Chapter IX: The Making of Christendom (3)

_Pipin-le-bref_; rise of the family of Arnulf and Pipin of Landen, 493;
his forty years’ work as mayor of the palace, 494;
first of the four great Carlovingians, 496.

_Pipin_, the king, invites Pope Zacharias to sanction his assumption of
the royal title, 351;
elected king of the Franks at Soissons in 752, 351;
meets Pope Stephen II. at Poutigny in 754, 357;
promises to restore to the Pope the Lombard captures, 359;
crowned by Pope Stephen II. in St. Denys’, 360;
forces king Aistulf to yield at Pavia, 360;
called upon by Pope Stephen II. in the name of St. Peter, 362;
relieves Rome by taking Pavia, 363;
lays the keys of the surrendered cities on the tomb of the Prince of the
Apostles, 364;
refuses to be bribed by Constantine Kopronymus to give back these cities
to him, 364;
restores Rome to the Pope and gives him the exarchate and Pentapolis,
365, 400;
letter of thanksgiving sent him by Pope Stephen II. in 757, 430;
defends Pope Paul I. from king Desiderius, 433;
dies in 768, his tomb inscribed: “Pipin the king, father of Charles the
Great,” 436;
the Papal monarchy dates from the compact with him at Quiersy, 460;
the greatness of his benefactions acknowledged in the Codex Carolinus,
463.

_Popes_, the succession of twenty-four, from 604 to 715, 26;
the imperial confirmation of their election, 27, 30;
then ten succeeding Honorius condemn the Monothelite heresy, 41, 56;
are persecuted for forty years for condemning it, 57;
the ten immediate successors of Honorius save the Church from heresy
imposed by Byzantine emperors and patriarchs, 255-256;
ground of their firmness, belief in the succession of St. Peter, 259;
the five Popes who go to Constantinople, 284;
the twenty-four Popes between the first and second Gregories, 295;
their three hundred years of suffering and glory, A.D. 455-756, 369;
mode of their election and confirmation under the exarchate, 383;
their confirmation from 526 to 731, 385;
their third oppression by the Byzantine lay power seeking to impose
doctrine, 391;
constancy of the successive Popes from Gelasius in 492, to St. Gregory
II., in 726, 394;
the Papal constancy makes martyrs;
the patriarchal despotism corrupts the faith and destroys the empire,
395-396, 409-410;
fifty-eight Byzantine bishops from Metrophanes, A.D. 325, to Methodius,
842, of whom twenty-one heretics, 411-414;
seventy Popes in the same period, all of whom keep one faith, 415;
the doctrine thus preserved is that of the Incarnation itself, 415;
the line of subject succeeded by the line of sovereign Popes, 432;
the Papal line the fountain head of political sense, 491-492;
Christian Europe born from the alliance between Charlemagne and Popes
Adrian I. and Leo III., 515.

_Rachis_, king of the Lombards, resigns his kingdom, 349;
receives the cowl of St. Benedict from the hands of Pope Zacharias, 349.

_Reumont_, quoted, 301, 330, 332, 339, 359, 363, 365, 496, 509.

_Severinus_, _Pope_, his confirmation delayed for nineteen months and
sixteen days, 37;
is plundered by the exarch Isaac, 39;
sat two months and sixteen days, during which he rejected the Ecthesis,
41.

_Sergius_, patriarch of Constantinople, deceives Pope Honorius, 106;
draws up his Ecthesis against the doctrine of Sophronius, 33, 35, 109;
supplies the emperor Heraclius with insidious heretical language, 254;
condemned by the Sixth Council, 247;
by St. Leo II., in confirming the Council, as one “who lurked as a thief
rather than acted as a guide in the See of Constantinople,”
251.

_Stephen II._, _Pope_, elected in 752, 352;
resists Aistulf, attacking the duchy of Rome, and imposing a poll-tax,
353;
appeals in vain to Constantine Kopronymus to defend Rome, 353;
appeals to Pipin, king of the Franks, 354;
leaves Rome for Pavia to persuade Aistulf to desist, 355;
on his refusal, crosses the Alps to Pipin, 356;
saves Europe from Mohammedan enthralment by union with Pipin, 357;
meeting of Stephen and Pipin at Pontigny, described by Anastasius, 358;
Pipin binds himself to protect the Roman Church and Commonwealth of
which Stephen makes him Patricius, 359;
anoints Pipin as king of the Franks in the Church of St. Denys, 360;
is besieged in Rome by Aistulf, 361;
writes to Pipin in the name of St. Peter, 362;
is delivered by Pipin taking Pavia, 363;
the keys of the cities laid by Pipin on the tomb of the Prince of the
Apostles,364;
Pope Stephen II. recognised as head of the Roman State, 365;
the State of the Church thus created, A.D. 756, 366;
returns as king to Rome on the death of Aistulf, 756, 429;
letter of the first Pope-king to Pipin, 430;
dies in the Lateran palace, acknowledged by all as king of Rome, April
24, 757, 431;
in him the line of Popes who are subjects closes; the line of Popes who
are kings opens, 432.

_Stephen III., Pope_, his pontificate, 352;
letter to the kings Charles and Carloman, 437.

_Stephen_, bishop of Dor, his memorial to the Lateran Council, 68.

_Sophronius_, patriarch of Jerusalem, appeals from Calvary to the
Apostolic See under Honorius, as the chalif Omar enters, 69;
his synodical letter, a chief document against the Monothelite heresy,
107-109;
calls the entrance of Omar “the abomination of desolation in the
temple,” 123.

_Theodatus, King_, tyrannises over the Romans, 380;
allows the election of Pope Agapetus, 380;
forces him to go as ambassador to Constantinople, 380;
imposes the choice of Pope Silverius, 380.

_Theodorich_, the Ostrogoth, his domination Arian, 372;
his political clemency ends in blood, 373;
an emissary of the eastern emperor Zeno, 374;
failed to assimilate the Roman and Gothic elements in stable union, 375;
allows the election of Popes Hormisdas and John I., imposes that of Pope
Felix IV., 378;
did not claim to confirm the election of Pope Symmachus, 377;
begins with slaying Odoacer: ends by slaying Boethius and Symmachus and
Pope John I., 375, 378;
ruled with equity and died in remorse, and with him died the Gothic
kingdom, 491.

_Theodorus, Pope_, his accession, 46;
receives the patriarch Pyrrhus, renouncing his heresy in St. Peter’s,
48;
condemns him when recalcitrant, 48;
names an apostolic vicar in Palestine, 49;
dies and is buried at St. Peter’s, 50.

_Theophanes_, the Greek chronographist, marks the rise of the Arabian
heresy as the scourge of Christian sins, 260;
ascribes the conduct of the emperor Leo III. to a Mohammedan temper,
335-6;
calls St. Gregory II. “the most holy apostolic man,” 325;
“the successor of Supreme Peter in his Chair,” 325;
describes the tyranny of Constans II., 234;
the murders of Justinian II. and his son, 280;
the persecution of the monks by Constantine Kopronymus, 403.

_Toto_, the duke, seizes the Papal Chair for his brother, a layman, 431.

_Vitalian_, _Pope_, elected in 657, 229;
receives as sovereign of Rome the emperor Constans II., 230, 232;
consecrates Theodore, archbishop of Canterbury, 235;
cherishes the young English Church, 235;
dies in 672, 237.

_Wandering_ of the nations, the northern and the southern compared,
149-151.

_Zacharias_, _Pope_, elected and consecrated four days after the death of
Gregory III. in 731, without the exarch’s confirmation, 344;
his character by Anastasius, 345;
during ten years keeps at bay Liutprand, Rachis, and Aistulf, 345;
in his first year prevails over Liutprand at Terni, 346;
in his third year prevails over him at Pavia, 347;
in 749 prevails over king Rachis at Perugia, 348;
gives him on his abdication the Benedictine habit, 349;
in 751 resists the seizure of the exarchate by king Aistulf, 350;
is invited by Pipin, mayor of the palace, to sanction his becoming king,
351;
declares that it is lawful for him to depose the Merovingian and become
king in his stead, 351;
dies the 14th March, 752, having thrice saved Rome, 352.

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FOOTNOTES

1 Der Zeit-geist.

2 It is ever to be borne in mind that at the time of the Council of
Ephesus the Council of Constantinople in 381 ranked only as a local
council of Eastern bishops, partially confirmed by Pope Damasus.

3 Orbis dominus: ὁ Δεσπότης τῆς οἰκουμένης.

4 Photius, i. 193.

5 Döllinger, _Muhammed’s Religion_, p. 1.

6 Gregorovius, ii. 112-3, first edition (afterwards a little altered),
p. 102.

7 As such she has merited and received the scoffs of Gibbon in full
Voltairian foulness.

8 Gregorovius, ii. 112, 3rd edit.

9 See the article on this writer’s adventurous life by Card.
Hergenrölher in the _Kirchen-lexicon_, i. 788.

10 Gregorovius ii. 113, referring to Pagi, upon Baronius, year 625,
sec. 17.

11 See Gregorovius, ii. 105.

12 Hist., iii. 7.

13 See Hefele, iii. 267.

14 See Rohrbacher-Rump, x. 247.

15 I have shortened this from the original in Mansi, x. 1003, as read
at St. Martin’s Council.

16 Noted by Hefele, iii. 159.

17 Gregorovius, ii. 128. 3rd Ed. From Anastasius, Mansi, x. 675.

18 From the _Liber Pontificalis_.

19 From the contemporaneous letter of St. Maximus to the Abbot
Thalassius. Mansi, x. 677. Rohrbacher-Rump, x. 249.

20 Stabiles illi et firmæ revera et immobilis Petræ ministri.

21 See Hefele, iii. 154, 160.

22 Gallandi, _Bibliotheca veterum Patrum_, Tom. xiii. 33.

23 Gregorovius, ii. 130.

24 Sta. Maria Maggiore.

25 Photius, i. 202-3.

26 See the whole as read in the Lateran Council of Pope Martin, in
Mansi, x. 1019-1025.

27 Gregorovius, ii. 138.

28 Hefele, iii. 189; Muratori, _Annali d’Italia_, anno 649.

29 Mansi, x., 785-8.

30 These facts are taken from the words of Pope Martin himself, in the
Lateran Council.

31 Hefele, iii, 188. Translated to “cruelty”.

_ 32 Inferno_, xix. 69. Sappi ch’io fui vestitio del gran manto.

33 As the Pope’s speech occupies six columns in Mansi, I have taken
from Hefele, iii. 190-1, the above, which, he says, contains its
chief import.

34 See Mansi, x. 891-901. I have selected parts and omitted
redundancies.

35 Ταχέως οὐν ἀπὸ περάτω εἰς πέρατα δίελθε, μέχρις ἂν εἰς τὸν
ἀποστολικὸν κὸν ἀπαντήσειας θρόνον, ἔνθα τῶν εὐσεβῶν δογμάτων εἰσὶν
αἱ κρηπίδες. Μὴ ἅπαξ, μὴ δὶς, ἀλλὰ πολλάκις γνωρίζων τοῖς ἐκεῖσε
πανιέροις ἀνδράσιν πάντα δί ἀκριβείας τὰ ἐνταῦθα κεκινημένα, καὶ μὴ
ἐνδόσης ἐντόνως παρακαλῶν καὶ δεόμενος, ἔως ἂν ἐξ ἀποστολικῆς
θεοσοφίας εἰς νεῖκος τὴν κρίσιν ἀγάγωσι, καὶ τῶν ἐπεισάκτων δογμάτων
τελείαν ποιήσονται κανονικῶς τὴν κατάργησιν.

The Pope thus solemnly addressed was Honorius. Mansi, x. 895, c.

36 Hefele, iii. 190.

37 ὅθεν εἰς τὴν τοῦ παναγίου Πέτρου τιμὴν, ὦ πάτερ πατρῶν, αὐτὸς ὁ
ὑμετέρος ἀποστολικὸς θρόνος ἰδιοτρόπως ἤτοι μονογενῶς κατὰ θεῖον
κεκλήρωται θέσπισμα τὰ ἰερὰ τῆς ἐκκλησίας δόγματα διερευνᾶσθαι καὶ
ἀναψηλαθᾷν. Mansi, x. 920.

38 Mansi, x. 797-804.

39 Ep. 186. Quoted in “Formation of Christendom,” vol. v., p. 335.

40 See Mansi, x. 827-832.

41 Mansi, x. 834-843, and 843-850.

42 Mansi, x. 1169.

43 See the 15th and 14th letters of Pope Martin, written in his
imprisonment at Constantinople. Mansi, x. 849-853.

44 By this we learn that the imperial palace on the Palatine was still
habitable, and occupied by the exarch when he came to Rome.

45 Quia nos eum voluimus adorare sed cras—cras omnimodis occurremus et
adorabimus sanctitatem vestram. The same word “adorare” is used to
express the Pope’s acknowledgment of the exarch, and the exarch’s
acknowledgment of the Pope.

46 See Mansi, x. 853-862.

47 A similar outrage upon another Pope suggests to Dante a similar
identification of the Disciple with the Master—both speak of
contemporaneous events; as Constans II. is to Pope Martin so
Philippe-le-bel is to Pope Boniface VIII.

Veggio in Alagna entrar lo fiordaliso,
E nel Vicario suo Cristo esser catto.
Veggiolo un’ altra volta esser deriso;
Veggio rinnovellar l’aceto e il fele,
E tra nuovi ladroni essere anciso.
Veggio il nuovo Pilato si crudele,
E cio nol sazia, ma, senza decreto,
Porta nel tempio lo cupide vele.

—_Purgatorio_, xx, 85.

48 Letters 16 and 17, Mansi, x. 861, 862.

49 So called in allusion to the Council at Chalcedon having been held
in her church.

50 See Rump, x. 121-6.

51 Hefele, iii. 119.

52 Vol. i. 110.

53 Hefele, iii. 120.

54 Letter of Sergius to Honorius, read in the 6th Council. Mansi, xi.
532.

55 Hefele, iii. 138.

56 The synodal letter of Sophronius occupies 24 folio columns in Mansi,
xi. 461-508. Its chief points are compressed by Hefele, iii.
139-145, into six pages. I have drawn my quotation partly from
Hefele, and partly from the original text.

57 μήτραν εἰσδὺς ἀπειρόγαμον Μαρίας τῆς ἁγίας καὶ φαιδρᾶς καὶ θεόφρονος
καὶ παντὸς ἐλευθέρας μολύσματος τοῦτε κατὰ σῶμα καὶ ψυχὴν καὶ
διάνοιαν.—Mansi, xi. 473.

58 St. Leo’s doctrine is contained in his words to S. Flavian, accepted
and made its own by the Council of Chalcedon:—“Agit enim utraque
forma (_i.e._ natura) cum alterius communione quod proprium est”.

59 Compare A. de Vere, _Legends and Records_, p. 125—

Arias since then hath died;
Since then God’s Church is cloven. Since then, since then
My empire too is cloven, and cloven in five.
No choice remained. I never was the man
To close my eyes against unwelcome truth.
My sons, my nephews, these are each and all
Alike ambitious men, and ineffectual.

60 See the letter of St. Basil quoted above in vol. v., 231, _Throne of
the Fisherman_.

61 These may be found drawn out in eleven papers of the _Civiltà
Catholica_ termed “La Chiesa e l’Impero,” 1855-6.

62 See the letter in the 13th session of the Sixth Council, Mansi, xi.
561, D.

63 Damberger, ii. 11.

64 Daniel, ix. 27.

65 Damberger, ii. 18-20. Weiss, ii. 517-519-521, for the narrative. See
also Weil, _die Chalifen_, Omar, 144.

66 Damberger, ii. 22, for the following paragraph.

67 Weil, _Geschichte der Chalifen_, i. 139-141.

68 Weil, _Geschichte der Chalifen_, i. 144.

69 Weil, _Geschicte der Chalifen_, i. 103-5.

70 Newman’s _Theodoret_. Page 318.

71 Card. Newman, _Theodoret_, p. 340, 342.

_ 72 Richard II._, ii. 1.

73 Card. Hergenrother’s articles in _Kirchen-Lexicon_ i. 946, 7, upon
Antioch, and on Alexandria, i. 519-521, have supplied me with the
following facts.

74 Weil, _Islamitische Volker_, 58.

75 Weil, _die Chalifen_, i. 165.

76 See this letter in Mansi, x. 682-6.

77 From the letter “ad Petram illustrem,” Gallandi, vol. xii. p.
38.—Rump, x. 267.

78 S. Maximi confessoris Græcorum theologi, tom. ii., Combefis, 672.

79 That is by attributing _One Will_ to the Two Natures of Christ.

80 Anastasius, in Gallandi, tom. xiii. 50.

81 Gallandi, xiii. 71, translated.

82 Hefele, iii. 323.

83 Not from Anastasius, the Librarian, but from another source, in
Gallandi, xiii. 74. See the narrative of Maximus in Hefele, iii.
215-224.

84 Held under the patriarch Peter, Photius, i. 206.

85 Weil, _Islamitische Völker_, p. 2. I have taken from this
distinguished Orientalist and German historian, who spent thirty
years in the study of eastern documents, the chief details
concerning the events of Mohammed’s life, which follow.

86 Weil, p. 7-24, from whom I have taken the facts which follow.

87 Weil, _Islamitische Völker_, 8.

88 Weil, p. 10.

89 Weil, p. 16.

90 Weil, p. 17.

91 Sura 33. Sale, p. 317.

92 Weil, p. 18; see the 33rd Sura.

93 Weil, p. 18.

94 Weil, p. 19.

95 Sale’s Koran, Sura 9.

96 Weil, quoted by Rump, x. 88.

97 Note in Sale’s Koran, 9th Sura, p. 128.

98 See Sura 33.

99 St. John Damascene, on the 101st heresy. Vol. I. 114.

100 Quoted in _Mohammed’s Religion_, p. 23. The annalist is Raima.

101 From Damberger, i. 394.

102 Damberger, i. 395.

103 Weiss, _Lehrbuch der Weltgeschichte_, ii. 516.

104 Weil, _Islamitische Völker_, Abu Bekr, p. 42.

_ 105 Mohammed’s Religion_, p. 4.

106 Nirschl, iii. 612.

107 Weil, _Islamitische Völker_, 26-29, _der Koran_. Translated.

108 Döllinger, _Mohammed’s Religion_, p. 7.

109 Döllinger, _Mohammed’s Religion_, 38-40.

_ 110 Mohammed’s Religion_, p. 141.

111 πλὴν ἵνα ἰδῇς κύρι᾽ Ἀββᾶ, ὅτι μικρὰν ἄνεσιν ἐὰν λάβωμεν ἐκ τῆς
συγχύσεως τῶν ἐθνῶν, ἀρμόσασθαι ὑμῖν ἔχομεν μὰ τὴν ἁγιαν τριάδα, καὶ
τὸν Πάπαν τὸν νῦν ἐπαιρόμενον, καὶ πάντας τοῦς ἐκεῖσε λαλοῦντας, καὶ
τοὺς λοιπούς σου μαθητάς καὶ πάντας ὑμᾶς χωνεύομεν ἔκαστον ἐν τῷ
ἐπιτηδείῳ αὐτοῦ τόπῳ, ὡς ἐϗωνεύθη Μαρτῖνος.—Gallandi, tom. xiii. 73.

112 Hefele, iii. 223.

113 Muratori, _Annali d’Italia_, A.D. 654.

114 Muratori, _Annali d’Italia_, A.D. 655.

115 Mansi, xi. 13.

116 See Muratori, A.D. 665, who quotes from Paulus Diaconus, lib. 5, ch.
xi. p. 336 and 366.

117 The words in which Pope Felix III. addressed Zeno, the first who
became sole ruler after the cessation of the western empire. See
above Vol. vi. p. 80.

118 Hist., iv. 1-2.

119 The facts from Photius.

120 Jaffé, p. 167, who refers to Mansi, xi. 179.

121 See Hergenröther, _Kirchengeschichte_, i. p. 365.

122 Translated from Hergenröther’s _Kirchengeschichte_, i. 365-8.

123 Letter of the Sixth Council in answer at its conclusion to the Pope.
Mansi, xi. 684-688.

124 Address of Council to emperor, Mansi, xi. 665, C. ὁ δὲ κορυφαιότατος
ἡμῖν συνηγωνίζετο πρωταπόστολος; τὸν γὰρ ἐκείνου μιμητὴν καὶ τῆς
καθέδρας δίαδοχον εἴχομεν ὑπαλείφοντα.

125 Theophanes had been put in the place of Macarius, deposed by the
Council.

126 Mansi, xi. 697-712.

127 Mansi, xi. 716 B.

128 προτρέπομεν τὴν ὑμετέραν πανίερον κορυφὴν.

129 See Mansi, ii. 725, etc.

130 τοὺς τῆς ἐκκλησίας κωνσταντινουπόλεως ὑποκαθιστὰς μᾶλλον ἠπερ
καθηγητάς.

131 Mansi, xi. 1050-1055.

132 Rump, x. 465.

133 Muratori, _Annali d’Italia_, A.D. 681.

134 Hergenröther, _Kirchengeschichte_, i. 369.—Jungmann, _de Causa
Honorii Romani Pontificis_, p. 430.

135 Gregorovius, ii. 112 (3rd edition).

136 St. Maximus, vol. ii. p. 106.

137 Theophanes, see the passage p. 506-511; ending with the words
quoted. It has inaccuracies which prevent citing the whole passage;
but the spirit of it is both true and of great importance.

138 Döllinger, _Lehrbuch der Kirchen-geschichte_, sec. 69, quoted by
Hergenröther.

139 Photius, i. 217.

140 Hefele, iii. 313.