Chapter X: Part 10

ANOINTED, "two knaves _anointed_" (N113,_d_), thorough-paced,
"out-and-out"; a double pun is intended the references being to
_anointed_ = beaten, with an eye on _anointed_ = consecrated by
the pouring on of oil. "Then thay put hym hout, the kyng away
fly, Which so well was _anoynted_ indede, That no sleue ne pane
had he hoe of brede."--_The Romans of Partenay_ (ed. Skeat),
5652-4.

APAID, "very well _apaid_" (WH280,_c_), glad, satisfied, pleased,
paid. "They buy thy help: but sin ne'er gives a fee, He gratis
comes; and thou art well _appay'd_, As well to hear as grant what
he hath said."--Shakespeare, _Rape of Lucrece_ (1594), l. 913.

APPAIR, "I say his wealth doth mend, he saith it doth _appair_"
(R226,_b_), becomes worse, degenerates. "All that liveth
_appaireth_ fast."--_Everyman_, Anon. Pl. 1 S. (E.E.D.S.), 94,_d_.

APPLE (19,_d_), in original _a nappyl_.

APPLIED, "to Him should be _applied_" (M3,_b_), given, rendered,
one's heart or mind fixed upon: the only sense of _apply_ in the
English Bible.

APPLY, see Aged.

APPREHENSIBLE, "was not _apprehensible_" (M33,_a_), competent.

APPROPRIATIONS, "bare parsonages of _appropriations_" (R218,_d_),
technically, at law (according to Blackstone, I. 11) an
_appropriation_ is the transference to a religious house, or
spiritual corporation, of the tithes and other endowments
designed for the support of religious ordinances in a parish;
also these when transferred. When the monastic bodies were
in their glory in the Middle Ages they begged, or bought for
masses and obits, or in some cases even for actual money,
all the advowsons which they could get into their hands. In
obtaining these they came under the obligation either to present
a clergyman to the church, or minister there in holy things
themselves. They generally did the latter, and applied the
surplus to the support and aggrandisement of their order. On
the suppression of the monasteries in the reign of Henry VIII.
the appropriated advowsons were transferred to the king, and
were ultimately sold or granted out to laymen, since called
_impropriators_. See Respublica.

ARRAY, (_a_) "_array_ toward" (R258,_d_), _i.e._ preparations
in progress. (_b_) "nice in their _array_" (M14,_b_), dress,
equipment, outward appearance. "But for to telle you of his
_aray_, His hors was good, but he ne was nought gay."--Chaucer,
_Cant. Tales_ (1383), Prologue, 73-4.

ASCITE, "I _ascite_ you ... to appear" (IP342,_c_), summons,
call. "Hun answered that the infant had no propertie in the
shet, wherupon the priest _ascited_ him in the spiritual
courte."--Hall, _Henry VIII._, f. 50.

ASPEN-LEAF, "tir-tremmeleth as the _aspen-leaf_" (M32,_c_), an
early example of a common simile. The text, "tir-trimmeleth,"
etc., is as in original.

ASSAY, _subs._ and _verb_, "_assay_ him I will" (M11,_a_),--"_at_
_all assays_" (M7,_c_), as _verb_ = try, tempt, essay; as
_subs._ = at all points, in every respect. "I will _assay_ ere
long."--_Jacob and Esau_, Anon. Pl. 2 Ser. (E.E.D.S.), 15_d_; "at
all _assays_" (_Ibid._ 53_b_).

ASSEMBLE, "I _assemble_ the life" (N89,_b_), compare, liken: cf.
Shakespeare's use of _assemblance_.--"Care I for the limb,
the thewes, the stature, bulk, and big _assemblance_ of a
man!"--Shakespeare, _2 Henry IV._ (1598), iii. 2.

ASSIEGE (N89,_b_), siege: see Halliwell, _s.v._ Assege.

ATAME, "almsdeed I can _atame_" (N86,_d_), commence, begin: Fr.
_entamer_. "Yes, hoste, quod he, so mote I ride or go, But I be
mery, y-wis I wol be blamed; And right anon his tale he hath
_attamed_."--Chaucer, _Cant. Tales_ (1383), 14824.

ATTEMPT, "Ye must _attempt_ the world" (N59,_d_), try, "sample,"
experience: cf. Shakespeare, _Lear_, ii. 2.

ATTEMPTATES, "immoderate _attemptates_" (R266,_a_), attempts,
endeavours: specifically to commit a crime. Puttenham, in
1589, said this word was a recent importation, but it had
already been in use half a century at least. "To forbear that
_attemptate_."--Sadler (A.D. 1543), in Froude, _Hist. Eng._, vol.
iv. p. 241.

AVENT, "_avent_ thee! Nature compels" (M25,_b_), _i.e._ relieve the
bowels.

AVOID, "_Avoid_, good brother!" (M5,_d_)--"_avoid!_ I charge thee"
(R254,_d_), begone, make room, depart, "get out." "I shall make
you _avoid_ soon."--_Youth_, Anon. Pl. 2 Ser. (E.E.D.S.), 94,_b_.

AVOIDANCE, "as for mine _avoidance_" (N52,_a_), departure: see
Avoid.

AVORE, "I chil wait _avor_ you" (R. _passim_), afore: there are
numerous examples of _v_ for _f_ in this play: also of _z_ for
_s_.

AVOUTRY, "taken in _avoutry_" (_passim_), adultery: see other
volumes of this series.

AYENST, "_ayenst_ thy sores" (N121,_d_), against. "... whan he
wente in batayle _ayenst_ them...."--_Invention_ _of the Holy
Cross_ (ed. Morris), p. 159.

BA, "_ba_ me" (M19,_d_), kiss: cf. _basse_ or _buss_.

BADGE, "bear on my bryst the _badge_ of mine arms" (M15,_b_),
badge. Princes, noblemen, and other gentlemen of rank had
formerly, and still retain, distinctive badges, and servants
and dependants wore these cognisances on their liveries. Douce,
in his _Illustrations of Shakespeare_ (1839), pp. 205-7, says:
"The history of the changes which badges have undergone is
interesting. In the time of Henry IV. the terms _livery_ and
_badge_ seem to have been synonymous. A badge consisted of the
master's device, crest, or arms on a separate piece of cloth, or
sometimes on silver in the form of a shield fastened to the left
sleeve. In Queen Elizabeth's reign the nobility placed silver
badges on their servants. The sleeve badge was left off in the
reign of James I., but its remains are still preserved in the
dresses of porters, firemen, and water-men, and possibly in the
shoulder-knots of footmen. During the period when badges were
worn the coat to which they were affixed was, as a rule, blue,
and the blue coat and badge still may be seen on parish and
hospital boys."

BAGGAGE, "the _baggage_, the trash," etc. (R183,_c_), rubbish,
refuse, trumpery, scum. "Fill an egg-shell newly emptied with the
juice of singreen, and set it in hot embers; scum off the green
_baggage_ from it, and it will be a water."--Lupton, _Thousand_
_Notable Things_ (1579).

BAGS, "the names of my _bags_" (R221,_a_), purses: those carried
by Avarice were probably, for the sake of "business," more like
small sacks; he is represented as hugging them (216,_a_), as
hauling them (215,_d_), and as dragging them out (225,_d_). "...
see thou shake the _bags_ Of hoarding abbots; imprison'd angels
Set at liberty."--Shakespeare, _King John_ (1596), iii. 3.

BALE BLISSES (JE355,_c_), probably blisses which are evil, and the
reverse of blisses; with an eye on A.S. _bale_ = "fiery"; as in
_bale_-fire, etc. "... bring me forth toward _blisse_ with se
_bale_ here."--_MS. Cott._, _Titus_, D. xviii., f. 146_b_.

BALES, "lay on with your _bales_" (M6,_a_). "Scared us with a
_bales_" (M35,_d_), in the first example the manuscript has
_ballys_, in the second _bales_, but I think the context in
each case shows the meaning to be the same. _Bales_ = a rod or
scourge, and specifically a bow: at 6,_a_ it is the minstrels who
are charged to "lay on."

BALL, "to it Boy, box him _Ball_" (R194,_c_), a dog: cf. 195,_d_.
Halliwell says the name was given to various animals: "it is
mentioned as the name of a horse in Chaucer and Tusser, of a
sheep in the _Promptorium_, and of a dog in the Privy Purse
Expenses of Henry VIII., p. 43."

BANKET, see Junkery.

BAUDERY, "sorcery, witchery, _baudery_" (R263,_d_), the manuscript
has _bandery_, but? _baudery_ as in present text. If _bandery_,
plotting is doubtless meant.

BASH, "look thou not _bash_" (JE354,_a_), _i.e._ timidly, or with
too much inattention. "No, Leonato, I never tempted her with word
too large, But, as a brother to his sister, shew'd _Bashful_
sincerity and comely love."--Shakespeare, _Much Ado_ (1600), iv.
I.

BAST, "begat the whoreson in _bast_" (N68,_b_), fornication,
adultery. "For he was bigeten o _baste_, God it wot."--_Artour &
Merlin_, 7643.

BE (_passim_), been.

BEDLAMS, "stark _bedlams_" (R233,_c_), madmen: see other volumes of
this series.

BEES, "hive of humble _bees_ swarming in my brain" (R182,_c_),
proverbial: cf. modern "bee in the bonnet." Here = restless,
whimsical, full of projects: see Heywood, _Works_ (E.E.D.S.), II.
385; _s.v._ Head.

BEFORN, BEFORNE (_passim_), before.

BELLS, "one would think 'twere brass, most part on't was made of
our old _bells_" (R232,_b_). People states an historical fact,
and refers to the reformation of the coinage which occurred in
the previous reign. Under Edward VI. (1547-53) the Protector
Somerset reduced the coinage to its true value and the export of
bell-metal was forbidden (2 & 3 Edw. VI., c. 37). The pence of
the coinage of 1552 (the fourth of the reign, other issues having
been made in 1546-47, 1548, and 1550: see Respublica) was both of
fine and base metal. The _fine_ penny has (on the obverse) the
king seated, with arms and cross on the reverse. The _base_ penny
has a full-blown rose (the Tudor rose) instead of the enthroned
king. Half-pence are nearly the same as the pence.

BELLY, "when the _belly_ is full the bones would be at rest"
(R216,_b_), proverbial: see Heywood, _Works_ (E.E.D.S.), II.
55,_b_.

BENEFICES, "the fifth I have by selling of _benefices_" (R221,_b_).
"I have a good _benefice_ of a hundred marks" (R225,_b_)--"they
will take no _benefice_, but they must have all" (R225,_b_),
references apparently to the prevalence of simony. Although a
bill had been passed by a parliament of Edward VI., it did not
receive the royal assent; and it was not until 1588-89, under
Elizabeth, that any serious attempt was made to remedy the evil.

BERWICK (R254,_a_), in original _Barwicke_, to rhyme with
"Warwicke."

BESENE, "so well _besene_" (N117,_b_), good appearance, comely.
"And sad habiliments right _well beseene_."--Spencer, _Fairy
Queen_ (1590), I. xii. 5.

BESIRANCE, "chwas _besirance_ your ladydom to zee" (R213,_c_),
desirant.

BET, "could not a counselled us _bet_" (M35,_c_), better. "Perhaps
he shall be _bet_ advisde within a weeke or twayne."--"Romeus and
Juliet," _Supp. to Sh._, i. 292 (Nares).

BEZEIVERS, "valse _bezeivers_" (R230,_a_), deceivers.

BIDE, "had _bide_ ne'er so little longer" (R257,_b_) bided.

BIRD'S ARSE, "clean as a _bird's arse_" (M22,_b_), a proverbial
simile not uncommon in old writers: Heywood varies it--"as bare,"
etc. (_Works_, E.E.D.S., II., 89,_a_).

BLANE, "without _blane_" (WH294,_b_), ceasing.

BLENCH, "to _blench_ his sight" (M23,_d_), deceive, hinder,
obstruct. "The rebels besieged them, winning the even ground on
the top, by carrying up great trusses of hay before them, to
_blench_ the defendants' sight, and dead their shot."--Carew,
_Survey of Cornwall_ (1602).

BLEST, "God's dear _blest_" (IP316,_c_), _i.e._ happy or blessed,
"people" being understood. Also bliss, happiness.

BLIN, "of thy prayer _blin_" (M25,_b_), cease, stop. "How so her
fansies stop--Her tears did never _blin_." "Romeus and Juliet,"
_Supp. to Sh._, i. 287 (Nares).

BLOODINGS (R221,_a_), black (or blood) puddings.

BLOTTIBUS, etc. (M30,_b_), kitchen Latin.

BOARD, BOURD, "I will _board_ her" (R195,_b_)--"to _bourd_
Respublica" (R200,_b_). Mr. Magnus says "to engage in tilting,"
but is not the sense that of Fr. _aborder_ = to accost, address,
woo. The spelling in the present text should, of course, have
been uniform. "I am sure he is in the fleet; I would he had
_boarded_ me."--Shakespeare, _Much Ado_, ii. I. "... for, sure,
unless he knew some strain in me, that I know not myself, he
would never have _boarded_ me in this fury."--Shakespeare, _Merry
Wives of_ _Windsor_, ii. I.

BOAT, "an oar in everybody's _boat_" (R235,_c_): see Heywood,
_Works_ (E.E.D.S.), II., 24,_b_; 207,_a_; 417,_c_.

BOLT, "my _bolt_ is shot" (M34,_d_), an arrow: for examples of the
proverb, see Heywood, _Works_ (E.E.D.S.), II. 58,_d_; 91,_a_;
205,_d_; 332,_d_; 370,_c_.

BOLT, "sift and _bolt_" (R207,_d_), the legal sense is probably
intended rather than redundancy for the rhyming's sake.
Oppression means that matters must be gifted and discussed
privately in order to improve their opportunities for rascality.
"And having performed the exercises of their own houses called
_boltes_, _mootes_, and putting of cases, they proceed to be
admitted and become students, in some of these four houses or
innes of court, where continuing by the space of seven yeares (or
there-aboutes) they frequent readings, meetings, _boltinges_,
and other learned exercises."--Stowe, _Survey of_ _London_,
p. 59. "The judge, or jury, or parties, or the counsel, or
attornies, propounding questions, beats and _bolts_ out the
truth much better than when the witness delivers only a formal
series."--Sir M. Hale (_d._ 1676).

BONES, see Belly.

BOOT, "he will be my _boot_" (M11,_a_), help, remedy, cure. "Ich
haue _bote_ of mi-bale."--_William of_ _Palerne_ (_c._ 1300),
627. "God send every trewe man _boote_ of his bale."--Chaucer,
_Cant. Tales_ (1383), 13,409.

BORD, "we did but _bord_" (WH298,_a_), jest: see other volumes of
this series.

BORROW, (_a_) "I shall be your _borrow_" (M ), security, pledge,
surety, protector. "Their _borrow_ is God Almighty."--Piers
Plowman (1363), 37,_b_. (_b_) see St. George.

BOURD, see Board.

BOY, see Ball.

BOYS, "shall _boys_ ... of such high matters play" (R180,_d_). Mr.
Magnus asks whether this reference to "boy-chorister-actors" may
not "have some special reference to Edward VI.'S theological
precocity."

BRAST, "the halter _brast_ asunder" (M27,_c_; also 28,_d_),
burst. "But with that percing noise flew open quite, or
_brast_."--Spenser, _Fairy Queen_ (1590), I. viii. 4.

BRAT, "a whole _brat_ to his back" (JP338,_d_), cloak, mantle.
"Ne had they but a shete Which that they might wrappen hem in
a-night, And a _bratt_ to walken in by day-light."--Chaucer,
_Cant. Tales_ (1383), 16,347.

BREADIBUS, "_breadibus ... horsibus ... firibusque_" (M5,_b_), for
bread, for horses, and for fires: a form, of dog-Latin which has
always been, and still is, popular: see Misericordia.

BRETHEL, "and thy own wife _brethel_, and take thee a leman"
(M27,_a_), _brethell_ in original: the E.E. text editors suggest
[_be_] _brethell_, that is, "if thy own wife be adulterous."
This, however, seems beside the mark of the context, as why
should Mankind be counselled to take a whore because his wife is
unchaste? May _brethel_ not be a mis-script for A.S. _betelle_
(Halliwell)=to deceive? The meaning is then clear enough and the
reading sound. On the other hand, I fail to find any authority
for Halliwell's suggestion _betelle_=deceive, mislead, in either
Anglo-Saxon or M.E. dictionaries, and the _r_ in the word
brethel, perhaps precludes the adoption of betelle, _r_ being a
highly characteristic letter. An alternative suggestion is that
brethel is meant for _brechell_, from _breken_, to break, to
injure, to vex, harass, torment, or destroy. "Breken" has among
its derivatives "brac," "brake," "brek," "breche," "briche,"
"bruche," "bruchel."

BRENNING, "hot and _brenning_" (N122,_a_), burning: also
_brent_=burnt: see other volumes of this series.

BREST, "till his belly _brest_" (M6,_a_), burst.

BRIARS, "all in _briars_" (JE364,_a_), in trouble, misfortune,
difficulty, doubt: see _Anon. Plays_, 2 Ser. (E.E.D.S.), 341,_a_.

BRIM, "_brim_ and hot" (R241,_d_). Magnus glosses this "brimhot":
but cf. _brim_=well-known, spoken of, public. "That thou dost
hold me in disdain, Is _brim_ abroad, and made a gibe to all that
keep this plain." Warner, _Albion's England_ (1586-1606).

BROKLETS (R183,_d_), crumbs; of Scots _brock_.

BRONT, "Titivilly would assay you a _bront_" (M39,_b_), brunt,
charge.

BROTHERN, "ye _brothern_" (M4,_b_), an old plural: cf. _childern_
still in dialect use.

BUM VAY (R211,_d_), by my faith: original spelling _vei_: cf. Fr.
_foi_.

BUNTING, "how think you by this _bunting_" (R216,_d_), Mr. Magnus
glosses this "swelling"; but is it not a term of endearment,
perhaps with an eye on the diminutive form of _bunt_="a swelling
part, an increasing cavity, the bagging of a fishing net or the
like" (_Ency. Dict._).

BURRS, "cleave together like _burrs_" (M193,_a_), proverbial.

BY AND BY (_passim_), immediately.

CAILES, "play not at _cailes_, cards, nor dice" (IP320,_b_),
ninepins (Minshew).

CALAIS, _arms of Calais_ (R217,_c_), a common oath of the period.
The French citadel was lost to the English in 1558, after an
occupation lasting for upwards of two centuries: see other
volumes of this series.

(_b_) "_hangman of Calais_" (JE359,_a_), this mention (_see
supra_) may have some bearing on the date of the play. Halliwell
in _Old Plays_ gives 1566 as the date of printing, but does not
state how he arrives at the figures: see John the Evangelist.

CAN (_passim_), able to do; does.

CAPAX, "tractable and _capax_" (WS137,_d_), capable, sharp,
knowing: Latin. "I am a trew flie; sure I can no false knackes;
Alas! master spyder, ye be to _capackes_." Heywood, _Works_
(E.E.D.S.), III., _Spider and Flie_, 1556.

CAPPER, "the scald _capper_" (N67,_c_), a cap-maker. "_Cappar_,
bonnettier."--Palsgrave, _Lang. Franc._

CAPTIVITY, "passeth our captivity" (R211,_b_), capacity: part of
People's mumble-jumble.

CAREFUL, "a _careful_ carriage" (WS173,_a_), full of care: cf.
Painful, Hateful. "By him that raised me to this _careful_
height."--Shakespeare, _Rich. III._ (1597), i. 3.

CAREN, "as _carene_" (M32,_d_), carrion. "I felte the stench of
_caren_ here present."--_Wisdom_ (E.E.T.S.), 71, 1103.

CARONOUS, "_caronous_ body" (N89,_c_), rotten: of Shakespeare
(_Julius Cæsar_, iii. 1), "That this foul deed shall smell above
the earth With _carrion_ men, groaning for burial."

CASSE, "I hung upon the _casse_" (M27,_d_), apparently a frame of
some sort.

CAT, "a _cat_ ... may look on a king" (R236,_b_); see Heywood,
_Works_ (E.E.D.S.), II., 340, _s.v._ Cat _a_.

CATCH, "Catch that _catch_ may" (R187,_b_). An early example of
this proverbial saying.

CATON (JE352,_c_), Cato, the Roman Censor: the pattern of sternness
and austere manner, he stabbed himself at Utica 46 B.C. because,
considering freedom as alone sustaining the dignity of man, he
felt himself unable to survive the independence of his country.
He was frequently quoted by writers of this period--"_Caton_, the
grete clerke "--_Cast. Persev._ (E.E.T.S., 103, 868).

CAVEATIS, "I say _Caveatis_" (M21,_d_; 22,_b_), Beware!

CAVILLATION, "make this _cavillation_" (WH281,_d_), frivolous
objections, cavilling. "I might add so much concerning the
large odds between the case of the eldest churches in regard of
heathens, and ours in respect of the Church of Rome, that very
_cavillation_ itself should be satisfied."--Hook.

CAYME, "in that _cayme_ he was like to" (JE366,_c_), in original
_Cayme_. I can make nothing of it except that it is a misprint
for Cain.

CEPE, "speak to the sheriff for a _cepe_ coppus" (M34,_d_), _i.e._
_cape corpus_ for _capias corpus_, a writ of attachment.

_'Ch_ (_passim_) = I: _e.g._ cha = I have (ich 'a'); chad = I had;
cham = I am, etc.; see Dialect.

CHA, CHE, "_Che_ wa'r't" (R210,_c_),--"_Che_ was vair"
(R232,_b_),--"_Cha_ not be haled up" (R267,_c_). I.

CHAD (_passim_), I had--'ch 'ad.

CHAM (_passim_) I am--'ch am.

CHAMPION, "now is a _champion_ field" (R200,_d_), _i.e._ champagne
= flat open country. "Fra the thine thay went fourty dayes, and
come intille a _champayne_ cuntree that was alle barayne, and
na hye place, ne na hilles mighte be sene on na syde."--_MS.
Lincoln_, A. i. 17, f. 31. "... the Canaanites, which dwell
in the _champaign_ over against Gilgal, beside the plains of
Moreh?"--_Bible_, Auth. Ver. (1611), _Deut._ xi. 30. "The verdant
meads are drest in green, The _champion_ fields with corn are
seen."--_Poor Robin_ (1694).

CHARITY, see St. Charity.

CHAVE (_passim_), I have--[i]ch 'ave.

CHECK, "let us con well our neck-verse that we have not a _check_"
(M23,_c_), _i.e._ be hung.

CHERY-TIME, "but a _chery-time_" (M12,_a_), a short time, "like
cherry blossoms" (Furnivall and Pollard).

CHE[VI]SANCE, "the new _che[vi]sance_" (M29,_a_), _chesance_ in
original: usually _chevisance_ = treaty, agreement, bargain;
but here, as Mischief is speaking of the food and other cheer
he has stolen, the meaning may be gain, booty, plunder,
spoil. "Eschaunges and _chevysaunces_, with swich chaffare I
dele."--Langland, _P. Plowman_ (1363), 2969.

CHILL (_passim_), I will--'ch 'ill.

CHIVE, "I warrant him a _chive_" (R185,_d_), a chip, fragment: a
small standard of value. "If any _chive_, chip, or dust skip into
the eye, ... then can you not cure the eye but by removing and
drawing the said _chive_."--Barrough, _Method of Physick_ (1624.)

CHOP, CHOPE (_a_) "in nomine Patris, _chope_ ... Ye shall not
_chop_ my jewels" (M20,_a_), in both cases the original has
_choppe_; but as Nought and New Guise were funning and punning,
I have preserved the play on the words which I think was
intended--_chope_ = ch'ope (I hope) and _chop_ = cut off; but
the student can choose, and regard the first _chop_ also to mean
"cut!" "strike!" "_Chope_ you'll consider my pain."--_Misogonus_,
Anon. Plays, 2 Ser. (E.E.D.S.), 210_b_.

(_b_) "Into a deanery ... to _chop_" (R223,_d_). Mr. Magnus
glosses this as "snap"; but is it not used in the closer sense
of _to pop_? cf. _chop-church_ = (1) one who exchanges livings,
or (2) such an act of barter. "As flise at libertee in and out
might _chop_."--Heywood, _Spider and Flie_ (1556), _Works_, III.
(E.E.D.S.).

CHOULD (_passim_), I would--'ch 'ould.

CHRISTENDOM, "by my _christendom_" (R196,_d_). See E.E.D.S., _Anon.
Plays_, Series 2 and 3, Note-Books, _s.v._ 4.2]

CHRISTMAS DEVICE (R179,_b_), Christmas was better kept as a
festival in olden times than in modern days, lasting at this
period from Christmas Eve to Old Christmas Day or Twelfth night.
At Court, and in the Inns of Court, high revel was kept; from
references such as the above it is clear that many a play was
specially written for, and first presented at, these festivals.
The sources of detailed descriptions are too well known to need
particular reference.

CHRISTMAS SONG (M15,_d_; 16,_a_ to _c_). Prof. Manly omits this
precious production; perhaps rightly in view of his text being
prepared for class-room use; the E.E.T. Society's issue gives it
as a matter of course, as do I.

CHURCH, "a _church_ here beside," etc. (M28,_b_), _i.e._ the abbey
larder should provide the requisite cheer.

CHURCH-STILE, "on the _church stile_" (M26,_a_), a stile in, or
leading to, the precincts of the church.

CHWAS (_passim_), I was--'ch was.

CLARIFY, "This question to _clarify_" (M5,_a_), make clear
or intelligible, answer, clear up. "A word to you I wold
_claryfy_."--_Towneley Myst._, p. 67.

CLASH, "at _clash_ and cards" (IP338,_b_), bawdy talk, gossiping,
tittle-tattle, quarrelling. "Good Lord! what fiery _clashings_
we have had lately for a cap and a surplice!"--Howell, _Lett._
(1644-45), iv. 29.

CLAWBACK, "you flearing _clawback_ you" (R188,_a_), lickspittle,
flatterer. The whole passage is a striking early instance of
sarcastic vituperation, and the gradual piling up of the weight
of abuse.

CLEAN, "a clean gentleman" (M22,_a_), fair, comely, noble: a
general appreciative. "With the _clennest_ _cumpanye_ that euer
king ladde."--_Will. of Paleren_ (_c._ 1360), 1609.

CLEPE, "if I should _clepe_ to memory" (N45,_a_), call. "I shall
inwardly _clepe_ the Lord."--Wycliffe, _Psalm_ xvii. 4.

CLERICAL, "_clerical_ manner" (M8,_b_),--"a _clerical_ matter"
(M26,_a_), clerk-like, scholarly, abstruse, learned.

CLOTHES, "the _clothes_ of thy _shoon_" (M35,_b_), generic for
fabric and material as well as for dress and apparel.

CLOUTERY, (R263,_d_). Mr. Magnus glosses this as "mending," and
probably he is right. On the other hand, a glance may be given to
the Northern _clouter_ = to do dirty work.

COBS, "the great _cobs_" (R232,_d_), a rich but grasping person, a
person of superior rank and power. "Susteynid is not by personis
lowe, But _cobbis_ grete this riote sustene."--_Occleve, MS. Soc.
Antiq._ 134, f. 267. "But, at leisure, ther must be some of the
gret _cobbes_ served likewise, and the king to have ther landes
likewise, as, God willing, he shall have th' erle of Kildares in
possession, or somer passe."--_State_ _Papers_, ii. 228 (Nares).

COCK'S (_passim_), God's. Hence _Cock's body sacred_ = God's
consecrated body.

COMMEDIENS, "as _commediens_ vor us" (R212,_a_), commodious.

COMMODITY (_passim_), advantage and many allied senses: see other
volumes of this series.

COMPANABLE, "such as be _companable_" (N62,_a_), affable, sociable,
companionable. "Frendly to ben and _compaygnable_ at al." _MS.
Fairfax 16_.

CONFORMED, see Respublica.

CONGY, "a little pretty _congy_" (N60,_d_), bow of salutation.

CONVERT, "thine eyes to me _convert_" (R238,_c_), turn, move.

CONVERTIBLE (M33,_b_), unstedfast, changeable.

CONVICT, "_convict_ them" (M19,_a_)--"Mercy shall never be
_convict_ of his uncurtess condition" (M34,_a_), conquer,
persuade.

CONVINCED, "they shall be _convinced_" (R246,_b_), convicted: cf.
convict. "Which of you _convinceth_ me of sin?"--_Bible_, Auth.
Vers. (1611), _John_ viii. 46.

COPED, (_a_) "Christ's _coped_ curse" (M36,_a_); in original
_coppyde_: cf. _copie_, _copy_ = abundance, plenty (Trevisa,
i. 301), and _copped_, _coppyd_ = rising to a point, heaped-up
as a measure; hence "Christ's _copious_, abundant, overflowing
malediction." "This Spayne ... hath grete _copy_, and plente of
castelles."--_Trevisa_, i. 301.

(_b_) "he is so _copped_" (R213,_a_), apparently a variant of
_coppet_ = saucy, impudent, overbearing.

COPY, "change our _copy_" (R202,_b_), manner.

CORROMPT, "Is should be _corrompt_ therefore" (R256,_b_); punished
is meant, but the usual sense is "corrupted."

COUCH, "I will _couch_ you all up" (R216,_b_), conceal, hide away,
put in safe keeping. "In the seler of Juppiter ther ben _couched_
two tunnes."--Chaucer, _Boethius_, p. 35.

COURTESY, "the _courtesy of England_ is oft to kiss" (JE356,_d_).
In _The English Historical Review_ (vol. vii., p. 270) there
is an article by Major Martin A.S. Hume on "Philip's visit to
England" in 1554. The article is founded on a Spanish account
written by Andres Muñoz, a servant in the household of Don
Carlos, Philip's son, then a child. Muñoz did not himself go to
England, but probably got his account from someone, much in the
same position as himself, who did go. The writer describes how
Philip met Queen Mary at Winchester, "_and kissed her on the_
_mouth, in the English fashion_." On taking leave Philip was
introduced to Mary's ladies, all of whom he kissed "_so as not_
(says Muñoz) _to break the custom_ _of the country, which is a
very good one_." This no doubt explains the passage in the play,
but there was at law another _courtesy of England_ with which,
in the origins, it may have some obscure connection. Cowel, in
his _Law Dictionary_ (1607), describes a tenure by which, if a
man marry an inheritrix, that is, a woman seised of land, and
getteth a child of her that comes alive into the world, though
both the child and his wife die forthwith, yet, if she were in
possession, shall he keep the land during his life, and is called
tenant _per legem Angliæ_, or by the _courtesy of England_.

COURTNALS, "a zort of _courtnalls_" (R255,_d_), courtiers: in
contempt (Halliwell).

COURT SPIRITUAL (JP343,_b_), Abundance was accused of fornication,
and so came under ecclesiastical jurisdiction. These courts were
made separate to the Secular or Civil Courts in 1085, but until
the establishment of the Divorce and Probate Courts in 1857 the
Ecclesiastical Courts took cognisance of blasphemy, apostasy,
heresy, schism, ordinations, matters pertaining to benefices,
matrimony, divorces, bastardy, tithes, incest, fornication,
adultery, probate of wills, administrations, and similar matters
(Haydn).

CREANCE, "chief of His _creance_" (N45,_d_), ordinarily faith,
belief, credit, payment: I subjoin examples of each usage, but
neither seem to fit the sense. There is an alternative which
is nearer the mark, in the Latin _creans_, pr. p. of _creo_,
to create; but I find no authority beyond _creant_, which, as
far as I know, is modern: see last example. "This mayden tauzte
the _creance_ Unto this wyf so perfitly."--Gower, _MS._ _Soc.
Antiq._ 134, f. 66. "And with his precyous bloode he wroote the
bills Upon the crosse, as general acquytaunce To every penytent
in ful _creaunce_."--_Rom._ _of the Monk_, Sion College MS. "The
_creant_ word Which thrilled around us."--Mrs. Browning.

CREASETH, "when she _creaseth_ again" (N44,_a_), short for
_increaseth_.

CREATURE (R. _passim_), throughout a trisyllable.

CROW, see Clawback.

CUCULORUM, "taken with a _cuculorum_" (JE352,_d_), the rhyming
exigency no doubt influenced the form of the word, but in any
case the use is obscure, probably slang now lost. Whether,
however, it originated in _cucullus_, a hood, or _cuculus_, a
cuckoo (whence cuckold), or whether the word enshrines a play on
both, I cannot say.

CUMBERLAND, see Respublica.

CURIA, etc. (M30,_c_), the proceedings of Manorial Courts were
generally headed "_Curia_ generalis tenta ibidem," etc. Mischief,
with assumed official authority, means that the document was
written in an alehouse (or where ale was plenty) with a sham date.

CUSTODITY, "in my _custodity_" (R266,_d_), custody.

CUT, "Call me _cut_" (N54,_b_), properly a gelding or any animal
with a short or cut tail, and specifically an intensive reproach.
The classical illustration to the present passage is, of course,
from Shakespeare, "If I tell thee a lie, spit in my face and call
me horse" (_1 Hen. IV._, ii. 1). Compare again, "cutted whore"
(N66_d_): see other volumes of this series.

DAINTY, "men have little _dainty_ of your play" (M13,_b_),
_i.e._ little that is agreeable or pleasant, small liking for
or delight in. "It was _daynte_ for to see the cheere bitwix
hem two."--Chaucer, _Cant._ _Tales_ (1383), 8983. "... and all
things which were _dainty_ and goodly are departed from thee,
..."--_Bible_, Auth. Vers. (1611), _Rev._ xviii. 14.

DAISY, "leap at a _daisy_" (R243,_c_), be hanged: see _Anon.
Plays_, 3 Ser. (E.E.D.S.).

DALLIATION, "leave your _dalliation_" (M5,_a_), dallying.

DALLY, "quit as a _dally_" (JE365,_b_), what "a tale of titmary
tally" (see previous line) or "quit as a _dally_" mean I am
unable to discover. The original is, "She helde me with a tale of
tytemary tally Tyll my thryfte was gone as quyte as a _dally_."

DA PACEM (M31,_d_), literally "give us peace"; here slang for a
knife or dagger: cf. modern "Arkansas toothpick" = a bowie knife,
"Meat-in-the-pot" = a gun, and similar locutions.

DARNEL, see Drawk.

DEAMBULATORY (M37,_c_), a covered walk, cloister, ambulatory.

DELECTABLE, "my talking _delectable_" (M5,_d_), pleasing,
delightful.

DELVER (_passim_), delve.

DEPARTED, DEPART, (_a_) "how I _departed_ them" (N80,_b_).

(_b_) "till death us _depart_" (WS172,_d_), _i.e._ (_a_) left
them; (_b_) till death divides, or parts: now corrupted in
the Marriage Service into "do part." "We wille _departe_ his
clothing."--_Towneley_ _Myst._, p. 228.

DESTRUCTIONS, "_destructions_ to 'member in my heart" (R234,_d_),
instructions: part of People's mangled English.

DETECTED, "ne'er of any crime _detected_" (R183,_b_), possibly here
= accused.

DEVER, "put me in _dever_" (M24,_d_), duty, service. "Do the
_deuer_ that thow hast to done."--_William_ _of Palerne_ (_c._
1360), 2546.

DEVOSE, "we must _devose_ how that we may" (WH289,_a_), devise.

DIALECT AND JARGON, see Respublica, Wealth and Health.

DINTY, "no _dinty_ to do" (N49,_d_), pleasure, liking: see Dainty.

DISEASE (_passim_), generic for absence of ease--discomfort,
annoyance, trouble, difficulty, sorrow, etc.: see other volumes
of this series.

DISPECTIBLE, "thou art _dispectible_" (M33,_c_), despicable.

DISPECTUOUS, "_dispectuous_ and odible" (M33,_a_), unsightly: see
previous entry.

DIVUM, "_Divum este justlum weste_" (R232,_c_), Prof. Brandl
suggests _Divites estis justi fuistis_.

DO, see Way.

DOGS, "hungry _dogs_ will slab up sluttish puddings" (R221,_a_),
see Heywood, _Works_ (E.E.D.S.), II. 14_a_; 357,_d_(_n_).

DORT, "a shrewd crank _dort_" (N83,_d_), fit of sulks, a pet,
sullen humour.

DOUBLER, "both dish and _doubler_" (M29,_a_), a large dish,
plate, or bowl. "A dysche other a _dobler_ that dryghtyn onez
serued."--_Early Eng. Allit. Poems_; Cleanness, 1145.

DRAFF, "driff, _draff_, mish, mash" (M5,_b_), rubbish, refuse,
dregs: see other volumes of this series. _Mish, mash_ = mess.

DRAWK, "_drawk_ and ... _darnel_" (M24,_a_), a weed very similar to
darnel--_Bromus secalinus_; _darnel_ is _Lolium perenne_.

DRIFF, see Draff.

DRIFFE, "hence I will you _driffe_" (M17,_d_), drive.

DRIVEL, "live thus like a _drivel_" (N61,_b_), a generic reproach;
drudge, servant, idiot, dotard, fool; see other volumes of this
series.

DROUSE, "a hounded _drouse_" (WH288,_d_), in view of the wretched
printing of this play it serves little useful purpose to suggest
a correct reading; the most probable would seem to be _hounded_
= hundred and _drouse_ = douse; _i.e._ a god give him a hundred
duckings.

DUTCH JARGON, see Wealth and Health.

EACHWHERE, "_eachwhere_ sore hated" (R197,_a_), everywhere.

EDWARDS, "angelots and _Edwards_" (R216,_d_), see Angelots. I am
further inclined to doubt whether the pieces referred to were
of current or recent striking. It is true Edward VI. reformed
the coinage, but as the angelots (at least) are specifically
referred to as "old," and as the angelot is probably that of
1420, the _Edward_ is also likely to be the angel of Edward IV.
introduced in 1465, which bears an effigy of that king. The
angel of Edward VI., of the third coinage of the reign, _does
not bear an effigy of Edward VI._ It may not be out of place to
detail the various issues, though this cannot, of course, settle
the point as to what coin was meant by the _Edward_. Kenyon,
on "The Gold Coins of England," says there were four distinct
series of _gold_ coins issued during the reign of Edward VI.
_First Coinage_ (_January 1546-47_):--HALF-SOVEREIGNS (value
10s.). _Obverse_--king in robes and crowned, enthroned, the
figure of an angel on each arm of the throne; _reverse_--shield
bearing arms of France and England quarterly, supported by
lion and dragon. CROWN (value 5s.). _Obverse_--rose, crowned;
_reverse_--shield with arms, crowned. HALF-CROWNS (value 2s.
6d.). Type like the crowns. _Second Coinage_ (1548):--TREBLE
SOVEREIGN (value £3). Type like last half-sovereign, except
that king has no robes, and holds a sword instead of a sceptre.
SOVEREIGN (value £1). Same as £3, only with different mint-mark.
HALF-SOVEREIGN (value 10s.). _Obverse_--bust in profile to
right; _reverse_--oval shield, crowned, and garnished. CROWNS
(value 5s.). Same as half-sovereign of this coinage. HALF-CROWNS
(value 2s. 6d.). Same as half-sovereign of this coinage. _Third
Coinage_ (1550):--DOUBLE SOVEREIGN (value 48s). _Obverse_--king
seated, holding sceptre and orb; _reserve_--shield with arms,
upon a large double rose. SOVEREIGN (value 24s.). Same as double
sovereign. ANGEL (value 8s.). Type similar to angels of Henry
VIII. The type seems to have been fixed in Henry VI.'s reign.
The Archangel Michael was on the _obverse_, trampling with his
left foot upon the dragon, and piercing him through the mouth
with a spear. _Reverse_ has shield bearing arms of England and
France upon a ship. [_No effigy of Edward VI._] ANGELET (value
4s.). Same as angel. _Fourth_ _Coinage_ (1552):--SOVEREIGN
(value 20s.). _Obverse_.--three-quarter length of king in
profile; _reverse_--same as sovereign of second coinage.
HALF-SOVEREIGN (value 10s.). _Obverse_--same as sovereign;
_reverse_--square shield crowned between E.R. CROWN (value 5s.).
Same as half-sovereign. HALF-CROWN (value 2s. 6d.). Same as
crown. Hawkins, on "The Silver Coins of England," says of Edward
VI. SILVER _coinage_, there were GROATS, HALF-GROATS, PENNIES,
HALF-PENNIES. _Note_--All silver. SHILLINGS--_Obverse_--king's
bust in profile, crowned; _reverse_--arms upon an oval
shield. CROWNS--_Obverse_--the king mounted on a horse;
_reverse_--arms, and cross fleuree. HALF-CROWNS. Same as
crowns. SHILLINGS--_Obverse_--the king on horsebark, galloping;
_reverse_--a square-topped shield, crowned. SIXPENCE. Exactly the
same as the shilling. THREEPENCE. Same as shilling. PENCE of
this coinage (1552) occur both of fine and base metal. The _fine_
penny has (on the _obverse_) the king seated, with arms and cross
on the _reverse_. The _base_ penny has a full-blown rose, instead
of the enthroned king. HALF-PENCE are nearly the same as pence.

EMPERY, "in this _empery_" (N56,_d_), empire, dominion; also
more loosely, region. "Ruling in large and ample _empery_ o'er
France."--Shakespeare, _Henry V._ (1599), i. 2. "A lady So
fair, and fastened to an _empery_, Would make the great'st king
double."--Shakespeare, _Cymbeline_ (1605), i. 7.

EMPRISE, "th' _emprise_ of all this world" (N46,_a_), generally
an undertaking more or less onerous or risky. Here--the
responsibility of subduing and righteously governing the material
creation. "Then shal rejoysen of a grete _empryse_ Acheved
wel."--Chaucer, _Troilus and Cressida_ (1369), ii. 1391.

EMPROWED, "bought ... and _emprowed_" (R219,_a_), improved: with an
eye to a higher rent.

ENCHESON, "for th' _encheson_" (N43,_c_), reason, cause, occasion.
"Certes, said he, well mote I shame to tell The fond _encheason_
that me hither led."--Spenser, _Fairy Queen_ (1590), II. i. 30.

ENCROACHING OF LANDS, see Respublica.

ENDRAIT, "live after that _endrait_" (N59,_d_), quality.

ENFORMED, see Respublica.

ENGLAND, see Courtesy.

ENQUEST, see Inquest.

ENTRIKED, "I am wondrously _entriked_" (N55,_c_; 59_c_), deceived,
entangled, tricked, hindered. "That mirrour hath me now
_entriked_."--_Romaunt of the Rose_, 1642.

ENTUNES, "_entunes_ in silence of the night" (N45,_a_),
songs, tunes, chants, melodies. "So mery a soune, so swete
_entewnes_."--Chaucer, _Boke of the Duchesse_ (1371), 307.

ENURE, "myself to _enure_" (N48,_b_), use, make a habit of,
accustom. "He gan that Ladie strongly to appele Of many haynous
crymes by her _enured_."--Spenser, _Fairy Queen_ (1596), v. ix.
39.

ENVIES, "to see ... _envies_ take in a trap" (R257,_b_), enemies.

EQUITY, see Mankind, _Amended Readings_.

ERCH (_passim_), ere I--er' 'ch--ere ich.

ESCHEATS, "the blind _escheats_" (R183,_d_), lands or tenements
which fell to the crown or lord of the fee through failure of
heirs or corruption of blood: the latter kind was abolished by
the Felony Act, 33 & 34 Vict., ch. xxiii. "The last consequence
of tenure in chivalry was _escheat_; which took place if the
tenant died without heirs of his blood, or if his blood was
corrupted by commission of treason or felony. In such cases the
land escheated or fell back to the lord--that is, the tenure was
determined by breach of the original condition of the feudal
donation. In the one case there were no heirs of the blood of
the first feudatory, to which heirs alone the grant of the feud
extended; in the other the tenant, by perpetrating an atrocious
crime, forfeited his feud, which he held under the implied
condition that he should not be a traitor or felon."--Blackstone,
_Commentaries_, bk. ii., ch. 3.

EXALTATIONS, "follow their good _exaltations_" (R234,_d_),
exhortations.

EXTENT, "at the highest _extent_," etc. (R219,_a_), sale under
compulsory powers (M).

EXTREATS, "the scape of extreats" (R183,_d_), _i.e._ estreats,
enforced by trick. At law an estreat is an official copy of
the specification of fines or penalties (such as a forfeited
recognisance for use of the bailiff or sheriff's officer in
levying). "A forfeited recognisance," if taken by a justice
of the peace, "is certified to the next sessions; and if the
condition be broken by any breach of the peace in the one case,
or any misbehaviour in the other, the recognisance becomes
forfeited or absolute; and being _estreated_ or extracted, taken
out from among the other records, and sent up to the Exchequer;
the party and his sureties, having now become absolute debtors
of the Crown, are sued for the several sums in which they are
respectively bound."--Blackstone, _Comment._, bk. iv., ch. 18.
See Respublica for authorities dealing with the systems of
extortion referred to in these lines.

FAITOUR, "ye are no _faitour_" (M12,_c_), deceiver, imposter: a
generic reproach. "There be many of you _faitours_."--Gower,
_Confessio Amantis_ (1393), i. 47.

FALL, "_fall_ back, _fall_ edge" (R250,_b_), _i.e._ whichever way
it turns out I am prepared (edge = aside or sideways).

FARTHING, "I may not change a man a _farthing_" (M18,_b_), in
the least or smallest degree. A farthing, the fourth part of a
penny, and the smallest copper coin current in Great Britain, is
mentioned as far back as Robert of Gloucester. It seems to have
become a simile of small value or amount in most early writers.
"In hire suppe was no _ferthing_ sene Of grese, whan she dronken
hadde hire drauht."--Chaucer, _Cant. Tales_ (1383), Prologue, 134.

FASHION, see I-fashion.

FEATHER, "_feather_ my nest" (R183,_b_); this proverbial saying
does not occur in Heywood.

FELL, "the world, the flesh, and the _fell_" (M39,_c_), the devil
(Furnivall & Pollard).

FELLOWSHIP, "flee that _fellowship_" (M32,_b_), company, body
of associates, confederacy, joint interest. "Parry felle in
_felaschepe_ with Willyum Hasard at Querles."--_Paston Letters_,
i. 83. "Antenor fleenge with his _felowschippe_."--_Trevisa_, i.
273.

FEOFFED, "_feoffed_ thee with all" (N46,_a_), endowed. "May God
forbid to _feffe_ you so with grace."--Chaucer, _Court of Love_.

FERE, "create to be his _fere_" (N49,_b_), companion,
partner, fellow. "He wod into the water, his _feren_ him
bysyde."--_Political Songs_, p. 217.

FESTINATION, "with all _festination_" (R204,_c_), speed, hurry,
expedition. "Sweet Frank, when shall my father Security present
me?" "With all _festination_."--Jonson and Chapman, _Eastward
Hoe_ (1605), ii. 1.

FETCHES, "beware the _fetches_ of Tediousness" (WS143,_a_),
stratagems, tricks, contrivances, artifices: the word does not
always carry a bad or unworthy meaning.

FICHANT, "Ise cannot be _fichant_ enough" (R267,_c_), sufficient;
_i.e._ better received and esteemed. Mr. Magnus suggests _Je m'en
fiche_, as origin.

FIDE, W[illiam] (M22,_d_), so given in the E.E.T.S. text, _Fide_
being _Fyde_.

FIERCE, "a likely man and a _fierce_" (M27,_d_)--"how valiant ...
and _fierce_" (WH293,_d_), strong, full of fire and ardour.
"Yet have I _fierce_ affections."--Shakespeare, _Antony and
Cleopatra_ (1608), i. 5. "The ships, though so great, are driven
of _fierce_ winds; yet are they turned about with a very small
helm."--_Bible_, Auth. Vers. (1611), _James_ iii. 4.

FIRIBUSQUE, see Breadibus.

FIST, "a good running _fist_" (M30,_b_), writing: an early example
of a common present-day colloquialism.

FLATERABUNDUS, "ye _flaterabundus_ you" (R188,_a_), see Clawback.

FLEAR, FLEARING, FLEERETH (_passim_), mock, gibe, leer, smirk; and
as _verb_ = to grin contemptuously or scornfully, sneer, smirk.

FLEXIBLE, "Mankind is so _flexible_" (M33,_a_), pliant, easily
influenced, wavering in disposition.

FLITCHED, "hath _flitched_ the bishopricks" (R218,_b_), so in
orignal, but? _filched_. Mr. Magnus says, "Cut up into strips."

FLITTANCE (R183,_d_), "a ghost word for fleetings, _i.e._
skimmings" (Mr. Magnus quoting Prof. Skeat).

FLIX, "die of the _flix_" (R271,_c_), flux, dysentery. Mr. Magnus
glosses this "flyxe [_flixe_ in E.E.T.S. text], flick, thief,
62, 1908." The mistake in giving the text spelling in glossary
leads one to suspect that all the rest, save the page and line
reference, is wrong also. At all events, how could Avarice "die
of the thief"? Perhaps, however, the E.E.T.S. editor meant the
Great Thief of Thieves--Old Age!! "Diseased with the bluddy
_flixe_."--Udal, _Matt._ ix.

FLORENT, "so _florent_ estate" (R200,_d_), flourishing, prosperous.
"Sinopa was a _florent_ citee."--Udal, _Apoph. of Erasmus_
(1543), p. 77.

FLOUTHY, "full of _flouthy_ bushes" (JE355,_b_)? _slouthy_ as in my
text and in original: if _flouthy_ from flout = mock, jeer, treat
with contempt: cf. lecherous thorns, backbiting briars, elders of
envy, and other kindred similes in the same passage.

FOND, "each _fond_ opinion" (N58,_a_; _et passim_), foolish, silly,
unwise.

FONE, "God shield you from your _fone_" (M14,_d_; _et passim_),
foes: an old plural.

FOOT, "I hope to have his _foot met_" (M23,_d_), _i.e._ caught by
the foot, tripped.

FOOTBALL, "lend us a _football_" (M32,_c_). Dr. Brandl says this is
the earliest mention of the game.

FORBORNE, "it may no longer be _forborne_" (N51,_d_), endured. "I
may not certes, though I shulde die, _Forbere_ to ben out of your
compagnie."--Chaucer, _Cant. Tales_ (1383), 10,056.

FORCE, FORCETH (_passim_), as _sub._ = matter, consequence,
importance, ground for care or anxiety; as _verb_ = to care,
regard, value, to be of importance or signify. "What _fors_ were
it though al the town bihelde?"--Chaucer, _Troilus and Cressida_
(1369), ii. 373. "It little _forceth_ how long a man liue, but
how wel and vertuously."--Udal, _Mark_ v. "I _force_ not argument
a straw."--Shakespeare, _Rape of_ _Lucrece_ (1594), 1021.

FOR-COLD, "pottage shall be for-_cold_" (M13,_b_)--"when a man is
_for-cold_" (M5,_c_), very cold: as a prefix _for-_ has (1) an
intensive force; (2) a negative or privative force; and (3) a
deteriorative force. Typical examples of each class are----(1)
forlorn = utterly lonely; for-drunken = beastly drunk; (2)
forbid, forfend; (3) forshapen = badly formed, etc.

FORMA, see In.

FORTY PENCE, see Jack Noble.

FOUNDER, "our _founder_ and chief--_founder_ me no foundering"
(R186,_b_; 187_c_; 189_a_), patron, benefactor: see other volumes
of this series.

FOUR EARS, see Horse.

FRAGILITY? "of your nature and of your _fragility_" (M14,_a_),
frailty, weakness, proneness to fall. "Earnestly beseeching the
dictatour to forgive this humane _fragilitie_ and youthful folly
of Qu. Fabius."--P. Holland, _Livius_, p. 307.

FRAY, "how I _fray_" (R202,_c_), fear. "The troubled ghost
of my father Anchises So oft in sleepe doth _fray_ me, and
aduise."--Surrey, _Virgil_, _Æneis_, iv.

FRAYRY, "the demonical _frayry_" (M8,_d_), friary, conventicle.

FUSION, "God send it His _fusion_" (M15,_d_),? _foison_, _fusoan_,
_fusin_ = plenty, abundance: in original, _fusyon_.

GAN, "how God ... _gan_ devise" (N46,_a_), began: auxiliary with
force of _did_. "Not with less dread the loud Ethereal trumpet
from on high _gan_ blow."--Milton, _Paradise Lost_ (1667), vi. 60.

GARD, "freshly _gard_" (N77,_c_), trimmed, edged. "Those of the
forewarde vnder the Duke of Norffolke, were apparelled in blue
coats _garded_ with redde."--Stow, _Henry VIII._ (1544).

GAUDIES, "no more _gaudies_ or japes" (R264,_b_), trick, jest.
"Thynke wel that it is no _gaude_."--Chaucer, _Troilus_ (1369),
ii. 351.

GEAR (_passim_), formerly a word-of-all-work = outfit, ornament,
dress, accoutrements, arms, harness, tackle, goods, property,
tools, implements, material, stuff, matter, business, affair,
manners, habits, customs, rubbish, trash--and what not? See other
volumes of this series.

GENERALIS, see Curia.

GENTLE-MEAT, "_Gentle meat_ for a hawk" (J.E. 363,_c_), the pun is
double-barrelled: _gentle_ also = a trained hawk.

GENTMAN (R231,_b_), gentleman: cf. jentman.

GEOFFREY, "farewell, gentle _Geoffrey_" (M9,_a_), apparently a
common tag or catch-phrase, or from some song of the period.
Heywood (_Works_, E.E.D.S., II. 36_b_) quotes almost the
identical words of _Mankind_: "Now, here is the door, and there
is the way; And so, (quoth he), farewell, gentle _Geoffrey_!"

GERE, read Gear.

GESUMME, "a good horse should be _gesumme_" (M12,_d_). Dr. Bradley
(quoted by E.E.T.S. editors) suggests _geason_ (A.S. _goesne_
= empty, scarce). The whole passage from the beginning of the
speech is obscure and apparently corrupt: at all events, it
hardly "reads" as it is. The following suggestion is made with a
view to eliciting a re-examination. The original is (E.E.T.S.)--

"Ande my wyf wer_e_ yow_u_r hors, sche wolde yow att
to-sa_m_ne
[Gh]e fede yow_u_r hors in mesur_e_; ze ar_e_ a wyse man.
I trow, & [Gh]e wer_e_ þe kyng_is_ palfrey-ma_n_,
A goode horse xulde be gesum_m_e."

Now, take as miswritten the words _yow_ and _to-samne_ in the
first line, and substitute respectively _be_ and _to-famen_, and
sense is obtained. New Guise has overheard Mercy saying that
too much corn for a horse makes it unruly and unmanageable.
"Good!" says New Guise, "you are no liar, for I fed my wife so
well that she has given me a clouting--here is the plaster!...
If my wife were your horse she would be altogether famished. I
trow if ye were the King's palfrey-man a good horse would go
empty or be scarce (King's horses, for parade purposes requiring
plenty of the best fodder). The misscripts are not unlikely ones,
and--well, 'tis but a suggestion." "Steuen wille vs traueile and
_famen_ vs to dede."--_Robert_ _de Brunne_, p. 122.

GHOST, GHOSTLY (_passim_), soul, breath, spirit, will; spiritual,
not carnal or secular, religious: Ger., _geistlich_. As, his
holy _ghost_ (of the will of a man), ghostly purpose, _ghostly_
enemy, _ghostly_ solace _ghostly_ comfort, _ghostly, ghostly_ to
our purpose, father _ghostly, ghostly_ reason.

GINNETH, "when she _ginneth_ wane" (N44,_a_), beginneth. "This
lessoun thus I _ginne_."--_William of_ _Palerne_, 1929. "Into hyr
bedde the boy _gan_ crepe."--_Octovian_, 176.

GINST, "_ginst_ to err" (N52,_b_), see previous entry.

GIS, "by Gis" (_passim_), Jesus: also Jis and Gisse.

GIVE, "_give_ the rope just to thy neck" (M35,_d_), put, adjust.

GODAMIGHTIES (R225,_a_), a term applied to any person or thing
greatly idolised: also and mostly, now-a-days, in sarcasm, _e.g._
a little God-almighty (of a conceited prig), etc. Avarice is
speaking of his money bags.

GODIGOD (R182,_c_), "God give you good [day]," a gloss of Prof.
Brandl's. Also (R258,_c_), _Godigod eve_ and _Godigod speed_.

GOD'S GOOD, "a hat of _God's good_" (R229,_b_), yeast; _sallet_ =
helmet (see E.E.D.S., _Anon. Plays_, 1 Ser. 274_a_). People means
that instead of being well enough off to get a helmet to serve
the king, he is fain to be content with a yeast tub; probably it
was meant also as a bit of "business" for the groundlings' sake.

GOSS, "by _Goss_" (R194,_c_), God.

GOVERNANCE, "this is his _governance_" (M26,_d_), behaviour,
manners, conduct, mode of life. "Now schalle I telle you the
_governance_ of the court of the grete Cham."--_Maundeville_, p.
232.

GOVERNY, "the whole rule and _governy_" (N60,_c_), control,
management, guidance.

GRASS, "while the _grass_ shall grow the horse shall sterve"
(R233,_d_), see Heywood (E.E.D.S., _Works_, II., 378), _s.v._
Grass.

GREEN CHEESE, "Ye can see no _green cheese_ but your teeth will
water" (R216,_c_), cream cheese, the material of which "the moon
is made": see Heywood, _Works_ (E.E.D.S.), II., 97_c_.

GREEN FRIARS (N92,_d_), no such order is known either to the
highest living English authority on monastic orders, or to Helyot
or Dugdale; _The Catholic Dictionary_ likewise makes no reference
to Green Friars. And, in truth, having regard to the context,
it seems tolerably certain that Medwall (a priest himself) was
merely satirizing known abuses, with an eye perhaps on "Friar
Tuck" and "Lincoln green": the "hedge-marriages" alluded to later
(93,_c_) would also support this interpretation.

GROGE, GROGED (N75,_d_), grudge, grudged: as _subs_ = discontent,
ill-will, anger, unwillingness to benefit; as _verb_ = grieve,
repine, murmur, raise objection, feel ill-will. "Perish they That
_grudge_ one thought against your Majesty."--Shakespeare, _1
Henry VI._ iii. (1592), iii. 1.

GROMWELL-SEED (R183,_b_), properly grey millet; here a slang term
for money: see other volumes of this series.

GROSSERY, "such other _grossery_" (R263,_d_), _i.e._ grossness,
enormities, obscurity, with an eye on "grocery" (fr. O.F.
_grossier_, one who sells by the gross, or wholesale).

GRUTCH (_passim_), grudge: see Groge.

GUBBINGS, "the _gubbings_ of booties and preys" (R183,_d_),
properly the parings of haberdine, but also generic for fragments
of any kind.

GUISE, "good new _guise_ ... vicious _guise_," etc. (_passim_),
generic for fashion, style, manner, mien, conduct.

'GYPTIAN, "the _'Gyptian_ thraldom" (R237,_c_), Egyptian.

HA (_passim_), have.

HAD, see Wist.

HAFTER, "ye are but an _hafter_" (WS141,_c_), wrangler, caviller:
also a generic reproach; here specifically a falterer, laggard.
"Of ale he doth so stinke, That whether he go before, or behynde,
Ye shall hym smell without the winde. For when he goeth to it,
he is no _hafter_."--_Doctour Double Ale_, 216 (_c._ 1547).

HAIK, HAKE (R191,_b_ and _c_; R219,_c_), "an exclamation, generally
a signal of defiance" (Halliwell): cf. "hack" ("hawk") = to clear
the throat.

HAIR, see Hood.

HALE, "What doth he after him _hale_" (R215,_d_), haul.

HALED, see States.

HALFPENNY, "your minds were all on your _halfpenny_" (R196,_d_),
_i.e._ with an eye to the main chance, generally attentive,
cautious, or prudent. The proverb is in Heywood (_Works_,
E.E.D.S., II. 14,_c_; 174,_b_). "_Ri._: Dromio, looke heere, now
is my hand on my _halfepeny_. _Half._: Thou liest, thou hast not
a farthing to lay thy hands on."--Lyly, _Mother_ _Bombie_ (1594),
ii. 1. "But the blinde [deafe] man, having his hand on another
_halfe-penny_, said, What is that you say, sir? Hath the clocke
strucken?"--_Notes_ _on Du Bartas_, _To the Reader_, 2nd page.

HALSED, "his fair wife _halsed_ in a corner" (M28,_d_), embraced
(_hals_ = neck): the special use of the word is singularly
appropriate, as Mischief had just escaped the halsman (=
executioner or jailer) himself.

HANCE BEERPOT (W.H.), _i.e._ Hans, but there was no object in
carrying the modernisation of the orthography so far as to alter
the original Hance: see Wealth and Health.

HAND, "I bless you with my _left hand_" (M23,_c_), _i.e._ curse:
cf. "over the left" = altogether wrong, or the reverse of what is
said. Such "left-handed" colloquialisms are by no means rare to
express insincerity, ill-omen, underhandness, or inferiority. The
earliest quotation in the _O.E.D._, _s.v._ Left, is 1705, so this
example carries its use back upwards of 200 years.

HANDS, see Aloft.

HANGMAN, see Calais.

HANSTON, see Respublica.

HARDELY (_passim_), steadily, boldly, certainly.

HARE, "this same way goeth the _hare_" (R212,_b_), _i.e._ that's
the gist, trend, secret, why and wherefore of the matter: in
Heywood.

HASSARD, "fet not _hassard_ nor rioter" (IP,320,_c_); so in
original. It may be a contraction of _hasarder_ = gamester, or
a misprint for _haskard_ = a rough, blustering fellow (Dekker);
probably, however, the former fits the context best.

HASSE, "a fair manor _hasse_" (JE354,_a_), so in original; and but
for the rhyme-word _bash_ being spelt _basshe_ one might suspect
a misprint, especially as Dr. Murray records no such form as
_hasse_ for _house_, nor anything like it. The meaning, however,
is clear enough.

HAT (_passim_), have it--ha[ve i]t.

HAUT, HAUTY, "his _haut_ courage" (N60,_d_),--"Wealth is _hauty_"
(WH276,_d_), high, lofty, proud. Also see N53,_c_, where _haut_
is misprinted _hawt_.

HAVE (_a_) (_passim_) bears several idiomatic meanings in
old writers. Thus _to have after_ = to follow; _to_ _have
at_ (a person or thing) = to try, attempt, begin, strike,
hit; _to have with_ (a person) = to go with, come on. Also,
_have at him_ (subs.) = a thrust, blow; and so forth.
"_Have after_, to what issue will this come."--Shakespeare,
_Hamlet_ (1596), i. 4. "_Have at_ _it_, then."--Shakespeare,
_Cymbeline_ (1605), v. 5. "_Have at thee_ with a downright
blow."--Shakespeare, _2 Henry VI._ (1594), ii. 3. "I'll venture
one _have-at-him_."--Shakespeare, _Henry VIII._ (1601), ii. 2.

(_b_) see Petticoat.

HAVIOUR, "a man of your _haviour_" (N85,_b_), conduct, manners,
demeanour, as in Shakespearean usage. But possibly it may, and
probably does, stand here for the Anglo-Norman _havoir_ = wealth,
property. The context would seem to indicate this, "Into a
_haviour_ of less fear."--Shakespeare, _Cymbeline_ (1605), iii. 4.

HAWT, see Haut.

HEADIBUS, "your headibus" (M18,_c_), heads.

HEAL (_passim_), health. HEDGE, "over the _hedge_ ere ye come at
the stile" (R192,_a_), proverbial: in Heywood (_Works_, E.E.D.S.,
II. 97,_d_ and 443,_c_).

HEELS, see Lead.

HELPEN, "he can be _helpen_ thereof" (N122,_a_), helped; also
_holpen_. Still in use.

HEND, "to me full _hend_" (M11,_c_), courteous, civil, polite.
"So loveth she this _hendy_ Nicholas."--Chaucer, _Cant. Tales_
(1383), 3386.

HEY, "_Hey nonny nonny, ho for money_" (R222,_d_), if not a popular
song, a popular refrain. The words occur in many old writers, not
infrequently with an obscene meaning or reference: see _Slang and
its_ _Analogues, s.v._ Nonny.

HIE, "_Hie_ you forth lively" (M17,_d_), probably a snatch of some
old song, which, however, I have been unable to trace. A somewhat
similar reference occurs in _Misognus_ (Anon. Plays, 2 Ser.,
E.E.D.S., 185,_d_) during a dancing scene: "O lively with high,
child, and turn thee; ah, this is good sport!" Although this
does not settle the source of the saying, yet it adds force to
Mankind's words.

HIGH, "on _high_, on _high_" (JE357,_c_), a duplication
necessitated by the rhyme--_Eli, Eli_, but all the same a very
striking one.

HIGHT, "Health I _hight_" (WH277,_a_), am called, have for a name:
the only passive verb in English: see other volumes of this
series.

HIP, "have you on the _hip_" (R215,_c_), to have or get an
advantage: see _Slang and its Analogues,_ _s.v._ Hip.

HITE, "when man is a little _hite_ and wealthy" (WH279,_c_) = idle:
in original _hit_. I take the word to be akin to the northern
_hite_, to run up and down idly (Halliwell). Still, this may be
wrong, and the now obsolete sense of _hit_ = to be fortunate or
successful may be meant.