Chapter II: SAPO MOLLIS. Soft Soap (1)

This differs from _hard_ soap chiefly in its consistence, which is never greater than that of hog’s lard: it is transparent, yellowish, with small seed-like lumps of tallow diffused through it; the alkali employed for its formation is a ley of potass, instead of that of soda.

SARSAPARILLA. L.E.D.

(Smilax Sarsaparilla. _Radix._)

_Sarsaparilla._

QUALITIES. _Form_, long and slender twigs, covered with a wrinkled brown bark; _Odour_, none; _Taste_, mucilaginous and slightly bitter. CHEMICAL COMP. Its virtues appear to reside in fecula; it also contains a very large proportion of vegetable albumen. SOLUBILITY. It communicates its active principle most completely to boiling water. (See _Decoct. Sarsaparillæ_). MED. USES. According to Monardes, it was imported by the Spaniards into Europe in 1549, as a specific remedy for the venereal disease; but it soon fell into disrepute, and so continued until about the middle of the last century, when it was again brought into esteem by Hunter and Fordyce, as a medicine calculated to assist the operation of mercury, as well as to cure those symptoms which may be called the _sequelæ_ of a mercurial course. DOSE, of the powdered root ℈j to ʒj, three times a day. In selecting the roots, it will be right to choose such as are plump, not carious, nor too dusty on breaking; but rough, and which easily split longitudinally. OFFICINAL PREP. _Decoctum Sarsaparillæ_. L.E.D. _Decoct. Sarsaparillæ comp:_ L.D. _Extractum Sarsaparillæ_. L. _Syrupus Sarsaparillæ_. L. There are several species of _Carex_ which are substituted for Sarsaparilla. The _C. villosa_ (German Sarsaparilla) is very commonly employed for this purpose.

SASSAFRAS. L.E.D.

(Laurus Sassafras. _Lignum, Radix, et Cortex._)

_The Wood, Root, and Bark of Sassafras._

QUALITIES. _Odour_, fragrant; _Taste_, sweet and aromatic. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. The qualities of this plant depend upon an essential oil and resin. SOLUBILITY. Its active parts are soluble in water and alcohol. MED. USES. It is said to be diaphoretic, and diuretic; and has been employed in cases of scurvy, rheumatism, and in various cutaneous affections; it also formerly enjoyed the reputation of being an antisyphilitic remedy. Its powers are very questionable. OFFICINAL PREP. _Oleum Sassafras_. L.E.D. _Decoct: Sarsaparillæ comp_. L.D. _Decoct: Guaiae:_ L.E.D. _Aqua Calcis comp:_ D.[630]

SCAMMONIA. L.E.D.

(Convolvulus Scammonia _Gummi-resina_.)

SCAMMONIUM. D. _Scammony._

QUALITIES. _Form_, blackish-grey cakes; _Taste_, bitter and sub-acrid; _Odour_, heavy and peculiar; when rubbed with water, the surface lathers or _lactifies_. _Specific gravity_ 1·235. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. Resin is the principal constituent; 16 parts of good _Aleppo_ Scammony yield 11 parts of resin, and 3½ of watery extract. That from _Smyrna_ contains not more than half the quantity of resin, but more extractive, and gum. SOLUBILITY. Water, by trituration, takes up one-fourth, alcohol two-thirds, and proof spirit dissolves all, except the impurities. INCOMPATIBLE SUBSTANCES. Neither acids, metallic salts, nor ammonia, produce any change in its solutions, but the fixed alkalies occasion yellow precipitates; and yet they do not appear to be _medicinally_ incompatible with it; thus Gaubius, “_Scammoneum acidi commixtio[631] reddit inertius; alcali fixum, contra, adjuvat_.” The mineral acids appear to destroy a part of the substance, without in the least altering the rest. The discrepancy which exists in authors respecting the power of this drug, seems to have arisen from its operation being liable to uncertainty, in consequence of peculiar states of the alimentary canal; for instance, where the intestines are lined with an excess of mucus, it passes through without producing any action, but where the natural mucus is deficient, a small dose of scammony may irritate and even inflame the bowels. In this latter case, my practice has been to administer the purgative in a mucilaginous draught, or emulsion. MED. USES. It is an efficacious and powerful cathartic, very eligible in worm cases, and in the disordered state of the bowels which so commonly occurs in children. DOSE, grs. iij to xv, in the form of powders triturated with sulphate of potass, sugar, or almonds; when given alone, it is apt to irritate the fauces; it may be also administered as a solution, effected by triturating it with a strong decoction of liquorice, and straining. (_Form. 78, 83._) OFFICINAL PREPARATIONS. _Confect: Scammon:_ L.D. _Pulv: Scammon: co._ L.E. _Extract: Colocynth: co._ L. (=F=) _Pulv. Sennæ, co_. L.[632] (=F=) ADULTERATIONS. Two kinds of Scammony are imported into this country, that from _Aleppo_, which is the best; and that from _Smyrna_, which is more compact and ponderous, but less pure: it is commonly mixed with the expressed juice of the _cynanchum monspeliacum_; it is also sophisticated with _flour_, _sand_, and _ashes_; their presence may be detected by dissolving the sample in proof spirit, when the impurities will sink, and remain undissolved; carbonate of lime is moreover frequently added to Scammony, in which case the sample will effervesce in acids: there is however a compound bearing the name of Scammony, to be met with in the market, which is altogether factitious, consisting of jalap, senna, manna, gamboge, and ivory black. Good Scammony ought to be friable, and when wetted with the finger, it should _lactify_, or become milky: and the powder should manifest its characteristic odour, which has been compared to that of old ewe milk cheese.

SCILLÆ RADIX. L.E.D. (Scilla Maritima.)

_Squill Root._ (Bulb.)

QUALITIES. _Odour_, none; _Taste_, bitter, nauseous, and acrid; when much handled, it inflames, and ulcerates the skin. By drying, the bulb loses about four-fifths of its weight, and with very little diminution of its powers, provided that too great a heat has not been applied. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. According to Vogel, gum 6—tannin 24—sugar 6—bitter principle (_Scillitin_, which is white, transparent, and breaks with a resinous fracture) 35—woody fibre 30. SOLUBILITY. Squill gives out its virtues so perfectly to any of the ordinary menstrua, as to render the form of its exhibition, in that respect, a matter of indifference. INCOMPATIBLE SUBSTANCES. _Alkalies_ diminish their acrimony and bitterness, and are probably _medicinally_ inconsistent with their diuretic qualities, but farther experiments are required to decide this question: _vegetable acids_ produce no effect upon their sensible qualities, but are said to increase their expectorant power. MED. USES. According to the dose, and circumstances under which it is administered, it proves expectorant, diuretic, emetic, or purgative; as an expectorant, it can never be employed where pulmonary inflammation exists, for in such cases, instead of promoting, it will check any excretion from the lungs; its combination with a diaphoretic will frequently increase its powers, and generally be a measure of judicious caution. See _Form, 133, 134, 135, 139_. For the philosophy of its action, the reader must refer to the classification of Expectorants, page 102. As a diuretic, it seems to act by absorption, and we accordingly find, on the authority of Dr. Cullen, that _when the squill operates strongly on the stomach and intestines, its diuretic effects are less likely to happen_; he therefore found that by accompanying it with an opiate, (_Form. 100)_ the emetic and purgative operation may be avoided, and the squill be thereby carried more entirely to the kidneys. Experience, moreover, has taught us the value of combining this medicine with some mercurial preparation, by which its diuretic powers are very considerably augmented; and it has been farther stated, that such a combination is particularly efficacious in Hydrothorax, especially when it produces inflammation of the gums, and of the glands about the throat, by which action it is supposed to cause a derivation from the exhalants of the pleura, and thereby to diminish the dropsical effusion. (_Form: 102, 103, 106, 107, 109, 112, 115_,) but we must take care that the remedy does not occasion purging. In the exhibition of squill, it has been often delivered as a rule, to give it to the extent necessary to induce nausea, as affording a test of the medicine being in a state of activity; such a state of the system, moreover, may assist the absorption of the remedy. Dr. Home, in opposition to the opinion of Cullen, maintained that the powers of Squill as a diuretic, were increased by combining it with bodies capable of promoting its full emetic operation: after what has been observed, however, it is unnecessary to dwell upon the mischievious tendency of such a practice. By referring to our tabular arrangement of Diuretics, page 102, the reader will find that I consider its action upon the urinary organs to depend upon its bitter principle (_Scillitin_) being developed, and carried, by the medium of the circulation, to the secreting vessels of the kidneys, which it thus stimulates by actual contact. As an emetic, it has been advised in solution, in cases of hooping cough, but its extreme uncertainty renders it unfit for exhibition, unless as an adjunct to emetic combinations, as in _Form: 65_. _Plenck_ makes mention of a child which had convulsions in consequence of taking some Squill. DOSE. Of the dried root gr.; to iv. OFFICINAL PREPARATIONS. _Acetum Scillæ._ L.E.D. _Pil: Scill: comp:_ L.E.D. _Pulv: Scill:_ E.D. _Syrup. Scill: maritim:_ E. _Tinct: Scill:_ L.D.

SECALE CORNUTUM.

(Spurred Rye, or Ergot of Rye.)

[Various opinions have been entertained in relation to the nature of Ergot. The most probable is that it is a parasitic fungus, attached to several species of the gramina, but more especially to the rye. It is generally found most abundant in moist situations and in wet seasons. Its taste, at first scarcely perceptible, becomes shortly disagreeable and sub-acrid. By the analysis of Vauquelin, the ergot has been ascertained to contain, 1. A fawn-yellow colouring matter, soluble in alcohol, and having a taste resembling that of fish oil. 2. A white oily matter, of a sweetish taste, which appears to be very abundant. 3. A violet colouring principle, of the same shade as that of orchil, but differing from it by its solubility in alcohol, and which can be readily fixed on aluminated wool and silk. 4. A free acid, supposed to be partly phosphoric. 5. A very abundant vegeto-animal substance, much disposed to putrefaction, and which furnishes a considerable quantity of thick oil and of ammonia by distillation. 6. A small quantity of free ammonia, which can be obtained at the temperature of boiling water. As a medicinal substance, ergot exerts a specific effect upon the uterus, and is very generally used in this country for the purpose of facilitating the process of parturition. From the powerful effects produced by the ergot, it is obvious that it should be used with much caution. Dr. Stearns, to whom the profession is indebted for the first introduction of this article into practice, and who must be considered as our highest authority on this subject, has laid down the following rules by which its administration should be regulated: 1. It should never be administered where nature is competent to a safe delivery. 2. It should never be administered until the regular pains have ceased, or are ineffectual, and there is danger to be apprehended from delay. 3. It should never be administered until the rigidity of the os tincæ has subsided, and a perfect relaxation has been induced. 4. It should never be administered in the incipient stages of labour, nor until the os tincæ is dilated to the size of a dollar. 5. It should never be administered in any case of preternatural presentation that will require the fœtus to be turned. 6. It should never be administered during the continuance of one labour, in larger quantities than thirty grains by decoction in half a pint of water. A table spoonful of this given every ten minutes, generally succeeds better than a larger dose. While this quantity produces its most favourable effects upon the uterus, it does not affect the stomach with nausea or vomiting, which sometimes interrupts its successful operation.

The ergot is indicated, and may be administered, 1. When, in lingering labours, the child has descended into the pelvis, the parts dilated and relaxed, the pains having ceased, or being too ineffectual to advance the labour, there is danger to be apprehended from delay, by exhaustion of strength and vital energy, from hemorrhage or other alarming symptoms. 2. When the pains are transferred from the uterus to other parts of the body, or to the whole muscular system, producing general puerperal convulsions. After premising copious bleeding, the ergot concentrates all these misplaced labour-pains upon the uterus, which it soon restores to its appropriate action, and the convulsions immediately cease. 3. When in the early stages of pregnancy, abortion becomes inevitable, accompanied with profuse hemorrhage and feeble uterine contractions. 4. When the placenta as retained from a deficiency of contractions. 5. In patients liable to hemorrhage immediately after delivery. In such cases the ergot may be given as a preventive, a few minutes before the termination of the labour. 6. When the hemorrhage or lochial discharges are too profuse immediately after delivery, and the uterus continues dilated and relaxed without any ability to contract.]

SENEGÆ RADIX. L.E.D.

(Polygala Senega.) _Radix._

QUALITIES. _Form_, the dried root is internally white; externally it is covered with a brownish grey, corrugated, transversely cracked cuticle. _Odour_, none. _Taste_, at first sweetish, but afterwards hot and pungent, producing a very peculiar tingling sensation in the fauces. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. Its virtues reside in resin. SOLUBILITY. Alcohol extracts the whole of its active matter; hot water only partially. MEDICINAL USES. As a stimulant; but it is rarely used. In America it is used against the bite of the rattlesnake.[633] OFFICINAL PREPARATIONS. _Decoctum Senegæ_. L.E.

SENNÆ FOLIA. L.E.D. (Cassia Senna.)

_Senna Leaves._

QUALITIES. _Odour_, faint and sickly; _Taste_, slightly bitter, sweetish, and nauseous. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. Extractive, resin, mucilage, and saline matter; it contains within itself a purgative principle and a bitter element; and although the latter is _per se_ inert, yet in combination, its presence aids and exalts the efficacy of the former. M. M. Lassaigne and Fenuelle have lately announced the fact of their having procured the purgative principle of Senna in a separate form, and to which they have given the name of _Cathartine_. It is said to be an uncrystallizable substance, of a reddish-yellow colour, and of a particular smell, and bitter nauseous taste, soluble in alcohol and water, in all proportions; but farther experiments are required upon this subject. SOLUBILITY. Both water and spirit extract the virtues of Senna; to water and proof spirit the leaves communicate a brownish colour, more or less deep according to the proportions employed; to rectified spirit they impart a fine green colour. The powdered leaves of senna are very apt to undergo a change by exposure to a humid atmosphere, becoming covered with a kind of mouldiness which contains a small proportion of potass. MEDICINAL USES. See _Infus: Sennæ_. OFFICINAL PREPARATIONS. _Confectio Sennæ_;, L.E.D. _Extract: Cassiæ Sennæ. E. Infus: Sennæ._ L.D. _Infus: Tamarind: cum Senna._ E.D. _Pulv. Sennæ comp:_ L. _Tinct: Sennæ._ L.D. _Tinct: Sennæ comp:_ E. _Syrup: Sennæ._ L.D. ADULTERATIONS. The leaves of Senna are imported from Alexandria in a state of adulteration, being mixed by the merchants of Cairo with the leaves of _Cynanchum Oleafolium_, (Arguel) and with those of _Colutea Arborescens_; the former are distinguished by their greater length as well as by their structure, which differs from the leaves of Senna in having a straight side, and being regular at their base, and in not displaying any lateral nerves on the under disk; the latter are so different from Senna leaves, that there is no difficulty in at once recognising them. The _Tripoli Senna_ contains a much larger proportion of _Cynanchum_, and of the other adulterations; as a general rule, those leaves which appear bright, fresh, free from stalks and spots, that are well and strongly scented, smooth and soft to the touch, thoroughly dry, sharp pointed, bitterish, and somewhat nauseous, are to be preferred.

SERPENTARIÆ RADIX. L.D.

(Aristolochia Serpentaria, _Radix._)

_Serpentaria Root._ _Virginian Snake root, or Birthwort._

QUALITIES. _Odour_, of the dried root, aromatic, and somewhat resembling that of Valerian; _Taste_, pungent and warm, with a degree of bitterness, not very unlike that of camphor, or of the _pinus canadensis_. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. Resin and an essential oil constitute its active ingredients. SOLUBILITY. Its virtues are extracted by water, as well as by alcohol. The tincture has a bright green colour, which is rendered turbid by water. It neither affects Tannin nor Gelatine, nor does it precipitate the salts of iron. MEDICINAL USES. It has been regarded as serviceable in cases that required the combined powers of a diaphoretic and tonic, as in some of the stages of typhus and other low fevers; it has also been found to exalt the febrifuge powers of the bark in cases of protracted intermittents. It is likewise valued on account of its efficacy in certain cases of dyspepsia, attended with a dry skin. Its stimulating properties will of course prevent its application in the inflammatory diathesis. FORMS OF EXHIBITION. In substance, or in an infusion, made by macerating ʒiv of the bruised root in f℥xij of boiling water in a covered vessel for two hours, and straining. Decoction will necessarily dissipate its essential oil, and impair its powers; whenever therefore it is directed in combinations which require this process, it should not be added until after the other ingredients have been boiled, as illustrated by _Form: 40_. DOSE, of the powdered root ℈j to ʒss or more; of the infusion f℥j-f℥ij. OFFICINAL PREPARATIONS. _Tinct: Serpentariæ._ L.E.D.[634] _Tinct: Cinchonæ comp:_ L.D. _Electuarium Opiatum._ E.

The roots of the _Collinsonia præcox_ are frequently found mixed with those of Serpentaria in the market.

SIMAROUBÆ CORTEX. L.E.D.

(Quassia Simarouba _Cortex_.)

_Simarouba Bark._

QUALITIES. _Form_, long pieces a few inches in breadth, and folded lengthwise; fibrous, rough, and scaly; and, when fresh, of a pale yellow colour on the inside. _Odour_, none; _Taste_, bitter, without any astringency. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. Its virtues are principally connected with extractive matter; it does not contain any tannin or gallic acid. SOLUBILITY. Alcohol and water take up all its active matter. MEDICINAL USES. It has been considered tonic, and has been used with advantage as such in intermittent fevers. To _Dr. Wright_ we are principally indebted for a knowledge of its powers. It has been much commended in the latter stages of dysentery, after the fever has abated, and the tenesmus continues with a sinking pulse. Alibert says that it has been used with much success at the hospital of St. Louis, in diarrhœa, following scurvy, and intermittent fever. DOSE, ℈i to ʒss, but it is more conveniently given in the form of infusion, which see. OFFICINAL PREPARATIONS. _Infus: Simaroubæ._ L.

The Dublin college has admitted the wood of this tree into their materia medica, but it is perfectly inert.

SINAPIS SEMINA.

(_Sinapis Nigra._ L. _Alba._ E.D.)

_Mustard Seeds._

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. Fecula, mucilage, an acrid volatile oil on which their virtues depend, and which on standing deposits a quantity of sulphur, a bland fixed oil, which considerably obtunds the acrimony of the former constituent;[635] and an ammoniacal salt. SOLUBILITY. Unbruised mustard seeds, when macerated in boiling water, yield only an insipid mucilage, which like that of linseed, resides in the skin; but when bruised, water takes up all the active matter, although it is scarcely imparted to alcohol. MEDICINAL USES. It is a beneficial stimulant in dyspepsia; chlorosis, and paralysis; for which purpose, a tea spoonful of the bruised seeds may be administered; or a _whey_ may be made, by boiling a table spoonful of the bruised seeds in oj of milk, and straining; of which a fourth part may be taken three times a day, (see _Form._ 46.) or it may be given in infusion. (_Form. 45._) The farina made into a paste with crumbs of bread and vinegar, affords one of the most powerful external stimulants which we can apply, and is technically termed a _Sinapism_; it produces intense pain, and excites an inflammation entering much more into the true skin than that which is excited by the Lyttæ; it is therefore worthy attention in all internal inflammations where bleeding is limited: if necessary it may be quickened by the addition of oil of turpentine. If a table spoonful of powdered mustard be added to oj of tepid water, it operates briskly as an emetic. OFFICINAL PREPARATIONS. _Cataplasm: Sinap_. L.D. _Emplast: Meloes com:_ E.[636] (_B_) _Infusum Armoraciæ comp:_ L. (=B=) ADULTERATIONS. Fine powder, or flower of mustard, as it occurs in commerce, contains only one-sixth part of genuine mustard, the remainder consists of flour, coloured by turmeric, and made pungent by the addition of powdered capsicum.

SODA TARTARIZATA. L. TARTRAS SODÆ ET POTASSÆ. E. TARTARUS SODÆ ET KALI. D. olim. _Sal de Seignette._ _Sal Rupellensis_, or _Rochelle Salt_.

QUALITIES. _Form_, a right prism, with rhombic terminations, very slightly efflorescent. _Taste_, rather bitter and saline. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. It is a triple salt, formed by neutralizing the excess of acid in super-tartrate of potass, with soda, and consisting of 2 atoms of acid + 1 of soda + 1 of potass. By a strong heat it is resolved into a mixture of carbonate of potass and carbonate of soda. SOLUBILITY. It is soluble in five parts of water at 50°. INCOMPATIBLE SUBSTANCES. Most _acids_, and _acidulous salts_ (except the Super-tartrate of potass) which convert the tartrate of potass into bi-tartrate, or super-tartrate. The _acetate_ and _sub-acetate_ of lead; _barytic salts_, and the _salts of lime_ are decomposed by it. MED. USES. Similar to those of _Potassæ Tartras_. See _Form. 77_, and 86, the latter of which presents a very grateful and efficacious purgative. DOSE, ʒij to ℥j as a purgative.

SODÆ CARBONAS. L.E. _Carbonate of Soda._

This salt, when properly prepared, is a _bi-carbonate_, but so delicately are the affinities of its constituent parts balanced, that the application of a very moderate temperature is sufficient to subvert them, and to occasion partial decomposition. Mr. Phillips states that although he has seen what he believes to be real bi-carbonate in the state of the moist crystals, yet he has never met with any that was dry which had not lost one-fourth of its carbonic acid by exposure to heat; it is then a white gritty powder, less soluble in water than the sub-carbonate, like which it possesses an alkaline taste, and turns vegetable yellows brown, but both in a less degree. This salt, which is generally sold, as the carbonate of the pharmacopœia, and the bi-carbonate of chemists, Mr. Phillips considers as a compound of an atom of carbonate, (_sub-carbonate_) and an atom of bi-carbonate, combined with four atoms of water. It is therefore, according to the phraseology of some chemists, a _Sesqui-carbonate_,[637] as being equal to an atom and a half of acid and one atom of base. The chemical habitudes of this salt, as connected with its medicinal applications, are similar to those of the _carbonate of potass_, which see. MED. USES. As it is less nauseous, so is it more eligible than the _sub_-carbonate of the same alkali; in other respects its effects are the same; _vide Sodæ Sub-carbonas_. DOSE, grs. x to ʒss.[638] ADULTERATIONS. If the salt, after super-saturation with dilute nitric acid, give a precipitate with nitrate of baryta, it contains some sulphuric salt; and if with nitrate of silver, we may infer the presence of a muriate.

SODÆ MURIAS. L.E.

SAL COMMUNE, MURIAS SODÆ. D.

_Muriate of Soda._ _Common Salt._

QUALITIES. _Form_, that of regular cubes, which do not deliquesce unless contaminated with muriate of magnesia.[639] CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. It consists, according to Berzelius, of 46·55 of muriatic acid, and 53·45 of soda; according to the new theory, however, this salt must be considered as a true _muriate of soda_, only while it remains in aqueous solution; for when it is reduced to dryness, the muriatic acid and the soda become both decomposed, and the hydrogen of the former uniting with the oxygen of the latter, they pass off in the form of water, while the chlorine of the muriatic acid unites with the metallic base of the soda, to form _chloride of sodium_, which consists of an atom of each constituent. It is perhaps difficult to believe that the same salt should be chloride of sodium in the hand, and muriate of soda in the mouth! but it is not the less true, nor is it more incredible than the change which Sulphuret of potass undergoes by solution, the decomposition of which is rendered evident to the senses by the evolved sulphuretted hydrogen. Late researches have also detected both in _rock_ and in other salt, the presence of _muriate of potass_, and _muriate of magnesia_.[640] SOLUBILITY. It is equally soluble in cold and in hot water, one part of the salt requiring rather more than 2½ parts. MED. USES. The effects of salt upon the animal and vegetable kingdoms, are striking and important,[641] and have furnished objects of the most interesting enquiry to the physiologist, the chemist, the physician, and the agriculturist; it appears to be a natural stimulant to the digestive organs; and that animals are instinctively led to immense distances in pursuit of it; for proof of this fact the reader is referred to “_Parkes on the repeal of the Salt Laws_,” and to an interesting work by my late lamented friend, Sir Thomas Bernard, entitled, “_Case of the Salt Duties, with Proofs and Illustrations_.”[642] Salt, when taken in moderate quantities, promotes,[643] while in excessive ones, it prevents digestion; it is therefore tonic and anthelmintic, correcting that disordered state of the bowels which favours the propagation of worms. In Ireland, where, from the bad quality of the food, the lower classes are greatly infested with worms,[644] a draught of salt and water is a popular and efficacious anthelmintic. _Form: 162_, is a prescription by Rush, who says that in this manner he has administered many pounds of common salt with great success in worm cases. In the first volume of the Medical Transactions we shall find an interesting account of a cure of this disease by salt, after the failure of other remedies; I beg also to refer the practitioner to another case illustrative of its anthelmintic powers, published by Mr. Marshall, (_London Medical and Physical Journal_, vol. xxxix. No. 231,) which is that of a lady who had a natural antipathy to salt, and was in consequence most dreadfully infested with worms during the whole of her life. In very large doses _Salt_ proves purgative; it is also absorbed, and carried to the kidneys, but it undergoes no decomposition _in transitu_, nor does it appear to possess any considerable powers as a diuretic; its solution in tepid water, in the proportion of ℥ss-℥j in oj of water, forms the common domestic enema. DOSE, when intended to act as a cathartic, from℥ss to ℥j very largely diluted; when to answer the other intentions, from grs. x. to ʒj.

SODÆ SUB-BORAS. L.D. BORAS SODÆ. E.

_Borax._

QUALITIES. _Form_, irregular hexahedral prisms, slightly efflorescent. _Taste_, alkaline and styptic; when heated it loses its water of crystallization, and becomes a porous friable mass (_calcined borax_). CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. Boracic acid, 34—soda, 17—water, 49. SOLUBILITY. It is soluble in 20 parts of water at 60°, and in 6 parts at 212°. INCOMPATIBLE SUBSTANCES. It is decomposed by _acids_; _potass_; by the _sulphates_ and _muriates_ of the _earths_, and by those of _ammonia_. MEDICINAL USES. It is only applied in the form of powder mixed with 8 or 10 parts of honey, as a detergent linctus in aphthæ, &c. The Chinese employ it in inflammatory sore throats; for which purpose they first reduce it to an extremely fine powder, and then blow it through a reed upon the inflamed surface. OFFICINAL PREPARATIONS. _Mel Boracis_. L. ADULTERATIONS. _Alum_, and _fused muriate of soda_, are substances with which it is sometimes sophisticated; to discover which, dissolve it in distilled water, and after saturating the excess of the base with nitric acid, assay the solution with nitrate of barytes and nitrate of silver.

SODÆ SUB-CARBONAS. L.E.D.

_Sub-carbonate of Soda._

QUALITIES. _Form_, octohedrons, truncated at the summits of the pyramids; it effloresces when exposed to the air, and at 150° Fah. undergoes watery fusion, its crystals containing as much as seven proportionals of water; _Taste_, mild, alkalescent. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. Soda 29·5—carbonic acid 20·7. SOLUBILITY. It is soluble in two parts of water at 60°, and in considerably less than its weight of boiling water; it is insoluble in alcohol. INCOMPATIBLE SUBSTANCES are enumerated under _Potassæ Carbonas_. MED. USES, are similar to those of the sub-carbonate of potass, but it is preferable to it for internal use, as being more mild and less nauseous; and moreover Fourcroy states it as his opinion that soda is more eligible for medicinal purposes than potass, on account of its analogy with animal substances, which always contain it, while on the contrary, no portion of potass is found in them. Sir Gilbert Blane assumes an opposite opinion, and observes that, as far as he can judge of the comparative powers of the two fixed alkalies, he should greatly prefer Potass to Soda, as a remedy for gravel, one reason of which he thinks may be found in the fact that the Soda is an element of the animal fluids, since it enters largely into the composition of bile, so that it is more likely to be arrested in the course of the circulation and diverted from the urinary organs. A gentleman, says Sir Gilbert, who was subject to frequent fits of gravel, and in the habit of making experiments on the small concretions which he passed, found that Soda dissolved them, but that Potass did not; nevertheless he experienced sensible relief, and even temporary cure, from the internal use of the latter alkali, but no benefit from the former. Are then the absorbents more disposed to take up soda than potass? The results of experience do not appear to sanction such a conclusion. FORMS OF EXHIBITION. It may be administered in solution, in an electuary, or in pills; when exhibited in the latter form, it must be previously deprived of its water of crystallization, (_Sodæ Sub-carbonas exsiccata_. L.) or the pills will fall into powder as they dry; unless where the water of crystallization is essential to the formation of the pill, as to that of _Pill: Ferri comp_. DOSE, gr. x to ʒj, twice or thrice a day. See _Form. 28, 143, 144_.

SODÆ SULPHAS. L.E.D.

_Natron Vitriolatum_, P.L. 1787. _Sal Catharticus Glauberi_. P.L. 1745.

QUALITIES. _Form_, transparent prismatic crystals, which effloresce; when exposed to heat, they undergo watery fusion, that is, they melt in their own water of crystallization. _Taste_, saline and bitter. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. Sulphuric acid 24·64,—soda 19·36—water 56. SOLUBILITY. f℥j of water at 60° dissolves ʒiiiss; in boiling water it is considerably more soluble; it is quite insoluble in alcohol. INCOMPATIBLE SUBSTANCES. The same as those which decompose _sulphate of magnesia_. MED. USES. A common and useful purgative; its nauseous taste may be in a great degree disguised by the addition of a small quantity of lemon juice, or _cream of tartar_. DOSE, ℥ss to ℥ij. In an effloresced state it is just equal in efficacy to double the weight of that which is in a crystalline form. It is rendered more active by being combined with other purgative salts, especially with sulphate of magnesia, and the compound is more soluble and less nauseous; (_Form. 69, 72_.) A portion of triple salt, a _magnesio-sulphate of soda_, probably results from the combination, a salt which may be frequently detected in parcels of sulphate of magnesia, and may be known by its crystals, which are regular rhomboids; it is also contained, according to Dr. Murray, in the brine or _mother liquor_ of sea-water; and it constitutes the whole of that salt which was formerly sold under the name of “_Lymington Glauber’s Salts_”.[645]

SPARTIUM. L.E. GENISTA. D.

Spartii _Cacumina_. L. _Summitates_. E.

_The Tops of Broom._

QUALITIES. When bruised they yield an unpleasant _odour_, and a nauseous bitter _taste_. Solubility. Water and alcohol alike extract their active matter. MED. USES. They certainly act as a powerful diuretic, and even prove so to animals that browse upon them. I have frequently exhibited them in the Westminster Hospital, with very great success in the form of decoction. By referring to my classification of diuretics, page 93, it will be seen that the _Broom_ is placed under the second division of the first class; for analogy sanctions the theory, that the bitter element is separated by the powers of digestion, and carried to the kidneys by the medium of the circulation. (See _Form. 113_.) The ashes of this plant were extolled by Sydenham as a powerful diuretic, but the chemist has shewn that it is merely a fixed alkaline salt. OFFICINAL PREPARATIONS. _Extractum Cacuminum Genistæ_. D.

SPIGELIA MARYLANDICA.

_Pink Root._ _Radix._

[This is an herbaceous plant, growing native in the Southern states. It flourishes in rich, dry soils, and flowers from May to July. The root, which is composed of numerous slender fibres, when fresh, is of a yellowish colour, and has an insipid and nauseous taste. As it contains on analysis no resin, its proper menstruum is water. It is exclusively as an anthelmintic that the Pink Root is resorted to, and as such it possesses unquestionable power. When given to any extent it proves narcotic, and at the same time purgative. It is probably to this combination of properties that its efficacy as a vermifuge is to be attributed. It is chiefly against the Lumbrici that it has been used with success. It may be given in powder, in doses of from grs. x to xx, repeated every two hours. The more common and preferable mode of giving it, however, is that of infusion, made by putting ℥j of the root into a pint of boiling water. Of this, when cold, from ℥j to ℥iv may be given every two or three hours, according to the age of the patient. It should be recollected, that in its fresh state the Pink Root is much more active than when dried and kept for any length of time.]

SPIRÆA TRIFOLIATA.

_Indian Physic._ _Radix._

[This plant abounds in the woods of hills and mountains, in every part of the United States. The root, which is the part used in medicine, is of a bitter taste, and yields by analysis extractive matter and resin. In its medicinal properties the Spiræa resembles the ipecacuanha of the shops. The full dose in powder is 30 grs.]

SPIRITUS. L. SPIRITUS STILLATITII.

_Distilled Spirits._

These are solutions of the essential oils of vegetables in diluted alcohol or proof spirit; they are obtained by distilling spirit with recent vegetables; or, according to the recent directions of the Pharmacopœia, with their essential oils; sometimes however they are extemporaneously made by at once dissolving the oils in the spirit, without distillation. (See _Spiritus Tenuior_.) Med. Uses. Like the _distilled waters_, they serve as vehicles for the exhibition of more active medicines; they are also occasionally employed as grateful stimulants. It is unnecessary to dwell on each of these simple spirits, as their virtues are the same as those of the substances from which they are extracted, united to the stimulus of the alcohol. The following are officinal:—_Spirit: Anisi_. L. _Spir: Anisi comp:_ L.D. _Armoraciæ comp:_ L. _Carui_. L.E.D. _Cinnamomi_ L.E.D. (_Form. 5, 40._) _Juniperi comp:_ L.D. _Lavandulæ_. L.E.D. _Lavandulæ comp:_ L.E.D. _Menth:_ Pip: L.D. _Menth: Virid:_ L. _Myristic:_ L.E.D. _Pimentæ_. L.D. _Pulegii_. L. _Raphani comp:_ D. _Rosmarini_.[646] L.E.D.

SPIRITUS AMMONIÆ. L.D.

ALCOHOL AMMONIATUM. E.

_Spiritus Salis Ammoniaci dulcis._ P.L. 1745. _Spiritus Salis
Ammoniaci._ P.L. 1720.

This is a solution of ammoniacal gas in spirit; in which a small portion of the sub-carbonate is also generally present. It is not easy to compare the strength of this preparation with that of the _Liquor Ammoniæ_, or _Liquor Ammoniæ Sub-carbonatis_, so as to give their medicinal equivalents, because the ammonia exists in a very different state of combination. The first is a mere solution of ammoniacal gas in water; in the second, as already stated, the ammonia exists as a _sesqui-carbonate_, while in the one now under consideration the alkali is in the state of a _carbonate_. This fact will explain the reason of the present preparation being superior in pungency to the _Liquor Ammoniæ Sub-carbonatis_. The Incompatibles are the same as those enumerated under the head of _Ammoniæ Sub-carbonas_. It is a powerful stimulant, but it is principally employed as the basis of the following compounds; viz. _Spirit: Ammoniæ Aromat_. L.E.D. _Spirit: Ammoniæ Succinatus_. L. _Tinctura Castorei Comp:_ E. _Tinct: Guaiaci comp:_ E. _Tinct: Opii Ammoniat:_ E.

SPIRITUS AMMONIÆ AROMATICUS. L.D.

ALCOHOL AMMONIATUM AROMATICUM. E.

_Spiritus Ammoniæ Compositus._ P.L. 1785. _Spiritus Volatilis
Aromaticus._ P.L. 1745. _Spiritis salis volatilis oleosus._ P.L. 1720.

This is a solution of several essential oils, (_Cinnamon_, _Cloves_, and _Lemon_. L.—_Rosemary_ and _Lemon_. E. _Lemon_ and _Nutmeg_. D.) in the spirit of ammonia. It is a valuable stimulant, and an agreeable adjunct, and efficacious corrective to other remedies, see _Form._ 42, 45. DOSE, fʒss to fʒj. INCOMPATIBLES. Acids, Acidulous Salts, Earthy and Metallic Salts, and Lime Water. _Officinal Prep: Tinct. Guaiac: Ammoniat:_ L.D. _Tinct. Valerian: Ammoniat:_ L.D. Its ammoniacal pungency is rather inferior to that of the preceding preparations.

SPIRITUS AMMONIÆ FŒTIDUS. L.D.

TINCTURA ASSAFŒTIDÆ AMMONIATA. E.

This is a solution of the fœtid volatile oil of the Assafœtida in the spirit of ammonia; as little else than the odour and flavour of the gum-resin is taken up by the menstruum, it cannot be expected to possess many virtues. Dose, fʒss to fʒi.

SPIRITUS AMMONIÆ SUCCINATUS. L.

This preparation was probably introduced as a substitute of the _Eau de luce_. It is stimulant and antispasmodic. It will be found, if properly prepared, to retain its milkiness for a considerable time, a circumstance by which its value is appreciated. The substances enumerated under the head of _Spir: Ammoniæ Aromat:_ are also incompatible with this preparation.

SPIRITUS COLCHICI AMMONIATUS. L.

We have in this preparation the specific virtues of the Colchicum, with the stimulant property of the Ammonia; a medicinal combination, which is frequently indicated in practice. Dose fʒss to fʒi, in some aqueous vehicle. The substances enumerated under the history of _Spiritus Ammoniæ Aromaticus_, are likewise incompatible with this spirit.

SPIRITUS ÆTHERIS AROMATICUS. L.

ÆTHER SULPHURICUS CUM ALCOHOLE AROMATICUS. E.

_Elixir Vitrioli dulce._ P.L. 1745.

This preparation, which was excluded from the London Pharmacopœia of 1787, is now restored. It consists of Sulphuric Ether _one part_, rectified spirit _two parts_, impregnated with aromatics; the presence of spirit is necessary in this preparation, since the volatile oils would be insoluble in the æther without it. MED. USES. A grateful stimulant.

SPIRITUS ÆTHERIS NITRICI. L.

SPIRITUS ÆTHERIS NITROSI. E.

SPIRITUS ÆTHEREUS NITROSUS. D.

_Spiritus Nitri dulcis._ P.L. 1745.

QUALITIES. A colourless fluid of the _specific gravity_ ·850. _Odour_, extremely fragrant; _Taste_, pungent and acidulous; it is very volatile and inflammable. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. A portion of nitric æther and nitric acid, combined with alcohol. SOLUBILITY. It is soluble both in water and alcohol. INCOMPATIBLE SUBSTANCES. With a solution of _green sulphate of iron_ it strikes a deep olive colour, owing probably to its holding a portion of nitrous gas in solution; with the _tinctures of guaiacum_ it produces a green or blue coagulum. MED. USES. When properly diluted, it is refrigerant and diuretic; and has been long employed as a grateful draught in febrile affections; as a diuretic, it frequently proves a valuable auxiliary in dropsy, (see _Form. 113, 116_.) DOSE, ♏︎x to xl. in any aqueous vehicle. By age and exposure to the air, it is gradually decomposed, and gives rise to the reproduction of nitrous acid.

SPIRITUS ÆTHERIS SULPHURICI. L.

ÆTHER SULPHURICUS CUM ALCOHOLE. E.

LIQUOR ÆTHEREUS SULPHURICUS. D.

_Spiritus Ætheris vitriolici._ P.L. 1787. _Spirit. Vitrioli dulcis_.
1745.

QUALITIES. A fluid of the _specific gravity_ ·816, consisting of _two parts_ (by measure) of rectified spirit, and _one part_ of sulphuric æther. MED. USES. It has all the properties of æther, but in an inferior degree. DOSE, fʒj to fʒiij.

SPIRITUS ÆTHERIS SULPHURICI COMPOSITUS. L.

This is intended as a substitute for the _Liquor Anodynus_ of Hoffmann, although its composition was never revealed by him. In addition to its stimulating properties, it is supposed to add those of an anodyne nature. DOSE, fʒss to fʒij. See _Form. 7_.

SPIRITUS CAMPHORÆ. L.

_Spirit of Camphor_; vulgo, _Camphorated Spirits_.

This preparation is principally useful as an external application. As an embrocation to chilblains it is often of essential service; and it has been found useful when thus applied to parts affected with chronic rheumatism and paralytic numbness. It is instantly decomposed by water, which precipitates the camphor. It furnishes an easy mode of forming camphor mixture extemporaneously, and if a few drops be rubbed with mucilage, we are thus enabled to form a stronger preparation than by the ordinary process.

SPIRITUS RECTIFICATUS. L.

ALCOHOL FORTIUS. E. SPIRITUS VINOSUS RECTIFICATUS. D.

In this preparation, alcohol is nearly in the highest state of concentration, in which it can be easily prepared in the large way for the purposes of trade; its specific gravity however varies in the different pharmacopœias, viz. the London and Edinburgh preparation is stated to have that of ·835, while the rectified spirit of Dublin is ordered to be only ·840. The former at the temperature of 60° _Fah._ consists of 85 parts of pure alcohol and 15 of water, the latter only of 83 per cent. of alcohol. It is a most powerful stimulant, but is rarely employed except in combination; as a pharmaceutical agent, its use is highly valuable and extensive. (See _Tincturæ_.) During the evaporation of spirit, a considerable reduction of temperature takes place, which renders it a useful ingredient in refrigerating lotions. See _Form. 147, 148_. It has lately been ascertained by Mr. Ritchie of Perth, that “_the degree of cold induced by the evaporation of spirit of different degrees of strength are proportional to the strength of these spirits, reckoning from the degrees of cold induced by the evaporation of water_.” The application of this theorem will enable us to ascertain the strength of a spirit by the “DIFFERENTIAL THERMOMETER” of Leslie.

SPIRITUS TENUIOR. L.

ALCOHOL DILUTUM. E.

SPIRITUS VINOSUS TENUIOR. D.

_Weaker or Proof Spirit._

This is rectified spirit diluted with a certain proportion of water, and it is to be regretted that the quantity ordered for this purpose, should vary in the different Pharmacopœias; thus, according to the London and Dublin Colleges, its specific gravity is ·930, while the College of Edinburgh directs it to be of ·935. The former consists of 44 per cent. of pure alcohol, and may be formed by mixing _four_ parts, by measure, of rectified spirit, with _three_ of water; the latter contains only 42 _per cent._ of pure alcohol, and may be made by adding together _equal parts_ of rectified spirit and distilled water. Alcohol in this state of dilution, is better adapted for taking up the principles of vegetables than rectified spirit; indeed, diluted alcohol acts upon bodies as a chemical compound, and will dissolve what neither the same proportion of water nor of alcohol would, if separately applied; we perceive therefore the importance of ensuring uniformity of strength in our spirits. (See _Tincturæ_.) It is necessary to remark that almost all the spirit sold under the name of “_Proof Spirit_,” is contaminated with empyreumatic oil, and is unfit for the purposes of pharmacy; it ought therefore to be extemporaneously prepared by mixing together rectified spirit and water, in the proportions above stated. This however is rarely done, except the liquors are intended for the toilet, and hence it has been observed, that the cordials of the apothecary are generally less grateful than those of the distiller, the latter being extremely curious in rectifying and purifying his spirit. If common water be employed for the dilution of alcohol, the resulting spirit will be turbid, owing principally to the precipitation of sulphuric salts; this circumstance lately occasioned considerable embarrassment to the Curators of the Hunterian Museum at the College of Surgeons, who were compelled to prepare their own spirit, in consequence of an excise regulation preventing the distiller from sending out any spirit of that strength which is required for their anatomical purposes. A curious fact has just been noticed in the Laboratory of the Royal Institution, which is, that diluted spirit _becomes stronger_ by being kept in vessels that are carefully closed by bladder! whence it would seem, that alcoholic vapour transpires through this animal membrane less freely than aqueous vapour; we are at present unable to offer a satisfactory explanation of this anomalous case of distillation, but it is probably connected with the different solvent powers of these two liquids, in relation to the animal membrane. MED. USES. Alcohol, although diluted to the degree of proof spirit, is still too strong for internal exhibition; indeed, where its use is indicated, it is more generally given in the form of wine, malt liquors, or ardent spirits, which must be regarded only as diluted alcohol, although each has a peculiarity of operation, owing to the modifying influence of the other elements of the liquid; thus _Brandy_[647] is said to be simply cordial and stomachic;[648] _Rum_,[649] heating and sudorific; _Gin_ and _Whiskey_, diuretic; and _Arrack_,[650] styptic, heating, and narcotic; it seems also probable that a modified effect is produced by the addition of various other substances, such as sugar and acids, which latter bodies, besides their anti-narcotic powers, appear to act by favouring a more perfect combination and mutual penetration of the particles of spirit and water. Foreign brandy derives its colour from the oak cask, the intensity of which, therefore, affords some criterion of its age. The English have been in the habit of colouring their spirits with burnt sugar until lately, but now since the cause of the foreign colour is discovered, the scrapings of gall-nuts are employed for that purpose, whence the sulphate of iron is no longer a test of brandy being genuine.[651] The effects, also, which are produced by the habitual use of fermented liquors, differ essentially according to the kind that is drunk; thus Ale and Porter, in consequence of the nutritive matter, and perhaps the invigorating bitter with which they are charged, and the comparatively small proportion of alcohol which they contain, dispose to a plethora, which is not unfrequently terminated by apoplexy; Spirits, on the other hand, induce severe dyspepsia, obstructed and hardened liver, dropsy, and more than half of all our chronical diseases; and Dr. Darwin moreover remarks that when they arise from this cause, they are liable to become hereditary, even to the third generation, gradually increasing, if the cause be continued, till the family become extinct; with regard to Wine, Rush has truly observed that its effects, like those of tyranny in a well formed government, are first felt in the extremities, while spirits like a bold invader, seize at once upon the vitals of the constitution; the different kinds of wine, however, produce very different and even opposite effects, as stated under the history of that article, (see _Vinum_.) The excise officers frequently avail themselves of the peculiar power of the sub-acetate of lead to precipitate colouring matter, in order to remove from seized Holland Gin, the colour which it contains by being long kept in the tubs in which it is smuggled over. This practice, however, renders the gin liable to gripe.

SPIRITUS TEREBINTHINÆ.

See _Terebinthinæ Oleum_.

SPONGIA USTA. L. See _Carbo Ligni_.

STANNI LIMATURA. L.E.D.

_The filings of Tin._

The anthelmintic properties of Tin have been explained by three different hypotheses, viz. 1. _That it acts mechanically by dislodging the mucus from the intestines_; if this be true, it is difficult to explain the fact of its activity being increased by pulverization. 2. _That its efficacy depends upon the presence of arsenic_; if so, why should the _purest_ specimens act with equal efficacy?[652] 3. _That it operates by generating hydrogen gas in the intestinal canal:_ it has been observed that this opinion is rendered probable by the fact, that sulphur increases its powers.[653] Dose, ʒj or ʒji, mixed with honey, treacle or conserve, and exhibited for several successive mornings, a purgative medicine being occasionally interposed, (see _Form. 150_.) The use of this remedy however is entirely superseded by the more efficacious exhibition of oil of turpentine.

STATICE LIMONIUM.

_Marsh Rosemary._ _Radix._

[This is a perennial plant found in all parts of the United States. It flowers in the months of July and August. The root, which is the part used in medicine, is astringent, and contains large proportions of tannin and gallic acid. As a medicine it has been much used in this country, and is prescribed with advantage in a number of diseases in which astringents are required. In chronic dysentery, diarrhœa, and cholera infantum, more especially, it has been found exceedingly beneficial. It may be given in infusion or decoction, made by adding ʒij of the root to ℥xij of water.]

SUCCI SPISSATI. E. See _Extracta_.

SULPHUR SUBLIMATUM. L.E.D.

_Sublimed Sulphur._ _Flowers of Sulphur._

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. It is probably a triple compound of oxygen, hydrogen, and some unknown base. SOLUBILITY. It is insoluble in water and alcohol, but soluble in oils, especially in that of linseed, which is a powerful solvent of all sulphureous substances. In boiling oil of turpentine it is entirely soluble. MEDICINAL USES. It is laxative and diaphoretic; it acts principally upon the large intestines, and very mildly, whence it proves useful in hæmorrhoidal affections (_Form. 74_); and in consequence of the diaphoresis which it also excites, it is useful in chronic rheumatisms, catarrhs, and in some cutaneous affections.[654] To promote its purgative effects, _magnesia_ will be found a serviceable adjunct in hæmorrhoids; it may be given in the form of an electuary, or suspended in milk; its solution in oil (_Oleum Sulphuratum_) is a most nauseous and acrid preparation. When sulphur is combined with metallic remedies, it generally lessens their activity. Its effects in curing psora are universally admitted, and the only objection to its use is the disgusting smell which accompanies its application; see _Unguent: Sulphuris_. Dr. Clarke of Dublin recommends a lotion which he says contains a sufficient impregnation of sulphur for the cure of psora in children, to be made by adding an ounce of broken sulphur to a quart of boiling water, and allowing it to infuse for twelve hours. In this process, the water probably takes up a small portion of sulphurous acid; it is difficult to explain the efficacy of the lotion in any other manner. When sulphur is internally administered, it transpires through the skin in the state of sulphuretted hydrogen, and blackens the silver in the pockets of those who take it. DOSE ʒj to ʒiij. OFFICINAL PREP. _Sulphur Lotum._ L.E.D. _Sulphur Præcipitatum._ L. _Unguent. Sulph._ L.E.D. _Unguent. Sulph. comp._ L.

SULPHUR LOTUM. When sulphur is kept in loosely covered drawers its surface is soon acidified, when it is said to operate with griping, hence the common _flowers_ are directed to be washed with water to get rid of any sulphurous acid; it is however rarely performed, and would seem to be a useless subtlety.

SULPHUR PRÆCIPITATUM. L. _Lac Sulphuris_, P.L. 1720. This, when pure, differs in no other respect from sublimed sulphur than in its superior whiteness, which it owes to the presence of a small proportion of water; in consequence however of its mode of preparation, it always contains a small quantity of sulphate of lime, and not unfrequently other impurities; it may be assayed by pouring upon a suspected sample a sufficient quantity of _liquor potassæ_ to cover it, and setting it aside in a warm place to digest, when the sulphur will be dissolved and the impurities remain; or it might be at once subjected to the operation of heat; which would volatilize the sulphur, and thus separate it from its contaminations.

SYRUPI. L.E.D. _Syrups._

These are solutions of sugar in water, watery infusions, or in vegetable juices; the proportion of sugar is generally _two parts_ to one of the fluid; if it exceeds this, the solution will crystallize, if it be less, ferment, and become acescent.[655] The most certain test of the proper consistence of a syrup is its specific gravity; a bottle that holds three ounces of water at 55 _Fah._ ought to hold four ounces of syrup. Syrups are introduced into medicinal formulæ for several purposes, viz.

I. _To correct or disguise the flavour of disagreeable remedies._ Syrup: Aurantiorum. L.D. (_Form, 48, 51, 107_.)—Limonum, L.E.D.—Simplex (124, 145).—Zingiberis (88, 95, 105.) Bitter infusions, and saline solutions are rendered more nauseous by the addition of syrups.

II. _To produce Medicinal Effects._ Syrup: Allii. D.—_Altheæ_. L.E. (135)—_Acidi Acetosi._ E.—Colchici. E.—Sennæ. E.D. (70)—Scillæ Maritimæ. E.—Rhamni. L. _Papaveris_. L.E.D. (5, 7, 75, 169, 170.)—Rosæ (74)—Zingiberis (47, 150)—Sarsaparillæ. L.

III. _To communicate peculiar forms._

Every syrup answers this purpose; for the necessary proportions, see _Electuaria_.

IV. _To communicate an agreeable colour._ Syrup. Croci: L.—Rhæados. L.D. (166, 168.)—Caryophylli Rubri. D.—Violæ. E. Except that of Saffron, these syrups are rendered green by alkalies, and red by acids.