Chapter VII: The Date of Ukhaiḍir (3)

[380] _Amurath_, Fig. 133. As regards the date, M. van Berchem calls my attention to a passage in the _Fakhri_ of Ibn al-Tiqtaqa (ed. Derembourg, p. 445), in which it is stated that the khalif al-Mustanṣir built among other monuments such as the Mustanṣiriyyeh at Baghdâd and the bridge at Harbâ, khân al-Khernîna. I was therefore right in assigning it to the thirteenth century A.D.

[381] A drawing of the gate is published by Sarre-Herzfeld, _Euphrat-und Tigris-Gebiet_, vol. i, p. 13.

[382] Teano, _Annali dell’ Islam_, vol. i, p. 443.

[383] Lammens, ‘Ziâd ibn Abîhi,’ _Rivista degli Studi Orientali_, vol. iv, p. 242.

[384] Sir Charles Lyall sends me the following note: “There is a masdjedâ at Medâin Ṣâliḥ. Masdjid is the “place of prostration” (sadjada) and this use of ‘sadjada’ is anterior to Islâm. See al-’A’shâ’s line: “Whoever sees Haudhah prostrates himself (yasdjud) without delay, when he puts on the crown above his turban or lays it down.”‘

[385] As, for instance, the _khuṭbah_ of ‘Amr ibn al-’Aṣ in his mosque at Fusṭâṭ (Corbett, ‘The Mosque of ‘Amr,’ _Journal of the R. Asiatic Soc._, 1890, p. 768), and the _khuṭbah_ of Ziyâd ibn Abîhi at Baṣrah (Lammens, op. cit., p. 36).

[386] Lammens, ibid., p. 31; and Becker, ‘Zur Geschichte des islamischen Kultus,’ _Der Islam_, vol. iii, p. 394.

[387] Teano, op. cit., vol. i, p. 438.

[388] Idem, vol. ii, pt. i, p. 68; and Becker, _Die Kanzel im Kultus des alten Islam_, p. 3 (Orientalische Studien Theodor Nöldeke gewidmet).

[389] Teano, op. cit., vol. iii, p. 965.

[390] The Copts built the façade, the Greeks the side and back walls; see Becker’s very interesting note, _Der Islam_, vol. iii, p. 403.

[391] Balâdhuri, _Futûḥ_, ed. de Goeje, p. 6. Yâqût, _Mu’djám_, ed. Wüstenfeld, vol. iv, p. 466.

[392] Teano, op. cit., vol. iv, p. 569, quoting Makrîzi, _Khiṭâṭ_, vol. ii, p. 247.

[393] Lammens, Ziâd ibn Abîhi, op. cit., p. 246; Becker, ‘Zur Geschichte d. islam. Kultus.’ op. cit., pp. 392-3. Professor Becker points out that though the architectural form was borrowed from the Christian apse, the word ‘miḥrab’ which was applied to it had had an earlier usage. It signified the princely seat of honour, which in all probability was generally niche-shaped.

[394] Balâdhuri, _Futûḥ_, p. 46.

[395] Idem, p. 350.

[396] Idem, pp. 347-8.

[397] Idem, p. 277.

[398] Ṭabari, Prima Series, p. 2489; Teano, op. cit., vol. iii, p. 857; Lammens, Ziâd, op. cit., p. 247.

[399] _Futûḥ_, p. 286.

[400] Ṭabari, Prima Series, p. 2492.

[401] _Futûḥ_, p. 277.

[402] Teano, op. cit., vol. iv, pp. 563 et seq.; Corbett, ‘The Mosque of ‘Amr,’ _Journal of the R. Asiatic Soc._, 1890, pp. 759 et seq.

[403] Becker, _Die Kanzel_, _passim_, and ‘Zur Geschichte des islamischen Kultus,’ op. cit., p. 393; Corbett, loc. cit., p. 773, n. 1.

[404] Ṭabari, Tertia Series, p. 322.

[405] ‘Zur Geschichte des islamischen Kultus,’ op. cit., p. 393.

[406] Teano, op. cit., vol. iv, p. 567.

[407] Le Strange, _Palestine under the Moslems_, p. 90.

[408] I follow Dr. Herzfeld’s view, _Euphrat-und Tigris-Gebiet_, vol. i, p. 98. Professor Thiersch believes it to have been copied from the Chalce of the Augusteion at Constantinople, but his theory is based solely upon hypothesis and it appears to me to be far-fetched. Thiersch, _Pharos_, p. 214.

[409] At Ba’albek its width is strongly marked in the façade of the ṣaḥn and in the arcade next to the qiblah wall, not in the intermediate arcades. For plan see Berchem-Strzygowski, _Amida_, Fig. 271.

[410] Saladin, _La mosquée de Sidi Okba à Kairouan_, pp. 18 et seq.

[411] Saladin, _Manuel d’art musulman, Architecture_, Fig. 139.

[412] Marçais, _Monuments de Tlemcen_, Figs. 14, 49, 69.

[413] _Nordmesopotamische Baudenkmäler_, Plate 73.

[414] Cf. the narrow blind arches on either side of the lîwân in the central court at Ukhaiḍir.

[415] Sachau, _Reise in Syrien und Mesopotamien_, p. 221.

[416] _Orientalische Literaturzeitung_, September 1911, p. 422.

[417] _Futûḥ_, p. 178.

[418] _Amurath to Amurath_, p. 56.

[419] Balâdhuri, _Futûḥ_, p. 179.

[420] _Amurath to Amurath_, p. 57; Sarre-Herzfeld, _Euphrat-und Tigris-Gebiet_, vol. i, p. 4, and vol. iii, Plate 66.

[421] Salmon, _Introduction topographique à l’histoire de Baghdad d’al-Khaḷîb_, Arabic text, p. 60; Sarre-Herzfeld, _Euphrat-und Tigris-Gebiet_, p. 91.

[422] _Amurath to Amurath_, p. 243; Sarre-Herzfeld, _Euphrat-und Tigris-Gebiet_, p. 69.

[423] It appears in M. Viollet’s plan, ‘Description du palais d’al-Moutasim,’ _Mémoires présentés à l’Acad. des Inscr. et Belles-Lettres_, vol. xii, pt. ii. Plate 8.

[424] Herzfeld, _Erster vorl. Bericht_, p. 7.

[425] Idem, p. 37.

[426] A.H. 484; it is the inscription on the north wall. On the south wall of the same wing there is an inscription, which probably alludes to some reparation and gives the date A.H. 874 = A.D. 1469. The inscription on the minaret is in the name of the Inalid Inaldi (A.H. 503-536 = A.D. 1109-1141). Two decrees are built into the north wall of the wide central aisle; they are dated respectively A.H. 639 = A.D. 1241, and A.H. 731 = A.D. 1330. The east wing of the ḥaram bears an inscription on the north wall dated A.H. 550 = A.D. 1155, and another on the same wall dated A.H. 1094 = A.D. 1683, while upon the east gable there is an inscription dated A.H. 735 = A.D. 1334. An inscription on the west arcade of the ṣaḥn is dated A.H. 518 = A.D. 1124, and the eastern arcade is dated A.H. 559 = A.D. 1163, while a second inscription contains the name of Abû ‘al-Qâsin ‘Ali, who died about A.H. 575 = A.D. 1179. On the east gate there is an inscription dated A.H. 575 = A.D. 1179. The madrasah at the north-west corner of the ṣaḥn is dated A.H. 935 = A.D. 1528; the wall to the east of the north door (behind the arcade) A.H. 625 = A.D. 1228; the small madrasah court to the north of this wall A.H. 595 = A.D. 1198, and the north doorway of this madrasah A.H. 576 = A.D. 1180.

[427] _Orientalische Literaturzeitung_, September 1911, p. 399. In A.D. 1046 Nâṣiri Khusrau saw a mosque here which had marked resemblances with the existing building. Ed. Schefer, p. 28.

[428] Sarre-Herzfeld, _Euphrat-und Tigris-Gebiet_, vol. i, p. 17; and vol. iii, Plate 88.

[429] _Mission en Mésopotamie_, vol. i, Plate 20.

[430] Ibn al-Athîr, vol. v, p. 224. The governor of ‘Irâq, Yûsuf ibn Umar, was imprisoned in the Khaḍrâ by Yazîd III, A.D. 744. See too Lammens, ‘La Bâdia et la Ḥîra,’ _Mélanges de la Fac. Or._, vol. iv, p. 100.

[431] _Futûḥ_, p. 284. The palace of Ḥadjdjâdj in Wâsiṭ was called al-Qabbet al-khaḍrâ on account of its green dome; ibid., p. 290.

[432] Yâqût, vol. iv, p. 121.

[433] Professor Musil also heard the name; he writes it Aslâm and applies it to the southern end of the Ṭâr. _Proceedings of the K. Akad. der Wiss. in Wien_, No. 1, 1913, p. 10. Bir Aslâm appears in Captain Leachman’s map. _Journal of the R. Geog. Soc._, 1911.

[434] Ibn al-Athîr, vol. ii, p. 349.

[435] Ibn al-Athîr, vol. iv, p. 328. Yâqût’s alternate site, between ‘Ain al-Tamr and Damascus, must therefore be rejected. Ibn al-Athîr refers to it in this passage in connexion with the revolt of Shabîb, during the vicegerency of Ḥadjdjâdj.

[436] Flandin-Coste, _Voyage en Perse_, p. 27.

[437] Dieulafoy, _L’Art antique de la Perse_, vol. iv, Fig. 26.

[438] ‘Genesis der islamischen Kunst,’ _Der Islam_, vol. i, p. 112.

[439] Butler, _Ancient Architecture in Syria_, Sect. B, pt. i, p. 32.

[440] The arches of the tomb known as Ṣlaibiyyeh are the best preserved. _Amurath to Amurath_, Figs. 150 and 151, and Herzfeld, _Erster vorl. Bericht_, Fig. 6. Dr. Herzfeld found in it three graves, and he believes it to have been the mausoleum of the khalifs Muntaṣir, Mu’tazz, and Muhtadi.

[441] _Amurath_, Figs. 43 and 44.

[442] Sarre-Herzfeld, _Iranische Felsreliefs_, pp. 232 et seq.

[443] Third and second century B. C., Delbrück, _Hellenistische Bauten in Latium_, pt. ii, p. 68.

[444] Bell, _Churches and Monasteries of the Ṭûr ‘Abdîn_, p. 87 (31).

[445] Sarre-Herzfeld, _Euphrat-und Tigris-Gebiet_, vol. i, Fig. 57; and vol. iii, Plate 68.

[446] Ya’qubi, ed. de Goeje, p. 311. Dr. Moritz calls my attention to a passage in _Murudj al-Dhahab_ of Mas’ûdi (ed. Barbier de Meynard), vol. viii, p. 294, in which it is related that the khalif Rashid built wells, cisterns, and castles along the Mekkah road. These castles can, however, have been nothing but guard-houses.

[447] Le Strange, _Lands of the Eastern Khalifate_, p. 77.

[448] Lammens, ‘Ziâd ibn Abîhi,’ _Rivista degli Studi Orientali_, vol. iv, p. 232 and p. 656, note 2.