Chapter XI: Suffrage (3)

──────────────────┬─────────────┬───────────┬──────────────
STATE OR │“Grandfather │“Character │“Understanding
TERRITORY. │ Clause.” │ Clause.” │ Clause.”
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Wyoming[770] │One entitled │ │
│to vote under│ │
│old │ │
│Constitution │ │
│might │ │
│continue to │ │
│vote under │ │
│new │ │
│Constitution │ │
│of 1889. │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Alaska[771] │ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Arizona[772] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Hawaii[773] │ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
New Mexico[774] │ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Philippines[775] │One may vote │ │
│if he held │ │
│substantial │ │
│office under │ │
│the Spanish │ │
│régime. │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────
Porto Rico[723] │ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┴─────────────┴───────────┴──────────────

──────────────────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
STATE OR │ PERSONS EXCLUDED FROM SUFFRAGE.
TERRITORY. │
──────────────────┼─────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────┬────────────┬────────
│ Paupers. │ Insane. │ Criminals. │ Indians. │Chinese.
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Wyoming[770] │ │Idiots and │Convicts of │ │
│ │insane. │felony. │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Alaska[771] │ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Arizona[772] │ │Idiots, │Convicts of │ │
│ │insane under │felony. │ │
│ │guardianship.│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Hawaii[773] │ │Idiots and │Unrestored │ │
│ │insane. │convicts. │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
New Mexico[774] │ │ │Unpardoned │Indians, │
│ │ │convicts. │until │
│ │ │ │disabilities│
│ │ │ │removed by │
│ │ │ │Congress. │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Philippines[775] │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────
Porto Rico[723] │ │Insane. │Unpardoned │ │
│ │ │felons. │ │
──────────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴────────────┴────────

NOTES

Footnote 661:

The following table, giving the dates of the Constitutions of the
various States and the Organic Laws of the Territories with the
sections referring to suffrage, up to and including 1865, indicates
the extent to which suffrage was restricted to white people before and
at that date. “White,” “white freeman,” “free white,” etc., mean that
only white persons or white freemen or free white persons had the
elective franchise. Where the suffrage is given to male “citizens” or
“inhabitants” whether Negroes were included depends upon whether they
were treated in those States as “citizens” or “inhabitants.”

Alabama, Const., 1819, art. III, sec. 5 White.

Const., 1865, art. VIII, sec. 1 White.

Arkansas, Const., 1836, art. IV, sec. 2 Free white.

Const., 1864, art. IV, sec. 2 Free white.

California, Const., 1849, art. II, sec. 2 White.

Colorado, Ter. 1861, sec. 5 Free white.
Govt.,

Connecticut, Const., 1818, art. VI, sec. 2 White.

Amend., 1845, art. VIII, sec.

Delaware, Const., 1792, art. IV, sec. 1 Free white.

Const., 1831, art. IV, sec. 1 Free white.

Florida, Ter. 1822, sec. 11 Free white.
Govt.,

Const., 1838, art. VI, sec. 1 Free white.

Const., 1865, art. VI, sec. 1 Free white.

Georgia, Const., 1777, art. IX, White.

Const., 1789, art. IV, sec. 1 Citizens and
inhabitants.

Const., 1798, art. IV, sec. 1 Citizens and
inhabitants.

Const., 1865, art. V, sec. 1 Free white.

Illinois, Const., 1818, art. II, sec. 27 White.

Const., 1848, art. VI, sec. 1 White.

Indiana, Const., 1816, art. VI, sec. 1 White.

Const., 1851, art. II, sec. 2 White.

Iowa, Ter. 1838, sec. 5 Free white.
Govt.,

Const., 1846, art. II, sec. 1 White.

Const., 1857, art. II, sec. 1 White.

Kansas, Ter. 1854, sec. 5 Free white.
Govt.,

Const., 1855, art. II, sec. 2 White.

Const., 1857, art. VIII, sec. 1 Citizens.

Const., 1858, art. II, sec. 1 Citizens.

Const., 1859, art. V, sec. 1 White.

Kentucky, Const., 1792, art. III, Free citizens.

Const., 1799, art. II, sec. 8 Free citizens.

Const., 1850, art. II, sec. 8 Free white.

Louisiana, Const., 1812, art. II, sec. 8 Free white.

Const., 1845, tit. II, art. 10 Free white.

Const., 1852, tit. II, art. 10 Free white.

Const., 1864, tit. III, art. 14 White.

Maine, Const., 1820, art. II, sec. 1 Citizens.

Maryland, Const., 1776, art. II, Free men.

Amend., 1810, art. XIV, Free white.

Const., 1851, art. I, sec. 1 Free white.

Const., 1864, art. I, sec. 1 White.

Massachusetts, Const., 1780, chap. I, art. 4 Freeholders.

Amend., 1822, art. III, Citizens.

Michigan, Const., 1835, art. II, sec. 1 White.

Const., 1850, art. VII, sec. 1 White.

Minnesota, Ter. 1849, sec. 5 Free white.
Govt.,

Const., 1857, art. VII, sec. 1 White.

Mississippi, Ter. 1808, sec. 1 Free white.
Govt.,

Const., 1817, art. III, sec. 1 Free white.

Const., 1832, art. III, sec. 1 Free white.

Missouri, Ter. 1812, sec. 11 Free white.
Govt.,

Const., 1820, art. III, sec. 10 Free white.

Const., 1865, art. II, sec. 18 White.

Nevada, Ter. 1850, sec. 5 Free white.
Govt.,

Ter. 1861, sec. 5 Free white.
Govt.,

Const., 1864, art. II, sec. 1 White.

New Hampshire, Const., 1784, part II, Inhabitants.

Const., 1792, part II, sec. 28 Inhabitants.

New Jersey, Const., 1776, art. IV, Inhabitants.

Const., 1844, art. II, sec. 1 White.

New York, Const., 1777, art. VII, Inhabitants.

Const., 1821, art. II, sec. 1 Citizens.

Const., 1846, art. II, sec. 1 Citizens.

North Const., 1776, art. VII, sec. Freemen.
Carolina,

Amend., 1835, art. I, sec. 3 Freemen. (Negroes
excepted).

Amend., 1854, Free white.

Ohio, Const., 1802, art. IV, sec. 1 White.

Const., 1851, art. V, sec. 1 White.

Oregon, Ter. 1848, sec. 5 White.
Govt.,

Const., 1857, art. II, sec. 2 White. (Negroes
excepted).

Pennsylvania, Const., 1776, art. II, sec. 6 Freemen.

Const., 1790, art. III, sec. 1 Freemen.

Const., 1838, art. III, sec. 1 White freemen.

Rhode Island, Const., 1842, art. II, sec. 1 Citizens.

South Const., 1776, res. XI, “As required by
Carolina, law.”

Const., 1778, res. XIII, sec. Free white.

Const., 1790, art. I, sec. 4 Free white.

Amend., 1810, Free white.

Tennessee, Const., 1796, art. III, sec. 1 Freemen.

Const., 1834, art. IV, sec. 1 Free white.

Texas, Const., 1836, art. VI, sec. 11 Citizens.

Const., 1845, art. III, Free (Negroes
excepted).

Vermont, Const., 1777, chap. II, sec. 6 Men of quiet and
peaceable
behavior.

Const., 1786, chap. I, sec. 9 Men of quiet and
peaceable
behavior.

Const., 1793, chap. II, sec. 21 Men of quiet and
peaceable
behavior.

Virginia, Const., 1830, art. III, sec. 14 White.

Const., 1850, art. III, sec. 1 White.

Const., 1864, art. III, sec. 1 White.

West Virginia, Const., 1861–63, art. III, sec. 1 White.

Wisconsin, Ter. 1836, sec. 5 Free white.
Govt.,

Const., 1848, art. III, sec. 1 White.

Footnote 662:

Art. II, sec. 2.

Footnote 663:

Art. VII, sec. 1.

Footnote 664:

Const., 1799, art. III.

Footnote 665:

Const., 1845, art. III.

Footnote 666:

Art. II, sec. 1.

Footnote 667:

Art. III, sec. 1.

Footnote 668:

B. P. Poore: “Charters and Constitutions,” II, p. 1353.

Footnote 669:

Amends. to Const. of 1776, art. I, sec. 3, par. 3.

Footnote 670:

Congressional Record, vol. 33, part 8, app. pp. 297, _et seq._

Footnote 671:

Art. IV, sec. 1.

Footnote 672:

Art. III, sec. 1.

Footnote 673:

Gillespie v. Palmer, 1866, 20 Wis. 544; Laws of Wis. 1849, p. 85.

Footnote 674:

Albert Bushnell Hart: “Slavery and Abolition,” p. 83; “The Realities
of Negro Suffrage” in the Proceedings of the American Political
Science Association for 1906.

Footnote 675:

Ala., 1867, art. VII, sec. 1; Ark, 1868, art. VIII, sec. 2; Fla.,
1868, art. XV, sec. 1; Ga., 1868, art. II, sec. 2; La., 1868, tit. VI,
art. 98; Miss., 1868, art. VII, sec. 2; N. C., 1868, art. VI, sec. 1;
S. C. 1868, art. VIII, sec. 1; and Texas, 1868, art. III, sec. 1.

Footnote 676:

Art. III, sec. 1.

Footnote 677:

Art. II, sec. 2.

Footnote 678:

B. P. Poore: “Charters and Constitutions,” II, p. 1353.

Footnote 679:

Laws of Colo., 1861, pp. 71–72.

Footnote 680:

_Ibid._, 1864, pp. 79–80.

Footnote 681:

Pub. Acts of Conn., 1865, pp. 94–95.

Footnote 682:

Laws of Minn., 1865, pp. 118–19.

Footnote 683:

Laws of Wis., 1865, pp. 517–18.

Footnote 684:

Congressional Record, vol. 35, part 2, pp. 1270 _et seq._

Footnote 685:

Laws of Ia., 1868, pp. 290–91.

Footnote 686:

Art. VII.

Footnote 687:

Laws of Dak. Ty., 1867–68, p. 255.

Footnote 688:

Congressional Record, vol. 35, part 2, pp. 1270 _et seq._

Footnote 689:

Art. VII, sec. 1.

Footnote 690:

Amend., 1870, art II, sec. 1.

Footnote 691:

Art. III, sec. 1.

Footnote 692:

Const., 1867, art. I, sec. 1.

Footnote 693:

Neal v. Del., 1880, 103 U. S. 370.

Footnote 694:

Laws of Ore., 1870, pp. 190–91.

Footnote 695:

Laws of N. Y., 1870, I, p. 922.

Footnote 696:

16 Stat. L., 140–46, chap. 94.

Footnote 697:

U. S. v. Reese, 1875, 92 U. S. 214.

Footnote 698:

U. S. v. Canter, 1870, Fed. Case No. 14,719.

Footnote 699:

U. S. v. Crosby, 1871, Fed. Case No. 14,893.

Footnote 700:

Anthony v. Halderman, 1871, 7 Kan. 50.

Footnote 701:

Kellogg v. Warmouth, 1872, Fed. Case No. 7,667.

Footnote 702:

U. S. v. Given, 1873, Fed. Case Nos. 15,210 and 15,211.

Footnote 703:

U. S. v. Cruikshank, 1874, Fed. Case No. 14,897; 92 U. S. 542 (1875).

Footnote 704:

U. S. v. Petersburg (Va.) Judges of Election, 1874, Fed. Case No.
16,036.

Footnote 705:

Bernier v. Russell, 1878, 89 Ill. 60.

Footnote 706:

_Ex parte_ Yarborough, 1884, 110 U. S. 651.

Footnote 707:

Minor v. Happersett, 1874, 21 Wall. 162.

Footnote 708:

92 U. S. 214 (1875).

Footnote 709:

Ratliff v. Beale, 1896, 20 S. 865.

Footnote 710:

Const., 1890, art. XII, secs. 241 _et seq._

Footnote 711:

Const., 1895, art. II.

Footnote 712:

Const., 1898, arts. 197, 198, and 202.

Footnote 713:

Revised Stat., 1905, secs. 4315–17; Const., 1875, as amended 1900,
art. VI.

Footnote 714:

Const., 1902, secs. 177–82.

Footnote 715:

Const., 1902, art. II, secs. 18 _et seq._

Footnote 716:

Laws of Ga., 1908, pp. 27–31.

Footnote 717:

W. P. Pickett: “The Negro Problem,” 1909, G. P. Putnam’s Sons, p. 250;
Laws of Md., 1908, pp. 301–04.

Footnote 718:

Const. of U. S., art. I, sec. 8, par. 4.

Footnote 719:

22 Stat. L., 61.

Footnote 720:

Federal Stat., annotated, vol. 5, pp. 207–08.

Footnote 721:

Hedgman v. Bd. of Registration, 1872, 26 Mich. 51.

Footnote 722:

_The American Political Science Review_, vol. 4, p. 63 (Feb., 1910).

Footnote 723:

31 Stat. L., 82–83, chap. 191; Sixty-first Cong., 2d sess., H. Doc.
No. 615; Congressional Record, vol. 45, p. 1199.

Footnote 724:

Williams v. Miss., 1898, 170 U. S. 213, at p. 225.

Footnote 725:

Mills v. Green, 1895, 159 U. S. 651; Jones v. Montague, 1904, 194 U.
S. 147; Selden v. Montague, 1904, 194 U. S. 153; Giles v. Teasley,
1904, 136 Ala. 164, and 193 U. S. 146; Giles v. Harris, 1903, 189 U.
S. 475. For discussions of the constitutionality of the suffrage laws
of the South see _The American Political Science Review_, vol. I, pp.
17, _et seq._, and John Mabry Mathews: “History of the Fifteenth
Amendment,” 1909, The Johns Hopkins Press, pp. 97–127.

Footnote 726:

Mathews: History of the Fifteenth Amendment, pp. 125–26.

Footnote 727:

Raleigh, N. C., _News and Observer_, Nov. 9, 1907; Feb. 24, 25, and
28, 1909.

Footnote 728:

See Poindexter v. Greenhow, 1884, 114 U. S. 270, at p. 304; and
Spraigue v. Thompson, 1886, 118 U. S. 90, at p. 95.

Footnote 729:

Laws of Md., 1910, chap. 253.

Footnote 730:

_The Harvard Law Review_, vol. XXIII, p. 169.

Footnote 731:

W. P. Pickett: The Negro Problem, pp. 259–84.

Footnote 732:

Kirby’s Digest, 1904, sec. 2767.

Footnote 733:

Const., 1880, art. II, sec. 1, as amended 1894.

Footnote 734:

Const., 1876, art. VII, sec. 1, as amended 1893; Revised Stat., 1908,
secs. 2027 and 2146–50.

Footnote 735:

Const., 1818, art. VI, secs. 2 and 3, as amended 1897; General Stat.,
1902, secs. 1593–94.

Footnote 736:

Const., 1831, art. IV, sec. 1.

Footnote 737:

Const., 1887, art. VI, sec. 1; General Stat., 1906, sec. 170.

Footnote 738:

Const., 1889, art. VI, sec. 2.

Footnote 739:

Const., 1870, art. VII, sec. 1.

Footnote 740:

Const., 1851, art. II, secs. 84–85; Burns’s Stat., 1908, II, sec.
6877.

Footnote 741:

Const., 1881, art. II.

Footnote 742:

Const., 1859, art. V.

Footnote 743:

Const., 1891, sec. 145.

Footnote 744:

Const., 1819, art. II, as amended 1893.

Footnote 745:

Const., 1867, art. I, secs. 1–3.

Footnote 746:

Const., 1780, as amended 1821 and 1857.

Footnote 747:

Const., 1850, art. VII, secs. 1 and 8.

Footnote 748:

Const., 1858, art. VII.

Footnote 749:

Const., 1875, art. VIII, secs. 2, 8, 10, and 11.

Footnote 750:

Const., 1889, art. IX.

Footnote 751:

Const., 1866, art. VII.

Footnote 752:

Const., 1864, art. II.

Footnote 753:

Public Stat., 1901, pp. 136–37.

Footnote 754:

Const., 1864, art. II.

Footnote 755:

Const., 1894, art. II.

Footnote 756:

Const., 1889, as amended, sec. 121.

Footnote 757:

Const., 1851, art. V.

Footnote 758:

Const., 1907, art. III.

Footnote 759:

Const., 1859, art. II.

Footnote 760:

Const., 1874, art. VIII.

Footnote 761:

Const., 1842, as amended 1888, art. II.

Footnote 762:

Const., 1889, art. VII.

Footnote 763:

Const., 1870, art. IV.

Footnote 764:

Herron’s Sup. to Sayles’s Civil Stat., 1906, p. 165.

Footnote 765:

Const., 1895, art. IV.

Footnote 766:

Statutes, 1906, p. 104.

Footnote 767:

Const., 1889, art. VI.

Footnote 768:

Const., 1872, art. IV, sec. 1.

Footnote 769:

Const., 1848, art. III.

Footnote 770:

Const., 1889, art. VI.

Footnote 771:

Code, 1907, part V, sec. 199.

Footnote 772:

Revised Stat., 1901, sec. 2282.

Footnote 773:

Revised Laws, 1901, secs. 18, 60, and 63.

Footnote 774:

Organic Act, 1850, sec. 6; Compiled Laws, 1897, secs. 1647, 1672, and
1677–78.

Footnote 775:

_The Outlook_, vol. 91, p. 78.