Chapter I: Front Matter

[Transcriber's note: Original spelling variations have not been standardized. Underscores have been used to indicate _italic_ fonts. A list of volumes and pages in "Notes and Queries" has been added at the end.]

NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION

FOR

LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.

VOL. V.--No. 126. SATURDAY, MARCH 27. 1852.

Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition, 5_d._

CONTENTS.

Page

NOTES:--

Pilgrimages to the Holy Land 289

Surnames 290

License to make Malt in 1596, by Julius Partrige 291

Where Lollard was buried, and what became of his
Bones 292

Dean Swift's Library 292

Folk Lore:--Churching of Women--Wassailing Orchards
in Sussex--Lucky Omens--Lambs--Key
Experiments 293

Minor Notes:--Rhymes connected with Places--French
Dates--"Black Book of Scone"--Cracked Glass--Spanish
Verses on the Invasion of England 293

QUERIES:--

Legal Worthies, Queries respecting 294

Town Halls, by J. H. Parker 295

Minor Queries:--Chasseurs Britanniques--Knights Templars
and Freemasons--St. Christopher--Arnold Bilson's
Wife--Exeter Controversy--Education in the Time of
Elizabeth--Sword swallowing--Livy quoted by
Grotius--Eleanor, Lady of the Ring--Catalogue of
Pictures--"Well bobbit, Blanch of Middleby"--Letter
to a Brigadier-General--Dr. Fell--Grostete, Bishop
of Lincoln--Almas-cliffe--Amyclæ--Cynthia's Dragon
Yoke--London Genealogical Society--The Article "An"--Black
Gowns and Red Coats--Coleridge's "Friend"--Wycherley's
Verses on Plowden and Lady Sunderland 295

MINOR QUERIES ANSWERED:--"Salusbury Welsh Pedigree
Book"--The Earl of Erroll--Heraldic--Family of
Grey--Coinage of Richard III.--Edward Bagshaw--Couched,
to couch--Marriage of Mrs. Claypole 297

REPLIES:--

Original Letter of General James Wolfe 298

Earl of Chepstow 300

Deaths from Fasting 301

Burning Fern brings Rain 301

The Fish called "Vendace" 302

Macaronic Poetry 302

Replies To Minor Queries:--Cooper's Miniatures of
Cromwell--The Vellum-bound Junius--Sept--Many
Children--Hog's Norton--Cromwell's Skull--Eliza
Fenning--Hexameter on English Counties--Fairest Attendant
of the Scottish Queen--Ecclesiastical Geography--Llandudno,
on the Great Orme's Head--"Wise above that which is
written"--Nightingale and Thorn--Friday at Sea--Latin
Names of Towns--Gospel Trees--Gospel Oaks--"He that runs
may read"--Wild Oats--Portrait of Mrs. Percy--Traditions
of a Remote Period; the Chamberlaine Family--St.
Bartholomew--John Rogers, Protomartyr; Descendants
inquired for--English Translation of the Canons--"Arborei
foetus alibi," &c.--Horn-blowing--"God's Love"--Plague
Stones--Melody of the Dying Swan--Cimmerii--Stoke--King's
College Chapel Windows--Quotation wanted--Showing
the White Feather--John Lord Berkeley--History of
Commerce--Game of Curling--Ancient Trees--Paring the
Nails, &c. 303

MISCELLANEOUS:--

Books and Odd Volumes wanted 309

Notices to Correspondents 310

Advertisements 310

Notes.

PILGRIMAGES TO THE HOLY LAND.

In an article in the _Retrospective Review_ (2nd Series, vol. ii. p. 234.) it is stated that the first book ever printed concerning Pilgrimages to the Holy Land was the _Peregrinatio Bernhardi de Breydenbach_, Moguntiæ, 1486; and in the Preface to the _Pylgrymage of Sir Richard Guylforde to the Holy Land in 1506_, lately published by the Camden Society, the learned editor remarks that the work of Bernhard de Breydenbach, _Opus transmarinæ Peregrinationis ad venerandum et gloriosum Sepulchrum dominicum in Jherusalem_ (fol. Mogunt. 1486), is believed to be the first book of travels that was printed. Having by me notes of five works printed earlier than that of Breydenbach just mentioned,--and all of these, with one exception, being Pilgrimages to the Holy Land,--I forward them for publication in "N. & Q.," and probably some of your correspondents may be able to add to the list.

1. _Ludolf von Suchen ("Ludolphus parochialis ecclesiæ in Suchen rector"), De terra sancta et itinere Jhierosolymitano._--Three undated editions, but in all probability printed before 1480, are mentioned in Brunet's _Manuel du Libraire_. A German translation, entitled, _Von dem gelobten Land vnd Weg gegen Iherusalem_, was published at Augsburg in 1477 in 4to. The author travelled about the year 1340. "His journal," observes Dr. Robinson (_Biblical Researches in Palestine_, iii. p. 11.), "is written with great simplicity, and has something of the marvellous; but is decidedly the best itinerary of the fourteenth century."

2. _Marco Polo_, the celebrated Eastern traveller, wrote an account of his peregrinations in Italian, about the year 1300. A German translation was printed at Nuremberg as early as 1477, with the following title: _Hie hebt sich an das Puch des edeln Ritters vnd Landtfarers Marcho Polo; in dem er schreibt die grossen wunderlichen Ding dieser Welt_. (In folio.)

3. _Sir John Mandeville._ Both French and Italian editions of the well-known "Marvaylous Travailes" of this worthy knight were printed in 1480. (See Brunet _ut supr._)

4. _Santo Brasca_, a gentleman of Milan, made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1480, of which he wrote a journal in Italian, and published it the following year at Milan. Brunet gives the title as follows: _Tutto il suo Itinerario di giorno in giorno al sanctissima cita di Jerusalem nell' anno 1480_, 4to. This is a very curious and rare book, written in simple and natural style; and at the end of which are "Instructioni a ciascuno che desidra fare questo sanctissimo viagio," and two prayers in verse: "1. Oratione per sancto brascha fatta a piedi nudi in Monte Calvario a di 29 Julij, 1480: 2. Oratione facta in la vale de Josaphat a la sepultura de la Vergene Maria."

5. _Johann_ or _Hans Tucher_, a counsellor (_Rathsherr_) of Nuremberg, undertook a pilgrimage to Jerusalem and Mount Sinai in the year 1479, in company with Balthasar, Duke of Mecklenburg, and two of his fellow-citizens. The title of his itinerary in Brunet is, _Wallfart und Reise in das gelobte Land_. Such was its popularity that it passed through two editions in the same year (1482); the one appearing at Augsburg, in folio; the other, corrected by the author, at Nuremberg, in 4to. (Vide Will's _Nürnbergisches Gelehrten-Lexicon_.) The work is, however, very rare. In it full directions are given for the guidance of all such as might thereafter be disposed to venture forth with scrip and staff on these pious but somewhat perilous expeditions.

Referring again to Breydenbach, Dr. Kitto (no mean authority) is of opinion that the account which goes under his name was written by the Dominican monk Felix Faber, who was Breydenbach's secretary and companion in the journey. (See Kitto's _Physical History of Palestine_, p. 9.)

PEREGRINE A.

SURNAMES.

The subject of surnames has more than once been referred to in the pages of "N. & Q.," and it may assist those of your readers who have investigated the question of their origin and use, to offer them the following examples of peculiar forms of personal designation which occur in certain of the more ancient public muniments of the city of Norwich.

It is the opinion of Camden, Du Cange, Pegge, Sharon Turner, and other writers, that the custom of appropriating a permanent appellation to particular families, became fully established in this country at the period (sooner or later) of the Norman Conquest. The instances, however, exhibited below, prove that such custom was not, at any rate, universally prevalent at that time amongst us. And, indeed, whatever might have been the case in reference to "the high men of the lond," it is very certain that surnames, properly so called, were not completely adopted by the mass of the people until the close of the fourteenth century.

But as the intention of this Note is simply to adduce original examples of individual designations, without inquiring into the circumstances attending their acquisition, or pointing to the causes, obvious enough for the most part, to which their various after-changes and modifications are to be attributed, the subject calls for no other general remark, except, perhaps, as to the prefixes "Le"[1] and "De," which, it may be noticed in passing, are, though not _constantly_, as is commonly asserted, attached to names in records of an older date than the time of Edward IV., when they began to fall into desuetude.

[Footnote 1: This prefix was occasionally in Cheshire, and in the
North with few exceptions, contracted into "A," as Thomas à
Becket, Thomas à Dutton, &c.]

With these introductory observations are now given, from the source above indicated,--

I. Examples of sons bearing a name different to that of their fathers:--

"1230. Will. fil. Silvestri, als. Will. Silvestre, fil. Silvestri
Pudding de Holmestrete;

"1232. Joh. de Worthestede, Tannator, fil. Simonis le Spencer;

"1239. Sim. Pellipar (Pelter, or Skinner), fil. Ranulph. le
Furmag. de N.;

"1242. Will. Pryse, fil. Clementis Mayne de N.;

"1249. Walt. de Swathingg de N. Aurifaber, fil. Joh. de
Birlingham;

"1273. Rob. Leck, fil. Add. de Tifteshale;

"---- Rad. fil. Willi de Castelaire (Castleacre) qui vocatur Rads.
de Lenn (Lynn);

"1333. Rycard de Byteringe, fil. Johis le Yunge (Ling), Ballior;

"1334. Joh. del Stonhous, fil. Ad. de Storston, Clici, C. N.

"1354. Willm. de Bernham, fil. Adam. del Sartyn defti."

Attention is requested to the last entry but one of this list; and it may be further mentioned, in reference to it, that sub ann. 1270 occurs this notice:

"Adam _le Clerk_ de Stirston et Anger (?) _ux. ej._"

II. Examples of wives described by names other than those borne by their husbands:

"1255. Rob. de Wurthestede, et Basilia le Ro', ux. ej."

1288. Will. de Devenschyr, le Wayte, et Alicia de Wetinge, ux. ej.

1307. Johes Mengy de Besthorp, et Martha de Felmingham, ux. ej.

---- Thos. Toyth, et Juliana le Ropere, ux. ej.

1316. Agnes Richeman (Rickman), Relicta Ric. Holveston defti.

1318. Rob. de Poswyk, Taverner, et Alicia Godesman, ux. ej.

1352. Isabell. de Mundham fuit ux. Willi de Dunston, et nunc uxor
Simonis Spencer."

It is also to be noticed that wives, if more than once married, are frequently described in old documents by the names, distinctly and united, of their several husbands.

III. Examples of changes in the form of particular designations:

Between 1332 and 1348 the name borne by the famous knight, Sir Rob. de Salle, commemorated by Froissart, and who was killed by the insurgents near Norwich in 1381, is severally written, de la Sale, de Salle, de Aula, de la S'aule, de Halle, Saul, and Halle.

In temps. Ed. II. and III. is the following name thus modified: Fitz Benedict, Benediscite, Bendiste, Bendish, Bennett.

The twenty-ninth bishop of Norwich (1446-1472) is styled Walter Lyhart, Le Hert, and Hart.

In 1337 we have "Jas. de Briseworth als. de Bliclingg;" and in 1368, "Johes. de Welburn (Frat. Thome de Welburn nuper defti), als. de Cobeslound de Welburne, Taverner."

Then, again, it were easy to produce innumerable examples of professional and business descriptions, which have originated many modern surnames, as Joh. le Lytester (Lister, Dyer), Regin, le Paumer (Palmer), Bateman le Espicer, (Spicer), &c.

But this Note has already somewhat unduly encroached upon your pages; and it is now brought to a conclusion with the single observation, that many of the causes of various readings and differences of form in the same original surname, as well as of a total change from one designation to another, are now in full force and daily practical operation in many isolated parts of the country, where, from the predominance of identical family and baptismal appellations, some method, such as is illustrated in the foregoing examples, must obviously be adopted, in order to distinguish one individual from another. In many of the remote valleys, indeed, of the North of England, a more comprehensive reply might be given than that which the unsuccessful gaberlunyie woman, mentioned by Sir W. Scott, received in a certain Scottish dale, when, in the bitterness of her disappointment, she exclaimed, "Are there no Christians here?" and was answered, "Christians! nae; we be a' Elliots and Armstrongs!" So--but certainly not under like circumstances--it might be replied, "We're a' Meccas (Ang. Metcalfes)!"

COWGILL.

_Number of Surnames._--Probably some of your numerous correspondents could give me some idea as to the number of surnames there are in this country used by British subjects. We have no good work on surnames, as those of Lower and others do not go sufficiently into the subject to satisfy the curiosity of those who wish to know the origin and date of the names in use among us. A work of some study and research, giving all the names in use at present in the country, and showing when they were first adopted or brought into the country, with the changes that have been made in them, would be very interesting, and as worthy, if not more so, than many that are brought before the public.

J. H.

P.S.--I would suggest that the names should be classed in the different periods of history, beginning with the Britons.

LICENSE TO MAKE MALT IN 1596.

Among the old family deeds relating to the manor of Wishanger, I find the following curious and interesting document. It affords evidence that in 1596 there was a dearth of corn which was general through the kingdom; that barley was then much used for bread; that there was a custom, either general, or occasioned by the scarcity, that the poor should be served in open market, at an accustomed hour; that one of the means relied upon to supply food to the people was to restrain the making of malt; and, therefore, that malt liquor must have been very generally consumed by our forefathers at that time.

The writing is in perfect preservation, and the ink jet black.

I give it in the original orthography, according to the literature of those easy times when every man spelled that that was right in his own eyes and the world was little troubled with dictionaries or critics.

JULIUS PARTRIGE.

Birmingham.

"Glou'r.--Wee, her Ma'ts Justices of the Peace within this
Countey, whose names are hereunder writen accordinge to the late
orders publyshed by her Ma'tie and the Lo. of her most honorable
privye Counsell for and concerninge the dearth of corne and
graine, and for the better effectinge whereof we have taken
recognizance of all such as shall make any malte, what quantitye
they shall make, and where they shall buy it, and when, and to
sell the same soe by them converted into malte in the open markett
next unto them adioining, and for that none can soe doe without he
be thereunto especially licenssed by us and p'esented by the Jury
Have therefore licenssed and by these p'sents doe licensse the
Bearer hereof Georg Fowler of Hibley to convert into Malte one
quarter weekly and to buy the same Barley soe by him to be
converted in the any the next Mkett Towne unto him adioininge and
that one houre after the poor shall be served at the least.
praying yo'se to whom it shall and may appertaine quietly to pmitt
and suffer him soe to doe w'hout anye of yo'r lette interupcion or
molestation the said Georg Fowler comitinge nothing to the hdance
of our last orders only (these[2]) psnts in execution.

"In Witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names the
fourthe of December in the nine and thirtiethe year of the raigne
of our Sovraigne lady Elizabethe by the grace of God of England
Fraunce and Ireland Queene Defender of the ffaith A.D. 1596.

"H. WINSTON.
[* * *]
[* * *]"

[Footnote 2: The word "these" is not in the original; and two of
the three signatures at foot are not readable.]

WHERE LOLLARD WAS BURIED, AND WHAT BECAME OF HIS BONES.

In referring to the passage of Heda's history relating to bishop-boiling, the following curious fact caught my eye. Speaking of the same bishop, Florentius de Wevelichoven, he says:

"Fecit et exhumari ossa cujusdam hæretici Matthæi Lollaert atque
ante atrium Pontificale comburi, cineresque in fossas urbis
dispergi."--_Hist. Episcopor. Ultraject._ p. 259.

Now though the Christian name, _Matthæus_, of this Lollaert does not agree with that usually assigned to Lollard, viz., _Walter_; nor yet this assertion that his bones were dug up, and burned at Utrecht, with the current story that Lollard was buried alive at Cologne; yet it is evident from the note upon this passage on p. 263., that Heda is speaking of the founder of the sect of the Lollards. In this note he refers to Prateolus and Walsingham, to which I turned in order to ascertain where he got his information; but, alas, in vain! They only give a very meagre account of the origin of the Lollards. Heda must therefore have had some independent source from which he wrote, as he could hardly have invented the story. The form of name, _Lollaert_, would make it more than probable that Lollard was a Dutchman, which agrees very well with the account that he preached in Germany.

How much is it to be wished that some member of the many learned Dutch Antiquarian Societies now in existence, would endeavour _at last_ to clear up the history of Lollard by reference to the records of the city of Utrecht, if they are still in being, and extend so far back as the fourteenth century.

Florentius became Bishop of Utrecht in 1379, and died 1394.

J. B. MCC.

British Museum.

DEAN SWIFT'S LIBRARY.

The letters and other MSS. of Dr. John Lyon, who was prebendary at Rathmichael, in the archdiocese of Dublin, between the years 1755 and 1764, by some chance or another recently got into the possession of a shopkeeper in this city, by whom they have been, for the most part, used as waste paper. The originals from which the following transcripts have been made, are now in my possession.

"_The Booksellers' Certificate._

"We the undernamed have examined and considered ye Catalogue of ye
late Dr. Swift's Books, to which we find were added Dr. Wilson's
Books. The whole is done with great exactness, and correctly
printed. And in consideration that ye Gentleman who made and
corrected ye said Catalogues not only pieced and numbered all ye
said Books, but examined them also leaf by leaf, in order to
distinguish those with a Star in ye Printed Catalogues that were
noted and observed upon by Dr. Swift; which added very much to
rise ye value of ye said Books at ye time of Sale, as may be seen
by ye Prices paid for many of them. We are of opinion that ye
Gentleman who took all ye trouble above mentioned did deserve to
be paid one shilling per Pound upon ye sale of ye said Books.
Given under our hands this 26 day of January 1749.

"George Faulkner.
John Torbuek.

"Mr. Walker's Charge and profit upon ye Sale, as he
returned it to ye Exec'rs.
£ _s._ _d._
"The whole, both Dr. Swift's and
Dr. Wilson's Books, sold for 270 0 0
--------------
For ye Catalogues and Sale of w'ch
Mr. Walker charged 27 0 0
Deduct 1_s._ per pd. for forming ye
Catalogues and marking ye Books 13 10 0
--------------
£13 10 0
Mr. Walker paid for printing
ye Catalogue about £3 5
The Auctioneer ought to
have had only 6_d._ per pd.
viz. 6 15
Charge for a Clerk and Fire 0 15
-------
£10 15 10 15 0
--------------
£2 15 0
Because Mr. Walker was imposed upon
by his Auctioneer, I am willing to
allow him £5 10_s._ out of my proportion
of £13 10_s._, viz. 5 10 0
--------------
Walker ought to have this Balance
clear, if he was not deceived
by ye man he imployed 8 5 0

"Rockfield, Fryday Ev'g.

"Lord Shelburne's compliments to Doct'r Lyons, and has many thanks
to return to him for his Incomparable Present of Dr. Burnet's
_History_, the property of Dean Swift. It has been his daily
Intention to wait upon Doct'r Lyons, but has been prevented by the
attention which his private affairs have required. He is just
return'd from the Co. Meath. Lady Arabella Denny joins Lord
Shelburne in requesting the favour of D'r Lyons' company to-morrow
to Dinner, at Peafield, near the Black Rock. L'd S. embarks on
Sunday. [Sept'r 1770.]"

J. F. F.

Dublin.

FOLK LORE.

_Churching of Women._--In Herefordshire it is considered _contra bonos mores_ for the husband to appear in church on the day of his wife's churching, or, at all events, in the same pew with her. An antiquary of that county considers this a relic of Roman paganism, connected with the worship of Bona Dea. Query, is this so elsewhere?