Chapter XIII: Conclusion

In the preceding chapters an attempt has been made to summarize our present knowledge of the prehistory of the great area called the Southwest. Although the Southwest is possibly the best known area in America, we have barely scratched the surface and great discoveries lie ahead. For the present there are many gaps in our knowledge. Doubtless in many cases, data have been incorrectly interpreted. Archaeological opinions are by no means unanimous on all points. In the years to come, other archaeologists with greater knowledge and more refined techniques will reveal new pages of prehistory and re-interpret many of those which their predecessors have tried to decipher. The findings of all science must be regarded, “not as rigid dogma, but as reasonable approximation to truth, certain to be largely extended and modified in the future.”[2] Although there is yet much to be learned and much to be reevaluated, a great deal has already been accomplished in the realm of Southwestern archaeology. Through scattered clues, carefully assembled and painstakingly studied and correlated it is at least possible to see something of the growth and development of unfamiliar cultures.

Inevitably certain questions are asked of those who devote themselves to such work. “What good is archaeology?” “Why is it important to know these things?” The best answer seems to be still another question. “Are we sufficiently sure of the worth of our own achievements to deny the value of trying to reconstruct another chapter of human history, even if we have nothing more than pottery and stone to guide us?”[3] According to our standards the prehistoric inhabitants of the Southwest did not achieve civilization. Still, there might be something to be learned from people so uncivilized that they believed that the cultivation of the land, the creation of beautiful as well as useful objects, and keeping in harmony with the great natural forces of the universe, were more important than the subjugation or destruction of their fellow men.

GLOSSARY

Aborigine—The native inhabitants of a country; in America, the Indians.

Apocynum—A plant, related to the milkweed, which provided fibers used in
weaving.

Archaeology—The scientific study of the material remains of human life
and human activities in prehistoric or ancient times.

Artifact—A product of human workmanship. Commonly used by archaeologists
in speaking of prehistoric tools, implements, etc.

Atlatl—An Aztec word meaning spear-thrower. Atlatls are throwing sticks
which have a handle on one end and on the other a spur which fits
into a pit or cup drilled into the basal end of a dart shaft. When
the dart is thrown the atlatl remains in the hand.

Basic Culture—See _Culture_.

Caliche—A crust or succession of crusts of calcium carbonate that forms
within or on top of the soil of arid or semi-arid regions.

Ceramic—Pertaining to pottery and its materials.

Chronology—The study of the method of arranging past events or the
material representing them in a sequence of their happenings in
relation to years or in relation to each other.

Cist—An oval or circular pit, often slab-lined, used for storage. Cists
sometimes served a secondary purpose as depositories for the dead.

Clan—A social group made up of a number of households, the heads of
which claim descent in either the male or female line from a
common ancestor.

Cloisonne—A surface decoration produced by outlining a design with
strips of flat wire and filling the interstices with enamel.

Complex—A group of related traits or characteristics which combine to
form a complete activity, process, or cultural unit.

Compound—In the Orient, a wall or fenced enclosure containing a house,
buildings, etc. The term is also used to describe the walled
enclosures built during Classic Hohokam times.

Corrugated Pottery—Pottery in which the alternate ridges and depressions
resulting from a coiling-and-pinching technique of manufacture
have not been obliterated.

Coursed Masonry—Masonry constructed of stones lying on approximately
level beds.

Cranium—Skull (Plural: Crania)

Culture—The total activities and beliefs of a group of individuals which
may be separated from other groups on the basis of differences in
complexes and original differences in geographical and
chronological positions. In an archaeological context, the
material remains of a group of people which represent traits which
they had in common, which differentiated them from other people. A
_Basic Culture_ is, as the name implies, one which provides a base
or foundation for succeeding cultures. It is essentially a
cultural root from which may spring stems and branches.

Deflector—An upright slab, standing between fireplace and ventilator in
a pit house or kiva, designed to protect the fire from inrushing
air.

Dendrochronology—A system of establishing an absolute count of years by
utilizing the pattern combinations of tree-rings.

Diffusion—The transference of elements of culture from one society to
another.

Effigy—An image of a living object.

Ethnology—The scientific study of the cultures of living primitive
peoples.

Hatchures—Short, closely spaced, parallel lines used in pottery designs.

Hogan—A Navajo house; one room, domed or conically shaped, made of logs,
sometimes with stone side walls, usually covered with earth.

Horizon—In a site, a level or stratum. In a culture, a particular level
of development.

Incised—In pottery, grooved in soft clay with a sharp tool.

Jacal—A type of construction in which walls are made of upright poles
set at short intervals and heavily plastered with adobe.

Katchinas—Supernatural beings in Pueblo Indian mythology, or masked
dancers personifying these beings.

Killed Pottery—Pottery in which a hole has been punched or drilled in
order to release the soul or spirit of the vessel which is
conceived as being a part of the maker.

Kiva—A ceremonial chamber, usually subterranean and circular.

Mano—A hand stone, usually roughly oblong, used for grinding grains,
seeds, etc.

Metate—The grinding stone on which the Mano is rubbed.

Moraine—An accumulation of earth, stones, etc. carried and finally
deposited by a glacier.

Oxidizing Atmosphere—Pottery is said to have been fired in an oxidizing
atmosphere when air is permitted to circulate around it during the
firing process. This leads to an excess of oxygen in the
atmosphere and produces pottery in shades of red, brown, or
yellow.

Paddle-and-Anvil—A pottery-finishing technique in which coil impressions
are obliterated by striking the exterior of the vessel with a
paddle while holding a round or mushroom-shaped object, known as
an anvil, within the vessel to receive the force of the blow.

Periphery—In archaeological usage, a marginal area, a region lying
immediately beyond the boundaries of a specific area.

Pilaster—A square column forming part of a wall.

Phase—This term is used in different ways by different archaeologists.
For the purposes of this book, it may be defined as an interval of
culture occurring in a specific area at a specific time and
associated with a particular culture. It may also be defined as a
group of sites with similar determinants.

Polychrome Pottery—Pottery bearing three or more colors.

Plaza—A public square.

Projectile Point—An arrow point, spear point, or dart point.

Reducing Atmosphere—Pottery is said to have been fired in a reducing
atmosphere when air is not allowed to circulate around it during
the firing process. This results in a reduction of the oxygen
content of the atmosphere and produces pottery in shades of white
and gray.

Sherd—A fragment of a broken, pottery vessel.

Sipapu—A hole commonly found in the floors of kivas which is symbolic of
the mythological place from which, according to creation myths,
the first people emerged from the underworld.

Slip—A coating of very fine clay applied to a vessel before firing to
give a smooth finish.

Spall—A chip or flake removed from a larger piece of stone.

Stockade—An enclosure made with posts and stakes.

Stratification—The characteristic of being in layers or strata and the
processes by which such material is deposited. A single layer is
called a _Stratum_, more than one, _Strata_. When undisturbed the
lowest stratum is the oldest since it was laid down first.

Trait—Any single element of culture.

Temper—Non-plastic material added to clay from which pottery is made to
prevent cracking.

Twilling—A system of weaving in which the woof thread is carried over
one and under two or more warp threads, producing diagonal lines
or ribs on the surface of the fabric or basket.

Twining—A system of weaving in which splints or threads are intertwined
around a foundation of radiating rods or threads.

Tuff—Solidified volcanic ash.

Typology—The study of any system of arrangement according to type.

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