Chapter II: Preface

Robert Curthose, eldest son of William the Conqueror, had been dead but a few years when Abbot Suger set about rebuilding the great abbey church of Saint-Denis, which was dedicated with such pomp and ceremony in 1144. Among the scenes from the First Crusade which filled one of its famous stained-glass windows, there was one which portrayed Robert, mounted upon his charger, in the act of overthrowing a pagan warrior—“Robertus dux Normannorum Partum prosternit,” ran the inscription beneath it.[1] It was thus, as a hero of the Crusade, that the great Abbot Suger chose to recall him, and it was as such that his fame survived in after times. Robert was not a masterful character, and it cannot be said that as a ruler he made a deep impression upon his generation. Overshadowed by his great father, cheated of a kingdom by his more aggressive brothers, and finally defeated in battle, deprived of his duchy, and condemned to perpetual imprisonment, his misdirected life offers a melancholy contrast to the more brilliant careers of the abler members of his family. Yet, if he was himself lacking in greatness, he was closely associated with great names and great events; and his unmeasured generosity and irrepressible bonhomie gained him many friends in his lifetime, and made him a personality which is not without its attractions to the modern. It is hoped that a study of his career which attempts to set him in his true relation to the history of Normandy and England and of the Crusade may be of interest not only to the specialist but to the general reader.

It is now more than a generation since Gaston Le Hardy published _Le dernier des ducs normands: étude de critique historique sur Robert Courte-Heuse_ (1882), the only monograph upon Robert which has hitherto appeared. In spite of its age, if this were the critical study which its title implies, the present essay need hardly have been undertaken. But it makes no use of documentary materials, and is unfortunately a work of violent _parti pris_, quite lacking in criticism according to modern standards. “J’ ai entrepris,” says the author in his preface, “à l’aide de quelques autres chroniqueurs, une lutte contre notre vieil Orderic Vital, essayant de lui arracher par lambeaux la vérité vraie sur un personnage dont il ne nous a donné que la caricature.” It may be granted that Ordericus Vitalis was a hostile critic, who sometimes did Robert scanty justice; but assuredly there is no occasion for polemics or for an _apologia_ such as Le Hardy has given us, and I have no intention of following in his footsteps. My purpose is a more modest one, namely to set forth a full and true account of the life and character of Robert Curthose upon the basis of an independent and critical examination of all the sources. To any one acquainted with the state of the materials on which the investigator must perforce depend for any study of the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries, it will not be surprising that there are many gaps in our information concerning Robert’s life and many problems which must remain unsolved. I have tried at all times to make my own researches and to draw my own conclusions directly from the sources when the evidence permitted, and to refrain from drawing conclusions when it seemed inadequate. But my indebtedness to the secondary writers who have preceded me in the field is abundantly apparent in the index and in the footnotes, where full acknowledgments are made. The works of E. A. Freeman upon the Norman Conquest and upon the reign of William Rufus have proved especially helpful for Robert’s life as a whole, as have also various more recent monographs which bear upon his career at certain points. Among these are the works of Louis Halphen upon the county of Anjou, of Robert Latouche upon Maine, and of Augustin Fliche upon the reign of Philip I of France. For the chapter on the Crusade much use has been made of the detailed chronology of Heinrich Hagenmeyer and of the exhaustive notes in his well known editions of the sources for the First Crusade, as well as of the admirable monograph by Ferdinand Chalandon upon the reign of the Emperor Alexius I. The appendix _De Iniusta Vexatione Willelmi Episcopi Primi_ has already been published in the _English Historical Review_, and is here reproduced by the kind permission of the editor.

It is more than a pleasure to acknowledge my obligations to those whose counsel and assistance have been constantly at my disposal in the preparation of this volume. By the librarians and their staffs in the libraries of Harvard University, the University of California, the University of Pennsylvania, and Bryn Mawr College I have been treated with a courtesy and helpfulness which are beyond praise. Mr. George W. Robinson, Secretary of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Harvard University, has given me much valuable assistance in preparing the manuscript for the press and in the correction of the proof. Finally, I have to acknowledge a debt of gratitude which is deeper than can well be expressed in writing, that which I owe to my teachers. It was Professor Dana C. Munro, now of Princeton University, who first taught me to care greatly for the Middle Ages and awakened my interest in the Crusades. He has followed this volume with kindly interest while it has been in the making, and has given me much helpful criticism upon that part which relates to the First Crusade. But above all I am indebted to Professor Charles H. Haskins of Harvard University, at whose suggestion this work was first undertaken and without whose help and counsel it could hardly have been brought to completion. While the author must accept full responsibility for the statements and conclusions herein contained, it is proper to say that the documentary materials which Professor Haskins had collected, as well as the results of his own researches, were placed at my disposal in manuscript before their publication in his recent volume entitled _Norman Institutions_, that separate chapters as they have been prepared have passed through his hands for detailed criticism, and that his unfailing patience has extended even to the reading of the proof sheets.

CHARLES WENDELL DAVID.

BRYN MAWR, PENNSYLVANIA, September, 1919.

FOOTNOTES

[1] See Frontispiece and Appendix G.

CONTENTS

PAGE

CHAPTER I

YOUTH 3-16
Parentage and birth 4
Tutors and education 6
Initiation into politics 7
Official position under the Conqueror 10
Bright promise of Robert’s youth 15

CHAPTER II

REBELLION AND EXILE 17-41
Robert’s character and personal appearance 17
First rebellion and exile 18
Gerberoy 25
Robert in the active service of the king 31
Second rebellion and exile 36
Death of the Conqueror 39

CHAPTER III

INDEPENDENT RULE, 1087-95 42-88
Robert’s accession to the duchy 42
Unsuccessful attempt to gain the English crown 44
William Rufus against Robert Curthose 53
Robert and William as allies 60
The loss of Maine 69
Weakness and failure of Robert’s government 75
Renewed war with William Rufus 83

CHAPTER IV

THE CRUSADE 89-119
Introduction 89
The Crusade launched in Normandy 90
Preparations for the Crusade 92
From Normandy to Nicaea 96
From Nicaea to Antioch 102
Antioch, 1097-98 104
The advance upon Jerusalem 108
The capture of Jerusalem 112
The battle of Ascalon 115
Robert’s return from Jerusalem to Italy 117
Estimate of Robert as a crusader 118

CHAPTER V

FAILURE TO GAIN THE ENGLISH CROWN 120-137
Death of William Rufus and accession of Henry I 120
Robert’s return from the Crusade 123
The end of Norman rule in Maine 125
Conspiracy to gain the English crown 127
Norman invasion of England 130
The treaty of Alton, 1101 134

CHAPTER VI

THE LOSS OF NORMANDY 138-176
Sequel to the treaty of Alton 138
Robert Curthose and Robert of Bellême 141
Private war in Normandy and intervention of Henry I 144
Robert and the church 150
Preparations of Henry I for the conquest of Normandy 155
English invasion of Normandy, 1105 161
The campaign of Tinchebray, 1106 171

CHAPTER VII

LAST YEARS AND DEATH 177-189
Settlement of Normandy after Tinchebray 177
Disposal of the captives 179
William Clito, last hope of a lost cause 180
Robert’s vicissitudes in captivity 186
Death of Robert Curthose 189