Chapter M: Ré, Professor of the Materia Medica at the Veterinary School at (4)

INFUSUM QUASSIÆ. L.E. The proportion of Quassia directed for half a pint of water, is that of ℈j by the London, and ʒss by the Edinburgh College; the former is much too small, for, in order to obtain a saturated infusion, ʒij are required for that quantity of water. _Incompatibles._ _The salts of iron_ produce no change in it; nor is it affected by any of those substances with which it is likely to come in contact in a medical prescription. It is highly useful in debilities of the stomach and intestinal canal, and in irregular and atonic gout, and it has been observed, that in hysterical atony, to which the female sex is so prone, the Quassia affords more vigour and relief to the system, than the Peruvian Bark, especially when combined with a small portion of sulphate of zinc. To this, as well as the other stomachic infusions, it is usual to add at the time of prescribing them a small quantity of aromatic tincture or spirit. _Form. 35; 144._ Dose, f℥ss-f℥iss.

INFUSUM RHEI. L.E. The Edinburgh infusion is stronger than that of London, and is rendered more grateful by the addition of spirit of cinnamon; these infusions, however, when given without any _adjuvants_, produce but a feeble effect. This is obvious, since ℈j of rhubarb in substance, is at least equivalent in its effects to ʒiss when in infusion. _Incompatibles._ The _stronger acids_; _the sulphates of iron and zinc_; _nitrate of silver_; _tartarized antimony_; _acetate of lead_; _oxy-muriate of mercury_, and the infusions of _cusparia_, _cinchona_, _catechu_, _galls_, and some other _astringent_ vegetables; the _alkalies_ deepen the colour, but produce no decomposition. Dose, f℥j-f℥ij.

INFUSUM SIMAROUBÆ. L. This infusion is inodorous, of a clear straw colour, with a slightly bitter taste. It presents the best mode of exhibiting _Simarouba bark_. Dose, f℥ij, beyond this it will prove emetic. _Incompatibles._ _Alkaline carbonates_ and _lime water_ render it milky; and it is precipitated by the following substances; _infusions of catechu_; _galls_, and _yellow cinchona_; _oxy-muriate of mercury_; _nitrate of silver_, and _acetate of lead_. See _Simaroubæ Cortex_.

INFUSUM TABACI. L. It is never used but as an enema, in incarcerated hernia, and in ileus. See _Tabaci Folia_.

2. _Compound Infusions._

INFUSUM ARMORACIÆ COMPOSITUM. L. In this preparation the stimulant property of the horse-radish is materially aided by the mustard; pure alkalies, but not their carbonates, may form extemporaneous additions; for the other incompatibles, see _Armoraciæ Radix_. Dose, f℥iss. _Form. 45._

INFUSUM AURANTII COMPOSITUM. L. A grateful stomachic, having the agreeable compound taste of its several ingredients; it has the merit of sitting easily on the stomach. Dose, f℥j-f℥iss.

INFUSUM CATECHU COMPOSITUM. L.E. This infusion is a powerful astringent, rendered grateful by the addition of cinnamon; it will keep for several months, provided the directions of the Edinburgh College be not followed in adding the syrup. In prescribing it, we must remember that it contains a large proportion of _tannin_. See _Catechu_. Dose, f℥j-f℥iij.

INFUSUM GENTIANÆ COMPOSITUM. L. An elegant tonic and stomachic infusion. It affords a good example of the virtues of a natural substance being enhanced by the additions of art, as discussed at page 164, for the bitterness of the gentian is here subdued by the aromatic quality of the lemon and orange peel. _Incompatibles._ _Acetate of lead_ throws down a copious precipitate from the infusion, and _sulphate of iron_ strikes a brown colour, but no precipitate takes place for several hours.

INFUSUM ROSÆ COMPOSITUM. L.E.D. This is an infusion of the petals of the red rose, rendered astringent and refrigerant,[538] by the addition of dilute sulphuric acid. By referring to the DYNAMETER, it will be seen that f℥j; does not contain more than four and a half minims of _dilute_ acid, which are equivalent to three-sevenths of a minim of the strong _concentrated_ acid. Wherever therefore we expect any advantage from this latter ingredient, the quantity must be increased by extemporaneous addition. _Incompatibles._ All those bodies which are decomposed by the sulphuric acid; the _sulphates of iron_ and _zinc_ do not immediately alter the infusion, but they _slowly_ decompose it, producing precipitates of a dark colour. Dr. Clarke of Cambridge detected _iron_ in the petals;[539] may not the presence of this metal enhance the tonic powers of the infusion? It affords a most elegant vehicle for the exhibition of cathartic salts.

INFUSUM SENNÆ COMPOSITUM. L.E.D. A pint of water will take up the active matter of ℥j of senna, but nothing beyond that proportion; hence there is an unnecessary waste in the London process. The quantity of infusion directed to be made at one time, is also injudicious, since by simple exposure to the air for only a few hours, in consequence of the powerful affinity of its extractive matter for oxygen, a yellow precipitate takes place, and the infusion loses its purgative quality, and excites _tormina_ in the bowels; in preparing it therefore, we see the necessity of conducting the process in _covered_ vessels, and of making only such a portion as may be required for immediate use; indeed, notwithstanding every precaution, the extractive will to a certain extent become oxidized, and the infusion have a tendency to gripe.[540] Dr. Cullen used to say that Senna was one of the best purgatives, if it could only be divested of its griping quality; this however he was unable to obviate, because he was not aware of its cause, and therefore conjoined it with various aromatics, instead of those salts[541] which might be capable of increasing the solubility of its oxidized extractive, or the purgative activity of the infusion; see page 150, and 161. _Soluble tartar_ and _alkaline salts_ are its most useful adjuncts; it is however rarely prescribed in practice without the addition of other cathartics. (_Form. 70, 76, 90._) Sydenham’s favourite “_potio cathartica lenitiva_,” consisted of an infusion of tamarinds, senna leaves, and rhubarb, with the addition of manna and syrup of roses. The addition of tamarinds renders the infusion more grateful but less active; when made with _bohea tea_, it is in a great degree deprived of its nauseous taste; a decoction of guaiacum increases its powers, and is said at the same time to render it milder. Bitters also very considerably exalt its efficacy, see page 153. A pint of the infusion with a drachm of jalap forms an excellent combination for a purgative enema. _Incompatibles._ The infusion is disturbed by _strong acids_; _lime water_; _nitrate of silver_; _oxy-muriate of mercury_; _acetate of lead_; _tartarized antimony_; and by an _infusion of yellow cinchona_. DOSE, f℥j-f℥ij.

IPECACUANHÆ RADIX. L.E.D.

(Callicocca[542] Ipecacuanha.) _Ipecacuanha._

QUALITIES. _Form_, tortuous pieces of the thickness of a goose-quill, surrounded by numerous prominent rings, separated by deep grooves. This root, when powdered, has a faint disagreeable _odour_, and a bitter sub-acrid _taste_. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. The late researches of M. M. Majendie and Pelletier have detected the existence of a new vegetable proximate principle in this root, to which ipecacuan is indebted for its emetic properties; they have, accordingly, denominated it _Emetine_.[543] It assumes the form of transparent brownish red scales, which are nearly inodorous, but have a slightly bitter, acrid, but not nauseous taste. _Emetine_ is decomposed by a heat higher than that of boiling water; it is insoluble in water, in every proportion, without undergoing the least change; and in a moist atmosphere it deliquesces; it is also soluble in alcohol, but not in æther; _nitric acid_ dissolves it, but at the same time decomposes it; _dilute sulphuric acid_ has no action on it; _muriatic acid_ and _phosphoric acid_ dissolve it, without altering its nature; _acetic acid_ dissolves it with great facility; _corrosive sublimate_ precipitates it from its solutions, but _tartarized antimony_ has no effect upon them; _gallic acid_, the _infusion of galls_, and _acetate of lead_, precipitate it. A grain excites violent vomiting, followed by sleep, and the patient awakes in perfect health! It exerts also a specific action on the lungs and mucous membrane of the intestinal canal; when taken in an overdose, its action can be instantly paralysed by a decoction of galls. There seems to be no great advantage in substituting this body for the ordinary powder of Ipecacuanha, except perhaps that its taste being much less offensive, it may very easily be given to children.[544] _Emetine_ appears to exist in Ipecacuanha, combined in the following manner, _emetine_ 16, oils 2, wax 6, gum 10, starch 40, woody fibre 20.

Since the discovery of _Emetine_, whose properties are described above, Pelletier has extended his researches into its composition and nature; and he has lately been enabled to state that this body, which in conjunction with Majendie, he had formerly announced as “a new vegetable proximate principle,” turns out to be a compound of a peculiar alkaline basis, which may be called _Emeta_, and some acid, together with an admixture of colouring matter; when compared with _Emetine_, it is what white crystallized sugar is to moist sugar. Its ultimate elements are oxygen, hydrogen and carbon; it is a white and friable substance, and unlike Emetin, is not altered by exposure to air; it is slightly bitter, and very sparingly soluble in water; with the mineral acids it forms salts, from whose solutions the infusion of galls throws down white and flocculent precipitates; the alcoholic solution of _Emeta_ acts upon vegetable colour as an alkali.

MEDICINAL USES OF IPECACUAN. It is unquestionably the most valuable of the vegetable emetics, and in cases where the stomach is irritable it is to be preferred to Tartarized Antimony, and it is also less liable to act upon the bowels. In the form of decoction (made by boiling three drachms of the bruised root in a quart of water down to a pint) it has been found serviceable as an enema in Dysentery, and internal piles. INCOMPATIBLE SUBSTANCES. All vegetable astringents, as _infusion of galls_, &c. _vegetable acids_, especially the _acetic_, weaken its power; Dr. Irvine found that grs. xxx, administered in f℥ij of vinegar, produced only some loose stools. FORMS OF EXHIBITION. The form of powder is most energetic, although the vinous solution is both active and convenient. DOSE. The medicinal operation of this substance varies with its dose, thus grs. x to ʒss act as an emetic; (_Form: 65_,) grs. j to ij, as an expectorant, (_Form: 134, 138_,)and in still smaller doses it proves stomachic and diaphoretic; by combination with opium, this latter quality becomes more powerful, (_Form: 28, 130_.) The primary effect of this medicine is that of stimulating the stomach, and it is equally obvious that its secondary ones depend on the numerous sympathies of other parts with the organs of digestion. The action of this remedy upon the pulmonary organs is extremely interesting; it would seem that in certain conditions of these organs, attended with a dry, hard cough, it promotes expectoration, while in affections attended with an inordinate secretion of mucus, it as certainly represses it, and acts the part of an astringent. In dysentery, and chronic diarrhœa, its astringent power is also very decided. _Form: 58_. When combined with cathartics it aids and accelerates their operation; _Form: 84_. In Hemorrhage from the lungs and uterus, it is decidedly useful, when administered in such doses as to excite a slight degree of nausea, by which the force of the circulation is controlled; I have usually combined it, for such a purpose, with the Acetate of lead in Hæmopthysis; and Bergius relates a case of violent uterine hæmorrhage which was successfully treated by giving half a grain every half hour. In certain forms of Dyspepsia it proves highly beneficial, when administered as proposed by Daubenton, in doses just sufficient to excite a slight sensation of vermicular motion of the stomach, without carrying it to the point of nausea, which may be generally effected by half a grain three times a day. Its peculiar nauseous taste is completely covered by the addition of powdered Gum Arabic. SOLUBILITY. Alcohol takes up four parts in twenty of Ipecacuan; proof spirit six and a half; and boiling water rather more than eight parts; one pint of good sherry wine will dissolve about 100 grains; the alcoholic is more emetic than the aqueous solution; decoction destroys the emetic property of the root. OFFICINAL PREP. _Pulvis Ipecacuanhæ comp:_ L.E.D. _Vinum Ipecac_. L.E.D.[545] The powder is liable to become inert by exposure to air and light. The root is refractory, and is reduced to powder with difficulty, unless a few drops of oil, or an almond or two, be previously added. It is a curious fact that the effluvia of this root occasion in some persons the most distressing sensations of suffocation. I am acquainted with a lady, who is constantly seized with a violent dyspnœa, whenever the powder of Ipecacuan is brought into her presence. ADULTERATIONS. There are several varieties of Ipecacuan to be found in the market, which it is important to distinguish; _viz._ 1, _The brown variety_, which is the best, containing sixteen per cent. of emetin; 2, the _grey variety_, with fourteen per cent. of emetin; 3, the _white variety_, with only five of emetin. The two former varieties are those usually met with, being imported into this country in bales from Rio Janeiro; the brown is distinguished from the grey, in being more wrinkled; the white variety has no wrinkles whatever. We are informed by Decandolle that the genuine root is frequently mixed with those of _violets_, _Apocynæ_, _Euphorbia_, &c. It is also sometimes mixed with the roots of several species of _Ionidum_.

JALAPÆ RADIX. L.E.D. (Convolvulus Jalapa.)

_Jalap._

QUALITIES. This root is pulverulent, furnishing a powder of a pale brownish yellow colour. _Odour_, peculiar; _Taste_, sweetish and slightly pungent. _Chemical Composition._ Resin, gum, extractive, fecula, lignin, and some salts. The combination of the three first principles appears requisite for the production of its _full_ cathartic effect. The gum has been supposed to possess diuretic properties. Very lately a saline principle has been obtained from Jalap by Mr. Hume, jun.: but I am not aware that its medicinal properties have been ascertained. It is procured by macerating the powdered root for twelve or fourteen days in acetic acid, by which a solution is obtained, which must be filtered, and then saturated with ammonia; the mixture is to be shaken violently, when a _sabulous_ deposit will take place, and a few crystals be collected on the sides of the vessel; both of these must be collected, and washed in distilled water; and then redissolved in concentrated acetic acid, and reprecipitated by ammonia added in excess. By which means, small white acicular crystals are thrown down, to which the name of _Jalapine_ has been given. SOLUBILITY. Proof spirit is its appropriate menstruum. MED. USES. It is a cathartic of a stimulating description, acting principally upon the colon, and, notwithstanding the tormina it may sometimes induce, it is no less safe than efficacious; as a hydragogue purgative it has been greatly extolled, but for such a purpose it will answer better in combination, as in _Form. 73_. Its action is said to be promoted by the addition of Ipecacuan, or tartarized antimony. (_Form. 84._) In dropsy its union with super-tartrate of potass is calculated to promote its beneficial operation. FORMS OF EXHIBITION. That of powder is the most eligible, especially when combined with some other powdered substance: pulverization increases its activity, see _Pulveres_. Van Swieten advised it to be pulverised, and mixed with sugar, and a small quantity of some aromatic. The addition of Soap is supposed to render its operation much milder, and the Prussian Pharmacopœia contains a formula for such a combination, which is said to operate mildly and promptly. To this preparation the name SAPO JALAPINUS[546] is given. DOSE, grs. x to ʒss. OFFICINAL PREPARATIONS. _Pulv. Jalap. comp._ E. _Extract._ _Jalap_. L.E.D. _Tinct. Jalap_. L.E.D. _Tinct. Sennæ comp._ E. (=B=). ADULTERATIONS. _Briony root_ is sometimes mixed with that of jalap, but it may be easily distinguished by its paler colour and less compact texture; and by not easily burning at the flame of a candle. When the _teredo_ has attacked it, it should be rejected.

JUGLANS CINEREA.

Butternut.

_Cortex._

[The Butternut tree is to be found in almost every part of the United States. The inner bark is the part used in medicine. It yields, by analysis, a large quantity of soluble matter, principally of the extractive kind. Water extracts its virtues, and the Extract, which is the form in which it is employed, has long been known and used in this country as an excellent Cathartic. To obviate habitual costiveness, it is one of the best articles that can be used. By the addition of Calomel, its powers as an active Cathartic may be greatly increased. The proper season for gathering the bark for medicinal purposes is in the months of May and June. The dose of the Extract is from 10 to 30 grains.]

JUNIPERI BACCÆ ET CACUMINA. L.E.D.

(Juniperus Communis.)

_Juniper Berries and Tops._

The principal constituents of these berries are mucilage, sugar, and volatile oil; in the latter of which their diuretic virtues reside. FORMS OF EXHIBITION. That of an infusion, made with ℥ij of the berries, to oj of hot water. Unless pains however are taken, by strong contusion, to bruise and break the seeds, the preparation will contain but little of the juniper flavour. The bruised berries may be also triturated with sugar or some neutral salt, and be thus exhibited in substance, Dose ℈j to ℈ij. OFFICINAL PREPARATIONS. _Oleum Junip._ L.E.D. _Spirit. Junip. Co._ L.E.D. The taste and diuretic properties of Hollands depend upon this oil; English gin is flavoured by oil of turpentine.

KINO. L.E.D. _Kino._

(Pterocarpus Erinacea.[547] _Extractum._ L. Eucalypti Resiniferi.
_Succus Concretus._ E. Butea Frondosa. D.)

There is very considerable obscurity with regard to the history and chemical constitution of this substance; three varieties of it are met with in the shops, viz. 1. _African Kino_, which bears the highest price, and has all the appearance of a natural production, slender twigs being often intermixed in its substance; it is of a reddish brown colour, and has a bitterish astringent taste. 2. _Botany Bay Kino_, has also the aspect of a natural production, it is in more solid masses than the former species, is less brittle (for it contains a very small proportion of resin) and, with its astringency, has a disagreeable sweetish taste. 3. _Jamaica Kino_, this is the one most commonly met with; it has the appearance of a dry extract, is in small fragments, of a colour more nearly approaching to black than that of the others, and has an astringent and slightly bitter taste. There is also a fourth variety mentioned, viz. the _East India_ or _Amboyna_, but this does not appear to differ from the African variety. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. In all the varieties the predominant principles are tannin and extractive. SOLUBILITY. The best menstruum is diluted alcohol. _Incompatible Substances_, vide _Gallæ_. Mr. Thomson also states a fact which I have reason to consider quite correct, that the alkalies destroy the astringent properties of kino. All the varieties are soluble in solutions of pure potass and ammonia, and no precipitation takes place on the addition of water. MEDICINAL USES. It is principally employed as an astringent, but from its liability to vary in strength, it has been very generally superseded by Catechu.[548] FORMS OF EXHIBITION. Either in substance or in the form of watery infusion, or in that of tincture. DOSE, grs. x to ʒss. OFFICINAL PREPARATIONS. _Tinct. Kino._ L.E.D. _Elect. Catechu._ E.D. _Pulvis Alum. co._ E.

KRAMERIÆ RADIX. L. (Krameria Triandra _Radix._)

_Rhatany._

This root, although it has been for some time employed in medicine, has only lately found its way into the Materia Medica of the London Pharmacopœia. Its extract, which was some years ago imported into this country, is supposed to have been employed for giving astringency to Port wine. According to recent analysis the root contains a peculiar modification of Tannin, with only a trace of Gallic acid; Gum; Fecula; and certain salts of Lime. It may be used either in decoction, or tincture, the latter of which may be made by dissolving two ounces of the root in a pint of proof spirit. In all its forms it is eminently astringent. I have used it with much success in Leucorrhæa, and in uterine hemorrhages. The extract may be distinguished from Kino, to which it bears a great resemblance in appearance and taste, by being very fusible by heat, whereas Kino does not possess that character.

LICHEN. L.E.D. (Lichen Islandicus.) _Lichen._

_Iceland Liverwort._ _Iceland Moss._

QUALITIES. _Odour_, none; _Taste_, mucilaginous and bitter. SOLUBILITY. The effect of water upon this vegetable substance is materially modified by temperature; if cold, the lichen absorbs nearly its own weight by maceration, but gives out to the menstruum little or none of its virtues; if the water be warm, it soon acquires a bitter impregnation; by ebullition, a decoction is obtained, which, as it cools, gelatinizes. See _Decoct. Lichen_. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. Proust has shewn by analysis that 100 parts of this moss contain 64 parts of a substance bearing some analogy to vegetable gluten, 33 of matter, soluble in hot water, and resembling starch, and 3 parts of a bitter principle. MEDICINAL USES. This vegetable was introduced to the notice of the profession by Linnæus, who recommended its decoction, as having been administered with great success for coughs in Sweden. Upon its introduction into this country, its patrons bestowed so many extravagant eulogiums upon its powers, that the less sanguine practitioner at once abandoned its use in disgust, and it fell into unmerited disrepute. It would be idle to speak of its specific effects in phthisis; but, as a demulcent, it is certainly very superior to the mucilaginous mixtures in ordinary use, and its simple bitter principle at the same time tends to produce a tonic effect, which is frequently desirable in the debilitated condition which characterizes the latter stages of this disease. There are circumstances, however, which may render the removal of the bitter advantageous; in which case, maceration in successive waters, or in a weak alkaline ley, as recommended by Westring, will be found to answer the intended purpose. OFFICINAL PREPARATION. _Decoct. Lichen. Island._ E. D. Sir Alexander Crichton has offered some observations upon the genuineness of this article which deserve attention. He says that there are two varieties in the market; the best of which has a horny texture, and yields a bitter mucilage. It is that which comes from Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and Finland. The inferior kind has a membranous texture, and yields little bitter or mucilage in comparison with the former. Where it comes from he knows not, but he suspects it to be British, as it is much cheaper than the other.

LIMONES. L.E.D. (Citrus Medica. _Baccæ._)

_Lemons._

SUCCUS—THE JUICE consists of _Citric acid_, mucilage, extractive matter, and small portions of sugar and water. _Specific gravity_, 1·0384. It may be preserved for a considerable length of time, by covering its surface with fixed oil.

Its use in making saline draughts has been already noticed, see _Acid. Citric._ Its principal medicinal value consists in its antiscorbutic[549] virtues; indeed it may be fairly asserted that this disease, so peculiarly incident to a sea life, has been nearly eradicated by the juice of lemons. Sir Gilbert Blane, in speaking of its efficacy, asserts that “those only who have made themselves acquainted with the early part of the Naval history of this country, or those who have perused the interesting, popular, and eloquent narrative of Commodore Anson’s voyage, can duly appreciate the value of this simple remedy.” Lemonade, as a beverage in putrid diseases, was first introduced by the French physicians in the beginning of the 17th century, and about the year 1660, an Italian from Florence, having learnt a process of freezing confectionary, conceived the happy idea of converting such beverage into ice. This found a ready sale, and was the occasion of so great an increase in the number of sellers of Lemonade, that in the year 1676, the _Lemonadiers_ of Paris were formed into a company, and received a patent from the government.

CORTEX—THE RIND OR PEEL is composed of two distinct parts; the exterior, which contains glands, filled with a fragrant volatile oil, upon which all its properties depend, and the _interior coat_, which is tasteless and indigestible. The flavour may be obtained by rubbing lump sugar upon it, which will imbibe the oil, and if it be then dried by a very gentle heat, may be preserved unimpaired for any length of time, and will be preferable to the volatile oil obtained by distillation, for the fire generally imparts an unpleasant or empyreumatic flavour.[550]

It has been already stated, that “the different parts of the same plant have frequently very different properties.” The Lemon offers a good example of this fact, for its juice is _acid_, its seeds _bitter_, and its peel _aromatic_.

LINIMENTA. L.E.D. _Liniments._

These are external applications, having the consistence of oil or balsam. If we except the _Liniment. Æruginis_, all the officinal liniments are decomposed by the substances which are incompatible with soaps.

LINIMENTUM ÆRUGINIS. L. _Oxymel Æruginis._ P.L. 1787. _Mel Ægyptiacum._ P.L. 1745. _Unguentum Ægyptiacum._ P.L. 1720. Diluted with water, it has been recommended as a gargle in venereal ulcerations, but its use is hazardous; it is a detergent escharotic preparation.

LINIMENTUM AMMONIÆ FORTIUS. L. _Oleum Ammoniatum._ E. _Linimentum Ammoniæ._ D. It consists of _liquor ammoniæ one part, olive oil two parts_, (oil eight parts, E.D.) The alkali forms with the oil a soap, which is held dissolved by the water in the _liquor ammoniæ_. Is an excellent rubefacient, and penetrating liniment.

LINIMENTUM AMMONIÆ SUB-CARBONATIS. L. _Linimentum Ammoniæ._ P.L. 1787. LINIMENTUM VOLATILE. P.L. 1745. The carbonic acid prevents the perfect formation of soap in this liniment; unlike the former one, therefore, it deposits the soapy matter on standing. It is much less stimulating than the preceding one.

LINIMENTUM CALCIS. E.D. _Oil and lime water, equal parts._ This is an _earthy_ soap, formed by the combination of lime and oil; the soapy matter separates on standing, it should therefore be _extemporaneous_. In cases of burns and scalds where the cuticle has been destroyed, it is an advantageous application.

LINIMENTUM CAMPHORÆ. L. _Oleum Camphoratum._ E.D. Camphor one, olive oil four parts. It is a simple solution of camphor in fixed oil, and forms a very useful embrocation to sprains, bruises, glandular swellings, and in rheumatic affections.

LINIMENTUM CAMPHORÆ COMPOSITUM. L. _Camphor two, liquor ammoniæ six, spirits of lavender sixteen parts._ It is highly stimulating.[551]

LINIMENTUM HYDRARGYRI. L. A pound of this liniment contains nearly ℥iv of mercury; it affects the mouth more rapidly than strong mercurial ointment, although it will be seen by the _Medicinal Dynameter_ to contain less Mercury. This effect is to be attributed to the stimulating properties of its adjuncts, viz. Camphor and Ammonia.

LINIMENTUM SAPONIS COMPOSITUM. L. _Hard soap_ iij, _camphor_ j, _spirit of rosemary_ xvj parts. It is a stimulant and anodyne application, and in local pains opium may be advantageously added to it. It is commonly used under the name of _Opodeldoc_.[552] See _Sapo_.

LINIMENTUM TEREBINTHINÆ. This liniment was introduced by Mr. Kentish of Newcastle, as a dressing to recent burns, which he continued until the eschars became loose.

LINUM CATHARTICUM. L.D. _Purging Flax._

The qualities of this plant reside in extractive matter, hence water extracts, but long decoction injures them. MEDICINAL USES. It is strongly purgative. FORMS OF EXHIBITION. ʒij of the dried herb infused in oj of boiling water. DOSE, f℥ij.

LINI USITATISSIMI SEMINA. L.E.D.

_Linseed, or Common Flax Seed._

These seeds contain a large proportion of mucilage, and one-sixth of their weight of fixed oil; the former of which resides principally in the cuticle, the latter, in the parenchymatous portion of the seed; by infusion in boiling water, a clear, colourless, inodorous, and nearly insipid mucilage is obtained; ℥ss of the unbruised seed is sufficient for oj of water; cold water does not extract any mucilage from them when unbruised; the farina of the seeds is well adapted for cataplasms. OFFICINAL PREP. _Infus. Lini Comp:_ L. _Oleum Lini_. L. E. D.

LIQUOR ALUMINIS COMPOSITUS. L.

_Aqua Aluminosa Bateana._ P. L. 1745.

This is a compound solution of _alum_ and _sulphate of zinc_; a fluid-ounce containing about seven grains of each ingredient, it is powerfully astringent, and is successfully used as a detergent lotion to old ulcers; as a collyrium, or as an injection in gleet and fluor albus; it will also often answer in removing chilblains, and in curing slight excoriations.

LIQUOR AMMONIÆ. L. AQUA AMMONIÆ. E.

AQUA AMMONIÆ CAUSTICÆ. D.

_Solution of Ammonia._

QUALITIES. _Form_, a limpid, colourless fluid; _specific gravity_, ·960, or f℥j weighs about 438 grs. _Odour_, strong and pungent; _Taste_, extremely caustic. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. A solution of ammoniacal gas in water, which varies considerably in strength in the different pharmacopœias. When prepared according to the London and Edinburgh Colleges, it contains nearly 25 per cent. of ammonia, whereas the Dublin preparation does not contain more than 16. SOLVENT POWERS. It is an active solvent of many vegetable principles, e. g. _oils_, _resins_, &c. With alcohol it unites in every proportion; it assists the oxidizement of copper and zinc, and dissolves many of the metallic oxides. MED. USES. Stimulant, rubefacient, and antacid. FORMS OF EXHIBITION. In milk, or any liquid vehicle; if in decoctions, or infusions, they must be previously cooled; for at 130° the ammonia will escape in the form of gas. DOSE, ♏︎x to xxx. OFFICINAL PREP. _Linimentum Ammoniæ._ L.D. _Oleum Ammon._ E. _Spir. Ammoniæ_. L. _Spir. Ammoniæ comp._ L. _Spir. Ammon. succinat._ L. _Liniment. Camphor. comp._ L. ADULTERATIONS. The presence of other salts in the solution may be discovered by saturating a portion with pure nitric acid, and applying the test for sulphuric acid, (_Barytes_) and that for muriatic acid, (_Nitrate of Silver._) Carbonic acid is detected by its effervescing with acids, or by its forming with lime water, a precipitate, soluble with effervescence in nitric acid; it ought to be free from all fetor; its strength can only be determined by taking its specific gravity. It should be preserved in well closed bottles, and their dimensions should be small, for when in large vessels it often becomes carbonated before it is half used.

LIQUOR AMMONIÆ ACETATIS. L. AQUA ACETATIS AMMONIÆ. E.D.

Solution of Acetate of Ammonia.

olim, _Spirit of Mindererus_.

This preparation is a solution of the neutral _acetate of ammonia_, with a proportion of carbonic acid diffused through it; it is made by saturating the sub-carbonate of ammonia with distilled vinegar, for which purpose it will generally be found that ℥j of the alkali will saturate oiss of the vinegar; since, however, the quantity of acid in distilled vinegar as well the strength of the ammonia, are liable to constant variation, the exact point of neutralization should be ascertained by the alternate application of litmus and turmeric papers; for if the proportions be not accurately adjusted, some of the metallic salts, especially those of _antimony_, which are often prescribed in conjunction with it, are decomposed, and thus rendered inefficacious; and on this account an excess of alkali is to be feared more than that of acid. This preparation is also not unfrequently employed as a collyrium, when much serious mischief may arise from the carbonate of ammonia predominating. It has been already stated that a very minute proportion of extractive matter is rendered sensible on the addition of an alkali; hence this preparation frequently derives from the vinegar a brown hue, which may be removed by filtering the solution through a little well burnt charcoal. It also deserves notice that the presence of a trace of copper, derived from the copper cocks through which the vinegar has passed, will impart a _brown_ tinge, whilst in larger quantities this metal yields a _blue_ colour with ammonia. INCOMPATIBLE SUBSTANCES. _Acids_; _fixed alkalies_; _alum_; _lime water_; _sulphate of magnesia_; _corrosive sublimate_; _nitrate of silver_; and the _sulphates of zinc, copper, and iron_. _Acetate of lead_ produces also a copious precipitation, but this depends upon the presence of the carbonic acid diffused through the solution, which decomposes the salt and forms an insoluble carbonate of lead. _Magnesia_ likewise, contrary to what might be supposed, decomposes the solution and renders it pungent, from the extrication of ammoniacal gas; this phenomenon depends upon the magnesia forming a triple acetate with one part of the ammonia, and setting the remainder at liberty. MED. USES. When assisted by warmth and plentiful dilution, it is an excellent diaphoretic, and produces its effects without quickening the circulation: (_Form: 117, 126_,) by keeping the surface of the body cool, its action is determined to the kidneys, and it proves diuretic, especially when combined with remedies of a similar tendency. (_Form: 111._) DOSE, fʒiv to fʒxij. Externally it furnishes a lotion, valuable as a refrigerant, especially when combined with some spirituous preparation. See _Form: 148_.

LIQUOR AMMONIÆ SUB-CARBONATIS. L.

SOLUTIO SUB-CARBONATIS AMMONIÆ. E.

AQUA CARBONATIS AMMONIÆ. D.

This is merely a solution of the _solid_ sub-carbonate in distilled water, see _Ammoniæ Sub-carbonas_. DOSE, fʒss to fʒj in any bland liquid. ADULTERATIONS. There is frequently a deficient quantity of the sub-carbonate in solution, its pungency being kept up by the addition of _liquor ammoniæ_; this may be discovered by shaking it with twice its bulk of alcohol, when a coagulum of considerable density should occur, the absence of which will denote the sophistication of the article. Its _specific gravity_ should be 1·150. The _Incompatibles_ are those enumerated under the history of _Ammoniæ Sub-carbonas_.

LIQUOR ARSENICALIS. L.

SOLUTIO ARSENICALIS. E.

This is a solution of the _Arsenite of Potass_, coloured and flavoured by the _Compound Spirit of Lavender_, fʒj of which contains gr. ½ of _arsenious acid_. It was introduced into practice by Dr. Fowler of Stafford, as a substitute for the empirical remedy known by the name of “_The Tasteless Ague Drop_.” It is a powerful tonic, and has been very successfully administered in the cure of intermittent and remittent fevers, periodical headaches, and as an alterative in many anomalous diseases of the skin. It has been also given, with decided effect, in certain visceral obstructions; its use however is to a great degree empirical, although we may observe, generally, that wherever strong arterial action exists, arsenic will do harm. The addition of a few drops of _Vinum Opii_ is said to render its operation safer and more efficacious. INCOMPATIBLE SUBSTANCES. _Lime water_; _nitrate of silver_; _the salts of copper_; _hydro-sulphuret of potass_, and _the infusions and decoctions of bark_. DOSE, ♏︎iv, gradually increased to ♏︎xxx, twice a day. See _Arsenicum Album_.

LIQUOR CALCIS. L. AQUA CALCIS. E. D.

_Lime Water._

It is a saturated solution of lime in water; f℥j of which contains 3/4 of a grain.[553] INCOMPATIBLE SUBSTANCES. _All alkaline and metallic salts_; _borates_; _tartrates_; _citrates_; _acids_; sulphur; _spirituous preparations_, and _the infusions of all astringent vegetables_. It should be kept in close vessels, for if exposed to the air, the lime will attract carbonic acid, and become an insoluble carbonate; the addition of an _alkaline carbonate_ produces the same effect instantaneously.[554] If animal charcoal be boiled with lime-water, it will precipitate the whole of the lime, an effect which is not produced by charcoal of vegetable origin. MED. USES. It is an antacid, and is therefore useful in dyspepsia attended with acidity; _Form. 149_. Mixed with an equal quantity of milk, it furnishes an excellent remedy in infantile complaints connected with bowel affections; it is likewise astringent in leucorrhæa, in the last stages of dysentery, and in protracted diarrhœa. It dissolves also the slimy mucus with which disordered bowels are so generally infested; on account of this latter property, it has been exhibited in calculous affections,[555] with the view of dissolving the cementing ingredient of the concretion, and thereby of destroying its cohesion: see page 123. Not being very nauseous, it is easily given under any circumstances, and it is not liable to produce that irritability of stomach which frequently attends the long continued use of the fixed alkalies. It also frequently forms the basis of astringent gargles. Lime water moreover affords a successful remedy in certain cutaneous affections, particularly those affecting the face, as _Gutta Rosea_. Sir G. Blane has also seen some remarkable cures of herpetic complaints of the legs by large doses; he has also employed it with effect as a lotion. FORMS OF EXHIBITION. Milk disguises its flavour, without impairing its virtues. DOSE, f℥j to f℥vj. Sugar has the curious property of rendering lime more soluble in water. See _Saccharum_.

LIQUOR CALCIS MURIATIS. L.D.

_Solution of Muriate of Lime._

This solution is said to be tonic and deobstruent, and to have been advantageously given in scrofula. It has also been found useful in Urticaria, and several other forms of cutaneous disease. INCOMPATIBLES. Sulphuric acid, and the Sulphates; the fixed alkalies and their carbonates; ammonia produces no change in the solution, but its carbonate decomposes it, and precipitates carbonate of lime. DOSE, ♏︎xx to fʒij.

LIQUOR CUPRI AMMONIATI. L.

_Solution of Ammoniated Copper._

This is a simple solution of the salt in distilled water. The preparation, although perfectly transparent when first formed, soon becomes turbid and deposits oxide of copper; this arises from the escape of ammonia, and may be prevented by the occasional addition of a small quantity of the volatile alkali. See _Cuprum Ammoniatum_. The Medicinal Dynameter will show the proportion of salt in any given quantity of the solution.

LIQUOR FERRI ALKALINI. L.

_Solution of Alkaline Iron._

This preparation is nearly the same as Stahl’s _Tinctura Martis Alkalina_. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. It is by no means ascertained. INCOMPATIBLE SUBSTANCES. It is a most injudicious preparation, for it cannot be exhibited in any form without decomposition; _water_, especially if not distilled, and _vegetable infusions_ and _decoctions_, produce dense precipitates; _pure acids_, _alkalies_, and _spirit_, also decompose it. I must confess my regret at the College having retained this preparation in their Pharmacopœia; the committee agreed to reject it, but their judgment was reversed by the votes of the _Comitia Majora_. Should any practitioner be unable to procure this preparation, I will give him an easy receipt for producing it, viz. _Let him keep the Mistura Ferri composita in an open vessel, until it is entirely spoilt_!

LIQUOR HYDRARGYRI OXY-MURIATIS. L.

This solution of corrosive sublimate is intended to facilitate the exhibition of minute doses of the salt; f℥j contains gr. ½; when long kept, or exposed to light, the oxy-muriate is decomposed, and _calomel_ is precipitated; (see _Hydrag: Oxymuriatis:_) or, what is more dangerous, it is sometimes deposited in crystals, without decomposition; a small portion of muriatic acid, or muriate of ammonia in the solution, prevents this precipitation. DOSE, fʒss to fʒij, in an infusion of linseed.

LIQUOR PLUMBI SUB-ACETATIS. L.

LIQUOR SUB-ACETATIS LITHARGYRI. D.

_Aqua Lithargyri Acetati_, P. L. 1767.

Solution of Sub-acetate of Lead: _olim, Extract of Saturn_.

This preparation was introduced by M. Goulard of Montpellier, hence it has been commonly known by the name of _Goulard’s Extract_. QUALITIES. It is of a greenish straw colour, and has an austere, sweetish taste; when kept it deposits a quantity of oxide, and becomes lighter coloured. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. It is a saturated solution of the sub-acetate of lead, consisting, according to Berzelius, of one proportional of acid, and three proportionals of oxide of lead; hence its name is correct. It is the only instance with which we are acquainted of a real sub-salt being soluble in water. INCOMPATIBLE SUBSTANCES. _Alkalies_ and _their carbonates_ precipitate a white sub-salt; _alkaline sulphates_ and _sulphurets_; _mucilage_. _Spring Water_, from the salts which it contains, produces with it a very milky and turbid appearance; and even when _distilled_, in consequence of the carbonic acid diffused through it, it occasions precipitation. The Surgeon will remember that the _Linimentum Saponis_ cannot be mixed with it, without mutual decomposition. _See Sapo._ MED. USES. It is only used externally, in superficial and phlegmonic inflammations of the skin, and in herpetic affections. It has been a question whether _Lead_, in any form, should ever be applied to an open wound, or to an abraded surface;[556] as a general rule, it should not certainly be applied to such as are recent, nor to those whose character indicates a diminished state of vitality in the parts, and exhibits a disposition to gangrene. The abuse of Saturnine lotions has been frequently descanted upon by foreign writers, and, among the evils which are supposed to be thus induced, impotence is mentioned as one of not unfrequent occurrence. See _Institutioni di Medicina Forens_: _di Tortosa, vol._ 1. p. 58. also _Fritze Compend: sopra le Malat: Vener_: p. 189. and _Monteggia Annotat: sopra i Mali Venerei_, p. 36. There is a paper in the third volume of the _Medical Transactions_, by Dr. Reynolds, in which the case of a gentleman is detailed, who brought on a temporary paralysis of the _Sphincter Ani_, by freely using Goulard’s lotion for the cure of the Piles. The value of Saturnine applications in common inflammation most probably arises from a partial paralysis of the nerves of the part, produced by the sedative agency of the lead.

LIQUOR PLUMBI SUB-ACETATIS DILUTUS. L.

As the former preparation is very rarely employed in its concentrated form, the College has directed its dilution, and added a portion of spirit, with a view to accelerate its evaporation, and thus to produce a refrigerating effect; but for such a purpose the quantity of spirit is far too small, and should therefore be increased by extemporaneous addition.

LIQUOR POTASSÆ. L. AQUA POTASSÆ. E.

AQUA KALI CAUSTICA. D.

_Aqua kali puri._ P.L. 1787. _Lixivium Saponarium_, 1745.

QUALITIES. A limpid, dense, colourless solution; a pint should weigh ℥xvj; when rubbed between the fingers it feels soapy, in consequence of a partial solution of the cuticle. The solution, as usually prepared, contains small portions of muriate and sulphate of potass, silica and lime; but these incidental impurities do not invalidate its virtues; it ought not to effervesce with acids. MED. USES. Antacid, diuretic, alterative, and lithonthryptic; and externally, when diluted, it acts as a stimulating lotion,[557] and if concentrated, as a caustic; see _Potassa Fusa_. The operation of this and other alkaline remedies, have at different periods been celebrated as powerful lithonthriptics, and whilst experience has in some cases confirmed the value of the practice, it has in others proved no less decidedly its mischievous agency; these contradictory results are at length capable of explanation, for Chemistry has drawn aside the veil that has so long obscured the history, origin, and cure of calculous diseases, and has demonstrated that these extraneous bodies vary in composition, and are consequently very differently affected by the same chemical solvents; but this subject has already been so fully discussed in the first part of this work, under the chapter on “_Antilithics_ and _Lithonthryptics_,” that it is unnecessary to dwell upon it in this place.

It has also been found highly useful in the cure of several species of cutaneous affections; as in Lepra, Psoriasis, &c. which diseases generally appear to have some connection with a morbid state of the digestive functions; see _Form: 149_. DOSE of the solution of potass, ♏︎x to fʒss, in veal broth[558] or table beer; this latter vehicle disguises its nauseous flavour completely. In many cases, the infusion of some bitter tonic will be the most eligible liquor in which it can be exhibited, especially where our object is to promote its absorption: the theory of such a combination has been already explained in the first part of this work, p. 153. OFFICINAL PREP. _Potassa fusa_, L.E.D. _Potassa cum calce_, L.E.D. _Liquor Sulphureti Kali_, D. _Antimonii Sulphuretum Præcipitatum_, L.E.

LIQUOR POTASSÆ SUB-CARBONATIS. L.

AQUA SUB-CARBONATIS KALI. D.

_Aqua Kali præparati_, P.L. 1787.

_Lixivium Tartari._ 1745.

_Oleum Tartari per deliquium_, P.L. 1720.

QUALITIES. It is a clear, colourless, and inodorous solution; _Spec. grav._ 1·446. DOSE, ♏︎x to fʒj. See _Potassæ Sub-carbonas_, and _Form: 39, 41_. The proportion of the salt contained in any quantity of the solution may be learnt by referring to the _Dynameter_.

LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA.

American Tulip bearing poplar.

_Cortex._

[This is a native tree of America, and one of the most magnificent to be found in our forests—distinguished no less by its great altitude than by its beautiful foliage. It grows in almost every part of the United States. The part used in medicine is the Bark. This has a rough, fibrous appearance and is of a whitish colour. Its taste is bitter, astringent, and somewhat acrid and aromatic. By analysis, it yields gum, resin, muriatic acid, iron, mucus, &c. In its action on the system, it is decidedly tonic, exhibiting at the same time, to a certain extent, stimulant properties. If given in considerable quantities it acts also on the skin and kidneys. It has been used with advantage and success in intermittent fever, chronic rheumatism, gout, hysteria, and in debilitated states of the stomach. It may be given in substance, which is the most efficacious form of using it, in doses of from ʒss to ʒij.]

LOBELIA INFLATA.

Indian Tobacco. Herba.

[This is a plant very common in the United States. It has an acrid taste, very similar to that of green tobacco. By analysis it is found to contain an acrid principle, caoutchouc, and extractive. It is soluble both in water and alcohol. In its medicinal effects, the lobelia is analogous to common tobacco, and varies very much according to the dose in which it is given. It may thus be made to act either as an emetic, antispasmodic, expectorant, or diaphoretic. The diseases in which it has been found useful are asthma, croup, hooping cough, and catarrh. The tincture is the best preparation, and is prepared by digesting, for ten days, ℥ij of the plant in a pint of diluted alcohol. The dose is from ʒj to ʒiv—of the powder, the dose to prove emetic is from 10 to 20 grs.]

MAGNESIA. L. MAGNESIA USTA. D.

_Calcined Magnesia._

QUALITIES. _Form_, a white, very light, soft powder; _Specific gravity_, 2·3; it turns to green the more delicate vegetable blues. SOLUBILITY. Although it requires 2000 times its weight of water to hold it in solution, yet it has the property of considerably increasing the solubility of camphor, opium, and resins in the same fluid; it is soluble in solutions of the alkaline carbonates, but not in those of caustic alkalies. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. It is an oxide of a peculiar metal. MEDICINAL USES. Antacid, and when acidity prevails, purgative; it is preferable to the carbonate whenever the bowels are distended with flatus, (_Form: 150_): in other respects, its virtues are the same. See _Magnes. Carb_. The Medicinal Dynameter will shew the equivalent doses of the pure earth and its carbonate; it will be seen for instance that 12 grains of the former will be as efficient, as an antacid, as 25 grains of the latter. INCIDENTAL IMPURITIES. It ought not to effervesce with acids, and if magnesia and muriatic acid be placed at one time in separate cups, in a scale of a balance, no diminution of weight should take place on mixing them. Lime is detected by its solution in dilute sulphuric acid affording a precipitate with oxalate of ammonia; the _sulphuret of lime_ betrays itself by yielding, when moistened, the smell of sulphuretted hydrogen.[559]

MAGNESIÆ SUB-CARBONAS. L.

CARBONAS MAGNESIÆ. E. MAGNESIA. D.

Olim, Magnesia Alba.

_Carbonate of Magnesia_, vulgo, _Common Magnesia_.

This preparation was formerly considered by Mr. Phillips to be a mixture of carbonate and sub-carbonate of magnesia, an opinion which he has lately retracted; it is, says he, evidently a _carbonate_, i. e. magnesia combined with one proportion of carbonic acid, or forty-eight of carbonic acid to forty-three of magnesia. Dr. Thompson entertains a different opinion, he observes that it seems to be a mechanical mixture of carbonate of magnesia, caustic magnesia, and perhaps of hydrated magnesia; he found too great a diversity in its composition to permit the conclusion that it was a definite chemical compound; in a specimen purchased at Glasgow, he also found six per cent. of _sulphate of lime_. I take this opportunity of stating that in some specimens which I have examined, I have also detected portions of _gypsum_; and from the experiments of Dr. Percival, it appears that if _hard water_ be employed for its preparation it will be less light, and will contain a portion of lime. Magnesia will be also liable to contain traces of silicious earth, derived from the alkali used in producing it. INCOMPATIBLE SUBSTANCES. _Acids, and acidulous salts; alkalies and neutral salts; alum; cream of tartar; nitrate of silver; acetate of mercury; oxy-muriate of mercury; acetate of lead; sulphates of zinc, copper, and iron._ MEDICINAL USES. Antacid, and purgative. In cases of lithic calculi, carbonate of magnesia, in doses of ℈j to ʒj, has been proposed by Mr. Hatchett, as a valuable substitute for alkaline remedies. Its insolubility must render its absorption equivocal; its beneficial operation must therefore principally depend upon its neutralizing any excess of acid in the primæ viæ, and in this way there can be no doubt of its lithonthryptic agency; “but,” says Dr. Marcet, “such is the tendency which the public has to over-rate the utility of a new practice, or to take a mistaken view of its proper application, that there is every reason to believe that the use of magnesia has of late years become a frequent source of evil in calculous complaints.” _See_ page 124. OFFICINAL PREP. _Hydrarg. cum Magnesia._ D. _Magnesia._ L.E.D. ADULTERATIONS. _Chalk_ may be detected by adding dilute sulphuric acid to a suspected portion, when, should any be present, the solution will be loaded with a white and insoluble precipitate; _gypsum_, by boiling a sample in distilled water, and assaying the solution by a barytic and oxalic test.[560]

MAGNESIÆ SULPHAS. L. SULPHAS MAGNESIÆ. E.D.

Magnesia Vitriolata. Sal catharticum amarum.

_Bitter purging Salt._ _Epsom Salt._