Chapter XXIV: Conclusion: 1. Summary of Results (3)

[937] Casalis, quoted by Frazer, p. 117.

[938] Dubois, p. 165.

[939] Above, pp. 211 f.

[940] See my article _Kalendæ Januariæ_, Arch. f. Religionswiss., _19_, 1918, in particular pp. 68 ff.

[941] _R. T. Str._, p. 226.

[942] Above, p. 202.

[943] Grabowsky, p. 102.

[944] Bartram, p. 483.

[945] Powers, p. 438.

[946] Callaway, pp. 406, 413.

[947] Johnstone, p. 266.

[948] Junod, _Thonga_, I, 368 ff.

[949] Leonard, pp. 434 ff.

[950] Ellis, _Polyn. Res._³, I, 351.

[951] Nieuwenhuis, I, 161.

[952] Ellis, _Yoruba_, p. 150.

[953] von Bülow, p. 239.

[954] _Handbook_, p. 189.

[955] Mooney, _Kiowa_, pp. 366 ff.

[956] Gatschet, p. 17.

[957] Bushnell, p. 17.

[958] Du Pratz, II, 354 ff.

[959] Teit, _Thompson Indians_, p. 237.

[960] Teit, _Shuswap_, p. 518.

[961] Turner, p. 202.

[962] Jochelson, _Yukaghir_, p. 428.

[963] Holm, _10_, p. 141, and _39_, p. 105.

[964] Above, p. 234.

[965] See Dillmann, pp. 914 ff., König, pp. 624 ff., and the authorities there cited.

[966] Exod. XXIII, 16, XXXIV, 22.

[967] Cp. above, p. 268.

[968] See above, p. 234.

[969] Lev. XXIII, 24.

[970] Grubb, p. 139.

[971] Liebstadt, quoted by Frazer, p. 309.

[972] Teschauer, p. 736.

[973] Gumilla, quoted by Frazer, p. 310; cp. Gilij, above, p. 49.

[974] von den Steinen in _Globus_, from old sources difficult of access and in part in manuscript.

[975] Kidd, quoted by Frazer, p. 116.

[976] Callaway, p. 397.

[977] Friederich, p. 86.

[978] Thurnwald, p. 342.

[979] Mathias G., p. 211.

[980] Ellis, _Polyn. Res._³, I, 312.

[981] _Ibid._, p. 87; Wegener, p. 147.

[982] Ed. Meyer, _Chron._, p. 20.

[983] Cp. above, pp. 248 f., and especially the Pleiades year, pp. 274 ff.

[984] Grimm, p. 105.

[985] Abbot, pp. 11 ff.

[986] von Hahn, II, 111.

[987] Grimm, pp. 101 ff.

[988] Grimm, p. 104.

[989] Grimm, pp. 98 ff.

[990] _koložeg_, also December. The name cannot be taken as referring to the disc of the sun; popularly it is said that once it was so cold during this month that the people had to burn even their waggons in order to warm themselves.

[991] Yermoloff, p. 54.

[992] According to Yermoloff, p. 428, October.

[993] The Czechs have for some centuries distinguished _červen_ and _červenec_ as June and July respectively, or also:--‘the little _č_.’ = June, ‘the great _č_.’ = July.

[994] Yermoloff, p. 394.

[995] The much-disputed name _Hornung_ is rightly explained by Bilfinger, _Bes. Beil. des Staats-Anzeigers f. Württemberg_, 1900, pp. 193 ff. It describes the month as ‘the one that has been curtailed of its rights’ (cf. Icel. _hornungr_), since it has fewer days than the others: cf. the Flemish term _het kort mandeken_. The same writer, _Zts. f. deutsche Wortforschung 5_, 1903, pp. 263 ff., satisfactorily explains _Sporkel_ as the month in which the vines are pruned; the name _Rebmonat_ has the same sense. Further he conjectures that as November is the slaughtering month and _Louwmaend_ (= January) is the tanning month, _Sellemaend_ takes its name from the sale of the hides.

[996] Ebner, p. 9.

[997] _Ibid._, p. 5.

[998] Weinhold, _Mon._, pp. 31 ff.

[999] Above, p. 77.

[1000] Tille, pp. 19 and 15.

[1001] This pair is evidently to be explained otherwise: cp. Bilfinger, above, p. 289, note 1.

[1002] Beda, _De temp. rat._, c. 15.

[1003] This interpretation however involves the difficulty that _hreðe_ is usually written without _h_ (Ekwall).

[1004] Hampson, I, 422 ff.

[1005] _Bibl. der angelsächs. Poesie, herausgeg. v. C. W. M. Grein_, II, Göttingen, 1858, pp. 1 ff.

[1006] Hickes, I, 215.

[1007] The quotations are given in the Oxford Dictionary; see further Hampson, II, 194.

[1008] Aubrey, _Rom. Gentilisme_, 1686-7.

[1009] Bilfinger, _Unters._, II, 125 ff.

[1010] _Lið_, ‘ship’, _liða_, ‘seafarer’ have short _i_ and could not give _þriliði_.

[1011] F. Kluge, _Nominale Stammbildungslehre_, 2nd ed., 1899, p. 66. The word is used in _Coloss._ II, 16, and translates Greek νεομηνία; this word really means ‘new moon’, but in later Greek any festival. Hence it is not very surprising that Ulfilas should have put ‘full moon’ for νεομηνία.

[1012] Bilfinger, _Unters._, I, 7.

[1013] Worm, p. 48; Finn Magnusson in _Edda_ III, 1044 ff., whence the translations are taken.

[1014] _Edda_ III, 1044 ff.

[1015] Weinhold, _Mon._, p. 23, without giving source.

[1016] Worm, pp. 43 ff.

[1017] Hickes, I, 215, written _Blindemanet_.

[1018] _Edda_ III, 1044 ff.

[1019] Hickes, _loc. cit._, has as variants 1, _Ism._, 10, _Riidm._, 11, _Winterm._

[1020] The history of the Swedish list of months is dealt with in detail by the present writer in the essay _De svenska månadsnamnen, Stud. Tegn._, pp. 173 ff., to which the reader is referred for the documents.

[1021] _Ibid._, pp. 177 ff.

[1022] Bilfinger, _Unters._, I, 32.

[1023] Weinhold, _Mon._, pp. 38 and 58; Axel Olrik, _Zeitschr. des Vereins f. Volkskunde, 20_, 1910, p. 57.

[1024] _Unters._, I, 49 ff.

[1025] Celsius, pp. 211, 65.

[1026] Beckman, _Stud. Tegn._, pp. 200 ff.

[1027] Beckman, _loc. cit._, tries to prove the heathen origin of the computation of the _disting_ and its independence of the Easter reckoning by the statement that the former follows the phenomena of the heavens, the latter the rule of computation, which may lead to a different result. Unfortunately this conclusion cannot be considered too binding, since for the people in general, who knew nothing about this rule,--how late in medieval times the rune-staves appeared we do not know, but certainly not at the beginning of the Middle Ages--it was still absolutely necessary to determine in some degree the time of fasting and the Easter time. And if the absolutely correct calculation could not be made, it was still better than nothing to have one that was at least approximate and easy to make. The fact that the moon of fasting was calculated from the phenomena of the heavens is expressly stated in the rule as given above, p. 301.

[1028] Saga of Saint Olaf, ch. 76.

[1029] Olaus Andreae and Gerardus Erici, 1600; Petrus Gisæus, 1603.

[1030] _Ny inkombling_ = ‘new-comer’, ‘intruder’.

[1031] Celsius, p. 111.

[1032] See above, p. 299.

[1033] J. Häyhä, III, 101 ff.

[1034] There can here be no question of the Catholic regulation of the moons by the Epiphany Day, since if this were assumed the first heart-moon could not begin earlier than Dec. 27, and would therefore not come within the winter solstice, as the account says it must.

[1035] Schiefner, p. 217.

[1036] Wiklund, pp. 5 ff.

[1037] _Act. soc. scient. fennicae, 12_, 1883, p. 166.

[1038] See above, p. 300.

[1039] Cranz, I, 293; Dalsager, p. 54.

[1040] Holm, _10_, p. 141; _39_, p. 105.

[1041] _Ibid._, 142, 104.

[1042] Turner, p. 202.

[1043] Above, p. 246.

[1044] Stevenson, pp. 108 ff., cf. 148 ff.

[1045] Fewkes, pp. 256 ff.

[1046] Garcilasso de la Vega, I, 199 ff.

[1047] Callaway, p. 395.

[1048] Casalis, quoted by Frazer, p. 117.

[1049] Meier, pp. 706 ff.

[1050] Parkinson, p. 378.

[1051] Forster, p. 436.

[1052] Fornander, p. 127.

[1053] νῆσός τις Συρίη ... Ὀρτυγίης καθύπερθεν, ὅθι τροπαὶ ἠελίοιο--Od. XV, 403.

[1054] Hesiod, _Op._, 564 and 663 respectively.

[1055] Cf. my _Årets folkliga fester_, p. 157.

[1056] Above, pp. 21 f.; so also Ginzel, III, 57.

[1057] Snorre’s Edda, I, 150; cf. above, p. 21.

[1058] _Flateyjarbók_, I, 539.

[1059] Riste, pp. 6 and 8.

[1060] Above, pp. 137 ff.

[1061] Nieuwenhuis, I, 317.

[1062] _Ibid._, I, 160.

[1063] Hose and McDougall, I, 106 ff.; unfortunately I have not had access to the work of Hose quoted by Frazer on p. 314, n. 3, _Various Modes of computing the Time for Planting among the Races of Borneo_, Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, no. 42, Singapore, 1905.

[1064] Crawfurd, I, 300 ff.

[1065] Hose and McDougall, p. 108.

[1066] _Ibid._, I, 109; II, 139.

[1067] p. 104.

[1068] Mooney, _Siouan Tribes_, p. 32.

[1069] Powers, p. 352.

[1070] Du Pratz, III, 237 ff.

[1071] Dunbar, p. 1.

[1072] Above, p. 104.

[1073] Alberti, p. 68.

[1074] Claus, p. 38.

[1075] Above, p. 93.

[1076] Chervin, p. 229.

[1077] Roscoe, _Baganda_, p. 42.

[1078] Kötz, p. 21.

[1079] Swoboda, p. 22.

[1080] Reed, p. 64.

[1081] Codrington, p. 353.

[1082] _Ibid._, p. 272.

[1083] Thurnwald, p. 331.

[1084] Brandeis, p. 78.

[1085] Gatschet, p. 17.

[1086] Thomas, _Austr._, p. 27.

[1087] Above, p. 178.

[1088] Jochelson, _Yukaghir_, pp. 40 ff.

[1089] Barrett, p. 35.

[1090] Stannus, p. 288.

[1091] Landtman, communicated by letter.

[1092] Weeks, _Bakongo_, pp. 199 ff.

[1093] Hammar, p. 156.

[1094] Torday and Joyce, _35_, 413; _36_, 47 and 277.

[1095] Weeks, p. 200.

[1096] Thomas, _Edo_, I, 18.

[1097] Thomas, _Ibo_, I, 127.

[1098] _Loango Exp._, III: 2, 139.

[1099] Ellis, _Yoruba_, pp. 142 ff.

[1100] Above, p. 90; Dennett, pp. 133 ff.

[1101] Conradt, p. 15.

[1102] Ellis, _Tshi_, p. 216.

[1103] _Ibid._, p. 219.

[1104] Thomas, _Edo_, I, 18.

[1105] Ellis, _Yoruba_, p. 149.

[1106] Wilken, p. 199.

[1107] _Ibid._, p. 200.

[1108] Ginzel, I, 414 ff.; Crawfurd, I, 289 ff., Wilken, pp. 197 ff.

[1109] References in Webster, pp. 103 ff., where also will be found more about the African market-days.

[1110] Garcilasso de la Vega, I, 6 and 35; Webster, pp. 119 ff.

[1111] Quoted from Hehn, p. 114.

[1112] II Kings, IV, 23.

[1113] Macrob., I, 16, 28 ff.

[1114] Above, pp. 251 f.

[1115] W. Backer, _Zeitschr. f. d. altest. Wiss., 29_, 1909, 148 ff.

[1116] Jerem. XVII, 21 ff.

[1117] Nehem. X, 31.

[1118] Nehem. XIII, 15 ff.

[1119] Spencer and Gillen, _Nat. Tribes_, pp. 169 ff.

[1120] P. 336.

[1121] Above, p. 68.

[1122] Nieuwenhuis, I, 161.

[1123] Martin, p. 290.

[1124] Above, pp. 68 f.

[1125] Jenks, pp. 206 ff.

[1126] Leonard, pp. 434 ff.

[1127] Jochelson, _Koryak_, pp. 86 ff.

[1128] Cp. above, p. 269.

[1129] Powers, p. 305.

[1130] Cp. Mauss, _Essai sur les variations saisonnières des sociétés Eskimos, L’année sociologique, 9_, 1904-5, pp. 96 ff. That the time of freedom from work should become a festival time is obvious and is simpler than Mauss seems to think; the point deserved noting among other peoples also.

[1131] Cp. my _Årets folkliga fester_, p. 161.

[1132] Pp. 320 ff.

[1133] Above, pp. 151 ff.

[1134] Du Pratz, II, 354 ff.

[1135] Foa, p. 120.

[1136] Nisbet, II, 287.

[1137] Kötz, p. 21.

[1138] P. 331; cp. the handbooks, and Förster’s essay.

[1139] Lev. XXIII, 5, 6, and 34; cp. Ezekiel XLV, 21 ff.

[1140] Exod. XXXIV, 18, XXIII, 15, _le moed chodesh ha-abib_; cp. Exod. XIII, 4 ff.

[1141] XVI, I.

[1142] Above, pp. 235 f.

[1143] Judges IX, 27; XXI, 19 f.; Nowack II, 151.

[1144] Exod. XXXIV, 22.

[1145] Numbers IX, 11 ff.

[1146] Perhaps Solomon also celebrated the dedication of the Temple and the Feast of Tabernacles in the same month: Nowack, II, 151, n. 2.

[1147] Cp. my article in _Arch. f. Religionswiss., 14_, 1911, p. 441, and my _Entstehung etc._, p. 33.

[1148] Warneck, pp. 350 ff.

[1149] Above, p. 312.

[1150] Cranz, p. 229.

[1151] Above, pp. 196 and 313.

[1152] Above, pp. 195 and 313.

[1153] Ginzel, I, 436.

[1154] Above, p. 196.

[1155] Chervin, p. 229.

[1156] Above, pp. 204 f.

[1157] Above, pp. 228 ff.

[1158] Cp. my _Entstehung etc._, pp. 51 ff.

[1159] Friederich, p. 88.

[1160] Brough-Smyth, I, 432, quoted by Kötz, pp. 26 f.

[1161] Pp. 132 f.

[1162] _R. T. Str._, p. 224.

[1163] Gilij, II, 21.

[1164] Above, p. 241.

[1165] Jenks, p. 219.

[1166] Above, pp. 103 f.

[1167] Above, pp. 169 f.

[1168] Macdonald, p. 291.

[1169] Hose and McDougall, pp. 106 ff.; cp. above, p. 318.

[1170] Above, pp. 318 and 317.

[1171] Crawfurd, I, 300 f.

[1172] Ellis, _Tshi_, p. 216.

[1173] Mischlich, p. 127.

[1174] Fewkes, pp. 258 ff.; cp. above, p. 313.

[1175] Stevenson, p. 108 f.; cp. above, p. 312.

[1176] W. D. Alexander, quoted by Malo, p. 59, n. 7.

[1177] Bastian, quoted by Kötz, p. 62.

[1178] White, quoted by Kötz, p. 63.

[1179] _Loango Exp._, III: 2, 138, note; cp. above, p. 248.

[1180] Above, p. 313.

[1181] Above, pp. 212 f.

[1182] Erdland, pp. 16 ff.; cp. above, p. 126.

[1183] Parkinson, p. 377.

[1184] Kubary, p. 62.

[1185] Forster, p. 441; cp. above, p. 125.

[1186] Kötz, p. 64.

[1187] Above, p. 210.

[1188] Ellis, _Pol. Res._³, I, 89 ff.

[1189] Maass, p. 512.

[1190] Feist, p. 262.

[1191] With this section compare my _Entstehung etc._, where a fuller discussion and authorities are given.

[1192] Above, pp. 33 ff., 46 f., 72 f., 110 ff.

[1193] ἠλιτόμηνος, Il. XIX, 118.

[1194] Above, pp. 313 and 167.

[1195] Fotheringham in his interesting paper on Cleostratus (_Journ. of Hell. Studies, 39_, 1919, 177) tries to explain this alternation by the intercalation; if a month was intercalated the games would be transferred from Parthenios to Apollonios. This is in my opinion impossible. The Greek feasts were bound up with the months, which were named from some of them; this association prevented a feast from being transferred to a month with another name, i. e. the feast was fixed with reference to the name of the month, not to its number.

[1196] Axel W. Persson, _Die Exegeten und Delphi_, Lunds Universitets Årsskrift, vol. 14, 1918, Nr. 22.

[1197] Above, p. 330. My statement in _Archiv für Religionswissenschaft, 14_, 1911, pp. 435 and 448 n. 1, is to be tested by this. It agrees exactly.

[1198] See my _Griechische Feste_, p. 397.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

Names beginning with Mc or Mac sometimes had a space before the rest
of the name, for example ‘Mac Pherson’; this space has been removed.

Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been
corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within
the text and consultation of external sources.

Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text,
and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.

Table of Contents: ‘P. 78 NOTE 1’ replaced by ‘P. 78 NOTE 2’.
Pg 48: ‘nights in sucession’ replaced by ‘nights in succession’.
Pg 73: ‘_grishna_, hot season’ replaced by ‘_grishma_, hot season’.
Pg 184: ‘goose moonth’ replaced by ‘goose month’.
Pg 207: ‘lakabutik kiik’ replaced by ‘lakubutik kiik’.
Pg 242: ‘to accomodate their’ replaced by ‘to accommodate their’.
Pg 264: ‘astromony is’ replaced by ‘astronomy is’.
Pg 338: ‘Ifejiohu, god’ replaced by ‘Ifejioku, god’.
Pg 375: ‘London [1841]’ replaced by ‘London (1841)’.
Pg 377: ‘Meineke, C. E.’ replaced by ‘Meinicke, C. E.’.
Pg 380: ‘Vega, Garcilasso’ replaced by ‘Vega, Garcilaso’.

Addendum: ‘P. 78 NOTE 1’ (Footnote 335) replaced by ‘P. 78 NOTE 2’
(Footnote 336).

Footnote 692: ‘Treager’ replaced by ‘Tregear’.
Footnote 693: ‘cp. Treagear’ replaced by ‘cp. Tregear’.
Footnote 728: ‘Teit, _Shushwap_’ replaced by ‘Teit, _Shuswap_’.
Footnote 900: ‘Treagear, p.’ replaced by ‘Tregear, p.’.
Footnote 923: ‘_Erg._, 131’ replaced by ‘_Erg._, p. 131’.