Chapter LXIV: Appendix: List of Notes (5)

_Touchardia (Urticaceæ)._—According to Hillebrand, the solitary species is by no means common in the group now. In 1897 I found it growing abundantly some miles up the Waipio gorge, Hawaii.

_Cheirodendron (Araliaceæ)._—C. Gaudichaudii, the well-known “Olapa” tree, is common in the forests of all the Hawaiian Islands between 2,000 and 5,000 feet; but I noticed it occasionally at greater elevations, as on the south-east slopes of Mauna Kea, where it extends to 7,000 feet. As described on page 343, the “Olapa” often grows in close contact with the Lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha), the two trunks appearing as one. The drupes would attract frugivorous birds and the pyrenes are well adapted for this mode of dispersal. Mr. Perkins states that the drupes are much sought after by the various species of Phæornis, a genus of birds peculiar to Hawaii.

_Deterioration of Fruits for Purposes of Dispersal._—Among fruits or endemic genera that have evidently deteriorated in the Hawaiian Group as far as fitness for dispersal is concerned, may be mentioned, in addition to those of Phyllostegia and Stenogyne above noticed, those of the Araliaceous genera, Pterotropia and Triplasandra, and the Amarantaceous Nototrichium. The pyrenes of the first two genera on account of their thin covering, and the seed of the last-named genus on account of its thin testa, seem ill-fitted now for transport in a bird’s stomach, yet we cannot doubt that their ancestors originally arrived in this fashion. The same principle is also illustrated by some Hawaiian non-endemic genera of later eras that possess peculiar species, such, for instance, as in the case of Elæocarpus discussed in Chapter XXVI.

NOTE 69 (page 366)

ON THE GERMINATION OF CUSCUTA

My observations were made on the Hawaiian endemic species (C. sandwichiana) and on a Fijian introduced species. Germination occurs readily in fresh water, the floating seedling growing rapidly. When the germinating seed is placed on wet soil in the shade, the seedling grows at the rate of 3/4 inch (19 mm.) a day. The store of nutriment contained in the swollen radicular end will support the seedling for a couple of days, and if it has not then found a host it withers and dies. At first lying prone the seedling then lifts its upper end into the air, and it was almost pathetic to notice it moving round and round, endeavouring vainly to find some object near. The seedlings make no effort to strike into the soil, and when they are allowed to attach themselves to a plant they ascend rapidly, growing at the upper end and dying at the lower end.

NOTE 70 (pages 477, 480-1)

ON BEACH-TEMPERATURE

My data are rather scanty; but, judging from observations made in Hawaii, in South America, and in the south of England, the following scale would probably be true of typical beaches where the sand is found relatively cool and moist at a depth of four or five inches. This moisture seems to arise entirely from subsoil drainage seaward. When a beach fronts an arid, rainless region, few if any plants grow on it; the sand is loose, hot, and dry at the depth indicated; and the temperature of the surface half-inch rises to between 130° and 140° F., whilst four inches down it is 95° to 100°. Salt-marshes situated behind a beach even in a desert-region change its thermal behaviour, and it would then be more like a beach skirting a vegetated sea-border in the same latitude. The method of observation was as follows:—An unmounted thermometer of the size of a clinical thermometer, but graduated higher, was placed horizontally in the sand half an inch below the surface and a reading taken. It was then pushed vertically into the sand until the bulb was four inches deep and another reading taken. Provided that the sand is moist beneath, the colour does not seem to make much difference, except perhaps in very dark sands, none of which were tested.

_Ordinary Beach-Temperatures with an Unclouded Sky in the Hot Season
during the Early Afternoon._

+-----------------------------------+------------------+-----------------+ | |Surface half-inch.|Four inches deep.| | +------------------+-----------------+ |Temperate latitudes about 50-55°| 100-105° F. | 77° F. | |Sub-tropical latitudes about 30-35 | 105-110 | 80 | |Tropical latitudes about 10-20 | 110-120 | 85 | +-----------------------------------+------------------+-----------------+

This illustrates only the average condition. On a calm day in the case of a beach facing south in the South of England, I have obtained exactly the same readings in July as at Valparaiso in January, 112° at surface, 80° four inches deep.

NOTE 71 (page 479)

On the Buoyancy of the Seeds or Seed-vessels of some Chilian Shore
Plants

(1) _Nolana_, probably _paradoxa_. Common on the beaches of Southern Chile. The ripe drupes have a somewhat fleshy outer covering which they lose when lying on the sand, and present themselves then as dark-brown angular “stones,” often five to six millimetres across. Inside the outer hard covering of the stone is a layer of spongy tissue which gives it buoyancy; but since these coverings are wanting at the scars marking the basal insertion of the drupe, the embryo seems insufficiently protected against injury during flotation in sea-water; and the seed-vessel at first appears to be only fitted for conveyance by the currents over a limited tract of sea. However, in a preliminary experiment on seed-vessels that had been kept a few weeks, I found that 30 per cent. floated after three weeks in sea-water. Subsequently, after drying for a year, the seed-vessels were again tested in sea-water, nearly all of them floating after three months’ immersion. Two of them, removed after six weeks’ flotation, germinated healthily. These fruits are common in beach-drift between Corral and Valparaiso.

(2) _Raphanus_, near R. maritimus. Growing near beaches in South Chile, and not infrequently represented in the stranded beach-drift by the pods, which in my experiments floated seven to ten days in sea-water, after drying some weeks.

(3) _Franseria._ A species common on the beaches of Valparaiso and Talcahuano. Its prickly fruits, after being kept six weeks, floated only two to four days. They are well suited for transport in birds’ plumage.

NOTE 72 (page 483)

THE SOUTHERN LIMIT OF THE MANGROVE FORMATION IN ECUADOR.

... The southern limit of the mangrove formation on the west coast of South America is usually placed at 4° S. lat.; but it is probable that the vicinity of Tumbez in lat. 3° 30ʹ S. would be more correct. Baron von Eggers would place it rather further to the north-east, near the frontier of Ecuador and Peru in lat. 3° 20ʹ S. I spent eight days in the locality last named and saw no evidence of the beginning of the mangrove-formation.

NOTE 73 (page 495)

ADDITIONAL NOTE ON THE TEMPERATURE OF THE DRY COAST OF ECUADOR BETWEEN
PUNA ISLAND AND THE EQUATOR.

... Baron von Eggers gives the mean annual temperature for El Recreo, about half a degree south of the equator, at 75° F., which is near that of Rio de Janeiro in lat 23° S. on the east coast of the continent. Mr. F. P. Walker has kindly given me the results of temperature-observations covering a period of ten years, taken in the room for testing cables at Santa Elena Point (2° 10ʹ S.), usually about 6·30 a.m. The range of the monthly means was 71° F. (August) to 79·1° (March), and the mean for the year was 74·8°. In that locality a typical daily range would be 65° to 80°; and Mr. Walker believes that a minimum of 59° has been recorded.

NOTE 74 (page 495)

OBSERVATIONS ON THE TEMPERATURE OF THE HUMBOLDT CURRENT FROM ANTOFAGASTA
NORTHWARD, BETWEEN JANUARY AND MARCH, 1904 (Fahrenheit scale)

The observations were usually taken at the anchorages, but in some places, as at Ancon and Puerto Bolivar, they were taken from a boat outside the roadstead.

If we wish to ascertain how the Humboldt Current retains its cool temperature as it advances through the tropics to the equator, a glance at the following table will show that the surface-temperatures can aid us but slightly, since they do not vary in accordance with the latitude, a subject further discussed below. We can, however, obtain some valuable indications from the deeper temperatures. Let us take for instance the plane of 60°. Whilst south of Ancon (lat. 11° 45ʹ S.) it was rarely deeper than four fathoms, north of this latitude it descends rapidly, being probably about ten fathoms down at Salaverri and Eten and about twenty fathoms deep at Payta, in latitude 5° S., where the Humboldt Current leaves the coast. Within the Gulf of Guayaquil it is probable that the plane of 60° would descend to nearer thirty fathoms, the region being outside the influence of the current.

Some interesting facts are also elicited from the variation of the surface-temperatures. When we were coasting along at a distance of five or six miles from shore the readings were fairly constant from hour to hour varying only a degree or so. But nearer the land, for instance, about two or three miles away, the variation from hour to hour amounted to two or three degrees, whilst within the limits of the anchorages, a mile and less from the coast, the change from hour to hour amounted to three or four degrees. Nor was there any uniformity at the same hour over the surface of a roadstead. The temperature would often rise or fall a degree every few boat-lengths. Sometimes the inshore water was the coolest and sometimes it was the warmest. Thus at Iquique the inshore water was three degrees warmer than the water half a mile out, whilst at Mollendo, when the temperature one-third of a mile off the shore was 70°, it was 63° close to the rocky coast. The same thing was exhibited at Pisagua, where the surface-water two miles out at sea was 61°, whilst close inshore at the anchorage it was 58°. It was evident that there was a considerable intermingling of the warmer surface and the colder, deeper waters on the coasts of Chile and Peru. This was particularly noticeable on a rocky, steep-to coast, or where there was an uneven bottom. At some places, indeed, the warm upper layer did not exist, the cold water welling up all along the coast. This was especially the case between the 22nd and 19th parallels of latitude, a tract of coast in which lie Tocopilla, Iquique, and Pisagua, and probably the coolest part of the sea-border at this season of the year.

During a fortnight spent at Ancon (11° 45ʹ S.), between January 27 and February 10, I paid considerable attention to the local climatic conditions, and especially to the temperature of the inshore water. The daily range of the air-temperature was only five or six degrees, the average minimum and maximum being 71° and 75·9°, and the mean for the period 73·5°. The mean temperature of the surface-water at the head of the pier, from observations taken at about 7 a.m. and 4 p.m., was 68·6°, or five degrees cooler than the air, the mean temperature in the morning being 69·1° and in the afternoon 68°.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE TEMPERATURE OF THE HUMBOLDT OR PERUVIAN CURRENT

(Made by H. B. Guppy, January to March, 1904.
Those at Panama are added for the sake of comparison)

+--------------+----------+----------+--------+--------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | Distance | | | | Depths in fathoms: temperature in Fahrenheit degrees. | | | Depth | from | | | +--------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | Locality. |(fathoms).| shore | S. lat.| Date. | Hour. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (miles). | | | |Surface.| 1.| 2.| 3.| 4.| 5.| 6.| 7.| 8.| 9.| 10.| 11.| 12.| 13.| 14.| 15.| 16.| 17.| 18.| 19.| 20.| 21.| 22.| +--------------+----------+----------+--------+--------+---------+--------|----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Antofagasta | 22 | 2/3 | 23°40ʹ |{Jan. 12| 5 p.m. | 71° | 70°| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 61°| ...| ...| 57°| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 56°| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| | | | | |{Jan. 13| 6 a.m. | 70 | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 55 | ...| ...| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Tocopilla | 18 | 1/2 | 22 0 | Jan. 14| 8 a.m. | 57 | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 56 | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 55 | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Iquique | 9 | 2/3 | 20 15 | Jan. 15|5.30 a.m.| 59 | ...| ...| ...| ...| 58 | ...| ...| ...| 55 | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Pisagua | 10 | 1/2 | 19 30 | Jan. 16| 8 a.m. | 57·5 | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 56 | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Arica | ... | 1/4 | 18 25 | Jan. 16| 7 p.m. | 66 | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 57 | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |{17 0 | Jan. 17| 8 a.m. | 61·5 | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 57 | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| |Mollendo | 22 | 1/3 |{17 0 | Jan. 17| 6 p.m. | 65 | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 59 | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| | | | |{17 0 | Jan. 18|9.30 a.m.| 62 | ...| ...| ...| ...|57·5| ...| ...| ...| ...| 57 | ...| ...| ...| ...| 56 | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 55 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Callao | 5 | 1 | 12 3 | Jan. 20| 6 a.m. | 60·5 | ...| ...| ...| ...|58·5| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Ancon | 17 | 1-3/4 | 11 45 | Jan. 29| 11 a.m. | 66 | ...| ...|6·15| ...|58·5| ...| ...| 57 | ...| 57 | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...|56·5| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Salaverri | 6 | 3/4 | 8 15 |Febr. 21|6.30 p.m.| 65 | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 62 | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Eten | 7 | 1/2 | 7 0 |Febr. 22| 6 a.m. | 66·5 | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 63 | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Payta | 16 | 1-1/2 | 5 0 |Febr. 23| 9 a.m. | 70 | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...|67·5| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...|62·5| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Puerto Bolivar| 10 | 1 | 3 10 | Mar. 7| noon | 78 | ...| ...| ...| ...|71·5| ...| ...| ...| ...| 70 | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Panama | 8 | 3 |{(8 50) | Mar. 23| 4 p.m. | 82 | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...|79·5| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| | | | |{( N.) | Mar. 24| 7 a.m. | 79·5 | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...|79·5| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| +--------------+----------+----------+--------+--------+---------+--------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+

The Ancon climate at this period is full of oddities and abnormalities, and in this way typifies much of the coast of Peru. Thus, since the heat of the day is tempered by the cool south-westerly winds which die away in the evening and give place usually to warm, light, northerly and north-westerly breezes, there is, as above remarked, but a small difference between day and night temperatures. The coldest time of the twenty-four hours is not in the early morning but at sunset. The sea off the beach is, on the average, much cooler than the air, which is not a normal state of things; and again, the water is often two or three degrees colder in the evening than it is in the morning, which is very unusual. Though the sea-border is practically a desert for the greater part of the year and has no rain, it is frequently enveloped in drizzling fogs or “garuas.” Judged from a European standard, things go by contraries on the coast of Peru; and this is entirely the effect of the Humboldt Current.

The temperature of the inshore waters of Ancon Bay varied considerably during the twenty-four hours. During the day, with the prevailing southerly wind, the cool waters of the current had free access to the bay, and swept around its border in their course north; but in the night, when northerly breezes occurred, the cold waters of the current were pushed off the coast and their place taken by the warmer inshore waters from the north; and this sometimes continued for a day or two. When the current again got mastery and its clean, cool waters filled the bay, the temperature of the water dropped suddenly five or six degrees, and the bay was filled with fish. At such times men in boats leave the beach, and in a few minutes, with hand-nets and baskets, they obtain thousands of the small fry. Other men, fishing with lines from the pier-head, seem ill-contented unless they can catch fish of the size of small mackerel at the rate of one a minute.

There can be little doubt that on the coasts of Chile and Peru the instincts of fish often lead them astray, on account of the sudden changes of temperature arising from the conflict between the warmer waters of the open sea and the cooler waters of the current. From the preceding remarks it will be inferred that sometimes the current is pushed off the coast for a while and its place taken by the warm waters from the north. At other times it dives down, so to speak, and flows at a deeper level, and warmer waters prevail both out at sea and inshore. At other times again, and this must be most disconcerting to the fish, the cold current suddenly appearing at the coast predominates at the surface for days together, and we have stretches of coast which, although lying within tropical latitudes, are washed by waters having the temperature of the temperate zone. It is to such causes that we must attribute the reckless habits of fish on these coasts. They are known to throw themselves on the beaches in thousands, where by their decay they taint the air long afterwards. Mr. Anderson Smith in his recent book on _Temperate Chile_ vividly describes what goes on on such occasions at the port of Valdivia. At times the scene must be indeed a strange one, since huge octopi are rolled up on the beaches in numbers, and are regarded by the indigenes as deliberately seeking their death. Whether they commit suicide or not, “their beaks that blacken the edge of the sea-wash in places” afford a melancholy proof that their instinct has blundered.

_The Mode of Observation._—A thermometer made on the Sixe pattern which I used several years ago for taking the bottom-temperatures of rivers, was employed for the deeper temperatures, and at critical depths the observations were always repeated. This instrument was compared after each set of observations with an ordinary thermometer graduated on the stem, which was compared with my standard thermometer provided with a Kew certificate.... The observations in the Panama Roadstead have been added for the sake of contrast.

NOTE 75 (page 496)

ON THE STRANDED MASSIVE CORALS APPARENTLY OF THE GENUS PORITES FOUND ON THE COAST OF PERU AND NORTH CHILE, AT ARICA (18° 25ʹ S.), CALLAO (12° 3ʹ S.), AND ANCON (11° 45ʹ S.)

At Arica they occurred on the beach only. At Callao they also extended inland on the low spit at Punta for about 100 yards. At Ancon they were found not only on the beach but also twenty or thirty paces inland on the low adjoining plains. Their size varied from three inches to three feet. They were all more or less rounded by wave action, and were extensively burrowed by boring molluscs. Whilst some on the beach still displayed the dried-up soft parts of the boring mollusc, others inland were falling to pieces and undergoing chemical change. There was nothing to indicate that the corals were recently alive; and at Ancon they appeared to have been torn off a rocky spit of andesite that had become exposed on the beach during a recent movement of emergence, of which there is other evidence on this coast. Further particulars are given on page 496.

NOTE 76 (page 429)

STRANDED PUMICE ON ENGLISH AND SCANDINAVIAN BEACHES

Sernander, in his description of the Atlantic drift of the Scandinavian coast, refers to the occurrence of a small amount of true pumice. I have found solitary fragments of acid pumice well rounded by wave-action at Croyde Bay on the north coast of Devonshire, at the mouth of Salcombe Harbour on the south coast of the same county, and at Maenporth, near Falmouth, in Cornwall. Steamer slag, in some cases rudely simulating pumice, is common on all the South of England beaches I have examined. It is also common on the Scandinavian coasts, though seemingly regarded by Helge Bäckström, who is quoted by Sernander, as derived from the factories on the east coast of England. (See on these subjects a paper by Helge Bäckström, “Über angeschwemmte Bimsteine und Schlacken der nordeuropäischen Küsten”; Bihang till _K. Sv. V. A. Handl._ Bd. 16. Afd. 3, 1890; also a letter in _Nature_, about 1886, by H. B. Guppy.)

NOTE 77 (page 21)

ON THE MODE OF DISPERSAL OF KLEINHOVIA HOSPITA

This small tree has a very wide distribution in the tropics, ranging from East Africa and the Mascarene Islands through India, South-eastern Asia, Malaya, New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands to Fiji and Tahiti. It is a plant that grows in inland open woods as well as amongst the littoral trees on the beach; and it is always doubtful (in Malaya, Fiji, and Samoa) whether to regard it as a shore plant or as an inland plant, different authors varying on this point. In Vanua Levu I formed the opinion that it is only an intruder amongst the littoral vegetation. In accounting for its distribution we have to choose between man, the bird, and the current. Though it may sometimes be noticed in native plantations, as I observed in the Solomon Islands, the tree has no special use; and the Solomon Island natives themselves indicated to me that the parrots that fed on the fruits of the tree aided in distributing the plant. The buoyant behaviour of the seeds, which are freed by the dehiscence of the bladder-capsules on the tree, is not constant. Whilst in the case of the seeds of littoral trees in Fiji I found that 30 per cent. floated after ten weeks, Prof. Schimper ascertained in the case (seemingly) of Malayan seeds that they sank at once. The seed-structure connected with the buoyancy is, as shown on page 105, accidental in character, and reference is made on page 20 to other plants of doubtful littoral reputation, in which the buoyant qualities are variable. The occasional buoyancy of its seeds will only, as I think, explain its occasional station at the coast; and I agree with Prof. Schimper (p. 156) when he attributes its wide distribution to birds, the seeds being hard, crustaceous, and about three millimetres across.

NOTE 78 (page 436)

ON THE “SEA”: AN UNIDENTIFIED WILD FRUIT-TREE IN FIJI

This is a fair-sized forest tree common in places in the lower forests. I have never been able to identify it; but a “putamen” which was sent to the Kew Museum was named Spondias with a query. It is to be hoped its true botanical name will be discovered by one of my successors. Seemann places it amongst the “desiderata” concerning which further information is needed. The fruit is a drupe 2 to 2-1/2 inches long possessing a pleasant fruity odour and inclosing a hard two-celled stone about 1-2/3 inch long, one cell containing a large fleshy seed covered with tawny hair, the other filled with the hair only and containing no seed. The Fijians say that these fruits, large as they are, are swallowed by the fruit-pigeons, the stones being found in their gullet. The leaves are distichous, alternate, lanceolate, eight or nine inches long, glabrous and dark green above, and covered below with a whitish woolly matted tomentum. The empty stones are not uncommon in the stranded beach-drift.

NOTE 79 (page 395)

ON WILLOW-LEAVED RIVER-SIDE PLANTS

A number of observers, beginning with Humboldt, in his _Ansichten der Nature_, and including Seemann, L. H. Grindon, Ridley, Beccari, and others, have referred to what is called “stenophyllism” in plants. These willow-leaved river-side plants are found all over the globe, such plants usually growing close to the water’s edge in situations where they are liable to be more or less submerged when the river is in flood. Seemann, Beccari, and Ridley mention more than two dozen genera belonging to a great variety of orders, and including Acalypha, Antidesma, Calophyllum, Eulalia, Eugenia, Fagræa, Ficus, Garcinia, Ixora, Lindenia, Melastoma, Podocarpus, Psychotria, &c., all tropical, and represented either in Fiji, Borneo, or in the Malay Peninsula; whilst my readers will recall amongst temperate floras river-side plants of the genera Epilobium, Lythrum, Salix, &c., possessing the same form of leaf and the same station. The genus Eugenia comes under this category in Fiji, Borneo, and the Malay Peninsula, with reference to one or more of the species. In Fiji, species belonging to the genera Lindenia and Dolicholobium especially attracted my attention in this respect. It is noteworthy that several of the Bornean plants and some of the Fijian plants here concerned are endemic. Just as I have remarked in the question of the buoyancy of seeds and fruits, that not all water-side plants have buoyant seeds or fruits, but that nearly all plants thus endowed are found at the water-side, so we may say of the willow-leaved plants, that not all river-side plants have the willow-form of leaf, but that plants thus characterised gather at the river-side. Beccari and Ridley regard this willow-form of leaf as the result of adaptation. Seemann remarks that we have here the old question whether the webbed feet of a duck are the cause or the effect of the bird’s swimming; and I take the same position. (See Seemann’s _Flora Vitiensis_; Ridley in _Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot._, vol. iii. 1888-94; and Beccari’s _Nelle Foreste di Borneo_, 1902, or the English edition of 1904.)

NOTE 80 (pages 255, 504)

MR. PERKINS ON THE HAWAIIAN LOBELIACEÆ (_Fauna hawaiiensis_, vol. I.)

My view, that the early Hawaiian Lobeliaceæ acquired the monstrous form of their flowers in the humid forests of a later age, is supported by the observations of Mr. Perkins on the connection between the highly-specialised nectar-eating Drepanids of Hawaii and the highly-specialised flowers of the Tree-Lobelias, a subject further discussed in Chapter XXXIII. This naturalist ascertained, in the case of one of the trees, that fertilisation could only be effected by these birds. So close is the biological connection between the Drepanid and the Tree-Lobelia, that Mr. Perkins finds here in part the cause of the development of the most remarkable forms of the birds. The botanist, also, would not dissociate the plants from this conclusion. There would be every reason to look for abnormal growth in birds and plants when the bird depends on the flower for its food, and the flower is dependent on the bird for its pollenisation. It is through such guises that the zoologist and the botanist have to penetrate when establishing the systematic affinity.

NOTE 81

ON THE VERTICAL RANGE OF SOME OF THE MOST TYPICAL AND MOST CONSPICUOUS OF THE PLANTS IN THE FORESTS ON THE HAMAKUA SLOPES OF MAUNA KEA, HAWAII

During a descent of this mountain on its north side to near Ookala, the conditions were unusually favourable for recording the range of altitude for some of the plants easily recognisable.

Acacia koa began at 6,700 feet, and extended down to 2,300 feet.

Rubus (“akala”) began at 6,500 feet, and extended down to 2,500 feet.

Cheirodendron (“olapa”) began at 6,400 feet, and extended down to 2,200 feet.

Cyanea, a lobeliad growing on trunks of tree-ferns, began at 4,000 feet, and extended down to 2,300 feet.

Freycinetia began at 3,850 feet, and extended down to 2,000 feet.

Asplenium nidus began at 2,800 feet, and extended down to 2,200 feet.

Aleurites moluccana began at 1,800 feet, and extended down to 50 feet.

Metrosideros polymorpha, ranging through all the zones.

NOTE 82 (page 416)

ABORIGINAL WEEDS[7]

(Found by Captain Cook’s Botanists, Banks, Solander, the Forsters,
Nelson, &c.,
in the Pacific Islands, 1768-80)

+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+----------------------------------+ | | Locality given by Cook’s | General distribution. | | | botanists. | | +-------------------------------+---------------------------------+----------------------------------+ |Cardamine sarmentosa | Tahiti | Polynesia. Introduced into Peru.| |Sida microphylla | Tonga, New Hebrides | Old World tropics. | |Sida rhombifolia | New Hebrides. H. | Tropics of Old and New World. | |Urena lobata | Tahiti | Tropics of Old and New World. | |Waltheria americana |{ Tahiti. H. |} Tropics of Old and New World. | | |{ New Caledonia |} | |Oxalis corniculata | Tahiti | Old and New World. | |Cardiospermum halicacabum | Tahiti. H. | Tropics of Old and New World. | |Desmodium polycarpum | Tahiti | Old World. | |Phaseolus truxillensis | Tahiti. H. | Tropics of Old and New World. | |Lablab vulgaris | Tahiti | Old World tropics. | |Abrus precatorius | Tahiti | Tropics of Old and New World. | |Cassia sophora | Tonga | Tropics of Old and New World. | |Hydrocotyle asiatica | New Caledonia | Tropics of Old and New World. | |Oldenlandia tenuifolia | New Hebrides | Old World? | |Oldenlandia paniculata | Tonga | Old World tropics. | |Geophila reniformis | Tahiti | Tropics of Old and New World. | |Ageratum conyzoides | New Hebrides. H. | Tropics of Old and New World. | |Adenostemma viscosum | Tahiti. H. | Tropics of Old and New World. | |Eclipta alba | New Hebrides | Tropics of Old and New World. | |Siegesbeckia orientalis | Tahiti | Tropics of Old and New World. | |Bidens pilosa | Tonga | Tropics of Old and New World. | |Dichrocephala latifolia | Tahiti, Tonga, New Hebrides | Old World tropics. | |Sonchus asper | Tonga, New Zealand | Old World. | |Ipomœa insularis | New Hebrides, Tonga, Hawaii | Australia and Polynesia. | |Ipomœa bona-nox | New Hebrides, Tonga, Tahiti. H.| Tropics of Old and New World. | |Solanum nigrum, var. oleraceum.| Tahiti. H. | Old and New World. | |Physalis angulata | Tahiti | Tropics of Old and New World. | |Vandellia crustacea | Tahiti | Tropics of Old and New World. | |Leucas decemdentata | Tahiti | Old World tropics. | |Teucrium inflatum | Tonga | New World tropics. | |Amarantus melancholicus, var. | | | | tricolor | New Hebrides, Tahiti | Old World. | |Euxolus caudatus | Tonga, Tahiti | Old World tropics. | |Achyranthes aspera | Tahiti | Old and New World. | |Cyathula prostrata | Tahiti | Old World tropics. | |Fleurya interrupta | Tahiti, Tonga | Old World tropics. | |Commelina pacifica | Tonga, New Caledonia. H. | Tropics of Old and New World. | |Eleusine indica | Tahiti. H. | Tropics of Old and New World. | | +-------------------------------+---------------------------------+----------------------------------+ Footnote 7:

Seemann is the principal authority, the results of his examination of
the old collections being given in his _Flora Vitiensis_. Species
regarded by Hillebrand as indigenous in Hawaii or as existing in that
group at the time of its discovery by Cook are indicated by H in the
second column.

NOTES 83-89 omitted

NOTE 90 (page 29)

ON THE BUOYANCY OF THE SEEDS OF EUPHORBIA AMYGDALOIDES AND E. SEGETALIS

The seeds of both species have no proper buoyancy, and display no structure in their testas suggesting it; though, through the shrinking of the nucleus, a temporary floating power may be acquired with less mature or imperfect seeds. They support the general principle indicated for the British species on page 29.

NOTE 91

MR. E. KAY ROBINSON ON THE DISPERSAL OF ASTER TRIPOLIUM

According to this naturalist, the seeds of this plant are eaten in winter by snow-buntings on the English east coast. In reply to my query he tells me that the “draggled fluff still containing seeds” might easily adhere to birds (_The Country-Side_, Sept. 30, 1905).

GENERAL INDEX

_Note._—Several subjects are worked up in this index, which, on account of the plan of the book, are not dealt with connectedly in the text. As examples may be cited the entries under the heads of “Hawaiian Flora”; “Species, their development”; “Fruit-pigeons”; “Polymorphous Species”; &c.

The figures in larger type indicate the pages where the subject is treated at length or where the most important points are discussed. This sign is not often used where the references can be classed, or where several references of importance belong to the same subject.

Abrus precatorius, 531, 605

Acacia farnesiana, 478, 552, 555, 556, =557=, =559=

Acacia heterophylla, 200

Acacia koa, 151, =200=, 533, 604

Acacia laurifolia, 45, 133, 134, =164=, 166, 200, 529, 551

Acacia richii, 531, 549

Acæna exigua, 253, 275;
genus, 270-2, =275=, =276=

Acalypha, 395, 603

Acer campestre, 536

Achillea millefolium, 536

Achras, 373

Achyranthes aspera, 605

Acorus;
home of the genus, 396

Acrostichum squamosum, 593

Adaptation in relation to means of dispersal, 11, =99-103=, 105,
=119-129=, 324, 516, 522

Adenanthera pavonina, 159, 420

Adenostemma viscosum, 240, 417, 568, 605

Ægiceras, 470-1

Æthusa cynapium, 28, 536

Afzelia bijuga, 21, =93=, 107, =170-6=, 436, 529, 563

Agapetes, 265

Agathis: _see_ Dammara

Ageratum conyzoides, 417, 531, 605

Aglaia, 376

Agrostemma, 471

Agrostis, 272, 275, 538

Aira cæspitosa, 417, 418

Ajuga reptans, 28, 537

Alchemilla arvensis, 418, 536

Alchemilla vulgaris, 417

Aleurites moluccana, 59, 61, 361, =418=, 435, 438, 533, 549, 554,
558-9, 560, 604

Alexander, Prof., 587

Algaroba, 485, 557

Algerian beach-flora, 34

Alisma natans, 537

Alisma plantago, 38, 92, 537

Alisma ranunculoides, 537

Alliaria officinalis, 536

Alnus glutinosa, 31, 37, 430, 537

Alphitonia, 333, =346=, 357, 531

Alpine floras, 4, 34, 238;
_see_ under Mountain floras

Alpinia, 531

Alopecurus, 538

Alsinidendron, 262-3

Alstonia, 381, =384=, 548

Alyssum maritimum, 536

Alyxia, 334, =344=, 531, 533

Amarantus melancholicus, 605

Amarouria, 265

America, as the home of tropical shore-plants, 67-75;
_see_ under Hawaiian flora and under Tahitian flora for the American
plants in those islands

Amorphophallus, 412, 414

Anagallis arvensis, 537

Ancon (Peru), 482, 497;
climate, 492, 598

Angelica sylvestris, 28, 536

Aniseia uniflora, 530, 563

Anona paludosa, 68, 77, 109, 115, 435, 438, 486, 488-9, 498

Antarctic flora, represented in the Pacific islands, 271-3, 287, 292,
294, 305, 503-4, 518

Anthyllis vulneraria, 536

Antidesma, 371-2, 603

Antofagasta (Chile), beach-drift, 480

Apetahia, 252, 256-7

Apium graveolens, 28, 536

Apium inundatum, 28, 536

Apium nodiflorum, 28, 37, 536

Arabis albida, 568

Arabis hirsuta, 536, 568

Arabis thaliana, 536, 567

Arachis hypogæa, 479

Araliaceæ, 261-3

Araucaria, 298

Arcangeli, Prof., on the Italian species of Medicago, 431

Arenaria peploides, 35, 36, 107, =116=, 429-32, 536, =541=, 544

Argemone mexicana, 533

Argyreia tiliæfolia, 20, 106, 110, 533-4, 558

Argyroxiphium, 236-8, 240, 243-4

Arica (Chile), 481-2, 497

Armeria vulgaris, 33, 34, 36, 511, 537, =540=

Armeria maritima, 477

Artemisia, 238, 240, 269, 272, =278-9=, 540

Artemisia absinthium, 279, 536, 540

Artemisia maritima, 33

Artemisia tridentata, 279

Artemisia vulgaris, 279, 536, 540

Artocarpus incisa, 531

Artocarpus integrifolia, 531

Arum maculatum, 537

Arundel, Mr., 49, 179

Arundo phragmites, 538

Asparagus, 538

Aspidium aculeatum, 226

Aspidium caryotideum, 593

Aspidium filix mas, 225, 593

Asplenium adiantum nigrum, 225, 593

Asplenium aspidioides, 593

Asplenium contiguum, 593

Asplenium fragile, 593

Asplenium monanthemum, 593

Asplenium nidus, 554, 604

Asplenium trichomanes, 225, 593

Astelia, 270-2, 274, 290, =291=, 292-4, 305

Aster tripolium, 28, 34-6, 89, 536, 540, 545, 581, 605

Astrocaryum, 499

Astronia, 376

Atlas, Great;
flora, 238, 277

Atriplex patula, 537, 544;
genus, 284, 416, 546

Avicennia, 68, 69, 77, 78, 438, 484-5, 489, 498

Azolla, 488

Azores, 505

Bäckström, Helge, 601

Baillon, on the Lobeliaceæ, 251

Baker, Mr., on Fijian ferns, 224, 592

Bakeria, 265

Ball, Mr., 238, 476

Ballota nigra, 28, 537

Bananas: _see_ Musa

Banyans, 387

Barbarea vulgaris, 536

Bark, in beach-drift, 430

Barratt, Mr., 215

Barringtonia formation, 550

Barringtonia, genus;
buoyancy and structure of fruits, 17, 18, 121, 160;
mode of dispersal, 161;
seed-structure and vivipary, 132, 168, 573;
relation between coast and inland species, 134, 166

Barringtonia edulis, 19, 161, 531, 573

Barringtonia excelsa, 19, 108, 574

Barringtonia racemosa, buoyancy of fruits, 18, 161, 529;
structure of seeds and fruits, 108, 161, 564, 573-6;
fruits in drift, 76, 78, 435;
station, 43, 47, 551;
distribution and dispersal, 68, 160, 551, 563

Barringtonia samoensis, 19

Barringtonia speciosa, buoyancy of fruits, 18, 161, 529;
structure of seeds and fruits, 108, 114, 161, 573-6;
fruits in drift, 76, 78, 79, 435-7;
station, 43, 551;
distribution and dispersal, 49, 56, 57, 64, 68, 160, 563

Barringtonia, undescribed species;
in Fiji, 19, 161, 531, 574;
in Solomon group, 161

Barrows, Prof., 373

Bartsia odontites, 537

Bassia, 374

Batatas edulis, 415;
_see_ under Ipomœa batatas

Batis maritima, 482, 485, =546=, 557

Bats, as dispersing agents, 321, 343, 394, 510, 514

Battandier, M., 34

Bauhinia, 531

Beach flora: _see_ Littoral plants

Beach formation, 43, 550

Beach seed-drift, 31, =429=, 479, 480, 482, 489, 499, =557=

Beach temperature, 477, 480, 481, =595=

Beal, Prof., 568

Beccari, Dr., on the dispersal of Brackenridgea, 124, 569;
on the Cassowary as a seed-distributor, 152;
on Ficus, 388, 504;
on the retrocession of cultivated plants, 161;
on Sararanga, 156;
on willow-leaved plants, 603

Beech-nuts in drift, 429

Begonia, 394, 509

Begoniaceæ, 263, 394

Bell, Mr. Jeffrey, on Peruvian corals, 497

Bentham, Mr., 2, 423;
on the Compositæ, 236, 245, 248

Berberis vulgaris, 535

Berkeley, Mr., 539

Bermuda, 348, 351

Bernicla sandwicensis, 241, 275, 283

Berrya, 379

Beta maritima, 35, 537, 542

Betula alba, 537

Bidens, 379

Bidens cernua, 28, 31, 536, 540, 544

Bidens pilosa, 379, 533, 605

Bidens tripartita, 28, 536, 544

Bird, Miss, 584, 587

Birds, differentiation of, 5-8, 504-6, 514, 520-2;
crossing oceans, 506;
migrations, 505-6;
Polynesian, 67;
at high altitudes, 241;
biologically connected with plants, 504;
as seed-dispersers, 5, 205, 226, 241, 296, 321;
_see_ under Fruit-pigeons, Ducks, Geese, Sea-birds, Tetraonidæ, &c.

Bischoffia, 381, =386=, 531

Blysmus rufus, 537

Bobea, 262-3

Boehmeria, 263, 356

Boerhaavia, =355=, 552, 568

Bonin Islands, 54, 320

Boobies (Sula), as seed-dispersers, 188, 347, 356, 511

Borago officinalis, 537

Bourbon Island: _see_ Mascarene Islands

Bourne, Mr., 172

Brackenridgea, 113, 124, 569

Brandis, Dr., on the dispersal of Santalum album, 283

Brassica, 536

Breadfruit (Artocarpus), 412, 415, 531

Breweria, 362-3

Brighamia, 252, 255, 258

British flora, 23, 31, 115, 432, 535, 539-44

Brown, Dr. R., on seed-dispersal by sea-birds, 510

Brown, Mr. R., on a drift seed of Cæsalpinia, 189

Broussaisia, 263

Bruguiera, 43, 441, 551;
dispersal by currents, 48, 55, 77, 94, =461-2=, 467, 529;
distribution, 54, 68, 69, =461=, 563;
in beach-drift, 435, 437, 461;
seed-development and germination, =463-6=, 468-71;
fertilisation, =462=

Bryonia dioica, 536

Buller, Sir W., on the fruits and seeds eaten by New Zealand birds,
292, 296, 301, 321, 337, 347, 508, 541

Buoyancy of seeds and fruits, of Pacific plants, 12-22, 104-15;
of Fijian plants, 44-6, 529, 531-3;
of Hawaiian plants, 57, 533, 552;
of Tahitian plants, 49;
of British plants, 23-39, 115, 535-8, 539-44, 566;
its relation to sea-density, 88-98, 516;
structures concerned, 17, 104-18;
the question of adaptation, 119-29, 516, 569;
effect of inland extension, 121, 568;
the great sorting process, 16, 24, 30, 515;
long flotation experiments, 530, 539;
tables showing results of experiments, 529-38, 552;
effect of drying, 535, 538, 539-44, 571-2;
precautions in testing buoyancy, 566;
the risks of the floating seed in warm seas, 79-87

Burkill, Mr., on the Tongan flora, 224, 232, 335, 385

Butomus umbellatus, 537

Butterflies at high altitudes, 509, 583

Buttneria, 379

Button, Mr., 172

Byronia, 371

Cacao, 489

Cacti, 471, 485, 560

Cæsalpinia, general account of Pacific species, 183-97

Cæsalpinia bonduc, buoyancy of seeds, 21, 192-5, 529;
structures concerned with seed-buoyancy, 106, 191-2;
dispersal by currents, 189;
distribution, 186, 563;
station and extension inland, 49, 186-7

Cæsalpinia bonducella, buoyancy of seeds, 21, 192-5, 529, 530-1, 552;
structures concerned with seed-buoyancy, 106, 111, 191-2;
dispersal by currents, 57, 189, 430, 562, 563;
in beach-drift, 189, 430, 437-8, 558;
dispersal by birds, 57, 188, 511, 581;
station and extension inland, 42, 59, 186-8, 551, 552-4, 559;
germination, 191;
distribution, 68, 186, 563;
suggested relation to C. bonduc, 573

Cæsalpinia nuga, 183

Cæsalpinia, undescribed mountain species of Fiji, 184-5

Cakile maritima, 30, 35, 36, 109, =116=, 429-31, =432-3=, 536, 539,
=542=, 544

Calamintha officinalis, 28, 537

Californian current, 491

Calla palustris, 537, 544

Callao, 482, 492, 496-7, 599, 601

Callitriche, 38, 537

Calonyction: _see_ Ipomœa

Calophyllum;
relation between coast and inland species, 17, 18, 120, 134, 136, 533

Calophyllum amœnum, 534

Calophyllum burmanni, 18, 136, 531

Calophyllum calaba, 534

Calophyllum inophyllum;
buoyancy of fruits, 18, 529, 534, 552;
structures concerned in buoyancy, 107, 113, 115, 122;
fruits in beach-drift, 437, 558;
station, 42, 43, 49, 52, 550, 554;
its relation to inland species, 136

Calophyllum spectabile, 18, 136, 389, 531

Caltha palustris, 85, 535

Camelina sativa, 567

Campylotheca, 236-8, 240, 243-4, 533

Cananga odorata, 159, =393=, 531

Canarium, =400=, 532

Canavalia, 107, 201-2;
Pacific species, =145=, 578;
relation between the littoral and inland species, 20, 134, 145

Canavalia ensiformis, 145, 529, 563, 578-9, 581 (turgida)

Canavalia galeata, 20, =145-6=, 533

Canavalia sericea, 107, 145, 529, 563, =578-9=

Canavalia obtusifolia;
seed-buoyancy and dispersal by currents, 19, 83, 145, 529, 562,
=579=;
cause of buoyancy, 107, 113;
in beach-drift, 437-8, 489;
station and distribution, 42, 43, 488, 498, 547, 550, 563, =578=

Candolle, A. de, 25, 62, 80, 239, 418, 562, 573

Candolle, C. de, 376

Canna indica, 532

Canthiopsis, 265

Canthium, 355

Cape-pigeon (Daption capensis), 511

Capercailzie, 282

Capparis sandwicensis (sandwichiana), 533, 553

Capsella bursa pastoris, 536, 567

Carapa, seed-buoyancy, 108, 114, 529;
beach and river drift, 76, 435, 437;
germination, 76, 78, 564;
station, 43, 550-1;
distribution, 68-9, 562

Cardamine hirsuta, 536

Cardamine pratensis, 536

Cardamine sarmentosa, 604

Cardiospermum halicacabum, 417, 605;
_see_ Additions and Corrections

Carduus, 28, 536

Carex, 37, 272, 283, 538, 540, 544

Careya, 575

Carmichael, Captain, on Tristan da Cunha, 276, 286

Carpenter, Captain, 490

Carruthersia, 265

Caryophyllaceæ;
represented in the early flora of Hawaii, 261-3, 518

Caspary, R., on the dispersal of water-lilies, 512

Cassia gaudichaudii, 533

Cassia occidentalis, 533

Cassia sophora, 605

Cassowaries as seed-dispersers, 152, 160

Cassytha filiformis;
fruit-buoyancy and dispersal by currents, 56, 57, 71, 106, 111,
121-2, 530, 552, 563, 569;
dispersal by birds, 71, 123, 564;
station and distribution, 56, 59, 67, 122, 551-2, 563;
extension inland, 42, 49, 59, 121, 547, 548, 559, 569

Castillo (Drake del), on the Tahitian flora, 46, 49, 221, 231, 254,
285, 318, 347, 504, 551

Casuarina, 134, 136, 479

Casuarina equisetifolia, 42, 45, 136, 530, 548-9

Casuarina nodiflora, 136, 549

Cattle Plains of Hawaii, 208

Centranthus ruber, 536

Centropogon, 251, 259

Cerastium vulgatum, 536

Ceratophyllum, 38, =398-9=, 408, 537

Cerbera odollam, distribution, 64, 563;
station, 551;
extension inland, 41, 42, 49, 121, =547=, 548, 569;
fruit-buoyancy and dispersal by currents, 76, 108, 114, 121, 530;
in river and beach drift, 76, 435, 437

Chærophyllum sylvestre, 28, 536

Chagres River, 498

Chamisso, 367

Chancay coast (Peru), 482

Charpentiera, 263

Cheeseman, Mr., on the flora of Rarotonga, 50, 177, 208, 216, 232, 238,
256, 291, 293, 295;
on Kermadec plants, 295, 420, 572;
on Polynesian food-plants, 415, 420

Cheirodendron, 262, 263, 281, 343, 364, 533, =594=, 604

Chelidonium majus, 535

Chenopodium, 272, 283, 284, 537

Cherry (Cerasus) stones in beach-drift, 429, 431, 479

Chestnuts in beach-drift, 429

Chile;
the coast plants and beach-drift, 431, 474-80, 596;
the coast climate, 491-3, 598-601

Chloridops kona, 275

Christmas Island, 422

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, 536, 568

Chrysanthemum segetum, 536

Chrysodium aureum, 48, 486, 498

Chrysophyllum, 362

Chrysosplenium, 536

Cicuta virosa, 28, 536

Citrus aurantium, 125, 532

Citrus decumana, 125, 126, 532, 533

Citrus, other species, 125, 436, 532

Cladium mariscus, 537

Clarke, Mr. C. B., on Cyrtandra, 316

Cleome, 362

Clermontia, 252-6, 258-9, 533

Clerodendron, 17, 121

Clerodendron inerme, 47, 76, 108, 114, 435, 530, 551, 563

Climate and currents, 491-5, 500, 597-601

Clouds, altitude of, on mountains;
on the Owen Stanley Range, 215;
observations on the summit of Mauna Loa, 584;
on the Chilian and Peruvian sea-borders, 492, 494

Coast and inland species of a genus, relation of, 16, 27, 133-169

Cocculus, 362

Cochlearia officinalis, 33, 536, 540

Coco-de-mer, 61

Coco-nut palm (Cocos nucifera), 67, 108, 413, 530, 552, 553-4, 563;
effective dispersal by currents, 436;
viviparous, 472

Coix lachryma, 532

Collomia, 568

Colobanthus, 263

Colocasia antiquorum, 412

Colon;
shore-plants, 498

Colubrina, 134, =137=

Colubrina asiatica;
station and distribution, 137, 552, 556, 562-4;
inland extension, 49, 547;
seed-buoyancy and dispersal by currents, 56, 57, 105, =137=, 529;
river and beach drift, 436, 559

Colubrina oppositifolia, 137, 533-4, 576

Columbæ, extinct;
of the Mascarene Islands, 152, 157, 159, 169, 200, 517

Comins, Rev. R. B., 379

Commelina nudiflora (syn. pacifica), 533, 605

Commersonia echinata (syn. platyphylla), 532, 548

Commersonia, 376, 380

Compositæ, age of, 9, 231-49, 304, 306, 503, 514, 517-20;
endemic Hawaiian and Tahitian genera, 236, 248;
arborescent, 235-49;
dispersal by birds, 241, 593, 605;
fruit-buoyancy of British species, 536

Coniferæ, age of, 303-6, 502-3, 514, 519-20;
Fijian, 294, 297-306;
New Zealand, 507-9, 514

Conocarpus erectus, 68, 108, 438, 498

Convolvulaceæ, seed-buoyancy, 28, 110, 117, 544;
abortive germination of floating seeds, 76, 79, 83, 85, 87

Convolvulus arvensis, 28, 110, 537, 544

Convolvulus sepium;
station, 29;
distribution, 417-8, 573;
seeding in England, 539;
buoyancy of seeds, 26, 29, 106, 110, 537, 539, 544;
suggested dimorphism, 573

Convolvulus soldanella;
seed-buoyancy, 26, 28, 35, 36, 83, 91, 106, 110, 115, 537, 542, 566;
non-germination in sea-water, 35, 544, 546;
seeds in beach-drift, 31, 429-31;
dispersal by currents, 432-3;
distribution, 131, 433, 476-9, 542, 572;
suggested dimorphism, 573

Convolvulus tricolor;
germination in sea-water, 546

Conway, Sir Martin, 241

Coprosma, 270-2, 274-5, 290-3, =294-6=, 305, 315, 321, 331, 533

Corals on the coasts of Chile and Peru, 496-7, 601

Cordia, 17, 121, 134, 137, 485, 488

Cordia aspera, 137

Cordia subcordata;
station and distribution, 52, 551-2, 555, 563;
fruit-buoyancy, 79, 108, 114, 530-1;
sea and beach-drift, 79, 437;
becoming extinct in Hawaii, 578

Cordyline, 420, 532

Coreopsis, 237

Coriaria, 270, 290, =291-2=, 305

Corks in beach-drift, 479

Corral (Chile), 478

Corvus tropicus, 321

Corylus avellana, 126, 429 (hazel), 431 (hazel), 537, 538, 572

Corynocarpus, 508

Cotula plumosa, 241

Cotyledon umbilicus, 417-8, 536

Couthovia, 265-6, =401=, 532

Crambe maritima, 35, 536, 542, 581

Cratægus oxyacantha, 536

Cratæva religiosa, 379

Crepis, 536

Crinum asiaticum, 530

Crithmum maritimum, 28, 35, 109, 116, 429, 433, 536, =542=, 544

Crocodile, in Fiji, 65

Crosby, Mr., 550

Croton, vivipary, 472

Cucumis acidus, 532

Cucurbita, 125, 479, 532

Cupania, 532

Curcuma longa, 548

Curlews, as seed-dispersers, 355, 356

Currents, as seed-dispersers, 4, 12, 44, 49, 57, 58, 61-75, 79-84, 179,
557, 562, 571;
Gulf-stream, 4, 80, 180, 189, 430, 570, 581;
currents reaching Hawaii, 58, 72-5, 557-9;
Humboldt or Peruvian current, 480, 483, 490-5, 500, 597-601;
_see_ under Climate and currents

Cuscuta, 58, =366=, 537, 552, 553, 555, 559, =595=

Cyanea, 252, 254-5, 258, 604

Cyathodes, 272, =282=, 284, 285, 290-1, =292=, 305, 533, 553-4

Cyathula prostrata, 605

Cycas circinalis, 42, 109, 115, 328, 413, 530, 547, 548-9, 563

Cynometra, 108, 529, 563

Cyperaceæ, dispersal by ducks, 513;
by purple water-hens, 296

Cyrtandra, 308-9, =316=, 331, 405, 520

Cyrtosperma, 413

Cytisus scoparius, 536

Dacrydium, 294, 297-8, =302=, 305-6

Dalbergia monosperma, 106, 435, 529, 551, 563

Damasonium stellatum, 537

Dammara, 294, =298=, 303-6, 532

Daption capensis (Cape-pigeon), 511

Darwin, Mr., 24, 150, 177, 347, 497, 509, 538, 539, 542, 544, 546, 568

Datura stramonium, 537

Davis, Prof., 491

Davis, Rev. S. H., 213

Dead Sea, density of, 89

Death and Evolution, 11, 523

Delissea, 252, 254-5, 258

Density of sea-water and seed-buoyancy, 88, 566

Derris uliginosa;
distribution, 68, 552, 563;
station, 44, 551;
inland extension, 42, 547;
fruit-buoyancy, 106, 111, 529, 552;
river-drift, 76, 435;
beach-drift, 437

Deschampsia, 272, 275

Desmodium umbellatum, 106, 529

Desmodium polycarpum, 605

Deterioration of capacity for dispersal, 262-3, 337, 350, 365, 507,
594-5

Deyeuxia, 272, 284-5

Dianella, =356=, 533

Dichrocephala latifolia, 605

Dickson, Mr., 493

Didunculus, 159, 393

Didymocarpus, 318

Differentiation of birds and plants, 505-7, 514, 520, 521-2;
of climate, 470, 473, 507, 521-2

Dimorphism, suggested, in Rhizophora, 449, 465, 521;
in Cæsalpinia, 573;
in Convolvulus sepium and C. soldanella, 573

Dioclea, 82, 107, 113, 436, 529, 531, 563

Dioscorea, 412-4, 532

Dispersal, agencies of, 5, 61, 502;
suspension, causes of, 5-9, 242-3, 365, =504=, 514, 521-2;
_see_ under Adaptation, Birds, Currents, Deterioration &c.

Dixon, Mr. C., on differentiation of birds, 505-6;
on seeds in petrels, 581

Döderlein, 54

Dodo, 8, 159, 522

Dodonæa, 67, 71, 106, 333, =338=, 357, 529, 548, 554, 563

Dole, Mr., 241, 557

Dolicholobium, =394=, 603

Douglas, Mr. D., 278, 282, 586

Dove: _see_ Pigeon

Draba verna, 536

Dracæna aurea, =367=, 533

Dracæna, vivipary in, 471

Dracocephalum, 568

Dracontomelon, =399=, 532

Dragon-flies, dispersed by winds, 510

Drepanididæ, 259, 343, 348, 504-5, 603

Drepanocarpus, 562

Drift: _see_ Beach seed-drift, River seed-drift

Drift-timber, 58, 72, 557

Drosera, 4, 253, 270, 272, 285-8, 536

Druce, Mr., on Sea-thrifts, 34

Drupe, rubiaceous, its first appearance in the Pacific, 262

Drying-winds, 491-4

Drymispermum, 45, 133, 134, =164=, 166, 530

Dryobalanops, vivipary in, 471

Dubautia, 236-8, 240, 243-4

Ducie Island, 49, 64

Ducks, as dispersers of seeds, 241, 277, 356, =369=, =370=, 375, 399,
506, =512-3=, 514, 541

Dusolier, M., 506

Dwarfing of shore-plants growing inland, 547

Dysoxylum, 376

Easter Island, 64

Ecastaphyllum, 562

Eclipta alba, 533, 534, 605

Ecuador, climate of sea-border, 476, 483, 489-91, 493-6, 500, 597;
influence of the Humboldt or Peruvian current, 490-1, 493-5, 500,
599;
mangroves, 3, 77, 445, 448, 474-6, 483-90, 521, 597;
beach-drift and beach-plants, 180, 488-9;
temperature of the Guayaquil estuary, 77, 78, 565;
drift of the Guayaquil River, 91, 435, 488-9;
Santa Rosa River, 486;
Machala plains, 485, 495;
Santa Elena coast, 483, 490, 494, 597

Eeka, mountain in Maui, 208, 214, 253

Eggers, Baron von, on the climate and mangroves of Ecuador, 449, 450,
476, 483-4, 487, 490, 493-5, 597

Ekstam, O., on seed-dispersal in Spitzbergen and Nova Zembla, 242, 277,
282, 434, =511=, =512=

Elæocarpus, =334=, 357-8, 389, 391, 401, 507-9, 532

Elatine hydropiper, 536

Elatostema, 317, 383, 391, =405=

Electrical state of the atmosphere, 582, 588

Eleusine indica, 605

Elizabeth Island, 64

Embelia, 362-4, 409, 520

Empetrum nigrum, 511

Endemic genera and species, tables of, 232, 233, 244, 252, 255, 263,
265;
_see_ under Fiji, Hawaii, Tahiti

Endemism: _see_ under Species

English beach-drift, 429-33;
_see_ Beach seed-drift

Entada scandens, =176=;
station, 44, 48, 50, =177=, 182;
distribution, 68, =177-9=, 182, 200, 499, 500, 551, 563;
dispersed by currents, =179-80=, 182;
seed-buoyancy, 82, 94, 106, 111, =181-3=, 529, 531;
river and beach drift, =180=, 430, 435, 437-8, 488-9, 499

Epilobium, 471, 536, 603

Epiphytic plants, 281 (Vaccinium);
291 (Weinmannia);
343 (Myoporum and Vaccinium);
383 (Loranthus);
402 (Myrmecodia)