Chapter IV: Part 4

_The Clapp & Jones Village Engine._ By the illustrations, Figs. 422, 423, 424, etc., it will be noted that the cylinders and pumps are disposed horizontally and are fitted in a self-contained manner between bars, which also serve as the main frame of the engine.

The steam cylinders are 8 inches diameter; the pumps 4-3/8 inches, and the stroke common to both is 7 inches. These sizes are properly proportioned for effective work and the boiler power provided is ample to drive the pumping mechanism to its rated capacity of 400 gallons per minute.

The pumps are fitted with gates permitting two lines of hose to be worked either independently or at the same time without interference. The machine is mounted on half-elliptic springs, front and rear, and the weight of the boiler and pumps is distributed equally over both axles. The front pair of wheels turn completely under the goose necks, and the engine can therefore be turned on either hind wheel as a pivot. The arch of the main frames under which the wheels pass in turning is immediately forward of the boiler, and the advantage to be noted in this connection is the reduction in the over-all length of the entire machine. The front axle is equipped with a rope reel, and the pole is arranged for either hand or horse draft. The wheels are fitted with brakes, which are operated from the rear footboard. The engine weighs about 4,400 pounds. A detail description of the pump and valve gear follows.

_The valve gear of the Clapp & Jones village engine_ is simple yet controls the moving mechanism of the two pumps working in unison. Each pump is driven directly by its own steam cylinder, and the steam valves are actuated by the positive movement of the opposite piston rod. The principle is substantially the same as practiced in the “Duplex” pump construction, and may be readily understood by reference to the detailed views which are given of these parts in other portions of this work.

The steam cylinders and pump are self-contained, and aside from the distinctive difference in the reciprocating gear the design of the steam and water ends does not differ from the vertical engines of the Clapp & Jones type.

On these engines intended for use in cold climates _a “thaw-pipe” is attached_, at the engineer’s side, inside the frame, and is used in extremely cold weather to prevent the feed-pump, as well as the main pump and connecting pipes, from freezing. It is operated by means of a small globe valve. If it is desired to warm the main pump, the two-way cock used in feeding the boiler should be turned as when feeding directly from the main pump, when steam will have access both to the main pump and the feed-pump; but care must be observed not to heat the main pump too warm. When the two-way cock is closed, and also when it is open as when feeding from the tank, the steam goes only to the feed-pump.

After using it to warm the main pump, the two-way cock, should be closed; otherwise, if the check-valve should happen to stick fast, the water would pass out of the boiler through the main pump.

_Always keep the globe valve closed when not in use._ It will be observed that the vacuum chamber upon the suction pipe is located within the air chamber upon the discharge passage.

The valves of this pump are formed by heavy rubber rings which surround the pump barrel, as shown in Fig. 423, therefore there can be no hammering of these valves when the pump is at work.

The rubber rings have slots cut into them at each side of each valve so that each valve can open and close without stretching the rubber bands. The steam valve is of the well-known rocker type. The plungers have no packing excepting water.

NOZZLES.

_The sizes of nozzles named below_ will give the most satisfactory results, those in italics being the ones best adapted for fire duty. Also see page 93 for standard sizes of steam fire engines and page 117 for table of effective Fire Streams.

1, Extra first size engine.—1,100 to 1,150 gallons capacity. Through short lines of hose: _One 1-1/2-inch smooth-bore nozzle, for one stream_; one 1-3/4-inch ring nozzle, or one 2-inch ring: nozzle; _1-5/16-inch ring nozzles for two streams_. With 1,000 feet of hose, one 1-5/16-inch ring nozzle.

2, First size engine.—900 to 1,000 gallons capacity. Through short lines of hose: _One 1-3/8-inch smooth-bore nozzle, for one stream_; one 1-1/2-inch ring nozzle, or one 1-5/8-inch ring nozzle; _1-1/4-inch ring nozzles for two streams_. With 1,000 feet of hose, one 1-1/4-inch ring nozzle.

3, Second size engine.—700 to 800 gallons capacity. Through short lines of hose: _One 1-1/4-inch smooth-bore nozzle, for one stream_; one 1-3/8-inch ring nozzle, or one 1-1/2-inch ring nozzle; _1-1/8-inch ring nozzles for two streams_. With 1,000 feet of hose, one 1-1/8-inch ring nozzle.

4, Third size engine.—600 to 650 gallons capacity. Through, short lines of hose: _One 1-1/8-inch smooth-bore nozzle, for one stream_; one 1-1/4-inch ring nozzle, or one 1-3/8-inch ring nozzle; _1-inch ring nozzles for two streams_. With 1,000 feet of hose, one 1-inch ring nozzle.

5, Fourth size engine.—500 to 550 gallons capacity. Through short lines of hose: _One 1-1/16-inch smooth-bore nozzle, for one stream_; one 1-1/8-inch ring nozzle, or one 1-1/4-inch ring nozzle; _7/8-inch ring nozzles for two streams_. With 1,000 feet of hose, one 1-inch ring nozzle.

6, Fifth and sixth size engines.—300 to 450 gallons capacity. Through short lines of hose: _One 1-inch smooth-bore nozzle, for one stream_; one 1-inch ring nozzle, or one 1-1/8-inch ring nozzle, _7/8-inch ring nozzles for two streams_. With 1,000 feet of hose, one 7/8-inch ring nozzle.

_The Ahrens steam fire engine_ is not presented as a whole, but Figs. 426-428 show parts of this interesting and widely known apparatus.

The boiler, Fig. 426, is radically different from others, and the special features making it so popular in the past are the absence of a crown sheet and smoke flues, coupled with the advantageous manner in which the water-tube coil sections can be withdrawn from the containing shell of the boiler. The peculiar arrangement of the tubes compels a forced circulation of the water, and for which purpose an independent steam pump is provided. Water drawn from the fire-box leg is forced through the water tubes, and this relation between the circulating pump and the other elements of the boiler will be more readily understood by reference to the illustrations, where Fig. 426 is a sectional, 427 a top, and 428 a bottom view.

INSTRUCTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS.

_The fire engine is essentially an apparatus adapted to emergencies_, and owing to the intermittent nature of the duty performed, it is quite likely, unless the proper precautions are observed, that its several parts, more especially its interior mechanism, will suffer more deterioration while standing idle than from actual service.

It is necessary that these interior parts, as well as those more
readily apparent, be cared for with a view of keeping them constantly
in condition to endure the most severe and protracted strains at
the shortest notice. While standing in the house, the engine should
at all times be kept ready for immediate service, with shavings and
kindlings in the fire-box, and as much kindlings and coal in the fuel
pan as can be conveniently carried.

In winter, if no heater is attached to the engine, the room must be
kept warm, to insure against frost.

The machine should be started gradually, but before doing so the
engineer ought to satisfy himself that the joints and connections in
the suction hose are air tight, that the discharge gate is open, the
churn valve closed, that the fire has been properly attended to, the
cylinder cocks open, the exhaust nearly closed, and all the bearings
and journals well oiled, and the wheels properly blocked, especially
if the engine is standing on a grade.

The automatic air cocks on the upper pump heads must be opened
immediately after starting. They serve to promptly relieve the upper
pump discharge chambers of air, and may be closed as soon as water
escapes from their orifices.

When cylinder condensation has nearly ceased, the engine being warm,
the drain cocks should be closed and the machine speeded up gradually
until a good pressure of steam is obtained.

Until the engineer has had some experience with the machine, and is
familiar with its workings, it is not advisable to use more than 90
or 100 pounds of steam, which is all that is required for ordinary
fire duty; the necessity for more than 120 pounds will probably never
arise.

The stuffing-boxes of the engine and pump should be carefully packed.

All of the bearings and journals, as well as the oil cans, should
be well supplied with good oil. The best mineral engine oil is
recommended for this purpose, as it does not gum or change its
viscosity with variations in the temperature of the atmosphere, and
it will endure a higher temperature than animal or fish oil without
injury.

The engineer should keep all joints tight, the stuffing-boxes
properly packed, and all bearings thoroughly oiled.

If the journal boxes or other working parts require taking up,
remember that a little play is preferable to a close adjustment
liable to cripple the engine at a critical moment. To insure perfect
safety, always thoroughly test the apparatus after making such
repairs, by subjecting the parts affected, to the strains usually
encountered in actual service.

The principal requirement of the steam cylinders and slide valves is
proper and constant lubrication. Let this one item be attended to,
and its mechanism will practically take care of itself for many years.

The joints and connections in the suction must be perfectly tight.

Before laying the fire, see that the grate and fire-box are clean,
also that the grate bars are fast, so they will not be liable to jar
out, and that all the steam outlets of the boiler are tightly closed.

Lay on the grate some dry pine shavings—not too many—spread evenly
over the grate, with a few hanging down between the bars; on the
shavings put some finely-split pine or hemlock wood, then some a
little coarser, and finally a quantity coarser still. It is well to
put on the top some finely-split hard wood. These kindlings must all
be dry and split—not sawed—and should be put in loosely, in layers,
the layers being crossed, so that there will be a free circulation of
air between them.

To light the fire: Apply torch (described in page 135) _below the
grate_, never in the door; and while doing so move the torch around
to insure thoroughly igniting the shavings.

When there is a pressure of 40 to 60 pounds of steam, begin throwing
in coal, a little at a time, broken up in pieces about the size
of a man’s fist. Bituminous coal should be used, the same as that
from which illuminating gas is made. It should be of the very best
quality, and very free burning.

Do not put the wood or coal all close to the fire door, but scatter
it about and spread it evenly over the grate.

As soon as the engine is started, coal should be put on often, a
little at a time, and the grate should be kept covered, but not
thickly—say to a depth of three or four inches. Be particular to fire
evenly and regularly, _taking care to cover air holes through the
fire_, and to keep the fire door closed as much as possible.

The grate bars should be kept well raked out from below, and the fire
and coal occasionally stirred off the grate bars inside the fire-box,
using the flat side of the poker for the latter operation.

The water in the boiler should be carried as high as six or eight
inches in the glass tube as soon as the engine gets fairly to work
and a good pressure of steam is raised. The gauges will indicate more
water in the boiler when the machine is running than it will with the
same quantity of water if it is not at work, owing to the expansion
of water by the application of heat.

If there is a tendency to foam, the feed should be increased and the
surface blow-off opened quite frequently to relieve the boiler of the
scum and surplus water. If the foaming is unusually violent, it may
be subdued by stopping the engine for a few moments and permitting
the water to settle.

During temporary stops the fire should be cleaned, by removing the
clinkers and the moving parts of the machinery examined and oiled.

The boiler is usually fed by force pumps, the plungers of which are
secured directly to the yokes of the main engines. Both pumps are
arranged to work in unison; and the supply is generally taken from
the discharging chamber of the main pumps, and is controlled by an
ordinary globe valve. Should the water being delivered by the main
pumps be unsuitable for feeding the boiler, this valve must remain
closed, and a supply from a barrel or tank introduced through the
connection provided for that purpose.

When feeding the boiler, it is a good plan to occasionally feel the
pipe leading from check to boiler with the hand, as one can tell
by this means whether the pump is feeding properly. If feeding all
right, the pipe will be cool. If the pipe is hot, the pump is not
feeding properly, try the pet cock.

Always keep a good torch, ready for use, in the fuel pan. This can be
made by tying some cotton waste on one end of a stick about two feet
long and saturating the waste with kerosene oil.

The kindling should be carefully prepared, and the quantity carried
sufficient to generate a working pressure in the boiler before coal
is added to the fire.

Care should be taken not to use too large nozzles if two or more
streams are being thrown.

Owing to the contracted diameter of fire hose, the flow of the water
is retarded; the loss of power due to friction increases directly
with the length of the line and nearly as the square of velocity. In
other words, if the loss due to a given flow be 12 pounds for 100
feet of hose, then 24 pounds will be required to maintain the same
rate through an additional 100 feet. To double the velocity will
require four times the pressure, or 48 pounds for 100 feet and 96
pounds for 200 feet.

From this brief explanation, it must be plain that the capacity
of any engine is diminished as the length of the line of hose is
increased.

For this reason, the greater the lift the smaller the stream that
can be thrown effectively, and the size of nozzle used should depend
upon the height the water is draughted, reducing it one-eighth inch
for every five feet above a lift of ten feet. If the engine uses a
1-1/4-inch nozzle for ordinary work, it will answer for any lift up
to 10 feet. If water has to be draughted 15 feet, a 1-1/8-inch nozzle
should be used; if 20 feet, 1-inch; and if 25 feet, 7/8-inch.

Never start a fire unless one full gauge cock of water appears in the
boiler.

The suction basket or strainer should always be attached when
draughting water, and every precaution taken _to insure tight
connections in the suction_. The basket must be kept well under the
surface, to avoid clogging if the water be foul.

When the supply is taken from a hydrant, the valve should be fully
turned on; if opened before water is wanted through the hose the
discharge gates on the pumps must be closed. Unless the pressure is
excessive, the hydrant is usually permitted to remain open while
the steamer is attached, the discharge during temporary stops being
controlled by the pump gates.

_The apparatus should always be halted, or placed at a proper point,
with reference to the source of the water supply._ When attached to
a hydrant or plug, do not run the engine faster than the water will
flow to supply the pump, and if the supply is not sufficient to allow
the pump to work to its full capacity, avoid using too large nozzles.

The safety of life and property is very often dependent upon the
skill and good judgment of the engineer, and as the maximum effect
of such apparatus is generally required at the most critical time
and under the most exciting circumstances, it is important that
the endeavor by constant and persistent practice to acquire that
confidence and proficiency that will insure a correct and decisive
action in all matters pertaining to the management of the machine.

From three-fourths to one inch of water should be indicated in the
glass gauge, except when there is a heater attached to the engine,
then from four to five inches should be carried. The bottom of the
glass tube being on a line with the crown-sheet, when one inch of
water shows in the tube, the water-line in the boiler is then one
inch above the crown-sheet.

It is advisable occasionally—say once a month—in towns where fires
are not frequent, to fire up and take the engine out for practice and
drill, and to make sure that it is in proper working order, after
which the boiler should be blown off and refilled with fresh water,
as hereinafter directed.

Every engine required to pump salt water, or other water unfit for
the boiler supply, should be provided with a fresh-water feed tank.

_The purpose of the automatic air cock_ (if there is one) is to
prevent the rattling of the check valves when the pumps are being
only partially filled; if the supply is to be drawn from a barrel or
tank, the entrance of air through this cock must be prevented.

_When draughting the water, bear in mind that the greater the
perpendicular lift the less the quantity of water which can be
pumped_, remembering that it is the pressure of the atmosphere which
forces the water into the pump, and not any power exerted by the
pump itself, which simply produces the vacuum. Thus, the nearer the
surface of the water the greater the velocity with which it enters
the pump, while the higher the pump the weaker the pressure and the
less the quantity of water which enters it, and at a height of about
30 feet no water at all will go into the pump.

If it is suspected that one of the joints in the suction is loose,
the speed of the engine may be slackened without stopping entirely,
until water is thrown eight or ten feet from the nozzle, when if the
pump is taking air the stream will snap and crack instead of flowing
out smoothly. If it is found that the pump is taking air through
the suction, and the leak cannot be located in any other way, it
may be found by removing the suction basket and turning the end of
the suction up higher than the top of the pump, and then filling it
with water. The water will be forced out through the joints wherever
loose, and leaks can be found in this way.

The principal object of _the churn valve_ is to permit the operation
of the pumps without discharging any water through the natural
channels; it controls a passage by which the discharging side of the
pumps is connected with the suction chamber. In draughting water,
when the pumps are first started, _this valve must remain closed_
until the pumps are filled with water, thereby excluding the air
which would find its way into the suction chamber if the same were
open. It should also be closed when the pumps are at rest, to prevent
the dropping of the water into the suction pipe.

When the engine is put to suction, acquire the habit of feeling this
valve to assure its complete closure.

If there is anything about the engine that is not fully understood,
or if it fails to do its work properly from any cause, the maker
should be communicated with at once; inquiries are promptly answered,
and usually required information or suggestions are cheerfully
furnished.

THE AMERICAN STEAM FIRE ENGINE.

_The number of appliances and special devices_ used on and about a steam fire engine is not large, as it is the aim of both designers and builders to simplify the machine as much as possible without diminishing its efficiency.

Fig. 434 is an appliance known as the _Siamese connection_. It is used for stand pipes attached to the outside of buildings, etc., and also as a detail of the fire pump. Its use is to lead off two lines of hose.

The valve shown in the figure, closes automatically in case of stoppage of one of the engines or the bursting of the hose.

Fig. 435 exhibits an approved form of _strainer_ for the bottom of the suction pipe.

_The American steam fire engine pump_ is shown in Figs. 431 and 432.

Fig. 431 being the front view, one side of it shown in section, exposing the interior parts for explanation, and Fig. 432, representing the side elevation, also in section.

The pumps, which are double acting, are united in a gun-metal casting, which forms a single body for both, and permits them to be placed much closer as to centers than could otherwise be done. This method provides an ample suction-chamber which is common to both.

In cross section the pump somewhat resembles a box girder. This peculiarity of the pump’s combined form furnishes a rigid base for the entire structure, simplifies the driving mechanism and enables it to endure extraordinary strains without vibration.

It will be seen by reference to the cuts that any of the valves can be easily and quickly examined, and, if necessary, replaced, by simply removing the caps and heads.

The pump barrels are provided with removable linings, which can readily be replaced with new ones in case the same should become worn after years of service. These, as well as the valve seats, are made of gun metal, no cast iron or other material subject to corrosion by water being used in any part of the pumps.

Both the suction and discharge valves are supplied with improved valve springs, the tension of which is, at all times, the same; and being made of phosphor bronze, the springs retain their elasticity and will not corrode.

The steam cylinders used in connection with this pump are of the ordinary slide-valve type, with which most mechanics are familiar, and are thus easily repaired when necessary. The cylinders and pumps are detached from the boiler, and are separated therefrom sufficiently to allow every facility for getting at each and every part. All connections, both steam and water, are made outside of the boiler.

_The La France steam fire engine pump_ is shown in outline in Fig. 433, which consists of a double plain slide-valve engine, operating a double pump.

The steam piston rod of each side connects with its pump rod, by means of square bars, two of which are on each side of the crank shaft. The crank is operated by the cross-head through a connecting rod; the arrangement of these parts can be seen in Fig. 433. The cross-head guide is entirely done away with, as the stiffness of the connection between the two piston rods takes the thrust of the connecting rod.

The pump barrel is enclosed by an outer casing. The space between barrel and casing is always kept filled with water which is supplied through the suction pipe.

When the pump barrel is being filled with water the suction valves are lifted from their seats, which allows the water to pass into the space between the valve-seat plates and thence into the pump barrel.

When the pump barrel is being emptied the suction valves are closed while the discharge valves are open, which allows the water to pass into a triangular shaped space between the front plate and valve-seat plates thence upward to the discharge pipe.

The suction and discharge valve of this pump being all grouped together, it is only necessary to remove the plates which can be seen, Fig. 433, bolted to the front of the pumps and form part of the outer casing; these plates are in front of the pump and may be quickly unscrewed by a ^T^ wrench.

_The Amoskeag steam fire engine_ is shown in the views (Figs. 429 and 430 on pages 128 and 130). This world widely known machine is made by the Manchester Locomotive Works at Manchester, New Hampshire, U. S. A.

The former cut represents the extra first, first, second, third and fourth size double steam fire engine of this make. They have “crane-neck” frames and are arranged for horse draft and are mounted upon Endicott’s patent platform springs. The effect of this improvement is that the draft strain is transmitted directly from the horses to the axles, the springs bearing no part of this draft strain.

Fig. 430 shows the “fifth” size, also with “crane-necked” frame and made for either horse or hand draft.

The boiler used is upright and tubular in style, is made of the best quality of steel plate, with seamless copper tubes, thoroughly riveted and stayed; it is simple in its construction, and for strength, durability, accessibility for repairs, and its capacity for generating steam, has passed a most critical test. For engines of the second size and larger, the boilers expand downwards at the crown sheet of the fire-box, thus increasing the grate surface and consequently the steaming capacity of the boiler.

The connections with the steam cylinders are simple, direct and of good capacity, peculiarly accessible for repairs, and have _the great advantage of being entirely unexposed to the air_.

The steam cylinders of the single engines are made in one casting; they are secured to the boiler framing, and covered with a lagging of wood, with a metallic jacket on the outside. The pump for the double engines is made entirely of composition, and its main shell is also in one casting. It is vertical double acting; its valves are vertical in their action; the water-ways are free and direct, and the valves accessible, so that examination or renewal of these parts may be quickly made. The pump is arranged for receiving suction hose on either side, and has outlets also on either side for receiving the leading hose.

_Self-propelled steam fire engines_ are well adapted for city service. In Fig. 436 is shown a double extra, first size self-propelling engine of the Amoskeag pattern. The road driving power is applied from one end of the main crank shaft, through an equalizing compound and two endless chains running over sprocket-wheels on each of the main rear wheels, permitting these rear wheels to be driven at varying speeds as when turning corners.

The driving power is made reversible, so that the engine may be driven either forward or backward on the road at will.

The steering of the engine is effected by means of a steering hand wheel at the front, adjusting the front axle through a system of bevel and worm gearing, so arranged that the constant exertion of the steersman is not required to keep the wheels in line on the road. By the removal of a key the driving power may be disconnected from the road driving gearing, when it is desired to work the pumps when the engine is standing still.

MISCELLANEOUS
PUMPS

MINING PUMPS.

There are certain well-known difficulties and contingencies in installing and operating mine pumps: 1, The location of the mine is usually remote from supplies and any renewals or repairs which may be needed, are liable to be attended with excessive costs and delays; 2, The nature of the water in the mines is so highly acidulous that corrosion takes place in an incredibly small space of time. The action of sulphuric (diluted) acid which is found sometimes as high as two parts out of a hundred begins at once and continues until the iron or steel is destroyed; 3, The dust, grit, mud, etc., becomes mixed with the oil used to lubricate the pump; these ingredients find their way into the stuffing-boxes and cut the plungers.

Hence, ample and unusual precautions are made to overcome the foregoing conditions. Extreme care has to be used in securing all movable parts of the machine and the connecting pipes. The plungers are generally outside packed and handholes are arranged to permit free access to the water valves.

When pumps used in mining service assume large proportions, they are almost invariably described as pumping engines; there is no real difference between the two except the proportions. The same combination of engine and pump in the smaller sizes used for boiler feeding, etc., are called steam pumps.

NOTE.—The cost of repairing _a half-inch globe valve_ which “gave
out” in a mine in Venezuela, South America, was represented in a $45.
machine charge and a mule ride of 35 miles to the shop containing a
foot lathe and the same distance back to the mines. The cost in a
more favorable location would be less than a dollar.

_The Cataract steam pump_, Fig. 437, is largely used in mining operations. Many years service has proved its peculiar and curious merits. Large columns of water may be raised to great elevation or forced against heavy pressures without shock or jar of any kind and with safety to the machinery and connections; abrupt and violent action of the water is also avoided. _The Cataract_, it may be explained, is a regulator invented by Smeaton for single-acting steam engines. John Smeaton, the inventor, was an English civil engineer born in 1724 and died in 1792. The device derives its name from its similarity to the optical disease—a cataract—as it is a supplementary or sliding cylinder with its piston attached very curiously _to the main valve stem of the engine_.

This cylinder—called the Cataract cylinder—_is filled with oil_ which flows back and forth through a port connecting its two ends. This port is controlled by a valve which increases and diminishes the flow of the oil through the port. By means of the Cataract, the movements of the main steam valve are automatically graduated and controlled, so the speed of the piston is reduced as it nears the end of its stroke, allowing the valves to seat themselves gently and quietly, and the moving column of water to come to a gradual and easy rest.

The claims of this construction of pumps have been thus summarized—

1st. _The speed of the piston is automatically slowed down at the end of its stroke_, giving time for the column of water to come gradually to rest, and for the valves to seat gently and quietly, avoiding all concussion, jar, or the slightest tremor.

2d. _The speed of the engine can be adjusted and automatically maintained as desired under any pressure._ Should it be working under full head of steam and against a heavy pressure, and the pressure be instantly removed the speed would continue unchanged.

3d. _The piston works to the end of its stroke under all pressures_, avoiding the waste of steam incident to the piston falling short of its stroke.

It will be understood that there is only a slight waste of oil caused by the use of this apparatus—all the waste that there is, being the small amount leaking through the stuffing boxes.

The term “Isochronal,” pump meaning equal spaces in equal times has been applied to both these pumps and their valve gear.

The sizes, capacities, etc., of the pump described on the opposite page are given in the following

TABLE.

===+========+==========+=======+==========
|Diameter| | |
|of Steam| Diameter |Length | Size of
No.|Cylinder|of Plunger| of | Steam
|Inches | Inches |Stroke | Pipe
---+--------+----------+-------+----------
1 | 6-1/2| 4 | 20 in.| 1-1/4 in.
2 | 9 | 6 | 3 ft.| 1-1/2 „
3 | 11 | 6 | 3 „ | 1-1/2 „
4 | 14 | 8 | 3 „ | 2 „
5 | 18 | 9 | 4 „ | 2-1/2 „
6 | 20 | 10-1/8 | 4 „ | 3 „
7 | 22 | 12-1/4 | 6 „ | 3-1/4 „
8 | 25 | 14-1/4 | 6 „ | 3-1/4 „
9 | 30 | 16-1/4 | 6 „ | 3-1/2 „
---+--------+----------+-------+----------

===+========+=======+===========+==========+========
| | | Capacity | Capacity |Vertical
|Ordinary|Maximum|at ordinary|at maximum| Lift
No.| Speed | Speed | Speed | speed in | in
| Stroke | Stroke| in Gals. | Gallons | Feet
---+--------+-------+-----------+----------+--------
1 | 50 | 80 | 52 | 85 | 230
2 | 27 | 40 | 110 | 170 | 180
3 | 27 | 40 | 110 | 170 | 290
4 | 27 | 40 | 200 | 300 | 250
5 | 20 | 30 | 275 | 390 | 320
6 | 20 | 30 | 320 | 480 | 320
7 | 15 | 22 | 500 | 750 | 270
8 | 15 | 22 | 700 | 1000 | 250
9 | 15 | 22 | 900 | 1300 | 270
---+--------+-------+-----------+----------+--------

The above table is based on a steam pressure of 45 to 50 pounds per square inch of steam piston, and the vertical height is from lower end of suction pipe to discharge.

Fig. 438 is designed to show a pump largely used by miners in prospecting. It is double levered so that four men or more can operate it, two to each lever. The plunger and valves are so designed that they will lift muddy or gritty water without injury to these parts.

An electric mining pump is shown on page 276, part one. This is a portable pump mounted on a car running on rails and is designed for the work appertaining to a mine in steady operation.

On page 340, part one, is illustrated a powerful pump with four outside packed plungers designed for mining purposes.

SINKING PUMPS.

These special mining pumps are used to drain water from the shaft bottom, so that work in deepening or repairing may be carried on. As shown in the illustration they are made to be suspended by a chain or bail attached to eye-bolts in the upper cylinder head at points of support which will enable the pump to hang vertically and be raised and lowered at will.

The bail is so constructed that while the pump is suspended the cylinder head can, if necessary on the smaller sizes, be removed and the steam piston examined and adjusted. As the shaft gets deeper the chain may be lengthened out and an extra joint placed on the end of the delivery pipe.

The sinking pump is subjected to the hardest usage of any, hence any steam pump that is to be used in sinking a mine shaft must be strong, certain in operation, capable of handling gritty water and require little attention.

Fig. 438 exhibits _a hand-power mining pump_, designed especially for prospecting, etc., and made by the Edson Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass. It is listed for three sizes:

No. 6, capacity 1200 gallons per hour, 1 man.

No. 8, capacity 4000 gallons per hour, 2 men.

No. 10, capacity 6000 gallons per hour, 2 men.

_The outfit_ which usually goes with this diaphragm lift and force pump includes special suction and conducting hose, brass coupling and strainer; these pumps will raise and force water containing gravel, sand, dirt or tailings without choking.

_The Deane single vertical sinking pump_ is shown in Fig. 439; a table of dimensions and capacities of this pump is also given below.

The pump illustrated is double acting and of the differential plunger type; the water end is in three parts and consists of a water cylinder, a lower plunger and an upper plunger. The water passes directly up and through the plungers, both of which are hollow. These plungers are outside packed. The water valves are reached by hand holes provided for that purpose. Split pins are used in the ends of the bolts to prevent the nuts from working off.

These pumps are designed to stand a working pressure of 150 lbs. to the square inch. They have the regular Deane valve motion and will work under water.

TABLE.

====================================+=============================
Size. | Capacity.
---------+--------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------
Diameter |Diameter|Diameter|Length | Gallons | Strokes | Gallons
of Steam |of Large|of Small| of | per | per | per
Cylinder.|Plunger.|Plunger.|Stroke. | Stroke. | Minute. | Minute.
---------+--------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------
8 | 5-3/4 | 4 | 16 | .87 | 75 | 65
10 | 5-3/4 | 4 | 16 | .87 | 75 | 65
8 | 7 | 5 | 16 | 1.35 | 75 | 101
10 | 7 | 5 | 16 | 1.35 | 75 | 101
12 | 7 | 5 | 16 | 1.35 | 75 | 101
| | | | | |
12 | 11-1/2 | 8 | 16 | 3.48 | 75 | 261
14 | 11-1/2 | 8 | 16 | 3.48 | 75 | 261
16 | 11-1/2 | 8 | 16 | 3.48 | 75 | 261
18 | 11-1/2 | 8 | 16 | 3.48 | 75 | 261
| | | | | |
16 | 14-1/4 | 10 | 24 | 8.16 | 50 | 408
18 | 14-1/4 | 10 | 24 | 8.16 | 50 | 408
20 | 14-1/4 | 10 | 24 | 8.16 | 50 | 408
24 | 14-1/4 | 10 | 24 | 8.16 | 50 | 408
---------+--------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------

====================================+===================================
Size. | Pipe Sizes.
---------+--------+--------+--------+------+--------+--------+----------
Diameter |Diameter|Diameter|Length | | | |
of Steam |of Large|of Small| of |Steam.|Exhaust.|Suction.|Discharge.
Cylinder.|Plunger.|Plunger.|Stroke. | | | |
---------+--------+--------+--------+------+--------+--------+----------
8 | 5-3/4 | 4 | 16 | 1 | 1-1/2 | 4 | 2
10 | 5-3/4 | 4 | 16 | 1-1/2| 2 | 4 | 2
8 | 7 | 5 | 16 | 1 | 1-1/2 | 5 | 3
10 | 7 | 5 | 16 | 1-1/2| 2 | 5 | 3
12 | 7 | 5 | 16 | 2 | 2-1/2 | 5 | 3
| | | | | | |
12 | 11-1/2 | 8 | 16 | 2 | 2-1/2 | 8 | 4
14 | 11-1/2 | 8 | 16 | 2 | 2-1/2 | 8 | 4
16 | 11-1/2 | 8 | 16 | 2 | 2-1/2 | 8 | 4
18 | 11-1/2 | 8 | 16 | 2 | 2-1/2 | 8 | 4
| | | | | | |
16 | 14-1/4 | 10 | 24 | 2 | 2-1/2 | 10 | 6
18 | 14-1/4 | 10 | 24 | 3 | 3-1/2 | 10 | 6
20 | 14-1/4 | 10 | 24 | 3 | 3-1/2 | 10 | 6
24 | 14-1/4 | 10 | 24 | 4 | 4-1/2 | 10 | 6
---------+--------+--------+--------+------+--------+--------+----------

====================================+====================
| Approximate
Size. | Dimensions
---------+--------+--------+--------+ in Inches.
Diameter |Diameter|Diameter|Length +---------+----------
of Steam |of Large|of Small| of | | Space
Cylinder.|Plunger.|Plunger.|Stroke. | Length. | Occupied.
---------+--------+--------+--------+---------+----------
8 | 5-3/4 | 4 | 16 | 111 | 25 × 23
10 | 5-3/4 | 4 | 16 | 112 | 27 × 24
8 | 7 | 5 | 16 | 111 | 26 × 24
10 | 7 | 5 | 16 | 112 | 29 × 24
12 | 7 | 5 | 16 | 112 | 31 × 24
| | | | |
12 | 11-1/2 | 8 | 16 | 132 | 40 × 32
14 | 11-1/2 | 8 | 16 | 132 | 40 × 32
16 | 11-1/2 | 8 | 16 | 136 | 43 × 32
18 | 11-1/2 | 8 | 16 | 136 | 44 × 32
| | | | |
16 | 14-1/4 | 10 | 24 | 176 | 50 × 38
18 | 14-1/4 | 10 | 24 | 178 | 50 × 38
20 | 14-1/4 | 10 | 24 | 178 | 52 × 38
24 | 14-1/4 | 10 | 24 | 180 | 54 × 38
---------+--------+--------+--------+---------+----------

This table refers to Fig. 439.

_The Cameron vertical plunger sinking pump_ is shown in Figs. 440 and 441.

This is one of the most successful mine sinking pumps designed; there are no parts exposed to rust, and instances have occurred when this pump has started off and cleared a shaft of water when the pump itself had been buried for weeks under a mass of fallen rock and debris.

This pump has no outside valve gear, arms or levers; all movable parts are inside and enclosed, to prevent collision with the walls of the mine shaft nor is it likely to receive injury from blast explosions. Being fitted with special exhaust cut-off, it will continue to run as fast as steam will drive it (with an irregular or intermittent supply of water, or when the water fails entirely,) not only without danger of the piston striking the heads, but without injury to the valves. It is designed and intended to handle gritty water.

_Telescopic pipe joint_ shown in Figs. 442 and 443, supplies a convenient means for lifting and lowering a sinking pump, and is usually made in lengths of sixteen feet. This enables the operator to drop the pump that distance without disturbing the rest of the pipe; by its use irregular lengths of pipe can be added, whereas, otherwise when the pump is lowered the pipe would have to be cut of equal length.

The inside pipe is brass tubing which freely slips through the packing and is non-corrosive.

Fig. 441 exhibits the sinking pump in practical operation; it is the same as that shown on the previous page.

NOTE.—Mining pumps require to be made “to gauge” and interchangeable;
an advantage which commends itself to experienced mining engineers.
Many “parts” should be provided in duplicate on account of the rough
usage and hard service alluded to above.

_The “Scranton” pattern of a mining pump_ is illustrated by the cuts shown below (Figs. 444 and 445).

The plungers of this machine work through middle, exterior stuffing-boxes, into four separate and distinct water cylinders. The valve areas and water ways are unusually large in proportion to the displacement of the plunger, so that the velocity and consequent destructive action of the water currents is decreased in passing through the pump.

These pumps are designed to withstand safely a working pressure of 250 pounds to the square inch, and all their attachments are especially strengthened with a view to meeting the rough usage and hard work to which they are liable to be subjected in mining operations.

TABLE.

=========+========+======+========+===========+=======
Diameter |Diameter|Length|Gallons |Revolutions|Gallons
of | of | of |Per Rev-|per Minute | per
Steam | Water |Stroke|olution | |Minute
Cylinders|Plunger | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
---------+--------+------+--------+-----------+-------
14 | 8-1/2 | 10 | 9.56 | 54 | 516
16 | 8-1/2 | 10 | 9.56 | 54 | 516
18-1/2 | 8-1/2 | 10 | 9.56 | 54 | 516
| | | | |
16 |10-1/4 | 10 | 13.95 | 54 | 753
18-1/2 |10-1/4 | 10 | 13.95 | 54 | 753
18-1/2 |12 | 10 | 19.16 | 54 | 1035
| | | | |
20 |12 | 10 | 19.16 | 54 | 1035
17 | 8-1/2 | 15 | 14.14 | 40 | 565
20 | 8-1/2 | 15 | 14.14 | 40 | 565
| | | | |
17 |10-1/4 | 15 | 20.83 | 40 | 833
20 |10-1/4 | 15 | 20.83 | 40 | 833
20 |12 | 15 | 28.78 | 40 | 1151
---------+--------+------+--------+-----------+-------

=========+========+======+==============================
Diameter |Diameter|Length| Sizes of pipes for
of | of | of | Short Lengths
Steam | Water |Stroke| To be increased as
Cylinders|Plunger | | length increases
| | |-----+-------+--------+-------
| | |Steam|Exhaust|Suction|Delivery
| | |Pipe | Pipe | Pipe | Pipe
---------+--------+------+-----+-------+-------+--------
14 | 8-1/2 | 10 |2-1/2| 3 | 8 | 6
16 | 8-1/2 | 10 |2-1/2| 3 | 8 | 6
18-1/2 | 8-1/2 | 10 |3 | 3-1/2 | 8 | 6
| | | | | |
16 |10-1/4 | 10 |2-1/2| 3 | 10 | 8
18-1/2 |10-1/4 | 10 |3 | 3-1/2 | 10 | 8
18-1/2 |12 | 10 |4 | 3-1/2 | 12 | 10
| | | | | |
20 |12 | 10 |2-1/2| 5 | 12 | 10
17 | 8-1/2 | 15 |4 | 3-1/2 | 8 | 6
20 | 8-1/2 | 15 |2-1/2| 5 | 8 | 6
| | | | | |
17 |10-1/4 | 15 |4 | 3-1/2 | 10 | 8
20 |10-1/4 | 15 |4 | 5 | 10 | 8
20 |12 | 15 |5 | 5 | 12 | 10
---------+--------+------+-----+-------+-------+--------

=========+========+======+==================
Diameter |Diameter|Length| Approximate
of | of | of | Space
Steam | Water |Stroke| Occupied
Cylinders|Plunger | | Feet and Inches
| | |-------+----------
| | |Length | Width
| | | |
---------+--------+------+-------+----------
14 | 8-1/2 | 10 | 9 8 | 3 2
16 | 8-1/2 | 10 | 9 9 | 3 10
18-1/2 | 8-1/2 | 10 | 9 10 | 4 0
| | | |
16 |10-1/4 | 10 | 10 9 | 3 10
18-1/2 |10-1/4 | 10 | 10 9 | 4 0
18-1/2 |12 | 10 | 11 1 | 4 0
| | | |
20 |12 | 10 | 11 2 | 4 2
17 | 8-1/2 | 15 | 10 5 | 3 11
20 | 8-1/2 | 15 | 10 6 | 4 2
| | | |
17 |10-1/4 | 15 | 11 6 | 3 11
20 |10-1/4 | 15 | 11 8 | 4 1-1/2
20 |12 | 15 | 11 9 | 4 3
---------+--------+------+-------+----------

_The Worthington Pressure Pump._ This pump, presented in Fig. 446, is specially designed for use in connection with hydraulic lifts and cranes, cotton presses, testing machines, hydraulic riveting and punching machines and hydraulic presses of all kinds. Also, for oil-pipe lines, mining purposes and services requiring the delivery of liquids under heavy pressures.

There are four, single-acting, outside-packed plungers, which work through the ends of the water cylinders, the latter having central partitions. The arrangement of compound steam cylinders shown in Fig. 445, or a triple expansion arrangement, can be applied to these pumps where a saving of fuel is desired. The water valves are easily accessible and are contained in small independent chambers, capable of resisting very heavy pressure.

MARINE PUMPS.

These are made both horizontal and vertical; the prime consideration being in all cases the amount of floor space the pump will require. This is especially true in reference to small steam vessels, pleasure craft, etc.

Owing to the unusual corrosion, caused by galvanic action, salt and various impurities, marine pumps are built of iron with brass linings, but frequently with the entire water ends of bronze.

The arrangement of the water valves in the most approved forms of vertical pumps is such that the pistons are always submerged, and the water valves sealed, thereby securing immediate lift of water through the suction pipe, and steady, quiet operation of the pump; many horizontal pumps of the ordinary duplex design are also used on shipboard.

_The ship’s pump_ is common to all vessels and used to keep the “hold” free from water. It is usually worked by hand but it is the law in certain countries that the “ship’s pump,” aside from steam vessels—shall be driven by windmill power; it is said to be an odd sight to see the practical working of these at sea.

The illustration on page 156 shows a marine vertical pump of the Davidson pattern, designed to work against a pressure of 250 pounds per square inch. The table given herewith will show the sizes and principal details of these pumps.

TABLE.

======+======+=======+=========+================+======+=====+=======+======
| | | |Horse-power of | | | |
| | | Gallons |Boiler, based on| | | |
Steam |Water |Stroke,| per |30 lbs. of water|Steam | Ex- |Suction| Dis-
Cylin-|Cylin-|Inches.| Single | per H. P. | Pipe |haust| Pipe |charge
der | der | |Stroke of| per hour, | |Pipe | | Pipe
| | | Each | which the pump | | | |
| | | Piston. | will supply | | | |
| | | | with ease. | | | |
------+------+-------+---------+----------------+------+-----+-------+------
4 | 2-1/2| 4 | .084 | 165 H. P. | 1/2 | 3/4 | 2 | 1-1/2
4-1/2| 2-3/4| 6 | .154 | 300 „ | 1/2 | 3/4 | 2-1/2 | 2
5-1/2| 3-1/2| 6 | .15 | 500 „ | 1 |1-1/4| 3 | 2-1/2
| | | | | | | |
6 | 4 | 8 | .435 | 870 „ | 1 |1-1/4| 3-1/2 | 3
7 | 4 | 8 | .435 | 870 „ | 1-1/4|1-1/2| 3-1/2 | 3
7 | 4-1/2| 8 | .55 | 1,100 „ | 1-1/4|1-1/2| 4 | 3
| | | | | | | |
8 | 5 | 10 | .85 | 1,700 „ | 1-1/2| 2 | 4-1/2 | 3-1/2
8 | 5 | 12 | 1.02 | 2,000 „ | 1-1/2| 2 | 4-1/2 | 3-1/2
9 | 5-1/2| 10 | 1.03 | 2,000 „ | 1-1/2| 2 | 4-1/2 | 4
| | | | | | | |
10 | 6 | 10 | 1.225 | 2,450 „ | 2 |2-1/2| 5 | 4-1/2
10 | 6 | 12 | 1.469 | 2,900 „ | 2 |2-1/2| 5 | 4-1/2
12 | 7 | 12 | 2.00 | 4,000 „ | 2 |2-1/2| 6 | 5
------+------+-------+---------+----------------+------+-----+-------+------

The capacity for boiler feeding in the table is based upon sixty single strokes for each pump per minute.

The suction and discharge openings, as will be seen in the figure, are on both sides. The water piston is packed for hot and cold water and special valves are furnished as may be necessary.

THE “WRECKING” PUMP.

_The Worthington wrecking pump_, Fig. 448, was constructed many years ago, for wrecking, drainage, or irrigating purposes, and has proved itself to be remarkably well adapted to such service. It is used generally by the Wrecking Companies on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts and the lakes, and is constructed with special reference to reliability, portability and general efficiency.

It is also well adapted for other services requiring the delivery of large quantities of water within the range of lift by suction. It has no forcing power, the water being delivered over the top of the pump into the curb surrounding it. It is single-acting, although the discharge is practically constant, by reason of the quick return of the piston to the bottom of the cylinder, during which inactive stroke the water continues to flow by the momentum already acquired, thus the effect of a double-acting pump is almost produced.

The ordinary slide valve is employed, moved by an arm striking against tappets on the valve rod. No auxiliary valves are used in connection with it. The water valves are of rubber, the lower ones being upon a permanent plate at the bottom of the pump. The plunger also is covered with valves. These last open for the passage of water when the piston descends.

On account of its short stroke and large diameter, this pump is extremely efficient, running on comparatively low pressure of steam, and with a very small percentage of loss from friction or leakage. It is also simple and durable, with few parts.

The stated capacities of the pumps given in the table can be exceeded in cases of emergency.

TABLE.

===============+==============+=========+=============+============
Diameter of | Diameter of |Length of| Diameter of | Gallons
Steam Cylinder.|Water Plunger.| Stroke. |Suction Pipe.|per Minute.
---------------+--------------+---------+-------------+------------
6 | 12 | 9 | 6 | 350 to 400
12 | 20 | 9 | 10 |1000 to 1200
16 | 25 | 9 | 12 |1400 to 1600
18-1/2 | 30 | 9 | 14 |2000 to 2300
19-1/2 | 33 | 15 | 16 |3200 to 3600
---------------+--------------+---------+-------------+------------

THE “BALLAST” PUMP.

This machine is constructed to meet the requirements of steamship builders and is recognized and adopted by marine engineers of this and of other countries as the standard design for this service and _for oil tank steamer work_.

It will be observed, see Fig. 449, that its proportions are such as to secure the advantages of large pumping capacity with unusual compactness and moderate weight.

This pump is of the packed piston type, and has the valves so arranged that the water pistons are always submerged, thus making it particularly well adapted for long and difficult suction lifts such as are met with in steamers carrying petroleum in bulk, and in steamers having extensive systems of water ballast tanks.

_The demands for water ballast service_ are generally met by the following two sizes, as shown in the table below.

TABLE.