Chapter VII: Part 7

The action of the device is as follows: when chamber, C, becomes filled with water, or rather when leakage through the joint around the tube, E, has raised the pressure in the chamber, C, to the delivery pressure, the total upward pressure on the impellers is greater than the total weight of the rotating part of the pump. The rotating element is therefore lifted until the recess in hub, E, is raised clear of the plug, H. In this position the pressure in chamber, C, is relieved through the passage, _g_, with the result that the rotating element again settles down over the adjusting plug, H. As this action tends to recur, a position of equilibrium is established near the point where the plug just enters the recess in the hub, E. The precise position of this point may be altered by the adjusting screws of the plug, H, thereby adjusting the endwise position of the impellers in the casing. When the pump is not in operation, of course the upward pressure of the water does not act, and the weight of the rotating part must be carried by the thrust bearing.

When these pumps are built with horizontal shaft, the unbalanced pressure which is thus turned to account in the vertical pump becomes harmful and must be avoided. The arrangement by which this is accomplished is shown in Fig. 510, where the letters, A and B, designate respectively the impellers and the guide passages as before. The rear of each impeller, that is, the side opposite the entrance opening, bears a short annular projection, S, fitting within a similar ring, _t_, projecting from the casing. The circular chamber formed by these two rings communicates, through holes, V, in the web of the impeller, with the entrance side of the impeller. The chamber being slightly larger than the entrance opening of the impeller, it serves to eliminate all thrust on the impeller in the direction of the suction (since the remainder of the external surface is exposed to the discharge pressure), and produces instead a small thrust directed toward the discharge end.

This small resultant thrust is taken up by a balancing device at the end of the shaft precisely similar to that used in the vertical type of pump, as previously described. The balancing action thus secured serves to fix the endwise position of the rotating part; moreover, it affords sufficient margin to compensate for longitudinal thrusts which may result from causes such as slightly non-central position of the impellers in their casing.

Pumps of this design are built for heads of from 100 to 2,000 ft., the number of separate impellers or “stages” being properly proportioned to the head. _About 100 to 250 ft. head per stage_ appears to be allowed. A high efficiency of working, from 70 to 80%, is said to be realized.

_The horizontal two-stage pump_ shown in Fig. 507 is one built for the water-works of the city of Stockton, Cal., to deliver 1,500 gallons per minute against a head of 140 ft., at 690 r. p. m. It is driven by a 75-HP. induction motor of the Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. type, of Pittsburg, Pa. Pump and motor are mounted on a common base, and their shafts are solidly coupled. This pump was guaranteed to have an efficiency of at least 75%, but we are informed by the manufacturers that the official test showed it to have an efficiency of 82%.

_The vertical pump of four stages_, shown in Fig. 508, has a discharge capacity of 450 gallons per minute and delivers against a head of 500 ft. The same type of pump, however, will work against heads up to 800 ft. The mounting of the pump in the present instance is at the bottom of a 200-ft. pit; the pump shaft leads vertically to the surface, where it is driven by belt. A closely similar installation has been made, where two vertical three-stage pumps operate under a head of 310 ft. The pumps are located in a 30-ft. pit, and their shafts are extended to the surface, where they carry each a 200-HP. induction motor mounted directly on the shaft. The balancing action of the pump was in this case designed to be sufficient to carry the entire weight of the rotating part, that is, motor, shaft and pump impellers.

INJECTORS
AND
EJECTORS

THE INJECTOR.

_This consists, in its most simple form, of a steam nozzle, the end of which extends somewhat into the second nozzle, called the combining or mixing nozzle; this connects with, or rather terminates in, a third nozzle or tube, termed “the forcer.”_ At the end of the _combining tube_, and before entering the forcer, is an opening connecting the interior of the nozzle at this point with the surrounding space. This space is connected with the outside air through a check valve, opening outward in the automatic injectors, and by a valve termed the overflow valve. The injector nozzles are tubes, with ends trumpet mouthed to receive and deliver the fluids with the least possible loss by friction and eddies.

As a thermodynamical machine, the injector is nearly perfect, since all the heat received by it is returned to the boiler, except a very small part which is lost by radiation; consequently its thermal efficiency should be in every case nearly 100 per cent.

NOTE.—The operation of the injector is based on the fact, first
demonstrated by Giffard, that the motion imparted by a jet of steam
to a surrounding column of water is sufficient to force it into the
boiler from which the steam was taken, and, indeed, into a boiler
working at a higher pressure. The steam escaping from under pressure
has, in fact, a much higher velocity than water would have under
the same pressure and condition. The rate of speed at which steam
travels—taking it at an average boiler pressure of sixty pounds—when
discharged into the atmosphere, is about 1,700 feet per second. When
discharged with the full velocity developed by the boiler pressure
through a pipe, say an inch in diameter, the steam encounters the
water in the combining chamber. It is immediately condensed and
its bulk will be reduced say 1,000 times, but its velocity remains
practically undiminished. Uniting with the body of water in the
combining tube, it imparts to it a large share of its speed, and the
body of water thus set in motion, operating against a comparatively
small area of boiler pressure, is able to overcome it and flow into
the boiler. The weight of the water to which steam imparts its
velocity gives it a momentum that is greater in the small area in
which its force is exerted than the boiler pressure, although its
force has actually been derived from the boiler pressure itself.

All injectors are similar in their operation. They are designed to bring a jet of live steam from the boiler in contact with a jet of water so as to cause it to flow continuously in the direction taken by the steam, the velocity of which it in part assumes, back into the boiler and against its own pressure.

There are three distinct types of live steam injectors, the “simple fixed nozzle,” the “adjustable nozzle,” and the “double.” The first has one steam and one water nozzle which are fixed in position but are so proportioned as to yield good results. There is a steam pressure for every instrument of this type at which it will give a maximum delivery, greater than the maximum delivery for any other steam pressure either higher or lower.

The second type has but one set of nozzles, but they can be so adjusted relative to each other as to produce the best results throughout a long range of action; that is to say, it so adjusts itself that its maximum delivery continually increases with the increase of steam pressure. The third type, double injectors, are those in which the delivery from one injector is made the supply of a second, and they will handle water at a somewhat higher temperature than single ones with fixed nozzles. The double injector makes use of two sets of nozzles, the “_lifter_” and “_forcer_.” The lifter draws the water from the reservoir and delivers it to the forcer, which sends it into the boiler. All double injectors have fixed nozzles.

The action of the injector is as follows: Steam being turned on, it rushes with great velocity through the steam nozzle into and through the combining tube. This action causes air to flow from the suction pipe, which is connected to the combining tube, with the result that more or less vacuum is formed, thus inducing a flow of water.

NOTE.—_The motive force of the injector is found in the heat received
from the steam._ The steam is condensed and surrenders its latent
heat and some of its sensible heat. The energy so given up by each
pound of steam amounts to about 900 thermal units, each of which
is equivalent to a mechanical force of 778 foot pounds. This would
be sufficient to raise a great many pounds of water against a very
great pressure could it be so applied, but a large portion of it
is used simply to heat the water raised by the injector. The above
explanation will apply to every injector in the market, but ingenious
modifications of the principles of construction have been devised in
order to meet a variety of requirements.

After the water commences to flow into the injector it receives motion from the jet of steam; it absorbs heat from the steam and finally condenses it, and thereafter moves on through the forcer tube simply as a stream of water, at a low velocity compared with that of the steam. At the beginning of the forcer tube, it is subjected only to atmospheric pressure, but from this point the pressure increases and the water moves forward under a diminished velocity.

That the condensation of the steam is necessary to complete the process will be evident, for if the steam were not condensed in the combining chamber, it would remain a light elastic body and, though moving at high speed, would have a low degree of energy.

Some injectors are given special names by their makers, such as ejectors and inspirators, but the term injectors is the general name covering the principle upon which all these devices act. The exhaust steam injector is a type different from any of the above-named, in that it uses the exhaust steam from a non-condensing engine. Exhaust steam represents fourteen and seven-tenths (14.7) pounds of work, and when the steam entering the injector is condensed the water is forced into the boiler upon the same general principle as in all injectors.

The injector can be, and frequently is, used as a pump to raise water from one level to another. It has been used as an air compressor, exhauster and also for receiving the exhaust from a steam engine, taking the place, in that case of both condenser and air pump.

The injector is not an economical device, but it is simple and convenient; it occupies a very small space, is not expensive and entirely free from severe strains on its durability; moreover, where a number of boilers are used in one establishment, it is very convenient to have the feeding arrangements separate, so that each boiler may be a complete generating system in itself and independent of its neighbors.

_The following text_ is intended to describe the instruments illustrated on pages 244, 246, 248 and 250.

_The “Manhattan” automatic injector_ is shown in perspective and outline upon page 244. This instrument is made by Messrs. Schaeffer & Budenberg of New York City.

This injector is designed for portable and semi-portable engines and boilers, and is also adapted for stationary boilers _requiring no high lift_. Its main features are simplicity and positive automatic action. It works under pressures ranging from 30 to 150 lbs., either lifting or non-lifting.

The letters in the outline cut refer to the parts:

_a._ Steam Nozzle.
_b._ Combining Nozzle with Flap.
_c._ Delivery Tube.
_d._ Screw Cap.
_e._ Cap Screw for Overflow.
_f._ Overflow Valve.
_g._ Tail Pipe.
_h._ Tail Pipe Nut.

_The “Peerless” automatic injector_ is shown on page 246. This is, in effect, the same instrument as the “Manhattan” except it has a steam spindle with handle to regulate the flow of steam. See figure 514.

Two classes of Peerless injectors are made, viz.:

Class A—for high pressures ranging from 50 to 200 pounds.
„ B— „ low „ „ „ 20 to 80 „

and they are stamped accordingly.

They are adapted for any service requiring the lifting of water.

Class A is made for lifts up to 12 feet.
„ B „ „ „ 8 „

but if so ordered, they can be arranged for higher lifts. They may also be used as non-lifting injectors.

The temperatures of feed water taken by these injectors, if non-lifting or at a low lift, can be as follows:

PRESSURE.
35 to 45 50 to 85 90 105 lbs.

TEMPERATURE.
144 to 136 133 to 130 129 122° F.

PRESSURE.
120 135 150 lbs.

TEMPERATURE.
118 to 113 109 to 105 104 to 100° F.

The spindle acts as a valve for the steam inlet; an extra seam valve is therefore not absolutely required, but recommended for convenience of detachment.

The letters in Figs. 520-533, page 254, relate to the names of “the parts” of the Peerless injector.

_a._ Steam Nozzle.
_b._ Combining Nozzle with Flap.
_c._ Delivery Tube.
_e._ Cap Screw for Overflow.
_f._ Overflow Valve.
_g._ Tail Pipe.
_h._ Tail Pipe Nut.
_j._ Screw Plug with Stuffing-Box.
_k._ Follower Nut on Plug j.
_l._ Packing Sleeve to j.
_m._ Steam Spindle.
_n._ Crank to Spindle m.
_o._ Screw Nut to Spindle m.
_p._ Handle to Crank n.

_The Monitor injector_, Fig. 513, page 246, was designed originally for locomotive work. It consists mainly of two parts, viz., 1, the lifting device which raises the water into the injector and, 2, the forcing device which “picks up” the water and causes it to flow into the boiler.

_The Metropolitan double tube injector_ is shown in the two figures on page 248.

These are made by the Hayden & Derby Mfg. Co. This instrument is of the double-tube design and in that particular resembles the Korting injector described on page 264. Both the lifting and forcing, as well as the overflow valves are controlled by one handle.

_The Metropolitan single tube injector_ is represented by the Figs. 517 and 518, page 250. The internal parts of this injector, as may be seen from the sectional engraving, are stationary. The steam is regulated by the handle, K, which is attached to the stem, M; the water supply adjusts itself automatically.

_The capacity of the leading injectors_ is nearly the same under similar working conditions as represented by the following

TABLE.

=============+=================+=================
Size of Pipe |Gallons per Hour.|Gallons per Hour.
Connections. | Maximum. | Minimum.
-------------+-----------------+-----------------
3/8 inch. | 85 | 50
1/2 „ | 165 | 75
3/4 „ | 350 | 130
1 „ | 580 | 325
1-1/4 „ | 900 | 425
1-1/2 „ | 1750 | 750
2 „ | 2850 | 1150
-------------+-----------------+-----------------

The figure below shows how the connections or piping should be made in attaching the Manhattan and Peerless injectors.

The dotted lines indicating pipe and fittings in connection with the suction represent the way the water supply is to be received from a tank located above the level of the injector.

The makers of these two instruments have kindly furnished the following general rules to govern their connection with steam supply:

1. _Place injector in a horizontal position._ (See illustrations 512 and 514.) The flap nozzle must in all cases open upward in direction of air valve. In taking injectors apart be careful to replace it in that position.

2. _Take steam from the highest part of boiler_; never connect to pipes furnishing steam for other purposes.

3. _Have all joints perfectly tight_, especially the suction pipe, as no injector will lift water unless atmospheric air is excluded.

4. _Have all pipes thoroughly cleaned_ from red or white lead and scale before the injector is connected; it will save trouble afterwards.

5. _All pipes must be of the same or larger diameter_ than the corresponding parts of injector.

6. _Avoid all short bends_, and have all pipes as short and straight as practicable.

7. _Use a strainer at the end_ of suction pipe; the holes in the strainer should be small, but _their total area larger_ than the area of the supply pipe.

8. _Insert stop valves in suction, steam and delivery pipes_, to facilitate disconnection in cleaning injector and check valve in delivery pipe.

9. _Have valve stems packed well_; they often leak.

10. _To remove incrustations_ caused by water containing lime or other impurities, place parts for a reasonable time in a bath of mineral oil or diluted muriatic acid consisting of 4 parts of water to 1 part of acid.

NOTE.—The lettered parts shown above apply to both the “Manhattan”
and the “Peerless” injectors. See page 252 for the names of the
parts corresponding with the letters.

_The exhaust steam injector_ utilizes the escaping vapor from the engine cylinder, hence the saving in fuel and water is very marked where certain conditions are favorable.

It condenses by means of the smallest possible quantity of cold water the largest possible quantity of exhaust steam and _puts it into the boiler without the aid of any other power than the exhaust steam itself_. It can be attached to any class of non-condensing engine, and its use increases the power both of the engine and boilers.

It is worked by waste steam, just as ordinary injectors are worked by live steam from the boiler.

The first cost and subsequent wear and tear of pumps are avoided. The power required to work pumps, of whatever construction, is saved: the exhaust injector doing the same work by the condensation of waste steam.

The waste steam, in passing through the injector, heats the feed-water to a temperature of about 190° F. The condensation in the injector of so large a quantity of waste steam reduces back pressure considerably, and necessarily increases the power of the engine.

It is not uncommon for these injectors to form a vacuum of a half-inch of mercury within the exhaust pipe, which of course helps the engine to that extent.

These injectors work with great success on stationary engines and boilers, also on steamers, tugs, dredges, etc., as their operation during the roughest weather is not affected by the motion of the vessel.

_The high pressure_ exhaust steam injector is shown in Figs. 537 and 538—the last being an outline exhibiting the internal arrangement of the instrument: these injectors are made to work at all pressures up to and not exceeding 150 lbs. to the square inch.

_The high pressure exhaust steam injector_ is worked _by waste steam up to 75 lbs. pressure only_, and a little live steam is introduced at the top of the injector to force water against pressures higher than 75 lbs. It will be noticed from sectional cut that _the live steam does not come in contact with the water until after the exhaust steam has been condensed and has done its work_. The _exhaust steam alone_ gives an impetus to the water equal to 75 lbs.; it also _heats_ it up to about 190° F. Its advantages are the same as those of the plain exhaust injector, the heat of the small jet of live steam which is used to overcome the excessive pressure being brought back into the boiler.

It raises the temperature of feed-water up to 90° Fahr. if working against a pressure of 105 lbs., and up to 86° Fahr. against 120 lbs. boiler pressure. It is regulated in the same manner as the plain exhaust steam injector.

It is not necessary _to use live steam while working against any pressure below 75 lbs., when exhaust steam alone will suffice_.

Fig. 539 represents the piping of the high pressure exhaust steam injector, the operation of which is described in the following paragraphs:

_This injector can be worked under various conditions._

1. If boiler pressure does not exceed 75 lbs. per square inch, exhaust steam only is required. In this case steam is admitted by valve A.

2. For pressures exceeding 75 lbs. exhaust steam is admitted as before, also a little live steam, slowly, by valve C.

3. If engine is not running, live steam is gradually admitted by valve B, so that it may expand in pipe F. In case of high boiler pressure additional live steam is introduced by valve C.

_To start this injector._

1. Open steam valves as described.

2. Then open water valve.

3. Regulate water valve, and, if necessary, screw up or down nut R at the lower end of injector until overflow ceases.

If desired, _a gauge indicating both pressure and vacuum_ (a compound gauge) can be furnished with exhaust steam injectors.

TABLE OF SIZES.—PIPE CONNECTIONS.

==========+==========+==============================================
| | INSIDE DIAMETER OF PIPES.
| Delivery +-----------+------------+----------+----------
SIZE OF |in Gallons| Branch |Water Supply|Feed-Water| Live
INJECTOR | per Hour |for Exhaust| Pipe | Pipe | Steam
----------+----------+-----------+------------+----------+----------
No. 2 | 60 | 1-1/4 inch| 1/2 inch| 3/4 inch| 1/4 inch
„ 2-1/2 | 120 | 1-1/2 „ | 3/4 „ |1 „ | 1/4 „
„ 3 | 175 | 1-1/2 „ | 3/4 „ |1 „ | 1/4 „
„ 4 | 300 | 2 „ | 1 „ |1-1/4 „ | 3/8 „
„ 5 | 480 | 2-1/2 „ | 1 „ |1-1/4 „ | 3/8 „
„ 6 | 680 | 2-1/2 „ | 1-1/4 „ |1-1/2 „ | 3/8 „
„ 7 | 920 | 3 „ | 1-1/4 „ |1-1/2 „ | 1/2 „
„ 8 | 1200 | 3-1/2 „ | 1-1/2 „ |2 „ | 1/2 „
„ 9 | 1550 | 4 „ | 2 „ |2-1/2 „ | 1/2 „
„ 10 | 1920 | 4-1/2 „ | 2 „ |2-1/2 „ | 3/4 „
„ 12 | 2800 | 6 „ | 2-1/2 „ |3 „ | 3/4 „
„ 20 | 10000 |10 „ | 4 „ |4-1/2 „ |1-1/4 „
| |(OR LARGER)| | |
----------+----------+-----------+------------+----------+----------

_The ejector is a low lift pump_; it works on the same principle as that of an injector. It has less parts than the latter and is less expensive. The following table applies to ejectors.

TABLE.

=======+===========+===========+===========+============+==========
| | | | |Capacity
| Discharge | Suction | Steam | Steam jet |per Hour,
Size | Pipe | Pipe | Pipe | Diameter |in Gallons
-------+-----------+-----------+-----------+------------+----------
No. 1 | 1/2 in. | 3/4 in. | 3/8 in. | 11/100 in. | 300
„ 2 | 3/4 „ | 1 „ | 3/8 „ | 15/100 „ | 500
„ 3 | 1 „ | 1-1/4 „ | 1/2 „ | 20/100 „ | 750
„ 4 | 1-1/4 „ | 1-1/2 „ | 1/2 „ | 25/100 „ | 1,200
„ 5 | 1-1/2 „ | 2 „ | 3/4 „ | 30/100 „ | 1,700
„ 6 | 2 „ | 2-1/2 „ | 3/4 „ | 40/100 „ | 3,000
„ 7 | 2-1/2 „ | 3 „ | 1 „ | 50/100 „ | 5,000
„ 8 | 3 „ | 4 „ | 1 „ | 60/100 „ | 7,500
„ 9 | 4 „ | 5 „ | 1-1/4 „ | 80/100 „ | 10,000
„ 10 | 5 „ | 6 „ | 1-1/2 „ | 1 „ | 14,000
-------+-----------+-----------+-----------+------------+----------

The accompanying Figs. 540 and 541 represent an ejector with a foot strainer. The table, page 259, gives an idea of its pipe sizes and capacities.

_Application of ejectors._ The Fig. 536, page 256, shows two ejectors applied in different ways. One is mounted _to lift and force water_, and the other _to force only_; the latter is submerged in the water to be elevated, and placed in a vertical position to reduce the condensation of operating steam to a minimum. In both of these examples of the use of the device it will be noted a strainer is attached to the suction pipe. The arrows show the direction of the flow of both the steam and water.

Certain ejectors will not work well when the steam pressure is too high. In order to work at all the steam must condense as it flows into the combining tube. Therefore, when the steam pressure is too high, and the heat is very great, it is difficult to effect complete condensation; so that for high pressure steam good results can only be obtained with cool water. It would be well when the feed water is too warm to permit the ejector to work right, to reduce the pressure, and consequently the temperature of the steam supply, as low pressure steam condenses quickly, and therefore can be employed with better results than high pressure steam.

NOTE.—This instrument is marketed as “Van Duzen’s steam jet pump”
(Cincinnati, Ohio), and credit should be given the makers for the
useful table on page 259.

_For high elevations_ and high temperature of liquids, ejectors should be submerged from three to six feet; the suction pipe should always be provided with a strainer and the makers of the instruments recommend the placing of a check valve in the force pipe to facilitate the cleaning of the suction pipe by steam, when made necessary through the raising of impure substances.

_To start the ejector_ open the steam valve slowly until the suction works satisfactorily, _when full amount of steam should be quickly admitted_.

_A double tube ejector_ is represented in Fig. 542. This is calculated to use steam economically by reason of its having two tubes, besides it is well made and properly proportioned to raise water to high elevations.

Fig. 543 is a cheaper form of apparatus and is designed to elevate water to very moderate heights and where a saving of steam is not of so much consequence as in localities where the price of coal is high.

_The jet pump_ presented in Fig. 544 is another compact form of this style of ejector and is adapted for its own particular class of work which is but little known to those unaccustomed to use these appliances.

When working either an injector or ejector from a long lift or with a long pull through horizontal piping, it takes several minutes to exhaust the air from the pipe when steam is turned on, resulting in a considerable waste of steam each time the injector is started. This waste can be done away with by the use of a foot valve.

_Universal double-tube injector_ (original Korting injector). This instrument is the combination of two jets (see Figs. 545 and 546); it is proportioned for extreme temperature and for quick and strong action, which includes maximum high suction. _The discharge is into the upper jet_, where the water receives the additional strong impulse to carry it into the boiler. _The pressure and volume from the lower jet corresponds to the steam pressure_, and this is as it should be to answer the requirements of the upper or forcing jet. The varying volume insures the proper working at high steam pressure as well as at low, and an increased pressure admits of increased high temperature.

The action of the injector is thus explained; its favorable operation is due to the double-tube principle; the pieces composing the Korting injector are shown in the numbered cuts, page 263, and _the names of the parts_ are given below.

_Number and name of piece._ 1, Body; 2, handle lever; 3, side rods;
4, connecting fork; 5, cross head for shaft; 6, nuts for cross head;
7, starting shaft; 8, nuts; 9, yoke bar; 10, lower steam valve;
11, upper steam valve; 12, lower steam nozzle; 13, upper steam
nozzle; 14, lower water nozzle; 15, upper water nozzle; 16, front
body caps; 17, side body caps; 18, overflow nozzle; 19, check valve
compressor; 20, overflow valve compressor; 21, stuffing-box; 22,
fol. for stuffing-box; 23, nuts for stuffing-box; 24, cross head for
overflow; 25, links for overflow; 26, pin for links; 27, screws; 28,
bell cranks; 29, coupling nuts; 30, pipe unions; 31, spanner wrench;
32, sokt. nozzle wrench; 33, un. for cop. pipe.—Regulator complete
replaces pieces 10 and 16.

TABLE.

===================================================================
|Size of|Steam 50 lbs.|Steam 100 lbs.|Steam 150 lbs.|Size of
Size | Iron +------+------+------+-------+------+-------+ Copper
No. | Pipe. |Gals. | H. P.|Gals. | H. P. |Gals. | H. P. | Pipe.
------+-------+------+------+------+-------+------+-------+--------
00 | 1/8 | 33 | 7 | 48 | 10 | 60 | 12 | 1/4
0 | 1/4 | 83 | 17 | 101 | 20 | 112 | 22 | 3/8
1 | 3/8 | 112 | 23 | 143 | 30 | 180 | 36 | 1/2
2 | 1/2 | 172 | 35 | 210 | 40 | 232 | 46 | 5/8
3 }| |{ 278 | 56 | 338 | 70 | 397 | 80 }|
3-1/2}| 3/4 |{ 398 | 80 | 472 | 95 | 547 | 110 }| 7/8
4 | 1 | 533 | 108 | 622 | 125 | 720 | 150 | 1-1/8
5 } | |{ 675 | 136 | 802 | 160 | 922 | 190 }|
6 } | 1-1/4 |{ 825 | 165 | 990 | 200 | 1125 | 230 }| 1-1/2
7 } | |{1072 | 215 | 1372 | 289 | 1612 | 320 }|
8 } | 1-1/2 |{1388 | 280 | 1800 | 360 | 2115 | 430 }| 1-3/8
9 } | |{1688 | 340 | 2100 | 420 | 2475 | 500 }|
10 } | 2 |{2025 | 400 | 2438 | 500 | 2850 | 570 }| 2-1/4
------+-------+------+------+------+-------+------+-------+--------

NOTE.—The above table relates to the double tube injector.

_The acid syphon pump_, shown in Fig. 548 below, is used by many chemical works, in lifting their acids and other chemicals to be conveyed to any part of the building. The machine is made of lead, encased in an iron shell for strength, and fitted with a platinum steam nozzle to give that part durability.

This device is named a syphon pump because it becomes a _syphon_ by turning down the delivery pipe and making that end longer than the suction end. The apparatus, shaded in the figure, is really a jet pump and it is simply used to operate the syphon, _i.e._, by turning on the steam the acid will flow through the syphon. At this point the steam should be shut off and the flow of acid will continue.

_Noiseless Water Heater._ This instrument, Fig. 549, is used for warming of liquids; it avoids the noise that is otherwise caused by the action of steam led for that purpose direct into cold liquids.

In operation, the liquid is drawn through the holes in body and discharged through shank, causing a circulation of the liquid in tank.

TABLE OF DIMENSIONS.

================================+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+====
Number of Noiseless Water Heater| 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8
--------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----
Diameter of Steam Pipe, inch | 3/4 | 1 |1-1/4|1-1/2|1-1/2| 2
--------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----

_Water Pressure Ejector._ This instrument, Fig. 550, is worked by water pressure and used to advantage in excavations, cellars, etc., where water pressure can be had and the required elevation does not exceed 12 feet. It has to be inserted into the water pressure pipe in such a manner that it will be entirely covered by the water to be raised. It will raise double the quantity of water which it obtains from the pressure pipe, _i.e._, it will deliver two gallons for every one it receives from the pressure pipe.

TABLE OF DIMENSIONS.

==================================+=====+=====+=====
Number of Water Pressure Ejector | 1 | 2 | 3
----------------------------------+-----+-----+-----
Capacity, gallons per hour | 375 | 600 |1,275
Size of Water Pressure Pipe, inch | 1/2 | 3/4 | 1
Size of Delivery Pipe, inch | 1 |1-1/2| 2
----------------------------------+-----+-----+-----

PULSOMETER

AQUA-THRUSTER

THE PULSOMETER.

_The original pulsometer_ was an instrument called by that name for measuring the force and frequency of the pulse; it was invented in 1626 by Santovio of Padua, Italy. The term has been largely applied to _a form of vacuum pump_, soon hereafter to be described; this has a pulsative action—like a heart beat. The pulsometer, _the aqua-thruster_, _the pulsator_, and other regular _double acting two oval reservoirs_ (one filling while the other is discharging) _automatic condensing steam vacuum pumps_ are all patterned after the Thomas Savery pump shown in Fig. 552; this was patented in England in 1698. It is thus described:

“The upper end of the suction pipe shown at the mouth of the pit consists of two branches, which are connected to similar branches on the lower part of the forcing pipe N. The suction valves are at B A and the forcing ones at E F, all opening upwards. Between these valves two short curved tubes connect the bottoms of the receiver I M with the branches, as represented, and two other bent tubes, P Q, unite the top of the receivers with the boiler H. On top of this boiler, and forming a part of it, is a stout round plate, having two openings of the same size as the bore of the tubes last mentioned. In these openings the two steam tubes P Q terminate. Between the openings, and on the under side of the plate, is a movable disk, which by a short arm is connected to an axle and moved by the long lever shown on the top of the boiler; so that by moving this lever the disk can be made to open or close either opening, so as to admit or exclude steam from the receivers, and answering every purpose of a three-way cock.

“The face of the disk is ground smooth, so as to fit close to the under side of the plate, against which it is pressed by the steam. The perpendicular axle by which the disk is turned passes through the plate, and the opening is made tight by a stuffing-box. (The plate and movable disk are represented in the small figure at the top, one of the openings, Q, being covered by the disk and the other, P, exposed.) A small cistern, U, is placed over the receivers, and kept supplied with cold water from the forcing pipe by means of a ball cock, viz.: a cock that is opened and shut by a ball floating in the cistern. From the bottom of this cistern a short pipe, T, proceeds; and to it is connected, by a swivel joint or stuffing-box, another one at right angles. This pipe furnishes water to condense the steam in the receivers, over both of which it can be moved by the rod attached to the plug of the cock as shown in the figure. The upper cistern denotes the place where the water raised by the engine is to be discharged.

“A communication is made between the boilers by a syphon or bent tube, R, whose legs extend nearly to the bottom of the boilers. In the leg within the small boiler is a valve opening upwards, which permits the water of G to pass into H, but prevents any returning from the latter. When the attendant wishes to inject into H a fresh supply of water, he increases the little fire kept up under the boiler G (which is always kept supplied with water by the pipe S), and as soon as the liquid boils and the force of the steam exceeds that in H, the contents of G, both steam and hot water, are forced through the valve; and thus H is kept supplied without the action of the machine being stopped.

“The cock on the pipe S is then opened, the small boiler again charged, and the water becomes gradually heated; so that by the time it is wanted in the other boiler, a small addition to the fuel quickly raises its temperature, and it is again forced in as before. The quantity of water in the boilers was ascertained by _gauge cocks_. These were inserted at the top (see figure) and pipes soldered to them descended to different depths.”

_The modern pulsometer_ is a low-service pump, and is not recommended for duties exceeding about eighty feet total vertical service. With this limitation, its uses are many and various and for some purposes it is particularly adapted. Years of practical work with the pulsometer, under widely different conditions, have demonstrated the merits claimed for it.

Its advantages are: 1. Its low cost, as it does not require an engine or other machinery to operate it. _A steam pipe connecting it with the boiler_ that is to furnish steam supply is all that is necessary, and after the pump is once adjusted, it will always be in order with free power when the steam is turned on. 2. It is absolutely noiseless in its operation; the slight click of the steam ball-valve in the neck-piece, as it changes its position, _is the only evidence that it is working_. 3. _In its capability of operation while in suspension_, and of being lowered or raised and swung about without at all interfering with its working.

The pulsometer does not _require oil_, having no pistons, glands, stuffing-boxes, eccentrics, beams, levers, supplementary valves, complicated mechanism, etc., which need attention and adjustment.

The Pulsometer Steam Pump Co., New York, makers of the pump and owners of the word-symbol, “Pulsometer,” emphasize the importance of its proper installation, and ask that the questions given in the note below be answered when suggestions relative to the placing of the pump are desired.

_The body of the pulsometer_ is shown in Fig. 555, and a _sectional view_ in Fig. 556. It is a single casting consisting of two bottle-shaped chambers, _A, A_, placed side by side. These are called _working chambers_. They taper toward each other at their upper halves and meet at their upper ends at a point at which is situated the _steam valve-ball, C_. This oscillates with a slight rolling motion between _the seats_, with which it makes a steam tight joint, formed at the upper entrance to each of the working chambers, _A, A_.

NOTE.—For what purpose is the pump to be used? How many gallons per
minute or hour are to be pumped? Is the liquid hot, cold, clear or
gritty—fresh, salt, alkaline or acidulous? What will be the required
vertical height of delivery? What will be the horizontal length of
delivery? What will be the required vertical height of suction? What
will be the horizontal length of suction? Does the level of the
liquid vary? If so, how much? How many bends or elbows will there be
in delivery? How many bends or elbows will there be in suction? What
horse-power is the boiler? What is the average steam pressure at the
boiler?

A rough sketch showing how and where it is desired to place the pump
will be of considerable assistance in furnishing information.

The portion, _B_, of the pump, containing the steam ball-valve, _C_, is called _the neck-piece_, and is a separate casting bolted to the main body of the pump, so that it can be readily removed for renewal when necessary. To the top of this neck-piece, _B, the neck-cap_ is bolted, into which the steam supply pipe is screwed.

The openings communicating between the chambers, _A, A_, and the induction, or _foot-valve chamber, D_, are covered by suitable valves, _E, E_, called _suction valves_, the valve seats, _F, F_, and _valve guards, I, I_, which latter prevent the valves from opening too far.

A third chamber, _J_, called _the vacuum chamber_, is situated behind the chambers, _A, A_, at their lower halves, and between them at their upper, or tapering halves, and communicates with them through the round opening in the induction, or foot-valve chamber, _D_.

A fourth chamber, called _the discharge chamber_, situated on the lower side of the working chambers, _A, A_, opposite to the vacuum chamber, _J_, and represented by the dotted lines in the sectional view communicates with each of the working chambers, _A, A_, by passages at the lower half of its intersection with these chambers. This discharge chamber contains _the discharge valves, E, E_, their valve seats, _G, G_, and the valve guards, _I, I_, which cover the passages leading from chambers, _A, A_.

_The delivery pipe, H_, connects with the discharge opening in the top of the discharge chamber by means of a flanged joint.

The induction, or foot-valve chamber, _D_, contains the valve, _E_, its valve seat, _F_, and the guard, _I_, which serve the purpose of holding the charge of water in the pump. The lower end of this chamber is connected to the suction pipe by a flanged joint.

Parts, _K, K_, are _oval plates_ covering the openings through which the seat, valve and guard are inserted, to their respective chambers, and are fastened in position by means of clamps and bolts, _N, N_. The ends of these clamps fit loosely into suitable recesses and are thus held in position while the cover plates are being applied. Another set of similar clamps and bolts serve in a like manner, to fasten the seats, valves and guards in place.

The object in employing four openings to the pump, instead of two, is to make it possible and convenient to get at the interior for examination, and easy to remove all deposit that may form on the walls of the chambers which could not be reached otherwise.

Vent plugs are inserted in the cover plates for the purpose of draining off the water in the pump to prevent freezing.

Near the top of each of the working chambers, _A, A_, and of the vacuum chamber, _J_, is a small tapped hole, into which is screwed a brass air check-valve, so that its check hangs downward. The air check-valves in the chambers, _A, A_, allow _a small quantity of air to be automatically admitted above the water_, and ahead of the steam, separating the steam and the water upon their first entrance, thus preventing condensation, and forming an _air piston_, which is always new and tight. The _air check-valve_ in the chamber, _J_, likewise admits air automatically, which serves to cushion the ram action of water consequent upon the alternate filling of the chambers, _A, A_.

_The action of the pulsometer is as follows_: When all chambers and pipes are empty, the air check-valves have to be closed, and the globe valve opened for an instant; then steam will enter one of the chambers, expel the air, and condense, forming a vacuum. This operation being repeated several times, both chambers will be filled with water through the induction pipe. Each air-valve in the chambers must now be opened a little, to secure a regular and successive action, which will be recognized by the regular pulsations and smooth working of the steam-ball without rattling.

Steam, being now admitted, continuously enters the chamber not closed by the ball, and forces out the water through the discharge-valves, until its surface is lowered below the discharge-orifice. At that instant the steam begins to escape into the discharge-pipe, and condenses; thus a partial vacuum is formed in the chamber. The water in the other chamber now presses the ball, which rolls over and closes the first chamber, when water enters through the induction-valves to fill the vacuum. This operation alternately changes from one chamber to the other.

_The principal parts of a pulsometer_ are shown in the seven figures upon this and the preceding pages.

Fig. 557 represents the regular flat valve, seat and guard, Fig. 558 the guard detached, while Fig. 559 is the plain flat rubber valve. The valve seat for clean water is shown in Fig. 560.

NOTE.—For emptying vats or tanks and for distributing the liquors
from one tank to another or throughout the building, the pulsometer
arranged as per accompanying ills., Fig. 564, will be found to be
of great usefulness. At convenient intervals along the steam main
and discharge main, suitable couplings can be provided for quickly
attaching a short section of steam and discharge hose, as the pump,
suspended from a trolley, is moved along from tank to tank.

In pumping muddy water or other liquids containing matter which would obstruct the valve seat shown in Fig. 560 the ball valve, Fig. 561, is used. The engraving illustrates this valve with its guard and seat. Fig. 562 represents the neck-piece containing the ball steam valve, while Fig. 563 conveys the idea of the manner of covering the ball by the cap after which the neck-piece is ready to be bolted to the top of pump.

_The Maslin automatic steam vacuum pump_ is presented in Fig. 554, page 271. Its principle is identical with that of the pulsometer but it differs somewhat in detail, as for example, the three valves with their seats, H, H, H, are introduced through one opening or hand-hole. The two suction valves, E, E, are secured by one bolt, I, likewise the two discharge valves, K. The combination of the foot valve, G, in the pump requires no bolting on being held by the bolt, I.

The plain cover is of such a shape that no nuts are removed to afford access to the valves; all that is necessary is to slack up one nut and swing the cover to one side.

The valves are of very thick rubber but are cut away near the center so that they readily yield to the pressure underneath, giving a full area of opening. The two air valves are attached at the end of the neck-piece.

There are no projecting set screws or bolts running through the main body of this pump attended as they often are with more or less leakage. A hook is provided to suspend the pump in a shaft or over sewer work. The two drip cocks at the bottom drain the chambers when necessary to prevent freezing, etc.

NOTE.—“One of the most important points to be attended to, and which
is so often overlooked, is that _dry_ steam should be supplied to the
pulsometer. Take steam from the highest part of the boiler. Do not
connect steam pipe to a pipe furnishing steam for any other purpose;
but if you have to take steam from a large steam pipe, tap it on the
upper side so as to avoid the drip caused by condensation in the
large pipe. When the boiler is some distance from the pulsometer the
steam pipe to it should be larger than is needed at the pulsometer,
and be protected by some non-conducting substance. Reduce to size
required at the pulsometer and provide a pet cock to draw off
condensed steam before starting it. Be sure and blow out steam pipe
thoroughly before connecting the pulsometer so as to remove any dirt,
rust or scale that may have accumulated in pipes, also remove all
burrs on ends of the pipe caused by cutting, and which in most cases
greatly decreases their capacity and effectiveness.”

The illustration, Fig. 565, represents the pulsometer and boiler in portable form. This will be found a very convenient outfit for certain classes of irrigation, and for pumping out flooded cellars, excavations, etc. Also for sewer-trench excavating operations, where water accumulates at different sections of the work, and where it is desired to move the pump and boiler frequently.

The pump is suspended from a strong framework and is controlled by a chain hoist, by means of which it can readily be lowered or raised. When the trench or ditch is too deep for the pulsometer to lift the water to the surface of the ground by suction, the truck can be run out on planks over the ditch, when the pump can be lowered to the necessary suction distance from the water. Suitable lengths of steam hose, with universal couplings, suction hose, also suitable lengths of light flanged galvanized pipe for the discharge, which can be readily connected may be carried on the truck, proper brackets being provided for their reception. As the suction and discharge connections are flanged, they can be connected or disconnected in a few minutes; provision is made to prevent the pump from swinging.

PUMP SPEED
GOVERNORS

PUMP SPEED GOVERNORS.

The speed at which a pump is operated is a matter of more or less importance, according to its widely varying conditions. In all calculations regarding the capacity of a pump the regularity with which it makes its “stroke” is taken into consideration; the uniformity of the supply of water to a boiler is always a subject of anxiety to the attendant. The capacity of a pump is usually determined by its number of strokes in a given time, hence the need of a pump regulator or governor.

The governor is not only intended to maintain a uniform water pressure in the mains, but to prevent the pump from racing whenever a greater quantity of water is demanded than the pump is capable of delivering, as in the case of bursted mains or hose, or any other contingency whereby the pressure upon the discharge pipe is suddenly relieved.

Examples of pump governors or regulators follow.—

_The Mason Pump Governor._ This pump governor, shown in Figs. 566 and 567, is attached directly to the rock arm of the pump, and operates a balance valve placed in the steam pipe, thereby exactly weighing the pressure of steam to the needs of the pump. As all the working parts are immersed in oil, the wear is reduced to a minimum.

The Mason governor consists mainly of a cylindrical shell, or reservoir, as shown in sectional view, filled with oil or glycerine. The plunger, _A_, is connected with the arm, _I_, to some reciprocating part of the pump and works simultaneously with the strokes of the pump, thereby drawing the oil up through the check valve, _DD_, into the chambers, _JJ_, whence it is forced alternately through the passages, _BB_, through another set of check valves into the pressure chamber, _EE_. The oil then runs through the orifice, _C_, the size of which is controlled by a key inserted at, _N_, into the lower chamber, to be re-pumped as before. In case the pump or engine works more rapidly than is intended the oil is pumped into the chamber, _EE_, faster than it can escape through the outlet at, _C_, and the piston, _GG_, is forced upward, raising the lever, _L_, with its weight, and throttling the steam. In case the pump runs more slowly than was intended, a reverse action takes place, the weight on the end of the lever, _L_, forces the piston, _GG_, down and more steam is admitted. As the orifice at, _C_, can be increased or diminished by adjusting the screw at, _N_, the governor can be set within reasonable limits to maintain any desired speed. The piston, _GG_, fits over the stationary piston, forming an oil dashpot, thereby preventing dancing of the governor. This dashpot is fed from the pressure chamber, _E_, through a passage which is controlled by an adjusting screw, _K_, which is set with a screwdriver, after removing the cap screw, _T_. It requires no further attention after being once adjusted.

For duplex pumps up to 2-inch steam pipe, inclusive, this governor is fitted with a duplex valve, which prevents the escape of oil from the pressure chamber through the orifice, _C_, and thereby prevents the steam valve from opening wide during the momentary pause of the pump piston.

This governor should be placed on the pump at some point where the requisite motion can be obtained for operating it, and also in such a way that a rod can be run from the knuckle joint on the top lever, _I_, to the valve in the steam pipe, as shown in the engraving. Place the valve in the pipe, so that the stem shall be in a direct line with the knuckle joint on the lever, and pull out the valve stem to its full extent. With the ball on the governor in its lowest position, connect the valve rod to the lever. The governor is then ready to be filled with oil. Remove the plug on top of the gauge glass, and fill the governor about half full with a good, clean, light grade of mineral oil. The governor is then ready to work.