldy, skin bullboats of the Indians, and later in the chugging steamboats, plying the river in search of trade between the tribes and forts established along its course.

The seasonal rising and lowering of the Missouri's water level continually changes the channel, leaving shoals, sand bars, and snags, and these offered a problem to river pilots as long as steamboat traffic flourished on the river. When a flat-bottomed steamer ran aground it took hours, and sometimes days, to release it. It was from the odd device used to work the boats off sand bars that the term "grasshoppering" came into use. Each steamer carried two long, heavy spars, similar to telephone poles, near the bow ready for use. Capt. Grant Marsh, an old river pilot, describes the operation of these spars in Joseph Mills Hanson's _Conquest of the Missouri_:

"When she became lodged on a bar, the spars were raised and set
in the river bottom, like posts, their tops inclined somewhat
toward the bow. Above the line of the deck each was rigged with
a tackle-block over which a manila cable was passed, one end
being fastened to the gunwale of the boat and the other end wound
around the capstan. As the capstan was turned and the paddlewheel
revolved, the boat was thus lifted and pushed forward. Then the
spars were re-set farther ahead and the process repeated until
the boat was at last literally lifted over the bar. From the
grotesque resemblance to a grasshopper which the craft bore when
her spars were set, and from the fact that she might be said to
move forward in a series of hops, the practice came to be called
'grasshoppering.'"

From the beginning river steamers were dependent on wood for fuel, and as traffic increased woodyards became more numerous along the stream. At first they were operated only by the hardiest of white frontiersmen, but as the agency Indians absorbed the white man's civilization they too began to cut wood to sell. Steamers usually burned either cedar or cottonwood, although the latter was suitable for fuel only when fully dried, while cedar burned readily either green or cured. Boat captains took all the cedar the Indians could stack, but would not stop their boats when they saw only green cottonwood corded. The Indians soon learned a subterfuge to surmount the difficulty of having only cottonwood on hand. They smeared the freshly hewn ends of cottonwood cuttings with vermilion so that it resembled cedar, stacked the wood with the painted ends toward the river, and trusted that when a boat stopped she would take the camouflaged cottonwood rather than waste more time.

The Missouri passes beneath the black steel span of FOUR BEARS BRIDGE, the bridge with 19 Indian names (_see Side Tour 3A_.) Approximately 2 m. below the bridge the river passes within 2 m. of ELBOWOODS (_see Side Tour 3A_), inland to the L., the first town neared in the more than 200 m. of drifting since Medora was left behind. (_Good camp site on the Elbowoods side of the Missouri_.)

On the bluffs opposite Elbowoods is the SITE OF A HIDATSA INDIAN VILLAGE, which according to tradition was once besieged by the Sioux, who expected to win an easy victory by curtailing the village water supply. Hidatsa scouts, however, had learned of the planned attack, and the people in the village made rock-filled reservoirs and carried water from the river to fill them. Repulsing the first attack of the Sioux, the besieged rolled a skin of water down the hill toward their enemy, which, the legend says, so discouraged the besiegers that they abandoned their efforts to capture the village and withdrew.

The reservation borders both sides of the river from here to a point a short distance downstream from Ree.

Below Elbowoods the river passes the sites of GRANDMOTHER'S LODGE, FORT BERTHOLD, REE, and NISHU (_see Side Tour 3A_). EXPANSION (R) consists of a post office and store marking the site of a formerly active river town. (_Good camp site bet. Ree and Expansion._)

Just upstream W. of Expansion is a large, easily detected sandstone promontory known as MANUEL ROCK (R), used as a landmark by old river pilots, and named for the fur trader Manuel Lisa.

Below Expansion are (L) the mouth of GARRISON CREEK and the SITE OF FORT STEVENSON. The site was selected by Gen. Alfred H. Sully in 1864 on his trip down the Missouri during his second campaign, but the fort was not established until 1867. A two-company post named for Brig. Gen. Thomas G. Stevenson, the fort was abandoned in 1883 and the military reservation turned over to the Interior Department. For a short time the buildings were used as a school for Indian children from the Fort Berthold Agency. Garrison Creek was originally called Douglas Creek, but the name was changed when the Stevenson garrison began using it for bathing purposes.

A few miles below Garrison Creek is SNAKE CREEK (L), called Ma po ksa a ti a zi (Hidatsa, _snake house river_), where a cave along the banks of the Missouri near the mouth of the creek, according to legend, swarmed with snakes at certain seasons.

A short distance downstream from the Fort Stevenson site the course of the Missouri turns S. and passes MANNHAVEN (R), remnant of a once thriving river town. Near the present village in 1809 the Missouri Fur Co., directed by Manuel Lisa, erected a trading post known variously as Fort Manuel Lisa and Fort Lewis, the latter for Reuben Lewis--brother of Meriwether Lewis, coleader of the Lewis and Clark expedition--who operated it until its abandonment in 1812. Under the name of Fort Vanderburgh, the site was later occupied briefly in 1822 or 1823. Lisa, born in New Orleans of Spanish parents, is said to have had more influence over the Indians with whom he dealt than any other trader to enter the Missouri area, although his activities in the Missouri basin were of only 13 years duration. He died in St. Louis at the age of 48.

The mouth of the KNIFE RIVER is just upstream from STANTON (_see Side Tour 8D_). (_Camp can be made on R. river bank._)

In the vicinity of the confluence of the Knife and Missouri are the sites of many Indian villages, Hidatsa, Mandan, and Arikara, the locations of which are easily traceable by the many round, dish-like depressions marking the sites of earth lodges in the villages. The Hidatsa had three villages here until 1837 when the smallpox epidemic reduced their population to only one village. Prior to their occupation of the Knife River vicinity the tribe lived near the mouth of the Heart River (_see Tour 8_), and in 1845, for protection from the Sioux, they moved to Fort Berthold. The Mandans, whose two villages some miles below the Knife were reduced to little more than 100 persons by the smallpox epidemic of 1837, moved to a small village near the Hidatsa, and followed that tribe to Fort Berthold in 1845. Migrating up the Missouri at a later date, the Arikara built villages near the Knife as late as 1851, but they too, because of continued Sioux raids, moved to Fort Berthold.

It was at one of the Knife River villages, that Charbonneau, and his Shoshone Indian wife, Sakakawea, lived in 1804 when Lewis and Clark employed Charbonneau as interpreter of the expedition to the Pacific (_see_ BISMARCK).

Below Stanton is DEAPOLIS (R), marked by a single grain elevator, all that remains of another of the towns that sprang up along the Missouri, flourished, and declined with the steamboat trade. The place was named by its founder, who replaced the first letter in the name of the ancient city Neapolis with the first letter of his own surname, Danielson.

Old residents tell the story that in the summer of 1894 the river at Deapolis was extremely low, exposing a huge boulder in the center of the stream. An interested group made their way to the stone, and found it carved with peculiar markings they were unable to decipher. Before leaving they added the date of their visit to the inscription. Forty years later the river stage again was low enough to bring the stone above water, and a second party visited it, and found the same undecipherable markings as well as the carving of the 1894 party.

Near the Deapolis elevator is the SITE OF BIG WHITE'S MANDAN INDIAN VILLAGE. Big White was the Mandan chief taken to Washington by Lewis and Clark on their return from the Pacific, and his village was one of two Mandan towns visited by the expedition on the journey up the Missouri in 1804-5. The other, Black Cat's Village, was on the L. bank of the river farther upstream. Lewis and Clark's Fort Mandan was built on the L. bank downstream from the Deapolis site, but the changing river channel has removed all trace of the fort, and Black Cat's Village has never been definitely located (_see Tour 3_).

South of Deapolis is the SITE OF FORT CLARK TRADING POST (R), for which the present village of FORT CLARK (1,726 alt., 46 pop.), downstream =1.5 m.=, is named. The post, a well stockaded fort 132 x 147 ft., was built in 1829 by James Kipp for the American Fur Co. and named for William Clark of the Lewis and Clark expedition. Because of its flourishing trade with the Mandans it was for several years second only to Fort Union in Missouri importance, but it was closed during the smallpox epidemic of 1837, and a few years later was abandoned by the company. The Arikara Indians reoccupied the site in the 1850's in their migration up the Missouri. Today there are slight excavations and scars marking the outline of the fort stockade walls, and traces of the Indian habitation.

Scorched Village, according to Hidatsa legend, had its locale near the present city of WASHBURN (L) (_see Tour 3_), but the Indians say that the site of the legendary village has been swallowed by the ever-shifting channel of the river.

The river passes WILDWOOD LAKE and the PAINTED WOODS (L) (_see Side Tour 3B_), and the town (R) of SANGER (1,712 alt., 70 pop.), named for its first settlers, C. H. and George Sanger. (_Camp can be made in vicinity of town; L. bank more accessible_.)

The route passes (R) the post office of PRICE (1,700 alt., 10 pop.), named for William Price, the first homesteader in the vicinity. Price is on the northern slopes of the flat-topped formations known as SQUARE BUTTES (_see Side Tour 3B_). Below these bold buttes is (L) DOUBLE DITCH INDIAN VILLAGE STATE PARK (_see Side Tour 3B_), and a short distance below that the route passes (R) the mouth of SQUARE BUTTE CREEK (see _Side Tour 8D_).

The resting place of the last physical traces of steamboating on the upper Missouri, ROCK HAVEN (R), is passed almost in sight of the black steel link of railroad bridge spanning the river near Bismarck. The advent of the railroad spelled the decline of river traffic, but before its coming Rock Haven was a river drydock and boat yard, and today three old craft which have seen sporadic service in the last decade are resting on large skids, drawn up from the waters once churned by their paddle wheels.

On the high bluffs across the river below Rock Haven are the reconstructed earth lodges of the LOOKING VILLAGE (L) of the Mandans, below which is the mouth (L) of BURNT CREEK (_see Side Tour 3B_).

Termination of the =350 m.= voyage is made at Bismarck at a boat landing (L) reached just after passing under the N. P. Ry. Bridge. Downstream from the landing is the LIBERTY MEMORIAL BRIDGE over which passes US 10 (_see Tour 8_).

CHRONOLOGY

1682 La Salle, French explorer, by his _Procès Verbal_ claims part
of North Dakota drained by Missouri River for France.

1738 Pierre de la Verendrye, first white man to enter North
Dakota, visits Mandan Indians on Missouri.

1742 Verendrye's sons return to North Dakota while searching
for a western sea near high mountains.

1762 France transfers land claimed by La Salle to Spain.

1763 By Treaty of Paris England obtains title to part of State
drained by Mouse and Red Rivers.

1768 Jonathan Carver explores Northwest through the Red River
Valley for Provincial Government.

1797 David Thompson, English geographer, explores and maps
Mouse and Missouri River basins.

Charles Chaboillez of the North West Company establishes
first trading post in State at Pembina.

1800 Spain cedes American possessions back to France after adjustment
of territorial holdings.

Alexander Henry, Jr., opens fur-trading post at Park River.

1801 Alexander Henry, Jr., moves post to Pembina.

1802 March 12, first non-Indian child in State, a girl, born to
Pierre Bonza and wife, Negroes, at Henry's post at Pembina.

Charles le Raye explores western North Dakota while captive
of Brulé Sioux.

1803 Louisiana Purchase makes southwestern North Dakota part
of United States.

1804-5 Lewis and Clark, accompanied by Sakakawea, cross North
Dakota on journey to Pacific.

1807 In May, Manuel Lisa sets out from St. Louis in search of
suitable sites for trading posts along the Missouri River.

December 29, first white child in State born at Pembina.

1811 John Bradbury and Thomas Nuttall, English botanists, join
Astoria Overland Expedition up Missouri and Yellowstone
Rivers to Oregon.

1812 Selkirk colonists come to Pembina to make first attempt at
permanent white settlement in State.

1818 Father Dumoulin and Father Provencher open first church
in State, a Roman Catholic mission at Pembina.

First school, taught by William Edge, begun in connection
with this mission.

United States acquires eastern North Dakota by treaty with
England.

1820 Grasshopper plague destroys Red River Valley crops.

1822 Gen. W. H. Ashley and other explorers establish fur-trading
posts in Missouri Valley.

1823 Gen. Stephen H. Long survey expedition designates official
boundary between United States and Canada at point north
of Pembina.

Selkirk colonists evacuate Pembina and move to Canadian
soil.

1825 Gen. Henry Atkinson and Gen. Henry Leavenworth come up
Missouri to make treaties with Arikara and other Indians.

1828 American Fur Company builds Fort Union at mouth of
Yellowstone.

1831 Fort Clark built on Missouri by American Fur Company.

1832 _Yellowstone_, first steamboat to navigate Missouri in North
Dakota, makes voyage to Fort Union.

George Catlin, artist and explorer, visits Mandan Indians.

1833 Maximilian, Prince of Wied, conducts scientific expedition up
Missouri River.

1837 Smallpox epidemic nearly annihilates Mandan Indian tribe.

1839 John C. Fremont and Jean N. Nicollet lead first exploration
through central North Dakota.

Father Pierre Jean De Smet begins missionary work among
North Dakota Indians, and persuades Sioux, particularly
Hunkpapas, to participate in peace councils.

1842 Joseph Rolette opens American Fur Company post at Pembina.

1843 Rival post built at Pembina by Norman Kittson.

John James Audubon, naturalist, studies animal life in present
North Dakota.

1845 Bartholomew Berthold, representing American Fur Company,
founds post named for himself on Missouri River.

1848 Father George Belcourt opens mission fields in Pembina, Walhalla,
and Turtle Mountains.

Rev. Alonzo Barnard and James Tanner conduct first Protestant
church service in State at Pembina.

First printing press brought into North Dakota by Barnard.

1851 First North Dakota post office established at Pembina with
Norman Kittson postmaster.

Charles Cavileer brings settlers to Pembina from Minnesota
to form first permanent white agricultural colony in State.

First flour mill in State constructed at Walhalla by Father
Belcourt.

1853 Stevens survey sponsored by Federal Government to find
most advantageous route for railway to Pacific.

1857 Fort Abercrombie, first military post in North Dakota, established
on Red River.

1859 January 5, _Anson Northrup_, first steamboat on Red River,
starts trip from Fort Abercrombie to Winnipeg.

1860 Regular steamboat transportation on upper Missouri begins.

BARNES COUNTY
COURTHOUSE,
VALLEY CITY

_Photo by R. Kenneth McFarland_]

CAMP GATHERING, FORT YATES AGENCY

_Photo by Frank Fiske_]

SIOUX TIPIS

_Photo by Frank Fiske_]

SIOUX
HOOP DANCE

_Photo by Russell Reid_]

MAGPIE ROCK, KILLDEER MOUNTAINS

_Photo by Russell Reid_]

1861 Dakota Territory is officially organized.

President Lincoln appoints William Jayne first Governor of
Dakota Territory.

1862 First Territorial legislature meets in Yankton.

Refugees from Minnesota Massacre flee to Fort Abercrombie.
Little Crow and followers seek refuge with Sioux near
Devils Lake.

Capt. James L. Fisk guides parties across North Dakota to
Montana gold fields.

1863 January 1, Dakota Territory opened for homesteading.

Gen. Henry H. Sibley and Gen. Alfred H. Sully, sent out to
punish Sioux who participated in Minnesota Massacre, conduct
extensive campaign through North Dakota.

1864 In July, first North Dakota newspaper, the _Frontier Scout_,
issued at Fort Union.

General Sully supervises building of Fort Rice.

Immigrant party under Capt. James L. Fisk, besieged by
Sioux, builds Fort Dilts.

1866 Fort Buford established opposite mouth of Yellowstone.

1867 Fort Ransom, second of chain of forts for protection of immigrants
crossing the prairies, established on Sheyenne River
by Gen. A. H. Terry.

Forts Stevenson and Totten, and Fort Totten Reservation
established.

Treaty with Sisseton and Wahpeton Sioux cedes United States
rights to build roads and railroads across Indian lands.

1868 Sioux, influenced by Father De Smet, join peace council at
Fort Rice.

Laramie treaty defines reservation boundaries for Sioux, including
Standing Rock Reservation.

Joseph Rolette makes first North Dakota homestead entry,
filing on land in northwest part of Red River Valley.

1870 Fort Berthold Indian Reservation boundaries defined.

Treaty between Chippewa, Sioux, and whites at Fort Abercrombie
brings about permanent peace in eastern area.

1871 Northern Pacific Railway reaches Fargo.

First North Dakota telegraph line put in operation between
Fort Abercrombie and Winnipeg.

Whistler expedition begins survey of railway lines westward
through North Dakota.

1872 Fort Seward replaces Fort Ransom.

Fort McKeen, later named Fort Abraham Lincoln, built on
Missouri.

1873 Fort Abraham Lincoln built.

Bismarck becomes western terminus of Northern Pacific.

July 11, Col. C. A. Lounsberry publishes first issue of Bismarck
_Tribune_, State's oldest newspaper.

1874 United States Weather Bureau established as part of Camp
Hancock at Bismarck.

First newspaper in Red River Valley, the _Express_, printed
at Fargo.

Custer brings back report of gold in Black Hills.

1875 Era of bonanza farming is begun.

War Department permits white settlement on reservations in
violation of Laramie treaty, precipitating uprisings among
Sioux.

1876 May 17, Custer leaves Fort Abraham Lincoln for campaign
of the Little Big Horn.

June 25, Custer's immediate command annihilated by Sioux
at Battle of Little Big Horn.

1878 Fort Yates completed to succeed Fort Rice.

Ranching introduced in western North Dakota.

1880 James J. Hill begins building Great Northern Railway through
State.

Lignite mining opened in western North Dakota.

Military reserves in eastern and central parts of State thrown
open to homestead entry.

1881 Northern Pacific reaches Montana border.

1882 Great Northern completed through Red River Valley to
Canada.

Turtle Mountain Reservation established for Chippewa.

1883 Territorial capital moved from Yankton to Bismarck.

Jamestown Presbyterian College established.

University of North Dakota opens at Grand Forks.

Marquis de Mores opens packing plant at Medora.

Theodore Roosevelt comes to North Dakota for his health
and begins ranching near Medora.

First labor union in State formed at Bismarck.

1885 State hospital for insane opens at Jamestown.

Territorial prison, later State penitentiary, opens at Bismarck.

1886 Bank of Hamilton founded: later becomes first State bank.

1887 Treaty with Sioux allows white settlement on Standing Rock
Indian Agency.

1889 February 22, Congress passes enabling act.

July 4, State constitutional convention, held at Bismarck.

October 1, State constitution adopted.

November 2, President Harrison admits North Dakota to
statehood. John Miller takes office as first Governor.

November 19, first legislature meets at Bismarck.

1890 State Normal School opens at Valley City.

State Agricultural College opens at Fargo.

State Normal School opens at Mayville.

Andrew Burke elected Governor.

School for the Deaf opens at Devils Lake.

1891 Severe drought throughout State.

1892 Eli Shortridge, Democrat, elected Governor on fusion ticket
in reaction against railway interference in State politics.

1893 Industrial School at Ellendale (later State Normal and Industrial
School) established.

1894 Roger Allin, Republican, elected Governor.

1896 Frank Briggs, Republican, elected Governor.

1897 First free public library in State opens at Grafton.

Red River Valley flood causes severe damage.

1898 Governor Briggs dies. Lt. Gov. Joseph M. Devine completes
term.

Fred B. Fancher, Republican, elected to succeed Devine.

1900 Frank White, Republican, elected Governor.

1902 Governor White reelected.

1903 New Fort Lincoln built and garrisoned.

1904 State School of Science opens at Wahpeton.

School for the Feeble-minded (later Grafton State School)
opens at Grafton.

E. Y. Sarles, Republican, elected Governor.

1906 John Burke, only Governor of State to serve three terms,
elected on Democratic ticket.

1907 State School of Forestry opens at Bottineau.

1909 First State child labor law enacted.

State Library Commission created.

1912 L. B. Hanna, Republican, elected Governor.

1913 State Normal School opens at Minot.

1915 In February, Nonpartisan League organized.

1916 Lynn J. Frazier, first Nonpartisan Governor, elected.

1918 State Normal School opens at Dickinson.

Seven initiated amendments, basis of league platform, approved
by electorate.

1919 Bank of North Dakota organized.

Industrial Commission created.

1920 Recall measure passed.

April 29, contract awarded for building State mill and elevator
at Grand Forks.

1921 Governor Frazier recalled; succeeded by R. A. Nestos, I. V. A.
Republican.

1922 Former Governor Frazier elected United States Senator.

WDAY, first North Dakota radio station, opens at Fargo.

1924 Arthur G. Sorlie, Nonpartisan, elected Governor.

Gerald P. Nye appointed to fill United States Senate vacancy
caused by death of Sen. E. F. Ladd.

1927 Governor Sorlie dies in office; succeeded by Lt. Gov. Walter
Maddock.

1928 George F. Shafer, I. V. A. Republican, elected Governor.

Air mail service between Twin Cities and Winnipeg through
North Dakota inaugurated.

1929 Prolonged drought throughout Northwest begins.

1930 December 28, Capitol destroyed by fire.

1932 October 8, Vice President Charles M. Curtis dedicates cornerstone
of new $2,000,000 capitol building.

William Langer, Nonpartisan, elected Governor.

Prohibition clause of State constitution repealed.

1934 July 18, North Dakota Supreme Court holds Governor Langer
disqualified for office; Lt. Gov. Ole Olson becomes Acting
Governor.

1935 January 7, Thomas H. Moodie, Democrat, inaugurated Governor.

February 2, State Supreme Court declares Governor Moodie
ineligible; Walter Welford, Nonpartisan Lieutenant Governor,
becomes Acting Governor.

State Welfare and Planning Boards created.

1936 Langer defeats Welford for governorship, first Governor of
any State elected in the individual column of ballot.

Referendum legalizes sale of liquor in State.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

il. = illustrated

B. = bibliography

THE NATURAL SETTING

GEOGRAPHY

Wemett, William Marks. _Geography of North Dakota._ Fargo, Northern School Supply, 1929. 230 p. il. A travel sketch of North Dakota in textbook form.

GEOLOGY

Campbell, Marius R. _Guidebook to the Western United States._ Washington, Government Printing Office, 1915. 212 p. (U. S. Geological Survey, Bull. 611.) Part A, Northern Pacific Railway route, with a side trip to the Yellowstone Park.

Hard, Herbert A. _Soil and Geological Survey of North Dakota_; with a history of Barnes County by Katherine Hard, and a chapter on flora of North Dakota by Herbert F. Bergman. Bismarck, Tribune Publishing Company, 1912. o. p. 372 p. il. Sixth biennial report of the State agricultural college geologic survey.

Leonard, A. G. _North Dakota Geological Survey._ Bismarck, Tribune Publishing Company, 1906-27. o. p. V. 2, 3, 4, 5. Reports written and edited by the late Dr. Leonard while he was State geologist.

Leonard, A. G. _Bismarck Folio_. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1912. 8 p. il. (U. S. Geological Survey, Geologic Atlas of the U. S., Folio 181.)

Simpson, Howard E. _Geology and Ground Water Resources of North Dakota_. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1929. 312 p. (U. S. Geological Survey.) Contains, besides a general summary survey, a detailed description of each county.

Upham, Warren. _Glacial Lake Agassiz._ Washington, Government Printing Office, 1895. 658 p. il. (U. S. Geological Survey, v. 25.) A description of the glacier which once covered North Dakota, and the results it had upon the surface of the State; also tells of plant and animal life in the Red River Valley.

Willard, Daniel Everett and Hall, Charles M. _Casselton-Fargo Folio._ Washington, Government Printing Office, 1905. 9 p. il. (U. S. Geologic Atlas of the U. S., Folio 117.)

Willard, Daniel Everett. _Jamestown-Tower Folio, Jamestown, Eckelson and Tower Quadrangles._ Washington, Government Printing Office, 1909. 10 p. il. (U. S. Geological Survey, Geologic Atlas of the U. S., Folio 168.)

Willard, Daniel Everett. _Story of the Prairies._ St. Paul, Webb Publishing Company, 1909. 265 p. il. Study of geology and physical characteristics of the State by a former professor of geology at the agricultural college.

PALEONTOLOGY

Hornaday, W. T. _Tales from Nature's Wonderland._ New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1924. o. p. 235 p. il. Paleontology written for children. Also contains stories of strange animals on earth today.

Lucas, Frederic A. _Animals of the Past._ New York, printed for the American Museum of Natural History, 1916. 266 p. il. 4th edit. (Handbook Series No. 4.) An account in story form of some of the creatures of the ancient world.

Williams, Henry Smith. _Survival of the Fittest._ New York, Robert M. McBride and Company, 1932. 231 p. il. Vivid descriptions of some of the animals which once roamed the plains of North Dakota.

NATURAL RESOURCES

Burns and McDonnell Engineering Company. _Report of Missouri Dam and Diversion Project in North and South Dakota._ Minneapolis, 1933. For a discussion of the means of conservation of the water and soil resources of the State see pp. 23-25.

North Dakota. State Geological Survey. _Report on Clay Resources in North Dakota._ Grand Forks, 1906. 324 p. il. (Fourth Biennial Report.)

North Dakota. State Geological Survey. _Report on Lignite Resources in North Dakota._ Grand Forks, 1902. 262 p. il. (Second Biennial Report.)

North Dakota. State Planning Board. _Second Progress Report to National Resources Committee._ Bismarck, June 15, 1935. 3 v. in ms.

North Dakota. State Planning Board. _The Mineral Resources of North Dakota_; bentonite. University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, July 15, 1935. (Circular Report No. 6.) Dr. Irvin Lavine, Consultant.

North Dakota. State Planning Board. _The Mineral Resources of North Dakota_; gold. University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, July 10, 1935. (Circular Report No. 7.) Dr. Irvin Lavine, Consultant.

North Dakota. State Planning Board. _The Mineral Resources of North Dakota_; activated carbon. University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, July 1935. (Circular Report No. 9.) Dr. Irvin Lavine, Consultant.

North Dakota. University. Division of Mines and Mining Experiments. _Geology and Natural Resources of North Dakota._ Grand Forks, University Press, Jan. 1930. 79 p. (Departmental Bull. 11.) A brief description of the State with special references to the lignite and clay deposits.

FLORA

Bergman, Herbert Floyd. _Flora of North Dakota._ Bismarck, Tribune Publishing Company, 1917. o. p. 372 p. A technical study of plant life in North Dakota.