Chapter III: The Transition to Utilitarianism

1. Difference of the standpoints of individual and State, 41
2. Connection between egoism and utilitarianism according to Bentham, 45
(_a_) Utilitarianism not a political duty, 46
(_b_) Nor a moral duty, 47
(_c_) Nor insisted on as a religious duty, 49
(_d_) Nor sufficiently motived in private ethics, 50
3. Exhaustive character of Bentham's treatment from his point of
view, 51
(_a_) The religious sanction (Paley), 53
(_b_) Limits of the political sanction, 54
(_c_) Uncertainty of the social sanction, 55
(_d_) And of the internal sanction so far as a result of the
social, 56
4. Mill's logical defence of utilitarianism, 57
(_a_) Distinction of kinds of pleasure, 58
(_b_) Ambiguities in his proof, 60
5. Actual transition to utilitarianism, 62
(_a_) Recognition of sympathy, 64
(_b_) The idea of equality, 69
6. The two sides of utilitarian theory without logical connection, 73
7. Summary of the ethical consequences of psychological hedonism, 75

CHAPTER IV.

MORAL SENTIMENT.

1. A uniform psychological theory not supplied by the opponents of
ethical hedonism, 78
2. The non-hedonistic theory of action, 84
3. Ethics made to depend on the moral sense, 89
(_a_) As harmony of impulses, 90
(_b_) As a separate sensitive faculty, 92
(_c_) As an internal law, 100
4. The ethics of moral sentiment a mediating theory, 105

PART II.

THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION.

CHAPTER V.

THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORALITY.

1. General characteristics of the theory of evolution, 107
An assertion of the unity of life, 109
Primarily historical, but capable of ethical application, 110
2. The development of morality, 116
(_a_) Historical psychology, 116
Its difficulties, 117
Its result, 123
(_b_) Development of society, 124