Chapter XI: Suffrage (2)

The first “Suffrage Amendment” of the Southern States, that of Mississippi, was adopted twenty years ago, and yet no case involving the constitutionality of these laws has been squarely presented to the Supreme Court of the United States. The one most nearly in point was Williams v. Mississippi[724] in 1898. Williams, a Negro, had been indicted by a jury composed wholly of white men. The law required that a juror should be an elector. Williams contended that the provisions of the Constitution about suffrage were a scheme to discriminate against Negroes, that the discrimination was effected, not by the wording of the law, but by the powers vested in the administrative officers. The United States Supreme Court refused to interfere, saying that the laws did not, on their face, discriminate against the races, and that it “had not been shown that their actual administration was evil, only that evil was possible under them.”

Several suits[725] have been brought, the purpose of which has been to test the constitutionality of these laws, but they have all been decided on points of procedure or on technical grounds.

At present, the suffrage laws of the Southern States stand judicially unimpugned in the light of the Fifteenth Amendment. Mr. John Mabry Mathews[726] says that the Supreme Court has shown an “apparent desire to shift the duty of redressing such wrongs [those arising under the suffrage laws] upon the political department of the Government. So far as Congress has given any indication of its attitude upon the subject, it has intimated that the matter is one for judicial settlement. But the absence of congressional legislation would in any case hamper the efficiency of the courts in securing the practical enforcement of the Amendment. The real reason behind the attitude of both Congress and the courts is the apathetic tone of public opinion, which is the final arbiter of the question. In the technical sense, the Amendment is still a part of the supreme law of the land. But as a phenomenon of the social consciousness, a rule of conduct, no matter how authoritatively promulgated by the nation, if not supported by the force of public opinion, is already in process of repeal.”

It cannot be safely conjectured what the Supreme Court will say when it squarely faces the suffrage laws of the South in their relation to the Fifteenth Amendment. Until then, each is entitled to his opinion. That the citizenship, age, sex, and residence qualifications are in perfect conformity to the Amendment there is no doubt. The qualifications of tax payment, property, and education existed long before the Fifteenth Amendment in the States of the men most active in securing the adoption of that Amendment. It is hardly to be supposed that the Senators and Representatives from Massachusetts and Pennsylvania understood the Amendment they were advocating to be nullifying the suffrage laws of their respective States. Moreover, a property or educational test is not an abridgment or denial of the right to vote, because it lies within the power of everyone, regardless of race, to accumulate property and acquire literacy.

The “Grandfather Clauses” are the most doubtful parts of the suffrage laws. In one sense, they are not at all a denial or an abridgment of the right to vote. Granting that the property and educational tests are constitutional, the “Grandfather Clause,” instead of abridging or denying, enlarges the right to vote by giving the suffrage to those who would be disqualified under the property or educational tests. Be that as it may, the Southern States are more uneasy about the constitutionality of these provisions than of any others. For instance, at the last two sessions of the legislature of North Carolina bills were introduced to extend the “Grandfather Clause” of that State to 1812 and 1816 respectively. In each case the bill was defeated, the argument against it being that it was unwise to open up the suffrage question again, lest the amendment be brought into court.[727]

A leading thinker on constitutional law has given the unpublished opinion that the “Grandfather Clauses” are in violation of the tenth section of the first article of the Constitution of the United States, which says that no State shall grant any title of nobility. His idea is that an order of nobility is created whenever a class of persons is granted exceptional political privileges, that the old soldiers and lineal descendants constitute such a class, and that the title of nobility is “Elector,” whether expressed or not.

If the “Grandfather Clause” should be declared unconstitutional on the ground just suggested or on any other ground, the next question would be whether that would nullify the other sections of the suffrage laws, such as the educational and property tests. This depends upon whether the different sections of the laws are separable, whether the legislature or the people would have adopted the educational and property tests, etc., if they had thought the “Grandfather Clause” unenforceable.[728] North Carolina prepared for just such a contingency by inserting the following section in its Suffrage Amendment: “That this amendment to the Constitution is presented and adopted as one indivisible plan for the regulation of the suffrage, with the intent and purpose to so connect the different parts, and to make them so dependent upon each other that the whole shall stand or fall together.”

MARYLAND AND FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT

In the preceding section it has been assumed that the Fifteenth Amendment is an integral part of the Constitution of the United States. Whether or not this assumption is warranted is brought into question by a recent action of the legislature of Maryland.

As has been said earlier in this chapter, Maryland has made two unsuccessful attempts to amend its suffrage laws in such a way as would disfranchise a large number of the present Negro voters in that State. The letter of the Constitution of Maryland at present restricts suffrage to _white_ male citizens; but it has been taken for granted that the word “white” became inoperative under the Fifteenth Amendment.

Out of the discussion of Negro suffrage in Maryland has arisen the question whether or not the Fifteenth Amendment itself is valid. At the last session of the legislature of that State, that of 1910, the so-called Digges Bills were introduced and passed by both houses. The purpose of these bills was to disfranchise all Negroes who have not owned five hundred dollars’ worth of property for two years before their application for registration, upon which all taxes have been paid during those two years. This disfranchisement applied only to State and municipal elections. The bills failed to become laws only because they were vetoed by the Governor of the State.

Upon the failure of the Digges Bills to be passed, a constitutional amendment[729] was drafted and approved by the required three-fifths of all the members of both houses of the legislature, which embodied the same features as the Digges Bills. This amendment is to be voted upon by the people at the general election in November, 1911. This amendment provides for the Australian ballot and for uniform election laws throughout the State. In the event of the amendment being declared unconstitutional, the laws now in force in Maryland are to be revived automatically.

The validity of the proposed Maryland amendment is directly dependent upon the invalidity of the Fifteenth Amendment. Under the proposed amendment, no property qualification whatever is required of _white_ male citizens applying for registration, while a heavy property qualification is required of _every other_ male citizen—and this must include Negroes—applying for registration. Thus, in violation of the Fifteenth Amendment, the right of citizens of the United States to vote would be denied or abridged by the State of Maryland on account of race or color.

The validity of the Fifteenth Amendment is questioned on the following grounds, among others: (1) The fifth article of the Federal Constitution provides that Congress, “whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary,” shall propose amendments to the Constitution. It is claimed that only thirty-nine of the sixty-six members of the Senate, less than two-thirds, voted to submit the Fifteenth Amendment to the States for their ratification. (2) Maryland was one of the two States—the other being Delaware—that refused to ratify either the Thirteenth, Fourteenth or Fifteenth Amendment. It is claimed, therefore, that Maryland is not bound by the Fifteenth Amendment, which it did not ratify. (3) The fifth article of the Constitution, after providing the two ways in which the Constitution may be amended, adds that “no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.” Upon this last clause, Mr. Arthur W. Machen, Jr., in a recent article in _The Harvard Law Review_,[730] has founded an ingenious argument that the Fifteenth Amendment is void. His reasoning on this point is, in brief, that the State meant here is the citizens or voters or the government of the State, and not the territory. By the enfranchisement of the Negroes after the War, the composition of the State was changed, a body of persons became part of the State who were not a part of it before, and thus the State was deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. Mr. Machen says: “The Fifteenth Amendment amounts to a compulsory annexation to each State that refused to ratify it of a black San Domingo within its borders. It is no less objectionable than the annexation of the San Domingo in the Spanish main.”

Whether or not any or all of the above objections and the others that are urged against the Fifteenth Amendment are valid cannot now be answered, because the validity of the Amendment has been assumed by the courts rather than decided upon after argument. Until after the election of November, 1911, attention will be centered upon Maryland. If the proposed amendment to the State Constitution is ratified by the people, then haste will no doubt be made to have its constitutionality tested, in which case the validity of the Fifteenth Amendment will be directly raised. The Southern States, as a rule, deplore this action on the part of Maryland because they fear that it will open up the whole suffrage question. It is deplored by people over the country as a whole because they fear that it will revive the ill feeling among the sections occasioned by Reconstruction.

EXTENT OF ACTUAL DISFRANCHISEMENT

It is impossible to say how many persons have been disfranchised under the suffrage laws. No doubt many who are capable of satisfying the qualifications do not register, or, if they register, do not vote. This is probably due to the one-party system in the South. The following figures show either the extent of actual disfranchisement or the political apathy in the Southern States: In one county in Mississippi, with a population of about 8,000 whites and 11,700 Negroes in 1900, there were only twenty-five or thirty qualified Negro voters in 1908, the rest being disqualified, it is said, on the educational test. In another county, with 30,000 Negroes, only about 175 were registered voters. In still another county of Mississippi, with 8,000 whites and 12,000 Negroes, only 400 white men and about 30 Negroes are qualified electors. The clerk of court of a county in North Carolina, with a population of 5,700 whites and 6,700 Negroes, writes that a Negro has never voted in the County. As a general rule, taking the country at large, about one person in five is a male of voting age. In Iowa four out of five possible voters have actually voted in the last four elections; in Georgia, a State of nearly the same population, the proportion is one to six. In Mississippi, in 1906, only one out of eighteen males of voting age actually voted; in Georgia, one out of fifteen. In a district in Mississippi with a population of 190,885, 2,091 votes were cast for the Representative, John Sharp Williams, in 1906; in a district in Connecticut with a population of 247,875, 46,425 votes were cast for Representative Litchfield. These figures show that the ratio of actual voters to total population in the Southern States is astoundingly smaller than in other States.[731]

QUALIFICATIONS FOR VOTING IN THE UNITED STATES.

──────────────────┬────────────┬────┬───────┬───────────────────────────────
STATE OR │Citizenship.│Age.│ Sex. │ PREVIOUS RESIDENCE IN—
TERRITORY. │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┬──────────────┬─────────
│ │ │ │State.│ County. │Precinct.
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Alabama[714] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │2 yrs.│1 yr. │3 mo.
│U. S. or │yrs.│ │ │ │
│alien who │ │ │ │ │
│had declared│ │ │ │ │
│intention by│ │ │ │ │
│Nov. 28, │ │ │ │ │
│1901. │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Arkansas[732] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │6 mo. │1 mo.
│U. S. or │yrs.│ │ │ │
│alien who │ │ │ │ │
│has declared│ │ │ │ │
│intention. │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
California[733] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │90 da. │30 da.
│U. S. for 90│yrs.│ │ │ │
│days before │ │ │ │ │
│election. │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Colorado[734] │Citizen of │21 │Male or│1 yr. │90 da., 30 da.│10 da.
│U. S. or │yrs.│female.│ │in city or │
│alien who │ │ │ │town. │
│has declared│ │ │ │ │
│intention 4 │ │ │ │ │
│mo. before │ │ │ │ │
│election. │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Connecticut[735] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │6 mo. │6 mo. in
│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │town.
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┴────────────┴────┴───────┴──────┴──────────────┴─────────

──────────────────┬─────────┬─────────────┬─────────────
STATE OR │ Payment │Ownership of │ Educational
TERRITORY. │of Taxes.│ Property. │ Test.
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Alabama[714] │Poll │Owner or │Able to read
│taxes for│husband of │and write
│preceding│owner of 40 │Constitution
│year paid│acres of land│of U. S. in
│by Feb. │in State upon│English,
│1, before│which he │unless
│election.│resides or of│physically
│ │personal │disabled.
│ │property │
│ │worth $300 │
│ │upon which │
│ │taxes for │
│ │preceding │
│ │year have │
│ │been paid. │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Arkansas[732] │Poll tax │ │
│for │ │
│preceding│ │
│year │ │
│paid. │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
California[733] │ │ │Able to read
│ │ │Constitution
│ │ │in English
│ │ │and write
│ │ │name.
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Colorado[734] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Connecticut[735] │ │ │Able to read
│ │ │Constitution
│ │ │or Statutes
│ │ │of State in
│ │ │English.
──────────────────┴─────────┴─────────────┴─────────────

──────────────────┬─────────────┬───────────┬──────────────
STATE OR │“Grandfather │“Character │“Understanding
TERRITORY. │ Clause.” │ Clause.” │ Clause.”
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Alabama[714] │One might │One might │
│permanently │permanently│
│register │register │
│before Dec. │before Dec.│
│20, 1902 (1) │20, 1902, │
│if he had │if he was │
│honorably │of good │
│served in the│character │
│forces of the│and │
│U. S. in the │understood │
│War of 1812, │the duties │
│War with │and │
│Mexico, any │obligations│
│war with │of citizens│
│Indians, war │under a │
│between the │republican │
│States, war │form of │
│with Spain, │government.│
│or in the │ │
│forces of the│ │
│Confederate │ │
│States or of │ │
│Ala. during │ │
│the war │ │
│between the │ │
│States, or │ │
│(2) if he was│ │
│the lawful │ │
│descendant of│ │
│one of the │ │
│above. │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Arkansas[732] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
California[733] │Educational │ │
│test did not │ │
│apply to men │ │
│60 years old │ │
│when │ │
│amendment │ │
│took effect. │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Colorado[734] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Connecticut[735] │ │Voter must │
│ │have good │
│ │moral │
│ │character. │
──────────────────┴─────────────┴───────────┴──────────────

──────────────────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
STATE OR │ PERSONS EXCLUDED FROM SUFFRAGE.
TERRITORY. │
──────────────────┼─────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────┬────────────┬────────
│ Paupers. │ Insane. │ Criminals. │ Indians. │Chinese.
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Alabama[714] │ │Idiots and │Unpardoned │ │
│ │insane. │convicts. │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Arkansas[732] │ │Idiots and │Unpardoned │ │
│ │insane. │convicts of │ │
│ │ │felonies. │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
California[733] │ │Idiots and │Embezzlers of│ │Natives
│ │insane. │public │ │of
│ │ │moneys. │ │China.
│ │ │Convicts of │ │
│ │ │infamous │ │
│ │ │crimes. │ │
│ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Colorado[734] │ │Insane and │Convicts in │ │
│ │_non compos │prison. │ │
│ │mentis_. │ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Connecticut[735] │ │Idiots and │Unpardoned │ │
│ │insane. │convicts of │ │
│ │ │heinous │ │
│ │ │crimes. │ │
──────────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴────────────┴────────

──────────────────┬────────────┬────┬───────┬───────────────────────────────
STATE OR │Citizenship.│Age.│ Sex. │ PREVIOUS RESIDENCE IN—
TERRITORY. │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┬──────────────┬─────────
│ │ │ │State.│ County. │Precinct.
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Delaware[736] │Citizen of │22 │Male. │1 yr. │3 mo. │30 da.
│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Florida[737] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │6 mo. │
│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Georgia[718] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │6 mo. │
│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Idaho[738] │Citizen of │21 │Male or│6 mo. │30 da. │
│U. S. │yrs.│female.│ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Illinois[739] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │90 da. │30 da.
│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │
──────────────────┴────────────┴────┴───────┴──────┴──────────────┴─────────

──────────────────┬─────────┬─────────────┬─────────────
STATE OR │ Payment │Ownership of │ Educational
TERRITORY. │of Taxes.│ Property. │ Test.
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Delaware[736] │Paid │ │Able to read
│county │ │Constitution
│tax │ │in English or
│within 2 │ │write name.
│years, │ │
│assessed │ │
│6 mo. │ │
│before │ │
│election.│ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Florida[737] │Poll tax │ │
│for 2 │ │
│years │ │
│preceding│ │
│paid. │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Georgia[718] │All taxes│Owner of 40 │Able to read
│legally │acres of land│and write in
│required │in State on │English
│since │which he │Constitution
│1877 paid│resides or of│of U.S. or of
│6 mo. │personal │Ga., unless
│before │property in │physically
│election.│State worth │disabled.
│ │$500. │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Idaho[738] │ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Illinois[739] │ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┴─────────┴─────────────┴─────────────

──────────────────┬─────────────┬───────────┬──────────────
STATE OR │“Grandfather │“Character │“Understanding
TERRITORY. │ Clause.” │ Clause.” │ Clause.”
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Delaware[736] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Florida[737] │ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Georgia[716] │One may │One without│One physically
│permanently │property or│disabled from
│register │education │reading and
│before Jan. │may vote, │writing may
│1, 1915 (1) │if he is of│vote if he can
│if he has │good moral │understand and
│honorably │character │reasonably
│served in │and │interpret the
│forces of │understands│Constitution
│U.S. in │the duties │of U.S. or of
│Revolutionary│and │Ga. when read
│War, War of │obligations│to him.
│1812, War │of citizens│
│with Mexico, │under a │
│any war with │republican │
│Indians, war │form of │
│between the │government.│
│States, war │ │
│with Spain, │ │
│or in forces │ │
│of │ │
│Confederate │ │
│States or of │ │
│Ga. in war │ │
│between the │ │
│States, or │ │
│(2) if he is │ │
│lawful │ │
│descendant of│ │
│one of above.│ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Idaho[738] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Illinois[739] │One who was │ │
│an elector │ │
│April 1, │ │
│1848, │ │
│continued to │ │
│be elector │ │
│under new │ │
│Constitution.│ │
──────────────────┴─────────────┴───────────┴──────────────

──────────────────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
STATE OR │ PERSONS EXCLUDED FROM SUFFRAGE.
TERRITORY. │
──────────────────┼─────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────┬────────────┬────────
│ Paupers. │ Insane. │ Criminals. │ Indians. │Chinese.
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Delaware[736] │Paupers. │Idiots and │Unpardoned │ │
│ │insane. │convicts of │ │
│ │ │felonies. │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Florida[737] │ │Idiots and │Unpardoned │ │
│ │insane. │convicts. │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Georgia[716] │ │Idiots and │Unpardoned │ │
│ │insane. │convicts. │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Idaho[738] │ │Idiots, │Convicts of │Tribal │Natives
│ │insane, and │felony, │Indians not │of
│ │persons under│bigamy, │taxed. │China.
│ │guardianship.│polygamy, and│ │
│ │ │inmates of │ │
│ │ │houses of │ │
│ │ │ill-fame. │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Illinois[739] │ │ │Unrestored │ │
│ │ │convicts of │ │
│ │ │felony or │ │
│ │ │election │ │
│ │ │bribery. │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴────────────┴────────

──────────────────┬────────────┬────┬───────┬───────────────────────────────
STATE OR │Citizenship.│Age.│ Sex. │ PREVIOUS RESIDENCE IN—
TERRITORY. │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┬──────────────┬─────────
│ │ │ │State.│ County. │Precinct.
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Indiana[740] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │6 mo. │60 da. in │30 da.
│U. S. or │yrs.│ │ │town. │
│alien who │ │ │ │ │
│has declared│ │ │ │ │
│intention if│ │ │ │ │
│resident in │ │ │ │ │
│U. S. 1 yr. │ │ │ │ │
│before │ │ │ │ │
│election. │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Iowa[741] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │6 mo. │60 da. │
│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Kansas[742] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │6 mo. │ │30 da.
│U. S. or │yrs.│ │ │ │
│alien who │ │ │ │ │
│has declared│ │ │ │ │
│intention. │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Kentucky[743] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │6 mo. │60 da.
│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Louisiana[712] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │2 yrs.│1 yr. │6 mo.
│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┴────────────┴────┴───────┴──────┴──────────────┴─────────

──────────────────┬─────────┬─────────────┬─────────────
STATE OR │ Payment │Ownership of │ Educational
TERRITORY. │of Taxes.│ Property. │ Test.
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Indiana[740] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Iowa[741] │ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Kansas[742] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Kentucky[743] │ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Louisiana[712] │Poll tax │Owner of │Able to read
│for 2 │property │and write and
│years │worth $300, │make
│preceding│on which, if │application
│election │personal, │for
│paid, │taxes paid. │registration
│unless │ │in his own
│voter is │ │handwriting.
│60 yrs. │ │
│old. │ │
──────────────────┴─────────┴─────────────┴─────────────

──────────────────┬─────────────┬───────────┬──────────────
STATE OR │“Grandfather │“Character │“Understanding
TERRITORY. │ Clause.” │ Clause.” │ Clause.”
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Indiana[740] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Iowa[741] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Kansas[742] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Kentucky[743] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Louisiana[712] │One might │ │
│permanently │ │
│register │ │
│before Sept. │ │
│1, 1898, (1) │ │
│if he was │ │
│entitled to │ │
│vote in any │ │
│State, Jan. │ │
│1, 1867,(2) │ │
│son or │ │
│grandson of │ │
│such a one │ │
│and 21 years │ │
│old or over │ │
│in 1898, or │ │
│(3) a │ │
│foreigner │ │
│naturalized │ │
│before Jan. │ │
│1, 1898, │ │
│resident in │ │
│State 5 years│ │
│before │ │
│application │ │
│for │ │
│registration.│ │
──────────────────┴─────────────┴───────────┴──────────────

──────────────────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
STATE OR │ PERSONS EXCLUDED FROM SUFFRAGE.
TERRITORY. │
──────────────────┼─────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────┬────────────┬────────
│ Paupers. │ Insane. │ Criminals. │ Indians. │Chinese.
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Indiana[740] │ │ │Convicts of │ │
│ │ │infamous │ │
│ │ │crime during │ │
│ │ │term fixed by│ │
│ │ │court. │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Iowa[741] │ │Idiots and │Convicts of │ │
│ │insane. │infamous │ │
│ │ │crime. │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Kansas[742] │ │Insane and │Unrestored │ │
│ │persons under│convicts of │ │
│ │guardianship.│treason, │ │
│ │ │felony, │ │
│ │ │bribery, │ │
│ │ │embezzlement.│ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Kentucky[743] │ │Idiots and │Convicts of │ │
│ │insane. │treason, │ │
│ │ │felony, and │ │
│ │ │bribery. │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Louisiana[712] │Inmates of │Idiots and │Felons under │ │
│charitable │insane. │indictment. │ │
│institutions,│ │ │ │
│except │ │ │ │
│soldiers’ │ │ │ │
│homes. │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴────────────┴────────

──────────────────┬────────────┬────┬───────┬───────────────────────────────
STATE OR │Citizenship.│Age.│ Sex. │ PREVIOUS RESIDENCE IN—
TERRITORY. │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┬──────────────┬─────────
│ │ │ │State.│ County. │Precinct.
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Maine[744] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │3 mo. │ │
│U.S. │yrs.│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Maryland[745] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │6 mo. │
│U.S. │yrs.│ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Massachusetts[746]│Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │6 mo. │6 mo.
│U.S. │yrs.│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Michigan[747] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │6 mo. │20 da. │20 da.
│U.S. or │yrs.│ │ │ │
│alien who │ │ │ │ │
│has declared│ │ │ │ │
│intention │ │ │ │ │
│before May │ │ │ │ │
│8, 1892. │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Minnesota[748] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │6 mo. │30 da. │30 da.
│U.S. 3 mo. │yrs.│ │ │ │
│before │ │ │ │ │
│election. │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Mississippi[710] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │2 yrs.│1 yr. │1 yr.
│U.S. │yrs.│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┴────────────┴────┴───────┴──────┴──────────────┴─────────

──────────────────┬─────────┬─────────────┬─────────────
STATE OR │ Payment │Ownership of │ Educational
TERRITORY. │of Taxes.│ Property. │ Test.
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Maine[744] │ │ │Able to read
│ │ │Constitution
│ │ │in English
│ │ │and write
│ │ │name.
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Maryland[745] │ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Massachusetts[746]│ │ │Able to read
│ │ │Constitution
│ │ │in English
│ │ │and write
│ │ │name.
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Michigan[747] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Minnesota[748] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Mississippi[710] │All taxes│ │Able to read
│for 2 │ │Constitution
│preceding│ │of State.
│years │ │
│paid. │ │
──────────────────┴─────────┴─────────────┴─────────────

──────────────────┬─────────────┬───────────┬──────────────
STATE OR │“Grandfather │“Character │“Understanding
TERRITORY. │ Clause.” │ Clause.” │ Clause.”
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Maine[744] │Educational │ │
│test did not │ │
│apply to men │ │
│who were │ │
│entitled to │ │
│vote when │ │
│amendment │ │
│took effect │ │
│in 1893 or to│ │
│men 60 years │ │
│old at that │ │
│time. │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Maryland[745] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Massachusetts[746]│Educational │ │
│test did not │ │
│apply to men │ │
│who were │ │
│entitled to │ │
│vote when │ │
│amendment │ │
│went into │ │
│effect in │ │
│1857 or to │ │
│men 60 years │ │
│old at that │ │
│time. │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Michigan[747] │ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Minnesota[748] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Mississippi[710] │ │ │One without
│ │ │ability to
│ │ │read may vote
│ │ │if he can
│ │ │understand or
│ │ │reasonably
│ │ │interpret the
│ │ │Constitution.
──────────────────┴─────────────┴───────────┴──────────────

──────────────────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
STATE OR │ PERSONS EXCLUDED FROM SUFFRAGE.
TERRITORY. │
──────────────────┼─────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────┬────────────┬────────
│ Paupers. │ Insane. │ Criminals. │ Indians. │Chinese.
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Maine[744] │Paupers. │Persons under│ │Indians not │
│ │guardianship.│ │taxed. │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Maryland[745] │ │Lunatics, │Unpardoned │ │
│ │_non compos │convicts of │ │
│ │mentis_. │felony and │ │
│ │ │bribery. │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Massachusetts[746]│Paupers. │Persons under│ │ │
│ │guardianship.│ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Michigan[747] │ │ │Duelists and │Tribal │
│ │ │accessories. │Indians. │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Minnesota[748] │ │Insane and │Unpardoned │Tribal │
│ │persons under│convicts of │Indians. │
│ │guardianship.│treason and │ │
│ │ │felony. │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Mississippi[710] │ │Idiots and │Convicts of │Indians not │
│ │insane. │felony and │taxed. │
│ │ │bigamy. │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴────────────┴────────

──────────────────┬────────────┬────┬───────┬───────────────────────────────
STATE OR │Citizenship.│Age.│ Sex. │ PREVIOUS RESIDENCE IN—
TERRITORY. │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┬──────────────┬─────────
│ │ │ │State.│ County. │Precinct.
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Missouri[749] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │60 da. │20 da.
│U. S. or │yrs.│ │ │ │
│alien who │ │ │ │ │
│has declared│ │ │ │ │
│intention │ │ │ │ │
│not less │ │ │ │ │
│than 1 nor │ │ │ │ │
│more than 5 │ │ │ │ │
│years before│ │ │ │ │
│election. │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Montana[750] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │30 da. │30 da.
│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Nebraska[751] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │6 mo. │40 da. │10 da.
│U.S. or │yrs.│ │ │ │
│alien who │ │ │ │ │
│has declared│ │ │ │ │
│intention 30│ │ │ │ │
│days before │ │ │ │ │
│election. │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Nevada[752] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │6 mo. │30 da. │30 da.
│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
New Hampshire[753]│Citizen of │21 │Male. │6 mo. │6 mo. │6 mo.
│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
New Jersey[754] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │5 mo. │
│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
New York[755] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │4 mo. │30 da.
│U. S. 90 │yrs.│ │ │ │
│days before │ │ │ │ │
│election. │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┴────────────┴────┴───────┴──────┴──────────────┴─────────

──────────────────┬─────────┬─────────────┬─────────────
STATE OR │ Payment │Ownership of │ Educational
TERRITORY. │of Taxes.│ Property. │ Test.
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Missouri[749] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Montana[750] │ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Nebraska[751] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Nevada[752] │ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
New Hampshire[753]│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
New Jersey[754] │ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
New York[755] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┴─────────┴─────────────┴─────────────

──────────────────┬─────────────┬───────────┬──────────────
STATE OR │“Grandfather │“Character │“Understanding
TERRITORY. │ Clause.” │ Clause.” │ Clause.”
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Missouri[749] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Montana[750] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Nebraska[751] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Nevada[752] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
New Hampshire[753]│One who │ │
│served in the│ │
│Rebellion and│ │
│has been │ │
│honorably │ │
│discharged is│ │
│not │ │
│disfranchised│ │
│because he │ │
│has received │ │
│help from the│ │
│public. │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
New Jersey[754] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
New York[755] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┴─────────────┴───────────┴──────────────

──────────────────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
STATE OR │ PERSONS EXCLUDED FROM SUFFRAGE.
TERRITORY. │
──────────────────┼─────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────┬────────────┬────────
│ Paupers. │ Insane. │ Criminals. │ Indians. │Chinese.
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Missouri[749] │Inmates of │ │Unpardoned │ │
│poorhouses or│ │convicts of │ │
│asylums at │ │infamous │ │
│public │ │crimes. │ │
│expense. │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Montana[750] │Inmates of │Idiots and │Unpardoned │Indians. │
│public │insane. │felons. │ │
│institutions.│ │ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Nebraska[751] │ │_Non compos │Unrestored │ │
│ │mentis._ │convicts of │ │
│ │ │treason and │ │
│ │ │felony. │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Nevada[752] │ │Idiots and │Unpardoned │Indians. │Natives
│ │insane. │convicts. │ │of
│ │ │ │ │China.
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
New Hampshire[753]│Paupers. │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
New Jersey[754] │Paupers. │Idiots and │Unpardoned or│ │
│ │insane. │unrestored │ │
│ │ │convicts. │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
New York[755] │ │ │Unrestored │ │
│ │ │convicts of │ │
│ │ │crimes │ │
│ │ │against │ │
│ │ │suffrage. │ │
──────────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴────────────┴────────

──────────────────┬────────────┬────┬───────┬───────────────────────────────
STATE OR │Citizenship.│Age.│ Sex. │ PREVIOUS RESIDENCE IN—
TERRITORY. │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┬──────────────┬─────────
│ │ │ │State.│ County. │Precinct.
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
North │Citizen of │21 │Male. │2 yrs.│6 mo. │4 mo.
Carolina[713] │U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
North Dakota[756] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │6 mo. │90 da.
│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Ohio[757] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │30 da. │20 da.
│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Oklahoma[758] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │6 mo. │30 da.
│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Oregon[759] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │6 mo. │ │
│U. S. or │yrs.│ │ │ │
│alien who │ │ │ │ │
│has declared│ │ │ │ │
│intention 1 │ │ │ │ │
│year before │ │ │ │ │
│election. │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Pennsylvania[760] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │2 mo. │2 mo.
│U. S. 1 │yrs.│ │ │ │
│month before│ │ │ │ │
│election. │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Rhode Island[761] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │2 yrs.│6 mo. in town.│
│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┴────────────┴────┴───────┴──────┴──────────────┴─────────

──────────────────┬─────────┬─────────────┬─────────────
STATE OR │ Payment │Ownership of │ Educational
TERRITORY. │of Taxes.│ Property. │ Test.
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
North │Poll tax │ │Able to read
Carolina[713] │for │ │and write
│preceding│ │Constitution
│year │ │in English.
│paid. │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
North Dakota[756] │ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Ohio[757] │ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Oklahoma[758] │ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Oregon[759] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Pennsylvania[760] │State or │ │
│county │ │
│tax paid │ │
│within 2 │ │
│years, │ │
│and 1 mo.│ │
│before │ │
│election.│ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Rhode Island[761] │ │Owner of │
│ │property │
│ │worth $134 on│
│ │which taxes │
│ │of preceding │
│ │year paid, or│
│ │payer of a │
│ │rental of $7 │
│ │a year to │
│ │vote for city│
│ │councillors │
│ │or on │
│ │finances. │
──────────────────┴─────────┴─────────────┴─────────────

──────────────────┬─────────────┬───────────┬──────────────
STATE OR │“Grandfather │“Character │“Understanding
TERRITORY. │ Clause.” │ Clause.” │ Clause.”
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
North │One might be │ │
Carolina[713] │permanently │ │
│registered │ │
│before Dec. │ │
│1, 1908 (1) │ │
│if he was │ │
│entitled to │ │
│vote Jan. 1, │ │
│1867, or (2) │ │
│the lineal │ │
│descendant of│ │
│such a one. │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
North Dakota[756] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Ohio[757] │ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Oklahoma[758] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Oregon[759] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Pennsylvania[760] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Rhode Island[761] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┴─────────────┴───────────┴──────────────

──────────────────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
STATE OR │ PERSONS EXCLUDED FROM SUFFRAGE.
TERRITORY. │
──────────────────┼─────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────┬────────────┬────────
│ Paupers. │ Insane. │ Criminals. │ Indians. │Chinese.
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
North │ │Idiots and │Unrestored │ │
Carolina[713] │ │lunatics. │convicts of │ │
│ │ │felony and │ │
│ │ │infamous │ │
│ │ │crimes. │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
North Dakota[756] │ │Insane, _non │Unrestored │Tribal │
│ │compos │convicts of │Indians. │
│ │mentis_, │treason and │ │
│ │under │felony. │ │
│ │guardianship.│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Ohio[757] │ │Idiots and │Unpardoned │ │
│ │insane. │convicts. │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Oklahoma[758] │Inmates of │Idiots and │Convicts of │Tribal │
│poorhouses │insane. │felony. │Indians. │
│and asylums, │ │ │ │
│except │ │ │ │
│soldiers’ │ │ │ │
│homes. │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Oregon[759] │ │Idiots and │Convicts of │ │Natives
│ │insane. │felony. │ │of
│ │ │ │ │China.
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Pennsylvania[760] │ │ │Convicts of │ │
│ │ │crimes │ │
│ │ │against │ │
│ │ │suffrage. │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Rhode Island[761] │Paupers. │Insane, _non │Unrestored │ │
│ │compos │convicts. │ │
│ │mentis_, │ │ │
│ │under │ │ │
│ │guardianship.│ │ │
──────────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴────────────┴────────

──────────────────┬────────────┬────┬───────┬───────────────────────────────
STATE OR │Citizenship.│Age.│ Sex. │ PREVIOUS RESIDENCE IN—
TERRITORY. │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┬──────────────┬─────────
│ │ │ │State.│ County. │Precinct.
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
South │Citizen of │21 │Male. │2 yrs.│1 yr. │4 mo.
Carolina[711] │U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
South Dakota[762] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │6 mo. │30 da.
│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │
│resident in │ │ │ │ │
│U. S. 1 │ │ │ │ │
│year, or │ │ │ │ │
│alien who │ │ │ │ │
│has declared│ │ │ │ │
│intention. │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Tennessee[763] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │6 mo. │
│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Texas[764] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │6 mo. │
│U. S. or │yrs.│ │ │ │
│alien who │ │ │ │ │
│has declared│ │ │ │ │
│intention 6 │ │ │ │ │
│mo. before │ │ │ │ │
│election. │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Utah[765] │Citizen of │21 │Male or│1 yr. │4 mo. │60 da.
│U. S. 90 da.│yrs.│female.│ │ │
│before │ │ │ │ │
│election. │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Vermont[766] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │3 mo. │3 mo.
│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │
──────────────────┴────────────┴────┴───────┴──────┴──────────────┴─────────

──────────────────┬─────────┬─────────────┬─────────────
STATE OR │ Payment │Ownership of │ Educational
TERRITORY. │of Taxes.│ Property. │ Test.
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
South │All taxes│Owner of │Able to read
Carolina[711] │for │property │and write
│preceding│worth $300 │Constitution.
│year │upon which │
│paid. │taxes for │
│Poll tax │preceding │
│paid 6 │year paid. │
│mo. │ │
│before │ │
│election.│ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
South Dakota[762] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Tennessee[763] │Poll tax │ │
│for │ │
│preceding│ │
│year │ │
│paid. │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Texas[764] │Poll tax │ │
│paid by │ │
│Feb. 1, │ │
│before │ │
│election.│ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Utah[765] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Vermont[766] │ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┴─────────┴─────────────┴─────────────

──────────────────┬─────────────┬───────────┬──────────────
STATE OR │“Grandfather │“Character │“Understanding
TERRITORY. │ Clause.” │ Clause.” │ Clause.”
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
South │One might │ │One without
Carolina[721] │permanently │ │ability to
│register │ │read might
│before Jan. │ │register
│1, 1898, if │ │before Jan. 1,
│he could read│ │1898, if he
│the │ │could
│Constitution │ │understand and
│or understand│ │explain the
│and explain │ │Constitution.
│it. │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
South Dakota[762] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Tennessee[763] │ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Texas[764] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Utah[765] │ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Vermont[766] │ │Voter must │
│ │be of │
│ │“quiet and │
│ │peaceable │
│ │behavior.” │
──────────────────┴─────────────┴───────────┴──────────────

──────────────────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
STATE OR │ PERSONS EXCLUDED FROM SUFFRAGE.
TERRITORY. │
──────────────────┼─────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────┬────────────┬────────
│ Paupers. │ Insane. │ Criminals. │ Indians. │Chinese.
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
South │Paupers │Idiots and │Unpardoned │ │
Carolina[721] │persons in │insane. │convicts. │ │
│public │ │ │ │
│institutions.│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
South Dakota[762] │ │Idiots, _non │Unpardoned │ │
│ │compos │convicts. │ │
│ │mentis_, │ │ │
│ │under │ │ │
│ │guardianship.│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Tennessee[763] │ │ │Unpardoned │ │
│ │ │convicts. │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Texas[764] │Paupers. │Idiots and │Unpardoned or│ │
│ │lunatics. │unrestored │ │
│ │ │convicts. │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Utah[765] │ │Idiots and │Unpardoned │ │
│ │insane. │convicts. │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Vermont[766] │ │ │Unpardoned │ │
│ │ │convicts. │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴────────────┴────────

──────────────────┬────────────┬────┬───────┬───────────────────────────────
STATE OR │Citizenship.│Age.│ Sex. │ PREVIOUS RESIDENCE IN—
TERRITORY. │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┬──────────────┬─────────
│ │ │ │State.│ County. │Precinct.
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Virginia[725] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │2 yrs.│1 yr. │30 da.
│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Washington[767] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │90 da. │30 da.
│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
West Virginia[768]│Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │60 da. │Actual
│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │and _bona
│ │ │ │ │ │fide_
│ │ │ │ │ │resident.
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Wisconsin[769] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │10 da. │10 da.
│U. S. or │yrs.│ │ │ │
│alien who │ │ │ │ │
│has declared│ │ │ │ │
│intention. │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┴────────────┴────┴───────┴──────┴──────────────┴─────────

──────────────────┬─────────┬─────────────┬─────────────
STATE OR │ Payment │Ownership of │ Educational
TERRITORY. │of Taxes.│ Property. │ Test.
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Virginia[725] │State │One might be │Able to make
│poll tax │permanently │application
│for 3 │registered │for
│years │before 1904 │registration
│preceding│if he was the│in his own
│election │owner of │handwriting,
│paid, │property on │and to
│unless an│which the │prepare and
│old │State tax was│deposit
│soldier. │$1. │ballot
│ │ │without aid.
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Washington[767] │ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
West Virginia[768]│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Wisconsin[769] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┴─────────┴─────────────┴─────────────

──────────────────┬─────────────┬───────────┬──────────────
STATE OR │“Grandfather │“Character │“Understanding
TERRITORY. │ Clause.” │ Clause.” │ Clause.”
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Virginia[715] │One might be │ │One without
│permanently │ │ability to
│registered │ │read might be
│before 1904 │ │permanently
│(1) if, │ │registered
│before 1902, │ │before 1904,
│he served in │ │if he could
│the army or │ │understand and
│navy of the │ │explain the
│U. S. or of │ │Constitution
│the │ │of Va.
│Confederate │ │
│States or (2)│ │
│if he was the│ │
│son of such a│ │
│one, or if he│ │
│was the owner│ │
│of property │ │
│on which the │ │
│State tax was│ │
│$1, or (3) if│ │
│he was able │ │
│to read and │ │
│explain or │ │
│understand │ │
│and explain │ │
│the │ │
│Constitution │ │
│of Va. │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Washington[767] │One who was │ │
│entitled to │ │
│vote in 1889 │ │
│continued to │ │
│be a voter │ │
│under the │ │
│State │ │
│Constitution.│ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
West Virginia[768]│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Wisconsin[769] │ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┴─────────────┴───────────┴──────────────

──────────────────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
STATE OR │ PERSONS EXCLUDED FROM SUFFRAGE.
TERRITORY. │
──────────────────┼─────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────┬────────────┬────────
│ Paupers. │ Insane. │ Criminals. │ Indians. │Chinese.
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Virginia[715] │Paupers. │Idiots and │Unrestored │ │
│ │insane. │convicts and │ │
│ │ │duellists. │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Washington[767] │ │Idiots and │Unrestored │Indians not │
│ │insane. │convicts. │taxed. │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
West Virginia[768]│Paupers. │Idiots and │Convicts of │ │
│ │lunatics. │treason, │ │
│ │ │felony, and │ │
│ │ │bribery in │ │
│ │ │elections. │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Wisconsin[769] │ │Insane, under│Convicts. │Tribal │
│ │guardianship.│ │Indians. │
──────────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴────────────┴────────

──────────────────┬────────────┬────┬───────┬───────────────────────────────
STATE OR │Citizenship.│Age.│ Sex. │ PREVIOUS RESIDENCE IN—
TERRITORY. │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┬──────────────┬─────────
│ │ │ │State.│ County. │Precinct.
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Wyoming[770] │Citizen of │21 │Male or│1 yr. │60 da. │10 da.
│U. S. │yrs.│female.│ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Alaska[771] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │6 mo. in │
│U. S. or │yrs.│ │ │corporation. │
│alien who │ │ │ │ │
│has declared│ │ │ │ │
│intention. │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Arizona[772] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │30 da. │30 da.
│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Hawaii[773] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │3 mo. in │
│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │representative│
│ │ │ │ │district. │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
New Mexico[774] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │6 mo. │3 mo. │3 mo.
│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Philippines[775] │Native of │23 │Male. │ │6 mo. in │
│Philippines.│yrs.│ │ │district. │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────
Porto Rico[723] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │ │
│Porto Rico. │yrs.│ │ │ │
──────────────────┴────────────┴────┴───────┴──────┴──────────────┴─────────

──────────────────┬─────────┬─────────────┬─────────────
STATE OR │ Payment │Ownership of │ Educational
TERRITORY. │of Taxes.│ Property. │ Test.
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Wyoming[770] │ │ │Able to read
│ │ │Constitution
│ │ │of State in
│ │ │English.
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Alaska[771] │ │To be voter │
│ │in municipal │
│ │election, one│
│ │must own │
│ │substantial │
│ │property │
│ │interests in │
│ │the │
│ │municipality.│
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Arizona[772] │ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Hawaii[773] │ │ │Able to
│ │ │speak, read
│ │ │and write
│ │ │English or
│ │ │Hawaiian.
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
New Mexico[774] │ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Philippines[775] │Annual │Owner of │Able to
│tax of │property │speak, read
│$15 paid.│assets at │and write
│ │$250. │English or
│ │ │Spanish.
──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
Porto Rico[723] │ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┴─────────┴─────────────┴─────────────