Chapter XIV: Appendix: Outstanding Exhibit-Sites, Modern Pueblos, Local Museums

by
ERIK K. REED
_Regional Archaeologist_
_National Park Service_

After reading about the prehistoric inhabitants of the Southwest many people feel that they would like to visit the places where they lived, examine examples of their ancient arts and crafts, and see their present-day descendants. No description can produce the feeling that one experiences when viewing the imposing ruins found in our National Monuments and Parks. Even a short time spent looking at pottery and other artifacts in a museum will give a far better idea of their appearance than will photographs, drawings, or the most detailed descriptions. A visit to a modern pueblo makes it possible to visualize something of the life of bygone centuries and to think of the ancient inhabitants of the area as living, breathing people rather than as lifeless specimens. The following lists have been prepared in an effort to help those who wish to visit the Southwest and to learn about its people through their own experience.

I. OUTSTANDING EXHIBIT-SITES
The San Juan Anasazi Culture

MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK.

Great cliff-dwellings and open pueblos of the Classic period. Pit-house, mesa-top villages and cave remains of earlier periods, Modified Basketmaker and Developmental Pueblo. One of the major foci of the Anasazi culture of 300-1300 A. D., and the most accessible and best-exhibited, interpreted by caravan-tours and an outstanding museum. Paved entrance-road from Highway U. S.-160 between Mancos and Cortez, Colorado. Lodge with adequate accommodations open May-October.

CHACO CANYON NATIONAL MONUMENT.

The greatest concentration of open pueblo ruins in a valley floor, another of the major foci of prehistoric Anasazi civilization. The famous huge buildings, Pueblo Bonito, Chetro Ketl, Pueblo del Arroyo, etc.; a restored Great Kiva, an excavated Modified-Basketmaker village; and innumerable small pueblo sites. Undeveloped museum. Very restricted accommodations. In the middle of northwestern New Mexico, 64 miles north of Thoreau (which is on Highway U. S.-66) and 64 miles south of Aztec, New Mexico (on U. S.-550); 25 miles from nearest paved road (State 55, Cuba to Bloomfield).

AZTEC RUINS NATIONAL MONUMENT.

An excavated great pueblo of the Classic period, twelfth and thirteenth centuries, built between 1100 and 1125 A. D., with a completely restored Great Kiva; additional unexcavated pueblo ruins. Lying between Chaco Canyon and the Mesa Verde, these pueblos on the Animas River partake of both phases of Anasazi culture. A small museum adjoining the main ruin. Located close to Highway U. S.-550 and the town of Aztec, New Mexico.

CANYON DE CHELLY NATIONAL MONUMENT.

Striking cliff-dwellings and very early remains. In a spectacular setting of great red-rock canyons occupied by picturesque Navajo Indians. Tree-ring dates from one of the major sites, Mummy Cave, range from 348 A. D.—the earliest date in the San Juan drainage—to 1284 A. D., the next-to-last. No museum. The monument and canyon area extends east of Chinle, Arizona, in the Navajo Indian Reservation. Chinle is 100 miles from Gallup, New Mexico, or seventy-five miles (unpaved) from Chambers, Arizona (which is west of Gallup on Highway U. S.-66). Not accessible in bad weather. An excellent lodge (Thunderbird Ranch, Chinle, Arizona), but rather restricted facilities.

NAVAJO NATIONAL MONUMENT.

Betatakin and Keetseel, great cliff-pueblos of the thirteenth century, picturesquely situated in huge caves in the red sandstone walls of the Tsegi Canyons, west of Kayenta, Arizona, in the Navajo Indian Reservation. No museum. No tourist accommodations. (As in all the other national monuments listed, however, a custodian on duty the year around, resident at headquarters above Betatakin.) Another 100 miles, of rather bad road, from Chinle to Betatakin; or 135 miles from Flagstaff—sixty miles north on paved Highway U. S.-89, about the same distance on fairly good unsurfaced reservation road, and the last dozen miles a quite rough trail. Not accessible in winter or in rainy weather.

The White Mountains Region

KINISHBA.

A large pueblo of the period 1000-1400, largely excavated and partially restored by the Arizona State Museum, in the Apache Indian Reservation near Fort Apache, Arizona, twenty miles east of Highway U. S.-60. No accommodations.

The Rio Grande Area

BANDELIER NATIONAL MONUMENT.

Unusual cliff-ruins and open sites in beautiful Frijoles Canyon, in the Pajarito Plateau, west of Santa Fe and south of Los Alamos, New Mexico, seventeen miles from paved highway. Museum. Small lodge open May-October.

PUYE.

Large partially-restored pueblo and small cliff-ruins, in the Pajarito Plateau, north of Los Alamos, on the Santa Clara Indian Reservation, fifteen miles from Espanola, New Mexico.

CORONADO STATE MONUMENT.

Two extensive adobe pueblos, Kuaua and Puaray, the former partially restored. Museum. Across the Rio Grande from Bernalillo, New Mexico, just off paved Highway State 44.

PECOS STATE MONUMENT.

Ruins of the great pueblo, finally abandoned in 1838, and of the partially-restored Spanish mission of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Close to Highway U. S.-85, about twenty-five miles southeast of Santa Fe, near modern town of Pecos, New Mexico.

GRAN QUIVIRA NATIONAL MONUMENT.

Ruins of the pueblo and mission of Humanas, abandoned about 1675. No museum; no accommodations. By a poor road twenty-five miles south of Mountainair, New Mexico, which is on Highway U. S.-60.

ABO and QUARAI STATE MONUMENTS.

Sister missions to Humanas, with extensive unexcavated pueblo ruins. No museums. Close to U. S.-60 and Mountainair, New Mexico.

The Salado Complex

TONTO NATIONAL MONUMENT.

Two fourteenth century cliff-dwellings high in a small canyon overlooking Roosevelt Lake and the Tonto Basin. These well-preserved ruins have yielded fine and unusual archaeological material: the striking Salado polychrome pottery, a variety of expertly-made cotton textiles, even a lot of lima beans. Very small museum exhibit. No accommodations at the monument. Located near Roosevelt, Arizona, and the Apache Trail (State Highway 88).

CASA GRANDE NATIONAL MONUMENT.

A unique great adobe structure, sole survivor of the large pueblo-like towers and compounds built by the Salado in the Gila Basin in the fourteenth century. The site includes several adobe compounds as well as the Casa Grande itself, and also earlier _Hohokam_ remains—unexcavated ball-courts and pit-houses. Small museum. On State Highway 87 close to Coolidge, Arizona.

PUEBLO GRANDE CITY PARK.

A complex mound, partially excavated, of the late period in the Phoenix area. On E. Washington Avenue, Phoenix.

Sinagua Sites

WUPATKI NATIONAL MONUMENT.

Large and small pueblos of 1100-1300 and earlier pit-houses; several Anasazi sites as well as Sinagua—the frontier between these two cultures was not the Little Colorado, but lay some distance west into the Wupatki area, and varied from time to time. Still other cultural influences are observed. One unique feature is a masonry-walled ball-court beside Wupatki Pueblo and near the monument headquarters, fifteen miles east of U. S.-89 and forty-five miles from Flagstaff, Arizona. No museum. No accommodations at the monument.

WALNUT CANYON NATIONAL MONUMENT.

Very small cliff-dwellings in sandstone ledges of a narrow chasm twelve miles east of Flagstaff, not far from Highway 66. No exhibits installed in Museum. No accommodations at the monument.

TUZIGOOT NATIONAL MONUMENT.

An excavated and partially restored hilltop pueblo, which reached its maximum in the fourteenth century. Comparatively large museum housing extensive collection close to Clarkdale, Arizona, and readily accessible from U. S.-89.

MONTEZUMA CASTLE NATIONAL MONUMENT.

A five-story cliff-dwelling of the same period as Tuzigoot pueblo, near Camp Verde, Arizona, and readily accessible from Highway U. S.-89. Small museum. No accommodations at the monument. Also included in this monument is Montezuma Well, nine miles northeast, with small cliff-dwellings in a limestone sinkhole containing a “bottomless” lake. Highly unusual archaeological features at Montezuma Well are cist-graves undercut in soft limestone, and travertine-encrusted prehistoric irrigation ditches.

II. MODERN PUEBLOS ON (AT LEAST APPROXIMATELY) PRE-SPANISH LOCATIONS

ORAIBI on the third or northwesternmost Hopi mesa, materially unchanged for over 600 years, and in a general sense, the other older HOPI INDIAN pueblos—WALPI on First Mesa, SHONGOPOVI and MISHONGNOVI on the middle mesa—which have shifted their locations during the historic period from valley floors to mesa tops. The villages of Hano (Tewa) and Sichomovi on First Mesa, and probably also Shipaulovi on Second Mesa, are eighteenth century foundations. Hotevilla, Bakavi and New Orabi (Kikhochomovi) date from the break-up of Oraibi only about fifty years ago. Toreva and Polacca are purely modern towns. Good dirt roads to the Hopi country from Gallup, Winslow, and Flagstaff. No tourist accommodations.

ZUNI PUEBLO, the one surviving, or reestablished, town of the six early-historic “cities of Cibola.” Fair road, forty miles south from Gallup, New Mexico. Very limited tourist accommodations.

ACOMA on its great mesa, one of the most picturesque of all, little changed since the seventeenth century when the large mission church was built. Fair road, thirteen miles south of U. S.-66, about sixty miles west of Albuquerque.

ISLETA, on Highway U. S.-85 about ten miles south of Albuquerque.

The five Keres pueblos southwest of Santa Fe—SANTO DOMINGO, SAN FELIPE, and COCHITI along the Rio Grande north of Bernalillo, west of U. S.-85; ZIA and SANTA ANA on the Jemez River, northwest of Bernalillo and across the stream from State-44.

JEMEZ PUEBLO, twenty-five miles northwest of Bernalillo on State Highway 4.

The five Tewa pueblos north of Santa Fe: TESUQUE, on U. S.-64-285; NAMBE, in the foothills to the northeast; SAN ILDEFONSO, on the east bank of the Rio Grande; SANTA CLARA, on the west bank just below Espanola; SAN JUAN, at Chamita, New Mexico.

TAOS, the one modern terraced pueblo, close to Taos, New Mexico, and PICURIES in the foothills to the south.

In the Rio Grande drainage, Laguna and Sandia are historic pueblos only. Laguna was a new foundation, under Spanish direction, about 1700. Sandia was re-established on or near an earlier location, in 1745-1750 by Tiwa Indians brought back from the Hopi country by Spanish priests, after abandonment fifty years earlier of the several Tiwa pueblos between Bernalillo and Albuquerque.

III. LOCAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUMS IN THE SOUTHWEST

Santa Fe:
The Laboratory of Anthropology.
The Museum of New Mexico.
Albuquerque:
The University of New Mexico Anthropology Museum.
Tucson:
The Arizona State Museum at the University of Arizona.
Phoenix:
The Heard Museum.
Grand Canyon National Park:
The Wayside Museum of Archaeology.
Petrified Forest National Monument:
Small branch museums at Painted Desert Inn and Puerco Ruin.
Flagstaff:
The Museum of Northern Arizona

FOOTNOTES

[1]Ref. [72], p. 433.

[2]Ref. [14] p. 281.

[3]Ref. [31] p. 269.

INDEX

A
Abandonment, of Northern Frontier, 73, 76, 80-84, 90, 91
Abo State Monument, 183
Acoma, 185
Agriculture, 37, 55, 70, 94, 118, 142, 148, 156;
_see also_ Beans, Corn, Cotton, Irrigation
Ackmen-Lowry Area, 62
Alcove Houses, 163
Alkali Ridge, Utah, 63, 65, 71
Allantown, Arizona, 63, 65
Anasazi, 27-117;
_see also_ Basketmaker and Pueblo
Ancient Cultures, 20-26
Animals
Extinct, 20, 22, 24
Hunted, 20, 22, 37, 38, 70, 121
Domesticated; see Dogs and Horses
Antler Artifacts, 103, 105
Apaches, 81, 105, 114, 144
Archaeology
Defined, 170
Development of, 11
Architecture, 61, 64, 76, 78, 79, 86, 91, 102, 140, 153, 155, 157,
161;
_see also_ Ball Courts, Cists, Forts, Houses, Kivas, Pithouses
Arrow points, see Projectile Points
Arrow-shaft smoothers, 104, 105, 139
Arroya Cutting, 81, 82, 87, 91
Athapaskans, 105-106
Atlatls, 38-40, 55, 152, 170
Awls, 41, 152, 155, 161
Axes, 55, 70, 73, 75, 104, 105, 139, 155, 157
Aztec Ruins, 89, 137, 182

B
Bags
Cedar Bast, 43, 44
Skin, 44
Twined-woven, 42-44, 45
Ball, rubber, 133
Ball Courts, 127, 132, 133, 139, 166
Bandelier National Monument, 109, 110, 183
Basketmaker and Modified Basketmaker Culture, 27-57
Agriculture, 37
Area, 29, 49
Basketry, 40-42, 54, 55, 56
Burials, 29, 30, 45, 46, 55, 56
Cists, 36, 44, 56
Clothing, 31, 33, 56
Dates, 27, 49
Figurines, 54
Food, 37, 38, 40, 55
Houses, 35, 36, 49-52
Ornaments, 34, 56
Pottery, 44, 45, 53
Physical Appearance, 31, 59
Tools and Implements, 36, 37, 40, 41, 55
Weapons, 38-40, 55
Weaving, 41-43
Summaries, 56, 57
Basketmaker Period, 27-48
Basketry, 22, 40-42, 54, 55, 56, 69, 89, 105, 134
Bat Woman House, 99
Beads, _see_ Ornaments
Beans, 55, 70, 118
Bear Ruin, 155-157
Bells, 137
Betatakin, 98, 99, 182
Biscuit Ware, _see_ Pottery
Bluff Ruin, 150
Bone Artifacts
Awls, 41, 152, 155, 161
Beads, 34
Gaming Pieces, 46, 47, 72
Hair Ornaments, 34, 137
Tubes, 124, 137
Bow and Arrow, 40, 55, 70, 124, 152
Bracelets, _see_ Ornaments
Brushes
Hair, 35
Paint, 53
Burials, 29, 30, 45, 46, 55, 56, 70-72, 75, 90-95, 96, 101, 138,
140, 152, 153, 154, 156, 159, 161
Burnet Cave, 21
Butler Wash, Arizona, 27

C
Cactus Fruit, 37, 137
Cameron Creek Village, 158
Canals, 119, 121, 125, 127, 132, 138
Canyon de Chelly, 182
Canyon del Muerto, 56, 182
Casa Grande, 139, 140, 141, 142, 184
Cavate Dwellings, 109, 110
Chaco Canyon, 63, 84-91, 96, 97, 101, 181
Children, 46, 70, 71
Chronology, _see_ Dates
Cibola, Cities of, 113
Cists, 36, 44, 56, 72, 170
Clans, 64, 170
Classic Hohokam Period, 120, 137-144
Classic Pueblo Period, _see_ Great Pueblo Period
“Cliff Dwellers” 76, 91
Cliff Palace, 91-93, 96
Climate, 12, 17, 80, 81, 82, 87, 96, 118, 121, 142;
_see also_ Arroyo Cutting, Dendrochronology, Droughts
Clovis, New Mexico, 21
Clubs, 38-40
Cochise Culture, 22, 119, 122, 148, 151, 156
Cochiti, 185
Cohonina Branch, 168
Colonial Hohokam, 120, 124-132, 153
Comanches, 114
Conquest, Spanish, 113
Cooking, 40, 156
Copper, _see_ Bells
Corn, 37, 55, 70, 93, 118, 121, 122, 152
Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de, 113, 114
Coronado State Monument, 183
Corrugated Ware; _see_ Pottery
Cotton, 69, 70, 73, 89, 134, 143, 144
Cradles, 46
Cranial Deformation, 60, 75, 152
Cremation, 96, 118, 125, 129, 134, 140, 155, 157
Culinary Ware, _see_ Pottery
Culture, defined, 170

D
Dance Courts, 62, 65
Dart Points; _see_ Projectile Points
Dates
Basketmaker, 27
Cochise, 22
Folsom, 21
Gypsum Cave, 22
Hohokam, 120, 124, 132, 137, 144
Modified Basketmaker, 49
Mogollon, 150, 151, 152, 153, 155, 158, 161
Navajos, 106
Patayan, 168
Pueblo, 59, 76, 108
Rosa, 75
San Jon, 22
Sandia, 20
Sinagua, 163, 164, 165
Yuma Points, 22
Deformation, of Skulls, 60, 75, 152
Dendrochronology, 13, 14-17, 80, 150
Desert Province, 118
Developmental-Pueblo Period, 57-76, 102
Dice, _see_ Gaming Pieces
Diffusion, 37, 72
Dogs, 46, 47, 70, 75
Douglass, A. E., 14-17
Droughts, 80, 81, 96, 97, 115, 165
Durango, Excavations near, 27, 35

E
Ear Plugs, 124, 125
Effigy Vessels, 88, 124, 134, 135
Egypt, 29, 125
El Paso, 115
Esteban, 113
Ethnology, 17-18
Etching, 136, 137

F
Fabrics, _see_ Weaving
Feather Cloth, 31, 55, 69, 89, 105
Figurines, 54, 72, 73, 122, 123, 128, 133
Firing, of Pottery, 53
Flutes, 56
Folsom Complex, 20, 21
Forts, 144, 168
Fremont River Culture, 73
Fugitive Red, _see_ Pottery
Fur Cloth, 31, 33, 55, 69

G
Galaz Ruin, 158
Gallina Phase, 104, 105
Game, Played in Ball Courts, 127
Gaming Pieces, 46, 47, 72
Geology, 20, 21
Georgetown Phase, 152, 153
Glazed Ware, _see_ Pottery
Governador Area, 75, 105, 115
Granaries, 49, 61, 63, 75, 164, 168
Grewe Site, 125
Great Pueblo Period, 76-107
Grinding Stones, _see_ Manos and Metates
Gypsum Cave, 22

H
Hair
Dressing, 35, 40
Use of, 33, 35
Hands, Burial of, 56
Harris Village, 152, 154
Hawikuh, 113
Historic Pueblo Period, 64, 107, 108
Hoes, 70, 135, 155, 161
Hohokam Culture, 118-147
Agriculture, 118, 142
Area, 118, 132
Ball Courts, 127, 132, 133, 139
Basketry, 134
Cremations, 118, 123, 134, 140
Dates, 120, 124, 132, 137, 144
Figurines, 122, 123, 128, 133
Food, 121
Houses, 121, 127, 132, 140, 142
Mirrors, 129, 130, 134, 139, 153
Ornaments, 130, 132, 135, 139
Pottery, 118, 122, 128, 133, 150
Shell Work, 130, 132, 135, 136, 137, 139
Stone Work, 123, 124, 129, 130, 134, 135, 139
Summary, 146
Weaving, 134, 143, 144
Hopi Area, 101, 108, 115, 116, 185
Horses, 82, 114
Houses, 35, 36, 49-52, 61, 62, 63, 72, 73, 79, 86-88, 91-93, 102,
104, 105, 108, 118, 121, 127, 132, 138, 140, 150, 151,
152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 163

I
Introduction, 11-19
Irrigation, 37, 81, 94, 95, 119, 121, 125, 132, 138, 142, 144
Isleta, 185

J
Jacal Construction, 61, 62, 63
Jemez, 186
Jewelry, _see_ Ornaments

K
Kayenta Area, 38, 99-101
Keet Seel, 99, 182
Kiatuthlana, 62, 71
Kihus, 99
Killing, of Pottery, 159
Kinishba, 101, 183
Kino, Father, 167
Kivas, 18, 61, 63, 64, 73, 84, 86, 93, 94, 99, 108, 110, 156, 158
Great Kivas, 86, 96, 97, 101
Knives, 105, 161

L
Laguna, 186
La Plata Area, 62
Largo Phase, 102-105
Largo-Gallina Phase, 102-105
Lead Ore, 129
Lindenmeier Site, 21
Little Colorado Area, 107, 137
Los Muertos, 139, 140
Lowry Ruin, 63, 96, 97

M
Manos, 40, 70, 157
Mattocks Ruin, 158
Mauls, 55, 73, 155
Maya, 125, 127, 128
Mesa Verde, 76, 91-96, 97, 99, 181
Metates, 36, 40, 70, 73, 93, 135, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159
Mexico, 137, 144, 161
Mimbres Phase, 102, 152, 158-161
Mirrors, 129, 130, 134, 139, 153
Mishongnovi, 185
Moccasins, 45, 73
Modified Basketmaker Period 48-57;
_see also_ Basketmaker
Mogollon Culture, 148-162
Agriculture, 148, 156
Area, 149
Bone Work, 151, 152, 155, 161
Burials, 152, 153, 156, 157, 158, 159, 161
Clothing, 161
Dates, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156
Houses, 150, 151, 152, 153-155, 156, 157, 158
Hunting, 151, 156
Ornaments, 157, 161
Physical Types, 152, 153, 156, 157, 161
Pottery, 54, 150, 151, 153, 156, 159, 160
Shell Work, 157
Stone Work, 148, 151, 155, 157, 161
Summary, 161, 162
Theories of Origin, 148
Mogollon Village, 152, 154
Montezuma Castle, 165, 166, 185
Mortars and Pestles, 135, 161
Mortuary Offerings, 30, 45, 56, 70, 71, 124, 128, 129, 140, 152,
155, 156, 158, 159
Mosaic Work, 56, 90, 124, 129, 130, 135
Mummies, 29, 30, 45

N
Nambe, 186
Nampeyo, 108, 110
Navajo National Monument, 182
Navajos, 81, 104, 105, 106, 114, 115
Nets, 37
Nevada, 22, 73
Nipple-shaped Objects, 54, 72
Niza, Fray Marcos de, 113
Nomads, 73, 81, 82, 105, 106, 114, 115, 117
Northern Periphery, 72, 73
Nose Buttons or Plugs, 135

O
Oraibi, 16, 185
Ornaments, 34, 56, 69, 89, 90, 130, 132, 135, 139, 157, 161;
_see also_ Bone, Shell and Stone artifacts, Turquoise
Oxidizing Atmosphere, 53

P
Paints, 53, 66
Palettes, 123, 124, 129, 134, 157
Papagueria, 142, 144
Papago Indians, 142, 144
Parallel Flaked Points, 22
Patayan Culture, 164, 167, 168
Pathology, 45, 71
Pecos Classification, 29, 57, 76, 107
Pecos Pueblo, 110, 111, 114
Pecos State Monument, 183
Peripheral Regions, 72-75
Physical Types, 24, 31, 59, 93, 118, 152, 153, 156, 157, 158
Pictographs, 34, 47, 73, 116
Picuries, 186
Piedra Region, 62
Pima Indians, 144
Pine Lawn Phase, 151, 152
Pioneer Hohokam, 120-124
Pipes, 45, 69, 89, 104, 105, 124, 153, 155, 157
Pithouses, 49-52, 61, 62, 63, 72, 73, 75, 102, 104, 105, 150, 151,
152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 163, 168
Planting Sticks, 37
Plateau Area, defined, 27
Polychrome, _see_ Pottery
Pope, 114, 115
Pottery,
Atmospheres for Firing, 53
Biscuit Ware, 112
Black-on-gray, 53, 73, 168
Black-on-red, 66, 75, 112
Black-on-white, 65, 75, 88, 95, 100, 102, 105, 112, 157, 159,
160
Black-on-yellow, 108
Brown, 122, 128, 150, 151, 153, 163, 167
Buff, 128, 138, 153, 156
Burnished Buff, 151, 159
Coiled and Scraped, 52
Corrugated, 66, 68, 75, 88, 95, 100, 102, 108, 112, 159, 170
Eastern Branch, 66
Firing, 53
Fugitive Red, 54, 72, 168
Glazed, 110, 112
Gray, 53, 65, 72, 122, 156, 168
Importance of, 12
Neck Banded, 68
Origin, Theories of, 44, 53
Paddle-and-anvil, 103, 122
Pointed-bottomed, 103, 104, 106
Polished Red, 138, 151, 153, 159
Polychrome, 100, 101, 102, 108, 112, 113, 122, 139
Red-on-buff, 122, 128, 133, 139
Red-on-gray, 153
Red-on-orange, 65
Slips, 68
Spectrographic Analysis of, 12
Temper, 44, 45, 53, 65
Textured, 53, 155, 157
Unfired, 44, 45, 52
Preface, 3-5
Projectile Points, 70, 124, 129, 130, 135, 139, 153, 155, 157,
161, 168
Pueblo Bonito, 85, 86, 137
Pueblo Culture, 57-117
Agriculture, 69, 70
Area, 59, 84, 107
Basketry, 69, 89
Burials, 70-72, 90, 95, 96, 101
Clothing, 69, 89, 108
Dates, 59, 76, 107
Food, 70
Houses, 61, 62, 63, 79, 86-88, 91-93, 99, 101, 108, 110
Kivas, 61, 63, 64, 84, 86, 93, 94, 96, 97, 99, 101, 108, 110,
112
Ornaments, 69, 70, 89, 90
Physical Types, 59
Pottery, 65-68, 71, 88, 95, 100, 101, 108, 110
Tools and Implements, 70, 73, 75, 93
Weapons, 70
Weaving, 69, 89
Summaries, 75, 106
Pueblo Grande City Park, 184
Puye, 110, 183

Q
Quarai State Monument, 183

R
Rabbit Sticks; _see_ Clubs
Rattles, 40
Rebellion, Pueblo, 113, 114, 115
Reducing Atmosphere, 53
Refugees, 115
Refuse or Rubbish Heaps, 70
Regressive Pueblo Period, 84, 107-115
Religion, 30, 45, 46, 47, 64, 65, 78, 84, 93, 117
Ridge Ruin, 90
Rings, Ball Court, 127, 128
Rio Grande Area, 102, 107, 110
Roosevelt 9:6, 124, 125
Rosa Phase, 75, 165
Rubber Ball, 133

S
Salado Culture, 137-144
San Felipe, 185
San Francisco Phase, 153-155
San Ildefonso, 186
San Jon, 22
San Juan, 114, 186
Sandals, 30, 33, 34, 56, 69, 73, 89, 105
Sandia Cave, 20
Sandia Pueblo, 186
Santa Ana, 185
Santa Clara, 186
Santo Domingo, 185
Santa Fe, 114, 115
Scalp, 46
Scoops, 40
Sedentary Hohokam, 120, 124, 132-137
Shell Artifacts
Beads, 34, 89, 130, 157, 161
Bracelets, 56, 70, 130, 132, 139, 157, 161
Etched, 136, 137
Painted, 135
Pendants, 89, 130, 161
Needles, 130
Rings, 132
Trumpets, 139
Showlow Ruin, 16
Sinagua People, 163-166
Sipapu, 18, 52
Slips, _see_ Pottery
Snaketown Site, 121-124, 150
Snares, 37
Social Organization, 19, 64, 71, 78, 79, 82, 115, 125, 127, 138
Southwest, defined, 11
Spaniards, 113-117
Squash, 37, 70
Starkweather Ruin, 152
Stockades, 75
Stone Artifacts,
Axes, 55, 70, 73, 75, 104, 105, 139, 155, 157
Beads, 56, 69, 124, 132, 135, 139
Hoes, 70, 155, 161
Knives, 105, 161
Manos, 40, 70, 157
Mauls, 55, 73, 155
Metates, 36, 40, 70, 73, 93, 135, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159
Mortars and Pestles, 135, 161
Palettes, 123, 124, 129, 134, 157
Projectile Points, 70, 124, 129, 130, 135, 139, 153, 155, 157,
161, 168
Rings, 130
Shaft-Smoothers, 104, 105, 139
Vessels, 123, 124, 130, 135, 139, 157
Stratigraphy, 13
SU Site, 151, 152
Summaries, 56-57, 75-76, 106-107, 146-147, 161-162
Sunset Crater, 164, 166
Swarts Ruin, 158

T
Tabeguache Caves, 26, 29
Taos, 186
Temper, _see_ Pottery
Tesuque, 186
Texas, 73, 112
Tiguex, 114
Tonto Basin, 137
Tonto National Monument, 184
Towers, 64, 91, 94
Trade, 12, 13, 34
Tree-rings, _see_ Dendrochronology
Trumpets, 139
Tubes, _see_ Bone Artifacts
Tump Straps, 41, 42
Turkeys, 55, 70, 73, 75, 89, 121, 159
Turquoise, 56, 89, 90, 124, 161
Tuzigoot National Monument, 166, 184
Twined-woven Bags, 42-44, 45, 105
Tyuoni, 110, 111

U
Unfired Clay Vessels, 44, 45, 52
Unit Houses, 61, 63, 64, 72, 79
Utes, 114

V
Vargas, Diego de, 115
Ventana Cave, 26, 142, 143, 144
Village of the Great Kivas, 101

W
Walnut Canyon National Monument, 184
Walpi, 185
Warfare, 40, 71, 79, 80, 82
Weaving, 33, 41-43, 89, 108, 134, 143, 144, 156
Whistles, 46
White Dog Cave, 35
Woodland Pottery, 103
Wupatki National Monument, 184

Y
Yuma Points, 22
Yuman Culture, 167

Z
Zia, 185
Zuni Area, 101, 110, 113, 144, 185

Transcriber’s Notes

—Silently corrected a few typos.

—Added headings and Table of Contents entries to bring them into
correspondence.

—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
is public-domain in the country of publication.

—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
_underscores_.