Chapter II: Part 2

_Harrison the Regicide--Lowle._--Thomas Willing, son of Joseph Willing and Anne Lowle (his second wife), married July 16, 1704, Anne Harrison, a grand-daughter of the Regicide. Charles (son of Thomas and Anne, born in Bristol, 1710) married Anne Shippen. One of their daughters married Sir Walter Stirling; and a {351} great-granddaughter (Miss Bingham) married Mr. Baring, afterwards Lord Ashburton. I should be obliged for information as follows:

1. Through what descent was Anne Harrison a descendant of the Regicide?

2. Is anything known of the Lowle family? Their arms were, "Sa., a hand grasping three darts argent."

T. BALCH.

Philadelphia.

_"Chair" or "Char."_--I am desirous of ascertaining the meaning of this term, as occurring frequently in the Cambridgeshire Fens. It is variously spelt, _chair_, _chaire_, _chare_, or _char_. In the Cambridgeshire dialect it may be remarked, _air_ or _are_ is pronounced as "ar." Thus, _upstairs_, _bare_, are "upstars," "bar." There is a Char Fen at Stretham, laid down in Sir Jonah Moore's Map (1663). There is also a Chare Fen at Cottenham; and at Littleport is a place called Littleport Chair. This last had the name at least as early as Edward II.'s reign; as in a description of a neighbouring fen, not later than that date, one boundary is "A le _chaire_ per Himmingslode usque Gualslode End." A friend who has searched the documents in the Fen Office at Ely on this subject for me, has been unable to discover the least clue to the meaning of the term.

At Newcastle-on-Tyne, a narrow street or passage between houses is called a _chare_; but there is nothing narrow about Char Fen, which was part of an open common. The course of the rivers at Littleport may be imagined to form a rude outline of a chair or seat; but this does not apply to the other instances in which the name occurs.

There are numerous local names in the fens, of which the history may be traced for some centuries, deserving investigation.

E. G. R.

_Aches._--I am aware that there is abundant proof of "aches" being a dissyllable when Shakspeare wrote, and long after; but I wish to know whether there is any _rhyme_ earlier than that in Butler, which fixes the pronunciation as _artches_.

S. S.

_Leeming Hall._--There was formerly a mansion somewhere between Liverpool and Preston, called Leeming Hall. Can any of the correspondents of "N. & Q." inform me if it still exists, and what is the name of the present owner? I should also be glad to have some information respecting the genealogy of the family of Leemings, who formerly lived there, or to learn the name and residence of some member of the family to whom I could apply for such information.

G.

_Caricature; a Canterbury Tale._--Many facts are recorded in the caricatures of the day, of which there is no other account. The reference of the following may be well known, but I should feel obliged by any of your correspondents explaining it. Fox, the Prince of Wales, and a third figure (?), are in a boat pushing off from shore, with Burke looking over a wall with a large bag in his hand. He says, "D----me, Charley, don't leave me in the lurch;" who replies, "Self-preservation is the first law of nature." His companions joining with "Push off, Charley, push off."

H.

_Perpetual Curates not represented in Convocation._--In _Lectures on Church Difficulties_, by the Rev. J. M. Neale, I find this statement:

"Under the old regime rectors and vicars were alone, generally
speaking, allowed a vote in the election of proctors, to the exclusion
from that privilege of even perpetual curates."--Lecture xi., p. 133.

I believe that this is correct, and that the curates spoken of as having their votes rejected in Day _versus_ Knewstubbs, were perpetual curates: but can some of your correspondents confirm this view by facts?

WM. FRASER.

Tor-Mohun.

_Dr. Whichcote and Dorothy Jordan._--In the preface to the edition of the plays of Wycherley and others, edited by Mr. Leigh Hunt, the following passage occurs:

"The two best sermons we ever heard (and no disparagement to many a
good one from the pulpit) were a sentence of Dr. Whichcote's against
the multiplication of things forbidden, and the honest, heart and soul
laugh of Dorothy Jordan."

I feel rather curious to read a sentence which is said to possess so much instruction.

[Greek: Xanthos].

_Moral Philosophy._--What English writers have treated of the obligation of oaths and promises, or generally of moral philosophy, between the Reformation and the time of Bishop Sanderson?

H. P.

_Shelley's "Prometheus Unbound."_--Can any of your correspondents, by conjecture or reference to the original MS., elucidate the meaning of the following passage, which occurs in Act II. Sc. 4. of this extraordinary poem? It sounds so sweetly that one cannot but wish it were possible to understand it.

"_Asia._ Who made that sense which, when the winds of spring
In rarest visitation, or the voice
Of one beloved heard in youth alone,
Fills the faint eyes with falling tears which dim
The radiant looks of unbewailing flowers,
And leaves this peopled world a solitude
When it returns no more?"

Shelley's mysticism is very often such as to render him unintelligible to ordinary readers, but it is combined here with a want of grammatical {352} connexion that makes obscurity ten times more obscure. I have not the least idea whether "fills" refers to "sense which," or to "voice;" but whichsoever it may belong to, it is evident that the other nominative singular, as also the plural "winds of spring," have no verbs, either expressed or understood, to govern. A line or two may have dropped out; but all editions as far as I am aware, give the passage as above. In Act I., at p. 195. line 7 of the edition of 1853, occurs a curious error (I presume of the press); Mercury, addressing the Furies, says:

"Back to your towers of iron,
And gnash beside the streams of fire, and wail
Your foodless teeth."

The having no food to put between one's teeth is no doubt a very sufficient cause for wailing, but still I think the passage would run better if "gnash" and "wail" exchanged places. How do other editions give it?

J. S. WARDEN.

_Turkish Language._--Are there any easy dialogues in the Turkish language, but in the English type, to be obtained; and where? If there be not, I think it would be desirable to publish some, with names of common objects, &c.

HASSAN.

* * * * *

Minor Queries with Answers.

_Illustrated Bible of 1527._--Can you inform me whether there is any Bible published in 1527 at Lyons, with Hans Holbein's cuts in it, and what engraver used this monogram, as I have a Bible of that date, the plates of which are almost fac-similes (some of them) of Holbein's cuts, which were published by Pickering? The date of the Bible is 1527.

"Impressa autem Lugduni per Jacobum Mareschall feliciter explicat, anno
nostri Salutis 1527."

L. S. C.

[Several editions of the Bible were printed in the early part of the
sixteenth century at Lyons, some of them ornamented with cuts from
designs similar to those of Holbein. Two or three from the press of
Mareschall are in the British Museum. We believe there were no Bibles
printed at Lyons in which it was acknowledged that the cuts were
designed by Holbein. The following notice of the monogram occurs in
_Dictionnaire des Monogrammes_, par F. Bruilliot, part i. p. 421., No.
3208.: "Cette marque, dont on ne connait pas la signification, se
trouve sur une copie d'une gravure en bois de Jean Springinklee,
representant l'enfant Jesus couche a terre, entoure de trois anges, et
adore par St. Joseph et par la Ste. Vierge. A droite au travers d'une
fenetre pres d'une colonne on remarque le boeuf et l'ane, et au milieu
du fond deux bergers dont l'un ote son chapeau. La marque est au bas a
gauche pres de l'habit de St. Joseph. Bartsch decrit l'original, _P.
Gr._ t. vii. p. 328., No. 51."]

_Heraldic Query._--Can you help me towards ascertaining the date and meaning of the following device, which I find upon an old picture-frame, the portrait once inclosed in which has long since been destroyed?

On a disk, of about six inches in diameter, are engraved the royal arms of Great Britain, without the harp, but with the Scots lion. You will at once perceive the peculiarity of this bearing, the harp and the lion having been added at the same time by James I. The leopards occupy the first quarter, the ground of which is semeed with _hearts_; the Scots lion the second, his feet resting upon a quaint band, which seems to occupy the place of the usual bordure. The three fleurs-de-lis, very much broadened, and taking almost the shape of crowns, occupy the places of the third and fourth quarters.

The only instance I can find of a single lion or leopard appearing upon a coin without the harp, is a coin (a half-florin) of Edward III., on the obverse of which appears a leopard crowned, with a banner of the arms of England fastened to his neck, and flowing back upon his shoulder.

RUDING.

Oxford and Cambridge Club.

[Our correspondent has wasted his ingenuity: the bearings are, first
quarter, Denmark, Or, semee of hearts gules, three lions passant
guardant. Second quarter, Norway, a lion crowned, or holding a Danish
battle-axe. In base Azure, three crowns, or two and one, Sweden.
Surmounted by the royal crown. See _Souverains du Monde_, t. iii.
p. 430.]

_Richard de Sancto Victorie._--In Anthony Mundy's _Successe of the Times_, under the head "Scotland," he says,--

"In this King Alexander's reign (1110) lived also the holy man, Richard
de Sancto Victorie, being a Scot borne, but lyving the more part of his
time at Paris, in Fraunce, where he died, and lieth buried in the Abbey
of S. Victorie, he being a brother of the same house."

Can you furnish any particulars of my countryman Richard?

PERTHENSIS.

[Richard, Abbot of St. Victor, was born in the reign of David I. After
such education as Scotland afforded, in polite literature, the sacred
Scriptures, and mathematics, the principal objects of his early
studies, he went over to Paris. Here the fame of Hugh, Abbot of St.
Victor, induced him to settle in that monastery, to pursue his
theological studies. In 1164, upon the death of Hugh, he was chosen
prior, which office he filled for nine years with great wisdom and
prudence. He died March 10, 1173, and was buried in that monastery. He
was the author of several treatises on subjects of practical divinity,
and on scripture criticism, particularly on the description of
Solomon's temple, Ezekiel's temple, and on the apparent contradictions
in the books of Kings and Chronicles. They were all published at Paris
in 1518 and 1540 in {353} two vols. folio, at Venice in 1692, at
Cologne in 1621, and at Rouen in 1650, which is reckoned the best
edition. A summary account of his works is given in Mackenzie's _Lives
and Characters of Writers of the Scots Nation_, vol i. p. 147., edit.
1708.]

_St. Blase._--In Norwich, every fifty years, the festival of Bishop Blase is observed with great ceremony. What connexion had he with that city?

W. P. E.

[Norwich formerly abounded with woolcombers, who still esteem Bishop
Blase as their patron saint, probably from the [Combe of Yren] with
which he was tortured previously to his martyrdom. "No other reason,"
says Alban Butler, "than the great devotion of the people to this
celebrated martyr of the Church, seems to have given occasion to the
woolcombers to choose him the titular patron of their profession; on
which account his festival is still kept by them with a solemn guild at
Norwich."]

* * * * *

Replies.

LEICESTER AS RANGER OF SNOWDON.

(Vol. ix., p. 125.)

In a note to Parry's _Royal Visits and Progresses in Wales_, p. 317., I find the following allusion to the circumstances mentioned in ELFFIN AP GWYDDNO'S Query regarding Leicester's Rangership of Snowdon, and the patriotic opposition offered to his oppressions. I regret I am unable to afford the desired information respecting the imprisonment of the Welsh gentleman in the Tower. Could not this be furnished by some of your readers who have access to public documents and records of the period? This imprisonment is not mentioned either in the account I append, or in a longer one to be found in Appendix XVI. vol. iii. of Pennant's _Tour in Wales_:

"Among the Welsh nobility who formed a part of her Majesty's household,
were Sir Richard Bulkeley, Bart., and Mrs. Blanche Parry, both of whom
seem to have been brought up in the court from their infancy, and,
consequently, in great esteem with her Majesty; so much so, that the
Earl of Leicester, the Queen's favourite, began to be jealous of Sir
Richard: and with a view of having him removed from court, he made an
attempt to have him accused, upon false evidence, of treason. With this
wicked design, the Earl of Leicester informed her Majesty that the
council had been examining Sir Richard Bulkeley, and that they found
him a dangerous person; that he dwelt in a suspicious corner of the
world, and should be committed to the Tower. 'What! Sir Richard
Bulkeley!' said the Queen; 'he never intended us any harm. We have
brought him up from a boy, and have had special trial of his fidelity;
ye shall not commit him.' 'We have the care of your Majesty's person,'
said the Earl, 'and see more and hear more of the man than you do: he
is of an aspiring mind, and lives in a remote place.' 'Before God!'
replied the Queen; 'we will be sworn upon the Holy Evangelists, he
never intended any harm.' And then her Majesty ran to the Bible, and
kissing it, said: 'You shall not commit him; we have brought him up
from a boy.' Sir Richard, however, was too high-minded to suffer such
an imputation to be laid to his character. He insisted on an inquiry;
during which it appeared, that Lord Dudley, Earl of Leicester, had been
appointed a ranger of the Royal Forest of Snowdon, which, in the
Queen's time, included some portion of Merioneth and Anglesey. This
nobleman's insolence to the inhabitants of the forest was more than
could be brooked. He tried to bring many freeholders' estates within
the boundary; juries were empannelled, but the commissioners rejected
their returns as unfavourable to the Earl. Those honest jurors,
however, persisted, and found a verdict for the country. But in the
year 1538, he succeeded by a packed jury, who appeared in his livery,
blue, with ragged staves on the sleeves; men who, after this nefarious
act, were stigmatised with the title of 'The Black Jury who sold their
country.' Sir Richard Bulkeley, who, with Sir William Herbert and
others, superseded a prior commission, resisted this oppression with
great firmness, and laid those odious grievances before the Queen,
whose regard for her loyal subjects in Wales was evinced by the
recalling of the first commission, by proclamation at Westminster, in
1579. The Earl being worsted, sought the life of Sir Richard by having
him charged as above. But this generous and patriotic nobleman, by his
excellent and manly conduct, overthrew every malevolent design of his
enemy; and came out of this fiery trial as clear as the pellucid
crystal of Snowdon."

R. E. G. C.

* * * * *

INMAN FAMILY.

(Vol. ix., p. 198.)

A SUBSCRIBER having challenged me by name to assist him in resolving his "historic doubts," I hasten to afford him what information I possess, conscious at the same time that I can add little or nothing that will materially aid him in his investigation.

First, then, as to Owen Gam. This name savours strongly of the leek, both Christian and surname being unequivocally British. _Gam_, in Welsh, signifies the "one-eyed;" we may conclude, therefore, that this gentleman, or one of his progenitors, had lost an eye in one of the frays common in bygone days, and so acquired the appellation of _Gam_. A SUBSCRIBER has omitted to give dates with his Queries, and thus leaves us in the dark as to the precise period he refers to; still, it may interest him to know that David Gam, a landed proprietor of some importance in Herefordshire, temp. Henry IV. and V., who had married the sister of Owen Glyndwr, was discovered in an attempt to assassinate his brother-in-law, the royal chieftain; and was, in consequence, arrested {354} and confined ten years in Owen's prison at Llansaintffraid. He was afterwards released; and distinguished himself, together with some near relatives, as Pennant relates, at the battle of Agincourt, where he fell, pierced with wounds, while assisting in the rescue of his royal master King Henry. Possibly, Owen Gam may have been a descendant of this half-hero, half-assassin.

Llewellyn Clifford, again, is a name strongly suggestive of its owner's connexion with Cambria. If A SUBSCRIBER has exhausted the resources of the Clifford pedigrees, it were, I suppose, useless to refer him to the ancestry of the defunct Earls of Cumberland; and especially to that part of it represented by Sir Roger de Clifford, of Clifford, co. Hereford, a famous soldier in the days of Henry III. and Edward I. He accompanied the latter monarch in his inroads into Wales, and fell in battle there, not far from Bangor, circa 1282-3, leaving several children; one of the younger of whom I conjecture to have been the father of the before-named Llewellyn Clifford. After having subjugated the country, we can easily fancy the conquerors perpetuating the event by naming certain of their posterity after the fallen prince Llewellyn.

As for Sir William de Roas (or Ros), A SUBSCRIBER is wrong in supposing his name to have been Ingman; for although he resided at Ingmanthorpe, co. York, his surname, in common with that of a long line of ancestry and descendants, was De Ros only. He was the grandson of Robert de Ros, the founder of the two castles, Werke and Hamlake, and one of the leaders of the baronial forces in their armed opposition to the tyrant King John.

Before closing this communication, I would suggest to A SUBSCRIBER, and to all others propounding genealogical Queries, the absolute necessity of affixing _dates_ to their inquiries in every possible instance; as nothing is easier than to go astray, sometimes for half-a-dozen generations, in fixing the identity of a solitary individual.

T. HUGHES.

Chester.

* * * * *

ROBERT DUDLEY, EARL OF LEICESTER.

(Vol. ix., pp. 105. 160.)

That this infamous man _did_ die of poison, is, I believe, the general opinion. The late Dr. Cooke Taylor has the following passage upon the subject, in his _Romantic Biography of the Age of Elizabeth_, vol. i. p. 115.:

"Nearly all the cotemporary writers assert that Leicester fell a victim
to poison; Naunton declares that he, by mistake, swallowed the potion
he had prepared for another person; and, as there can be no doubt that
the Earl was a poisoner of great eminence and success, the story is far
from being improbable. The Privy Council must have believed that his
death was not natural, for they minutely investigated a report that he
had been poisoned by the son of Sir James Crofts, in revenge for the
imprisonment of his father. Some suspicious circumstances were elicited
during the examination; but the matter was suddenly dropped, probably
because an inquiry into any one of the complicated intrigues of
Elizabeth's court would have involved too many persons of honour and
consequence."

Drummond of Hawthornden, in his _Notes of Conversations with Ben Jonson_, has the following curious note:

"The Earl of Leicester gave a bottle of liquor to his lady, which he
willed her to use in any faintness; which she, after his returne from
Court, not knowing it was poison, gave him, and so he died."

This is a strong confirmation of the statement given by Sir Robert Naunton.

In one of the many valuable notes appended by Dr. Bliss to the _Athenae Oxonienses_, is the following cotemporary narrative, copied from a MS. memoranda on a copy of _Leicester's Ghost_:

"The author (of the poem) hath omitted the end of the Earle, the which
may thus and truely be supplied. The Countesse Lettice fell in love
with Christopher Blunt, gent., of the Earle's horse; and they had many
secret meetings, and much wanton familiarity; the which being
discovered by the Earle, to prevent the pursuit thereof, when Generall
of the Low Countreys, hee tooke Blunt with him, and theire purposed to
have him made away: and for this plot there was a ruffian of Burgundy
suborned, who, watching him in one night going to his lodging at the
Hage, followed him and struck at his head with a halbert or battle-axe,
intending to cleave his head. But the axe glaunced, and withall pared
off a great piece of Blunt's skull, which was very dangerous and longe
in healinge: but he recovered, and after married the Countesse; who
took this soe ill, as that she, with Blunt, deliberated and resolved to
dispatch the Earle. The Earle, not patient of this soe greate wrong of
his wife, purposed to carry her to Kenilworth; and to leave here there
untill her death by naturall or by violent means, but rather by the
last. The Countesse also having a suspicion, or some secret
intelligence of this treachery against her, provided artificial meanes
to prevent the Earle; which was by a cordiall, the which she had no fit
opportunity to offer him till he came to Cornebury Hall, in
Oxfordshire; where the Earle, after his gluttonous manner, surfeiting
with excessive eating and drinking, fell soe ill that he was forced to
stay there. Then the deadly cordiall was propounded unto him by the
Countesse; as Mr. William Haynes, sometimes the Earle's page, and then
gentleman of his bed-chamber, told me, who protested hee saw her give
that fatall cup to the Earle, which was his last draught, and an end of
his plott against the Countesse, and of his journey, and of himselfe;
and soe--_Fraudis fraude sua prenditur artifex._"--_Athenae Oxon._, vol.
ii. col. 74, 75. note.

EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.

* * * * *

{355}

HARDMAN'S ACCOUNT OF WATERLOO.

(Vol. viii., p. 199.; Vol. ix., p. 176.)

I perfectly recollect reading, when a boy, a critique on this poem, and being much amused thereby. The critique appeared in the _Literary Gazette_ or _Athenaeum_, as well as I remember. I never saw the poem, but I recollect some of the lines quoted, which went nearly as follows:--

"The following morning, at break of day,
An orderly dragoon did come this way:
'Holloa! holloa! I say, give ear,
Is Adjutant Hardman quartered here?
Holloa! halloa! I am not wrong,
Is Adjutant Hardman here at home?'"

I merely quote from memory and hope, therefore, that any deviations from the original may be pardoned.

Lieutenant (Brevet Captain) Hardman, if not a first-rate poet, is a gallant soldier, and I rejoice to see his name in the _Army List_ for March, 1854. I cannot ascertain at what period he joined the army, but he was present at the cavalry engagements of Sahagun and Benevente, on December 20th and 27th, 1808, on the retreat of Sir John Moore's army to Coruna, for which he is decorated with a Peninsula medal. For his bravery as a non-commissioned officer he was promoted, May 19, 1813, to a cornetcy in the royal wagon train; and was transferred, August 12 following, to the 23rd Light Dragoons, and was same day appointed Regimental Adjutant of that corps. On the almost total change of officers that took place in the 10th Hussars, owing to the quarrels of Colonels Quentin and Palmer, Lieutenant Hardman succeeded Captain Bromley, on December 15, 1814, as Lieutenant and Adjutant in the corps in which he had commenced his military career; a sufficient proof of his having been a zealous, active, and efficient non-commissioned officer, when serving as such in the regiment. He embarked at Ramsgate with the service squadrons of his regiment in April, 1815, and landed at Ostend, whence the 10th regiment proceeded to Brussels: it was present at Quatre Bras, although not engaged with the enemy: and at Waterloo it behaved with the greatest gallantry, and lost two officers, nineteen soldiers, and fifty-one horses killed, in addition to six officers and twenty-six men wounded. Lieutenant Hardman's position as adjutant necessarily kept him in the vicinity of his commanding officers, Col. Quentin and Major Howard; therefore he was an eye-witness of poor Howard's death. Lieutenant Hardman received the Waterloo medal. The 10th Hussars landed at Ramsgate, from Boulogne, in January, 1816, and marched to Brighton, where Lieutenant Hardman resigned the adjutantcy, February 8, 1816, and exchanged to half-pay of the regiment, June 6, same year, since which period he has not served upon full pay.

G. L. S.

* * * * *

CHURCHES IN "DOMESDAY BOOK."

(Vol. viii., p. 151.)

A. W. H. says, "In the case of many parishes it is stated [in _Domesday Book_], that there was a church there: is it considered _conclusive_ authority that there was not one, if it is not mentioned in _Domesday Book_?" This question has, I doubt not, often engaged the attention of antiquaries; and I am somewhat surprised that the Query has elicited no reply. The conclusion has often been drawn that, no church being mentioned, none existed before the survey. It would appear this conclusion has been an erroneous one. In the last volume issued by the Chetham Society (_Documents relating to the Priory of Penwortham, and other Possessions in Lancashire of the Abbey of Evesham_, edited by W. A. Hulton, Esq.) that point is ably discussed; and as Mr. Hulton's views on a subject of so much interest cannot but be valuable, I venture to extract them, as worthy of a place in "N. & Q." He says:

"Donations of churches with tithes are made directly after the survey
of _Domesday_ was taken. And yet that survey is entirely silent as to
their existence. Similar omissions have given rise to doubts, whether
the institution of our parochial economy had been carried out to its
full extent previous to the Conquest, and whether we are not indebted
to the Normans for its full perfection. Such doubts are unfounded....
There is nothing in _Domesday_ to justify the doubts alluded to. A
consideration of the objects of that survey will dissipate them: the
purpose was principally financial. It was directed so as to obtain a
correct account of the taxable property within the kingdom. And it was
immaterial whether the proceeds were paid altogether to the owner, or a
definite portion was diverted into other channels. Therefore those
churches which were endowed only with tithes of the surrounding
districts, as Eccleston and Croston, Penwortham and Leyland, in Leyland
Hundred, and Rochdale and Eccles, in Salford Hundred, were unnoticed,
although the two first-named churches were granted by Roger de Poictou,
with their tithes and other appurtenances, to the Priory of Lancaster;
and the pages of the _Coucher Book of Whalley_ prove the two latter
churches to have existed at a date perhaps anterior to the Conquest.
But the case was different when a church was endowed with glebe-land.
Such a church appeared in the light of a landowner, and in that
character is its existence notified. Thus, in modern Lancashire, south
of the Ribble, the churches of Wigan and Winwick, Childwall, Walton,
Warrington, Manchester, Blackburn, and Whalley are expressly named in
_Domesday_, but invariably in connexion with the ownership of land. It
seems clear, therefore, that the silence of _Domesday_ cannot be urged
as a proof of the {356} non-existence of a church, or of the subsequent
grant of those rights and privileges by which its due efficiency is
maintained."--_Introd._, p. xxiii.

WM. DOBSON.

Preston.

* * * * *

MEMOIRS OF GRAMMONT.

(Vol. viii., pp. 461. 549.; Vol. ix., pp. 3. 204.)

"Ceste noble race de Grantmont."--_Brantome._

The following are some of the principal events in the life of the Chevalier de Grammont.

He was born in the year 1621, probably at the family seat of Bidache, in Gascony.

He was sent to the college at Pau in Bearn, the nearest university to the family residence. His studies here did not much benefit him; and although intended for the church, we find him at a later period actually highly commending the Lord's Prayer, and seriously inquiring by whom it was written. On his declining a clerical life, he was sent to the French army in Piedmont in 1643. He served under his brother, the Marshal, and the Prince de Conde; and was present at the three battles of Fribourg on the 3rd, 5th, and 9th Aug. 1644; and at that of Nordlinguen on the 3rd Aug. 1645. It was at the battle of Fribourg that the Prince de Conde, having failed in his first attack on the enemy, got off horseback, and placed himself at the head of the regiment of Conti, whilst all the officers and volunteers alighted also, amongst whom is mentioned the Chevalier de Grammont; and this reassuring the soldiers, they charged the enemy, who fled into a wood under favour of the approaching night. At Nordlinguen, the Marshal de Grammont was taken prisoner, and nearly murdered by the Germans, to revenge the death of their General, the great Mercy, who was slain in the battle. The Marshal was subsequently exchanged against Gen. Gleen.

In 1647 Grammont served again under his brother and the Prince de Conde in Spain: and in 1648 he was present with them at the battle of Lens on the 20th Aug., where the Archduke Leopold and General Beck were totally defeated in Flanders.

The troubles of the Fronde now commenced; and in the first instance Grammont zealously attached himself to the prince. In Dec. 1649, he tested the accuracy of the report that it was intended to assassinate the prince by sending his own coach with the prince's liveries over the Pont Neuf, to see what would occur. The result was, the coach was fired at; but, as no one was in it, the would-be assassins did no harm. During the imprisonment of the princes, Grammont, with others, joined the Spanish army which had advanced into Picardy, in consequence of the treaty the Duchesse de Longueville and Turenne had made with the King of Spain.

We do not find when Grammont left the prince's party; the prince himself admitted it was with honour. He seems to have connected himself with Gaston, Duke of Orleans; and is styled about this time by "la Grande Mademoiselle" as one of her father's gentlemen. She also relates that when the royal forces threatened Orleans, the inhabitants sent to the duke for succour, and he sent the Count de Fiesque and Mons. de Grammont, who appeased their fears. The duke also advised his daughter to take the opinion of Fiesque and Grammont in all matters, as they had been in Orleans long enough to know what ought to be done. When Mademoiselle was trying to effect an entrance into the city, Grammont incited the inhabitants to assist in breaking open a gate, which the authorities, under fear of the royal displeasure, were afraid to direct. The gate was broken open, and she was borne in triumph along the streets.

It was probably at this period that Grammont sighed for the Countess de Fiesque (about whom he, and his nephew the Count de Guiche, quarrelled); as Mademoiselle, in her _Memoirs_, relates that, in the year 1656, on her interview with Christina, Queen of Sweden, she presented to her, amongst others, the Countess de Fiesque, one of her ladies of honour. The Queen observed: "The Countess de Fiesque is not so beautiful as to have made so much noise; is the Chevalier de Grammont still in love with her?"

In 1654 Grammont accompanied the Court to Peronne; where they anxiously awaited Turenne's attempt to force the Prince de Conde's lines at Arras, as related in the _Memoirs_.

On the 25th Nov. 1655, Madame de Sevigne writes to Bussi-Rabutin, relating an anecdote in which Grammont was a party.

Madame de Motteville relates that Queen Christina rallied the Chevalier de Grammont on the passion he had then for the Duchesse de Mercoeur, one of Cardinal Mazarin's nieces; and spared him only on account of the utter hopelessness of it.

It is about this period we are inclined to place Grammont's first visit to England; where curiosity, Hamilton informs us, drew him to see so remarkable a character as Cromwell; but this visit will be a good starting-place for the next Number.

W. H. LAMMIN.

Fulham.

* * * * *

CELTIC AND LATIN LANGUAGES.

(Vol. viii., pp. 174. 280. 353.; Vol. ix., p. 14.)

"Professor F. W. Newman, in his little work entitled _Regal Rome_,
maintains that the old languages of Italy, especially the Umbrian and
Sabine, contained a striking predominance of Celtic ingredients, and he
wishes to show that this is still evident even in the Latin of Cicero.
His proof rests on vocabularies (pp. 19--26.), especially in regard to
the military, political, and {357} religious words which he supposes
the Romans derived from the Sabines (p. 61.). With regard to these
lists, I have to observe, that while all that is valid in the
comparison merely gives the Indo-Germanic of the Celtic languages--a
fact beyond dispute--Mr. Newman takes no pains to discriminate between
the marks of an original identity of root, and those words which the
Celts of Britain derived from their Roman conquerors."--Donaldson's
_Varronianus_, p. 64.

"It is to be remarked, that almost _all the words_ of the British
tongue agree either with the Greek or Latin. It is this strong
similarity of features between their own language and those of Greece
and Italy, that has induced so many of my countrymen to claim for it
the honour of being the mother-tongue of all, and to scorn all
examination which did not commence with this confession. Even the late
learned Dr. Owen Pugh has, in his _Dictionary_, by arbitrarily
selecting certain syllables as the roots of all Cumrian words, done
much to foster this overweening conceit. The system was carried to its
extreme point of absurdity by the Rev. Edward Davies, who by the help
of such syllables expected to unravel the mysteries of all languages.
This failure has I hope paved the way for the more sober consideration
of the question, which, if worked out fairly, will in my opinion
establish the claim of the Cumrian tongue, if not to be the mother of
all tongues, at least to be a valuable branch of the Caucasian tree of
languages. Now, had the two races, the Roman and Cumrian, remained
always separate, a comparative etymology would have been an easy task;
for no more would be necessary than to put the similar roots, having
the same meaning, side by side. But, unfortunately for the scholar who
undertakes to prove the question, the Romans were in this island four
hundred years, colonised it partly, and partly gave it their own form
of civilisation. As before mentioned, the inhabitants adopted with
avidity the Roman dress, language, and literature. That language must
therefore be supposed to have entered deeply into the composition of
the present Cumrian tongue. The sceptical examiner may therefore
reasonably object, that any similarity between the two languages might
have originated in the adoption of that of Rome by the British
provincials. In answer to this I refer in the first place to Lloyd's
reasoning, quoted in the note," viz. that the same similarity exists
between the Latin and the Erse [see Newman, in the _Classical Museum_,
vol. vi.]. "In the second place to the fact, that Wales and Cornwall do
not appear to have been occupied, like the rest of England, by the
Romans."... "Still, however, the long residence of the Romans in the
island, with the known influence always produced by such a state of
things, renders every statement grounded on the similarity alone of the
languages of the two races, the conquered and the conquerors, liable to
suspicion. I have therefore been compelled to enter upon an exceedingly
difficult investigation, which, if successful, must prove the radical
identity of the Latin and Cumrian tongues. The proof is this: If there
are derivative words in the Latin, of which we must seek the primitives
in the Cumrian, and if these primitives be shown to furnish an
explanation of many words before inexplicable on etymological
principles. For example, if the word 'to tread' under various forms be
found, with the meaning 'to trample with the feet,' in most of the
western languages of Europe, and have no noun to base itself upon in
these languages, and yet the noun 'traed the feet' be found in one of
them, the inference is irresistible that the verb in all its forms was
derived from this root. To deny this would be equivalent to a denial
that the Latin verb _calcare_ came from _calx_, 'the heel.' In the
following list, such words alone, with a few exceptions for the sake of
etymological illustration, have been introduced. It might have been
indefinitely extended, but the difficulty was to confine the examples
within moderate limits."--Williams on _One Source of the Non-Hellenic
Portion of the Latin Language_.[2]

This eminent scholar supplies sixty-two, with explanatory notes, and subjoins a list of sixty-three. Under the example "Occo, occare, _to harrow_," he observes:

"Persons who wish to draw subtle inferences say that all the terms of
the Romans connected with agriculture may be referred to a Greek
source, while the terms expressive of war and hunting are non-Hellenic.
The induction fails completely in both parts, as might easily be shown.
When Caesar landed in Britain, the natives were agriculturists, densely
planted. And Halley proved, that the harvest which Caesar's soldiers
reaped had ripened at the average period of a Kentish harvest in his
days. Assuredly then the Britons had not the agricultural names to
learn from the Romans of an after age."

"I begin," says Newman, "with the country and domestic animals, which
will show how very far from the truth Niebuhr was, when he imagined
that in words connected with 'the gentler pursuits of life' the Roman
language has peculiarly extensive agreement with the Hellenic."

When your correspondent T. H. T. says--

"Professor Newman, in his _Regal Rome_, has drawn attention to the
subject; but his induction does not appear sufficiently extensive to
warrant any decisive conclusion respecting the position the Celtic
holds as an element of the Latin,"--

he could not have known that the same writer has, in the sixth volume of the _Classical Museum_, continued the comparison at great length; and as that work falls into the hands of but few, I shall transcribe some passages which may throw light on the subject:

"It has for some years been recognised, at least by several English
scholars, that there is a remarkable similarity between the Celtic
languages and Latin. In the case of Welsh it was, I believe, at first
supposed that the words must have been introduced by the Roman dominion
in Britain; but when the likeness was found to exist in the Erse, and
that the Erse was even more like to Latin (as regards the consonants)
than the Welsh is, this idea of course fell to {358} the ground. The
scholar and physiologist, who pressed into notice the strong
similarities of the Celtic to the European languages, and claimed a
place for Celtic within that group, Dr. Prichard, has naturally fixed
his attention with so much strength on the _primitive_ relations of all
these tongues, as to be jealous and suspicious of an argument, which
alleges that the one has borrowed from the other. Some ten years ago,
by his favour, I read a MS. of a vocabulary (the composition of Dr.
Stratton, formerly of Aberdeen), which compared the Gaelic with the
Latin tongue in alphabetical order without comment or development. From
this vocabulary Prichard gives an extract in his chapter on the Italian
nations, and finds it entirely to confirm his views that the Roman
language has not suffered any larger admixture by a foreign action.
What is or was Dr. Stratton's opinion, I never heard. His vocabulary
first suggested to me the value of this inquiry, and that is all.
Having now been led to a fuller examination of the Welsh and Gaelic
dictionaries, I find not only a far greater abundance of material
(especially in the Welsh) than I could have imagined; but also, that by
grouping words aright, conclusions result such as I had not expected,
and adverse to those of Dr. Prichard."

Professor Newman, as T. H. T. has observed, confined himself to a tabular view of Celtic and Latin words; but the grammatical structure and formal development of the two languages have not been overlooked in the philological literature of England. These interesting inquiries have been pursued by Dr. Prichard, in his elaborate treatise on the _Eastern Origin of the Celtic Nations_, and the Rev. W. D. Conybeare, (in his _Theological Lectures delivered in Bristol College in 1831-33_) has shown that it is by thus analysing the grammatical structure, which forms the very skeleton of languages, rather than by confining our attention to mere vocabularies, that we may best detect their true affinities, and has illustrated this doctrine by a few Welsh examples. In the _West of England Archaeological Journal_ is exhibited (I believe by the same author) the identity of verbal forms in the Welsh and Latin languages.

Nevertheless, Archdeacon Williams maintains that two languages may have a common vocabulary, but different grammars[3]:

"The Latin language, whether from Pelasgic or Achaean influence, adopted
at an early period the Hellenic grammar; and, under the skilful hands
of the bilingual Ennius, became that polished interpreter of thought,
which yields in regularity and majesty to the Greek alone. The Cumri
either retained, which is more probable, a still more ancient, or
invented a grammar, now peculiar to themselves. This, although it be
simple and scientific in the highest degree, is so completely at
variance with all the other grammars of the civilised world, that
scholars who have to acquire it late in life feel the strongest
repugnance to its forms and principles, and are tempted to regard a
language more fixed and unchangeable in its principles than any other
existing, as more slippery and grasp-escaping than the Proteus of the
Grecian mythology."

Since I wrote these extracts, I have been much gratified by the perusal of Archdeacon Williams's _Gomer_, which I recommend to all interested in this inquiry.

BIBLIOTHECAR. CHETHAM.

[Footnote 2: In _Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh_, vol. xiii.]

[Footnote 3: In his _Gomer_ he shows that the Latin and Cymraeg display great similarity in the tenses of the substantive verb.]

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

_Box Sawdust for Collodion._--The following will be of some use to your photographic readers:

I find that, by treating box sawdust with nitric and sulphuric acid (in the same manner as cotton), and then dissolving it in ether, it gives a far more sensitive collodion than either cotton or paper, and the pictures produced by it are of unequalled brilliancy.

Can you inform me whether portraits can be taken _for sale_, by the collodion process, without infringing upon the patents?

CHAS. WHITWORTH.

Henrietta St., Birmingham.

_Proportions of Chlorides and Silver._--I trust you will allow me space in your valuable work for some remarks in reference to an important photographic query, viz. What are the proportions of chlorides and silver uniformly suited to give the best positive pictures?

I am led to propose this subject for the consideration of practical photographists, and, if possible, that amateurs may arrive at something like a rule to guide them in printing positives that will please.

The necessity of these remarks, to me at least, appear very evident from the wide space which stands between the proportions proposed by various operators. MR. LYTE, "N. & Q.," Vol. ix., p. 158., says 42 grains of chloride and 100 grains of silver to 1 oz. of water. MR. POLLOCK, "N. &Q.," Vol. vii., p. 588., says 20 grains chloride, and 90 grains of silver to the ounce. MR. HOCKIN has 10 grains chloride, silver 60. MR. DELAMOTTE, for albumenized paper, chloride 60 grains, silver 120. MR. THORNTHWAITE begins as low as chloride 1/2 grain, and silver 30 grains; and lastly, amidst a long range of proportions, from 1 grain of chloride to the ounce, and silver 20 grains to the ounce, DR. DIAMOND, a great authority in photography, assures all that the best results can be obtained by using of chloride 5 grains to the ounce, and of silver 40 grains to the ounce. If so, let the photographic world know that the latter proportions are sufficient, and the others needless, wasteful, and expensive without cause. I trust you agree with me in thinking that it would be of use to a large number of beginners to have the proportions best suited for printing positives defined as near as possible, and not be left to guess at proportions varying from 1/2 grain to 60 grains, and from 20 to 120. I have written hurriedly, and hope you will see the object I aim at.

AMATEUR.

{359}

_Photographic Copies of Rembrandt._--The extreme rarity and great pecuniary value of many of Rembrandt's finest etchings are doubtless well known to many of our readers, as being such as to put these master-pieces of art beyond the reach of ordinary purchasers. This series of works, calculated beyond all others of their kind to delight the possessor, will however, thanks to photography, soon be obtainable by all admirers of the great master. Two distinguished French photographers, the brothers MM. Bisson, have succeeded in obtaining, by means of this wonderful art, copies of a fidelity attainable by no other process: so that the wondrous lights, shades, half-tones, and chiaro-obscuro, for which Rembrandt is so remarkable, are preserved in all their original beauty. The plates will be accompanied by descriptive letter-press, and by a Biography of Rembrandt from the pen of M. Charles Blanc. As the works are so numerous, the first series will consist of forty plates, to be issued in ten livraisons, each containing four plates, price twenty francs; a very moderate sum, if we remember that among the works thus to be issued, at a cost of five francs each, will be found copies of such gems as the _Avocat Tolling_ and the _Piece de Cent Florins_.

_Coloured Photographs._--I have lately seen, and very much admired, some specimens of photographic coloured portraits. They have all the broad effect of the great masters perfectly in detail, and none of the niggling effect of many coloured photographs, which are in fact specimens of miniature painting rather than photography--the outline alone being given by the photographic art. The specimens I refer to appear to have been soaked in oil, or some transparent varnish, and then coloured in separate tints, probably from the back; the shadows being _entirely_ photographic. It is evident they are quickly and easily executed; but I am desirous of knowing the exact process, and shall be much obliged for information on the subject.

AN AMATEUR.

* * * * *

Replies to Minor Queries.

_Dr. Eleazar Duncon_ (Vol. ix., pp. 56. 184.).--Dr. Eleazar Duncon, and his brother Mr. John Duncon, are mentioned in Barnabas Oley's Preface to George Herbert's _Country Parson_, as having "died before the miracle of our happy Restoration." There was another brother, Mr. Edmund Duncon, rector of Fryarn Barnet, in the county of Middlesex; sent by Mr. Farrer to visit George Herbert, during his last illness.

E. H. A.

_Christian Names_ (Vol. vii., pp. 406. 488. 626.).--The earliest instance I have yet met with, of an individual with two Christian names, occurs in the compulsory cession of the Abbey of Vale Royal to King Henry VIII.; the deed conveying which is still extant in the Augmentation Office. It is in Latin, and signed by John Harwood the Abbot, Alexander Sedon the Prior, _William Brenck Harrysun_, and twelve other monks of the Abbey. Vale Royal Abbey is now the seat of Lord Delamere, into whose family it came by purchase in 1616, from the descendant of Sir Thomas Holcroft, the original grantee from the crown.

T. HUGHES.

Chester.

I send you a much earlier instance of two Christian names than any that has hitherto been given in your pages. Henry Prince of Wales, son of King Henry IV., was baptized by the names Henry Frederick. Vide Camden's _Remains_, 4to., 1605. I have not a reference to the page.

C. DE D.

_Abigail_ (Vol. iv., pp. 424., &c.; Vol. viii., p. 653.).--Your recent correspondents on this subject do not appear to have met with the passage in which I mentioned, that since putting the question, I had found that a waiting-maid in Beaumont and Fletcher's comedy of _The Scornful Lady_ was named Abigail; and that, as the play appeared to have been a favourite one, the application of the name to the class generally was probably owing to it. In the absence of any proof of its having been previously used in this sense, I still continue to think that this conjecture was well founded. Considering the terms on which Dean Swift was with the Mashams, he was the last person in the world to have used such a term, unless it had been so long in familiar use as to be deprived of all appearance of personal allusion to them.

J. S. WARDEN.

"_Begging the question_" (Vol. viii., p. 640.).--This phrase is identical with that of "petitio principii," a figure of speech well known both to logicians and mathematicians, _i. e._ assuming a point as proved, and reasoning upon it as such, which has in fact not been proved.

J. S. WARDEN.

_Russian Emperors_ (Vol. ix., p. 222.).--I am informed by a late resident in Russia that the rumour to which MR. CROSFIELD refers has no foundation. I am farther informed, however, that after a twenty-five years' reign the monarch has even more absolute and despotic authority than before the lapse of that time. I hope this subject may be well ventilated, as considerable misapprehension exists about it.

JOHN SCRIBE.

_Garble_ (Vol. ix., p. 243.).--Your correspondent E. S. T. T. was mistaken when he said that the "corrupt" meaning of the word _garble_ is now the only one ever used. In proof of this I would give one instance, familiar to me, in which it still retains its "good" signification. In "working" cochineal, spices, and other similar merchandise at the warehouse in which they are stored upon their arrival in this country, the operation of {360} sifting and separating the good from the bad is termed _garbling_: the word being here employed in the very same sense as in the examples quoted by E. S. T. T., illustrative of its original meaning, and which sense he erroneously stated it no longer possessed.

R. V. T.

Mincing Lane.

I cannot agree with your correspondent E. S. T. T., that a corruption of meaning has taken place in this word; and that whereas it originally meant a selection of the good and a discarding of the bad parts of anything, its present meaning, is exactly the reverse of this. Its original signification is correctly stated: the garbling of spices, drugs, &c., meant the selection of the good and the rejection of the bad. But the garbling of a passage cited as a testimony is a precisely analogous process. The person who garbles the passage omits those parts which can be used against his view, and adduces only those parts which support his conclusion. He selects the parts which are good, and rejects those which are bad, _for his purpose_. When a passage is said to be garbled, it is always implied that the person who quotes it has suppressed a portion which tells against himself; but that portion is, so far as he is concerned, the _bad_, not the _good_ portion. The secondary and metaphorical is therefore precisely analogous to the primary and literal sense of the word, and not the reverse of it.

L.

_Electric Telegraph_ (Vol. ix., p. 270.).--As every new attempt to improve this invaluable invention, and to extend its use, is of world-wide importance, the following extract from _La Presse_, a French newspaper of March 23rd, will excite inquiry:

"On ecrit de Berne, le 17 Mars, MM. Brunner et Hipp, directeurs des
telegraphes electriques de la Suisse, viennent d'inventer un appareil
portatif a l'aide duquel, en l'appliquant a un point quelconque des
fils telegraphiques, on peut transmettre une depeche. L'essai de cet
appareil a ete fait a deux lieues de Berne, dans un lieu ou il n'existe
aucune section de telegraphie."

The writer goes on to say that the experiment had been tested with success on the lines to Zurich, Basle, Geneva, &c.

J. MACRAY.

Oxford.