Chapter XXII: Appendix: G

THE ROBERT MEDALLION IN SUGER’S STAINED GLASS WINDOW AT SAINT-DENIS

A recent writer has described Suger’s reconstruction of the abbey church of Saint-Denis as “le fait capital de l’histoire artistique du XIIᵉ siècle”;[1] and certainly among the most remarkable features of that great achievement were the stained glass windows, which were the abbot’s pride, and which he caused to be wrought “by the skilful hands of many masters from divers nations.”[2] The oldest painted windows of known date which survived from the Middle Ages,[3] most of them were destroyed during the French Revolution; and there would be no occasion to mention them in connection with the life of Robert Curthose, were it not that a series of ten medallions from one window, representing scenes from the First Crusade, has been preserved for us by the venerable Benedictine, Bernard de Montfaucon, in copperplate engravings of the early eighteenth century.[4] The eighth scene in the series has given rise to much discussion. It portrays a Christian knight in the act of unhorsing a pagan warrior with a mighty thrust of his lance, and bears the inscription: R DVX NORMANNORVM PARTVM PROSTERNIT.[5] Clearly we have here some spectacular victory of Robert Curthose over a Saracen; and it is the oldest graphic representation of the duke now extant. The only problem is to identify it either with a historic or with a legendary exploit of Robert on the Crusade. Ferdinand de Mély, assuming that it had nothing to do with veritable history, has supposed that it represented Robert’s legendary combat with the emir ‘Red Lion’ during the great battle of the Franks against Kerboga, as related in the _Chanson d’Antioche_;[6] and at Riant’s suggestion he has gone further and proposed that it may offer a _terminus ad quem_ for determining the date of composition of that poem.[7] Gaston Paris has very properly rejected both these hypotheses. But he still holds that the Robert medallion can only be explained by reference to the _Chanson d’Antioche_, and he identifies the scene portrayed with Robert’s legendary victory over Kerboga himself rather than with that over Red Lion.[8] On the other hand, Hagenmeyer, who is better qualified to speak upon such matters, sees not legend at all but sober history in the scene in question. Indeed, upon comparison of the whole series of Montfaucon’s engravings with the original narratives of the First Crusade, he finds all the scenes portrayed to be in remarkably close agreement with historic facts. “L’artiste qui a fait ces peintures,” he says, “a été, sans aucun doute, très au courant des événements marquants de la première croisade… A proprement parler, aucune de ces peintures ne contient d’épisode légendaire.” And the scene in the Robert medallion he considers to be no more than a pictorial rendering of a text from the _Gesta Francorum_ describing the battle of Ascalon: “Comes autem de Nortmannia cernens ammiravisi stantarum … ruit vehementer super illum, eumque vulneravit usque ad mortem.”[9]

Although Mély in quoting Hagenmeyer’s opinion does not accept it,[10] there can be little doubt of its correctness. The scenes from the Crusade in Suger’s window do not, it is true, agree in every minute detail with the primary literary sources, but the deviations are certainly not greater than should be expected from a mediaeval painter striving to produce an artistic result within the limitations of his craft. The arrangement and numbering of Montfaucon’s engravings leave some doubt as to the original sequence of the medallions, but so far as it is possible to determine, the outstanding events of the Crusade from the siege of Nicaea to the battle of Ascalon appear to have been portrayed in chronological order. About the first six scenes, as arranged by Montfaucon, there can be practically no doubt. And the great battle against Kerboga is set in its proper place between the capture of Antioch and the storming of Jerusalem; and there is no indication that Robert played a special part in it, any more than there is in the strictly historical literary sources.

The last four medallions as given by Montfaucon present peculiar difficulties; and it will be well to describe them briefly, preserving his numbering.

No. 7. The flight of defeated horsemen through a gate into a walled city. Inscription: ARABES VICTI IN ASCALON FVGIVNT.

No. 8. The Robert medallion which has been described above.

No. 9. A single combat between a Christian and a pagan horseman, each supported by a band of warriors who fill the background. Inscription: DVELLVM PARTI EX ROTBERTI FLANDRENSIS COMITIS.

No. 10. A general combat between Christian and pagan warriors fighting on horseback. Inscription: BELLVM AMITE ASCALONIA IV; and an unfilled space at the end seems to indicate that it is incomplete. Evidently this inscription has become corrupt in transmission, and as it stands it is not wholly intelligible. It seems clear enough, however, that we have here a representation of the great battle of the Franks against the Egyptian emir Malik el-Afdhal near Ascalon.

Now if the four medallions in question be taken in the order in which they have just been described, it is difficult, if not impossible, to reconcile them with the literary sources as a representation of actual events in chronological order. But it is very doubtful whether Montfaucon has placed them in their proper sequence. We have no way of checking him as to the arrangement of nos. 8 and 9; but a glance at his engravings reveals the fact that nos. 7 and 10 are not perfectly circular like the rest, but are considerably cut away, the former in the upper right hand sector and the latter in the upper left hand sector.[11] Clearly they were placed side by side at the top of the window in the restricted space beneath the pointed arch, no. 10 being on the left and no. 7 on the right. Now the general sequence of the medallions in the window appears to have been from the bottom to the top; and in that case nos. 10 and 7 must have been the last two of the series. If this arrangement be accepted the interpretation of the last four medallions does not seem to offer greater difficulties than that of the first six. All four have to do with events centring around Ascalon and the great contest of the Franks with the Egyptian emir. Nos. 8 and 9 portray the individual feats of arms of Robert Curthose and Robert of Flanders as set forth in the literary sources.[12] No. 10 (with the corrupt inscription) probably represents the general engagement in which the exploits of the two Roberts were such notable features. And no. 7, properly belonging at the end, represents the flight of the vanquished pagans through the gate within the protecting walls of Ascalon. It is true that our best literary sources in describing the pursuit which followed the battle make no mention of this particular feature. But we know that the inhabitants of Ascalon closed their gates and successfully bid defiance to the crusaders;[13] and it certainly does not seem improbable that some of the fugitive Saracens should have escaped thither. At any rate, the artist might very well have assumed that they so escaped.

FOOTNOTES

[1] Émile Mâle, in André Michel, _Histoire de l’art_ (Paris, 1905-), i, p. 786. On the rebuilding of the church see Otto Cartellieri, _Abt Suger von Saint-Denis, 1081-1151_ (Berlin, 1898), p. 105, and the references there given; Michel Félibien, _Histoire de l’abbaye royale de Saint-Denis en France_ (Paris, 1706), pp. 170-176; Paul Vitry and Gaston Brière, _L’église abbatiale de Saint-Denis et ses tombeaux_ (Paris, 1908), pp. 9-10; and above all Anthyme Saint-Paul, “Suger, l’église de Saint-Denis, et Saint Bernard,” in _Bulletin archéologique du Comité des Travaux historiques et scientifiques_, 1890, pp. 258-275.

[2] “Vitrearum etiam novarum praeclaram varietatem, ab ea prima quae incipit a _Stirps Iesse_ in capite ecclesiae, usque ad eam quae superest principali portae in introitu ecclesiae, tam superius quam inferius, magistrorum multorum de diversis nationibus manu exquisita, depingi fecimus.” _Oeuvres complètes de Suger_, ed. A. Lecoy de la Marche (Paris, 1867), p. 204.

[3] “Les plus anciens vitraux à date certaine qui subsistent encore… [Ils] furent mis en place de 1140 à 1144.” Michel, _Histoire de l’art_, i, p. 784. Nevertheless it may be doubted whether all the windows were actually completed at the time of the consecration of the choir and the translation of the relics, 11 June 1144. The windows, only fragments of which have escaped destruction, are most fully described by Ferdinand de Lasteyrie, _Histoire de la peinture sur verre d’après ses monuments en France_ (Paris, 1853-57), i, pp. 27-37; ii, planches iii-vii.

[4] _Les monumens de la monarchie françoise_ (Paris, 1729-33), i, planches l-liv, between pages 390 and 397. Montfaucon says (p. 384): “Cette première croisade est representée en dix tableaux sur les vitres de l’église de S. Denis, à l’extrêmité du rond-pont derrière le grand autel, dans cette partie qu’on appelle le chevet. Ces tableaux qu’on voit tous sur une même vitre, furent faits par ordre de l’abbé Suger, qui s’est fait peindre plusieurs fois dans ces vitres du chevet avec son nom _Sugerius Abbas_.” There seems no reason to doubt Montfaucon’s identification of this window with one of those executed at Suger’s order, and modern writers have accepted it without question. It ought to be noted, however, that no fragment of this particular window appears to have escaped destruction, and that Suger, although he describes two of the windows in detail and names a third, makes no specific mention whatever of this one. And, moreover, it is the very windows which he does describe which have in part been preserved. But on the other hand, Suger makes no pretence at a complete list or description of the windows; and he himself indicates that there were many. _Oeuvres de Suger_, pp. 204-206; Lasteyrie, _Histoire de la teinture sur verre_, i, pp. 27-37; ii, planches iii-vii.

[5] Montfaucon, _Monumens_, i, planche liii, opposite p. 396.

[6] Vol. ii, p. 261.

[7] “La croix des premiers croisés,” in _Revue de l’art chrétien_, 1890, pp. 298-300.

[8] “Robert Courte-Heuse à la première croisade,” in _Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres_, 1890, pp. 207-208.

[9] Letter to Riant, printed in _Revue de l’art chrétien_, 1890, pp. 300-301; _G. F._, pp. 494-495.

[10] “M. Hagenmeyer … me semble être allé beaucoup trop loin, dans le cas qu’il fait de nos cartons pour l’explication des textes qu’ils représentent. Je ne saurais le suivre sur ce terrain, persuadé que les détails de faits qui se sont passés en Orient ont incontestablement été modifiés par des artistes qui n’avaient jamais quitté la France.” _Revue de l’art chrétien_, 1890, p. 300.

[11] Montfaucon, _Monumens_, i, planches liii, liv, opposite p. 396.

[12] See _supra_, p. 116; cf. _Revue de l’art chrétien_, 1890, p. 300.

[13] _Supra_, p. 116.

INDEX

Mediaeval names of persons are arranged alphabetically under the English form of the Christian name.

Abbeville (Somme), 40, note.

Abingdon (Berkshire), chronicle of, 31, 207;
abbey, 31;
abbot, _see_ Adelelm.

Absalom, 20.

Acopars, 196.

Acre (Palestine), 111, note.

_Actus Pontificum Cenomannis in Urbe degentium_, 205.

Adam, canon of the church of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem, 229.

Adams, G. B., 212.

Adela, countess of Blois and Chartres, sister of Robert Curthose, 168.

Adelelm, abbot of Abingdon, 31.

Adelina, daughter of Robert of Meulan, 146.

Aderbal, _scolae minister_, 73, note.

Adhemar, bishop of Le Puy, papal representative on the First Crusade,
102, 106, 108, 111.

Administration of Normandy under Robert Curthose, 80-81.

Adrastus, 37.

Adriatic sea, 98.

Aegean sea, 100.

Agnes de Ribemont, sister of Anselm de Ribemont and wife of Walter
Giffard, 147.

Aid (_auxilium_) taken from the English barons by William Rufus
(1096), 92.

Aimeric de Villeray, 22, 23.

Aksonkor, _see_ Kasim ed-daula Aksonkor.

Alan Fergant, duke of Brittany, 94, 172, 174, 221, 227, 247, note.

Alan, son of Ralph de Gael, 221, 226.

Alan, steward of Archbishop Baldric of Dol, 94, 221.

Alberic, _comes_, 37, note, 41, note.

Alberic, son of Hugh of Grandmesnil, 21, note, 22, 93, 221.

Alberic de Milesse, 74, note.

Albert of Aix, chronicler, 198, 208, 217, 228, 235, 236, 237, 238, 241,
242.

Aldhun, bishop of Durham, 213.

Alençon (Orne), 9, 43, 76.

Aleppo (Syria), 230.

Aleppo road, 105.

Alexandria (Egypt), 47.

_Alexiad_, _see_ Anna Comnena.

Alexius I Comnenus, Greek emperor, 100, 101, 102, 105, 109, 112, 117,
118, 230, 233-236, _passim_, 238, 239, 240, 242, 243, 244.

Almenèches (Orne), abbey, 140, 142, 143;
abbess, _see_ Emma.

Alost (East Flanders), 186.

Alps, mountains, 96, 120, 184, 233.

Alton (Hampshire), 131, 133, 172;
treaty of, 141, 144, note, 148, 157.

Amalfi (province of Salerno), 97.

Amaury de Montfort, 145, 146.

Amendelis, reputed messenger of Kilij Arslan, 193, note.

Ancenis (Loire-Inférieure), 223.

Andronicus Tzintzilucas, 234, 238.

Angers (Maine-et-Loire), abbeys at, _see_ Saint-Aubin, Saint-Nicolas.

Anglo-Flemish relations, 155-156, 181, 182, 185.

Anglo-French relations during the reign of Henry I, 122, 155, 181,
182-185.

_Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_, 24, 45, 83, 95, 136, 206.

Anjou, relations of Henry I with, 156;
counts of, _see_ Fulk IV, Fulk V, Geoffrey II, Geoffrey III,
Geoffrey IV.

Anna Comnena, daughter of Emperor Alexius I, 209, 234, 236, 238;
_Alexiad_, 209.

Annals of Renaud, 34.

Annals of Winchester, _see_ Winchester.

‘Anonymous of York,’ 82, note.

Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, 81, 83, 84, 92, note, 121, 122,
127-130, _passim_, 132, 136, note, 154, 168-171, _passim_, 177,
178, 206, 208, 212, 213.

Anselm de Ribemont, 231.

Antioch (Syria), 93, 94, 104, 105, 106-109, _passim_, 111, 112, 114,
139, 190, 191, 194, 221, 222, 224, 226, 227, 228, 231-242, _passim_,
251;
_see_ St. Peter, church of.

Anti-pope, _see_ Clement III.

Antwerp, 235.

Apennines, mountains, 96.

Apulia, 98, 112, note, 193.

Aquitaine, 24, 38.

Arabia, 113.

Ardevon (Manche), 64.

Argences (Calvados), 85, note.

Argentan (Orne), 85, 127, 141, 144, note, 178.

Arka (Syria), 110, 111, 241, 242.

Arnold, bishop of Le Mans, 35.

Arnold, Thomas, 214.

Arnulf, brother of Robert of Bellême, 127, 140, 142.

Arnulf of Chocques, chaplain of Robert Curthose, 95, 111, 115, 116,
217-220, 221.

Arnulf of Hesdin, 95, 222.

Arques (Seine-Inférieure), 55, 75, note, 165, note.

Arundel (Sussex), 139.

Ascalon (Palestine), 115-116, 119, 125, note, 197, note, 251, 252.

Ascelin Goël, 78, 145, 146.

Asia Minor, 104.

Atenas, legendary Turkish king, 197.

Athyra (modern Bojuk Tchekmedche, Thrace), 99, note.

Auberville (Calvados), 79.

Aubrée la Grosse, 222, 223.

Aumale (Seine-Inférieure), 60;
count of, _see_ Stephen.

Avranches (Manche), 49, 62, 63, 75, 78, 81, 174.

Azzo, marquis of Este, 72, note.

Bagora, Mount (Macedonia), 99, note.

Bagulatus, Mons, _see_ Bagora.

Baldric, archbishop of Dol, historian of the First Crusade, 208, 221.

Baldwin, count of Edessa, brother of Godfrey of Bouillon, 104, note,
111, 196, note, 235.

Baldwin V, count of Flanders, 4, 155, note.

Baldwin VII, count of Flanders, 182.

Ballinger, John, 188, note.

Ballon (Sarthe), castle, 70, 71, 225.

Bardarium, _see_ Vardar.

Barfleur (Manche), 161, 164.

Bari (province of Bari), 97, 98;
_see_ St. Nicholas, church of.

Barnwell (Cambridgeshire), priory, 95, 225.

Bartholomew, abbot of Marmoutier, 12.

Bath, bishop of, _see_ John.

Battle of Ascalon, 115-116;
of Brémule, 182;
of Dorylaeum, 103;
of Gerberoy, 26-27;
with Kerboga of Mosul, 107;
of Tinchebray, 173-176, 245-248.

Baudart, 196.

Bavent (Calvados), 71, note, 75, 79.

Bayeux (Calvados), 15, note, 16, 51, note, 53, note, 55, note, 91, note,
153, note, 159, 160, 165, 166, 167, 225;
bishop of, _see_ Odo, Thorold.

Bazoge, La (Sarthe), 224.

Beaumont-le-Roger (Eure), 140, 145, 156.

Beaumont-sur-Sarthe (Sarthe), 14.

Beauvais, abbey at, _see_ Saint-Quentin.

Bec-Hellouin (Eure), Le, abbey, 81, 83, 165, note, 171, 226.

Belial, 163.

Bellême (Orne), 43, 76;
house of, _see_ Talvas.

Bellou-sur-Huîne (Orne), 228.

Bernard, abbot of Marmoutier, 223.

Bernard, son of Walter of Saint-Valery, 94, 222.

Bertrada de Montfort, 71, 75.

Bessin, 159, 160, 166, note, 174.

Bibliothèque Nationale, 207.

Biota, daughter of Herbert Éveille-Chien, 8, 9.

Blanchelande, _see_ La Bruère.

Blois, count of, _see_ Stephen;
countess of, _see_ Adela.

Bofinat, _see_ Vodena.

Bohemond, prince of Taranto, eldest son of Robert Guiscard, leader of
the First Crusade, 97-98, 100, 102, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 112,
114, 117, 118, 119, 193, 198, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244.

Böhmer, Heinrich, 82, note, 165, note.

Bonneville-sur-Touques (Calvados), 12, note, 14, note, 15, 19, 29,
40, note.

Botella, _see_ Monastir.

Boulogne, counts of, _see_ Eustace II, Eustace III.

Brémule (Eure), battle of, 182.

Breteuil succession, war of the, 144-146, 156.

Bretons on the First Crusade, 94.

Bréval (Seine-et-Oise), siege of, 78.

Bridgenorth (Shropshire), 139.

Brindisi (province of Lecce), 99.

Brionne (Eure), 43, 75, 76.

Bristol (Gloucestershire), 186.

British Museum, 154, note.

Brittany, relations of Henry I with, 156;
dukes of, _see_ Hoël, Alan Fergant.

Bruno, citizen of Lucca, 107, note, 232.

Bulgaria, 100.

Bures (Seine-Inférieure), 55, 75, note, 85.

Caen (Calvados), 31, note, 42, 60, note, 65, 66, 80, 124, 125, note,
159, 160, 166, 167, 170, 191, 219;
abbeys, _see_ La Trinité, Saint-Étienne.

Caesarea (Palestine), 110, note.

Caesarea Mazaca (Cappadocia), 104, note.

Cafaro of Genoa, 230, note, 236, 240.

Cagny (Calvados), 166, note.

Calabria, 43, note, 98.

Calixtus II, pope, 183.

_Calloenses_, 56.

_Campus Martius_, 84.

Canterbury, 125, note, 150;
archbishops of, _see_ Lanfranc, Anselm, Ralph, William.

Cardiff (Glamorganshire), castle, 138, 186-189, _passim_.

Carentan (Manche), 161, 164.

_Cartulaire de l’abbaye de Saint-Vincent du Mans_, 208.

Castellum Vallium, truce of, 33.

Caux, pays de, 160.

Cecilia, daughter of William the Conqueror, abbess of La Trinité at
Caen, 95, 124, 219.

Chalandon, Ferdinand, 100, note, 117, 234, 236, 238, 239.

_Chanson d’Antioche_, 195, 196, 210, 250.

_Chanson de Jérusalem_, 197, 198, 210.

_Chanson de Roland_, 153, note.

Charlemagne, 192, note.

Charles the Good, count of Flanders, 185.

Charroux (Vienne), 142.

Charter of Liberties of Henry I, 122.

_Chartes de Saint-Julien de Tours_, 207.

Chartres, bishop of, _see_ Ivo;
count of, _see_ Stephen;
countess of, _see_ Adela.

Château-Gontier (Mayenne), 77, 141.

Châteauneuf-en-Thymerais (Eure-et-Loir), 22.

Chaumont-en-Vexin (Oise), 85, note, 96, note, 185.

Cherbourg (Manche), 60, 62, 63.

Chester, earls of, _see_ Hugh, Richard.

Chetelhulmum, _see_ Quettehou.

Cheux (Calvados), 150.

Chevalier au Cygne, 192, note.

_Chevalier au Cygne et Godefroid de Bouillon_, 210.

Chichester, bishop of, _see_ Ralph.

Chocques (Pas-de-Calais), 217.

Chrisopolis, _see_ Pravista.

Christopolis, _see_ Kavala.

_Chronique de Morigny_, 206.

Church, _see_ English church, Norman church.

Cilicia, 233, note.

Cilician Gates, 104.

Cintheaux (Calvados), 167.

Clarence, river, 217.

Clement III (Guibert), anti-pope, 97.

Clermont (Puy-de-Dôme), council of, 88, 89, 90, 93, 223, 224.

Companions of Robert Curthose on the Crusade, 93-95, 221-229.

Compiègne (Oise), 29, note;
abbey, _see_ Saint-Corneille.

Conan, citizen of Bayeux, 165.

Conan de Lamballe, son of Geoffrey I, called Boterel, count of Lamballe,
94, 222.

Conan, son of Gilbert Pilatus, citizen of Rouen, 56, 57, 58.

Conan’s Leap, 58.

Conches (Eure), 58.

Conquest of Normandy by Henry I, 155-179.

Constantinople, 98, 99, 100, 112, note, 117, 244.

_Consuetudines et Iusticie_, 65.

Corbonnais, 21, 22.

Cotentin, 49, 62, 63, 64, note, 75, 78, 79, 80, 123, note, 124, 134,
157, 160, 161, 174;
count of the, _see_ Henry I.

Couesnon, river, 64.

Councils, ecclesiastical, _see_ Clermont, Rheims, Rouen;
ducal or royal, _see_ Lisieux, Rockingham, Winchester.

Courcy (Calvados), 59, 77.

Coutances (Manches), 62, 63, 81.

Coxon (ancient Cocussus in Cappadocia), 104, note.

Cross, _see_ Holy Cross.

Crusade, First, 77, 89-119, 123, 124, 125, 127, 149, 150, 156, 190,
192-199, 208-209, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221-244, 249-252.

Crusaders, _see_ Companions of Robert Curthose.

_Curia ducis_, 76, 80.

Curse laid upon Robert Curthose by his father, 27.

Cyprus, island, 105, 230, 231, 232, note, 233, 234, note, 238, 239.

Daemonis flumen, _see_ Skumbi.

Dagobert, archbishop of Pisa, patriarch of Jerusalem, 232, 243.

Dallington (Northampton or Sussex), 167.

Danegeld, 92.

Dapifer of Philip I, king of France, 23.

David, king of Israel, 162.

David I, king of Scotland, son of Malcolm Canmore, 186, note.

Davis, H. W. C., 36, note, 97, note, 233, note, 245, 246, 247;
_Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum_, 207.

_De Iniusta Vexatione Willelmi Episcopi Primi_, 211-216.

Delbrück, Hans, 245, 246, 247.

Delisle, Léopold, 246.

Devizes (Wiltshire), 180.

Dijon, abbot of, _see_ Gerento.

Dol (Ille-et-Vilaine), siege of, 23, 32;
bishop of, _see_ Baldric.

Domfront (Orne), 77, 78, 87, 89, 123, note, 124, 134, 135, 157, 158.

Dorylaeum (Phrygia), battle of, 103, 104, 193, 194.

Doubs, river, 96.

Dover (Kent), 58, note, 73, note, 87, 128, 155, note.

Downton (Wiltshire), 36.

Dreux de Monchy, 222.

Drummond, J. D., 245, 246, 247.

Duncan, son of King Malcolm, 42.

Durand, abbot of Troarn, 53, note.

Durazzo (Illyria), 99.

Durham, 67, 136, 177, 212, 213, 215, 216, note;
bishops of, _see_ Aldhun, William of Saint-Calais, Ranulf Flambard.

Eadmer, 132, 167, 212;
_Historia Novorum in Anglia_, 206.

East Anglia, 47.

Easter celebration at Carentan, 161-164.

Eccles (Berwickshire), 31.

Écrammeville (Calvados), 79.

Edessa (Mesopotamia), 104, note, 112;
count of, _see_ Baldwin.

Edgar Atheling, grandson of Edmund Ironside, 67, 175, 232, 233, 236, 237.

Edgar, king of Scotland, son of Malcolm Canmore, 236.

Edith, sister of William of Warenne, wife of Gerard of Gournay, 222.

Edward the Confessor, king of England, 12, 122.

Elbeuf-sur-Andelle (Seine-Inférieure), 177, note.

El-Bukeia (Syria), valley of, 110.

Emelota, _see_ Emma.

Émendreville (modern Saint-Sever, suburb of Rouen), 57.

Emma, abbess of Almenèches, sister of Robert of Bellême, 140, 142, note.

Emma (or Emelota), niece of Arnulf of Chocques, 218.

Emma, daughter of William Fitz Osbern, wife of Ralph de Gael, 222, 236.

English church, taxed by William Rufus, 92;
supports Henry I, 132.

_English Historical Review_, 246, 247.

English mariners on the First Crusade, 95, 105-106, 231-232, 236-237.

Enguerran, son of Ilbert de Lacy, 160, 166.

Enguerrand, son of Count Hugh of Saint-Pol, 94, 222.

Eraclea, _see_ Eregli.

Eregli (Thrace), 99, note.

Eremburg, daughter of Helias of La Flèche, 126.

Ernest de Buron, 215.

Eu (Seine-Inférieure), 55, 59, 60, 84, 86, 87;
counts of, _see_ Henry, Robert.

_Eulogium Historiarum_, 210.

Eumathios Philocales, duke of Cyprus, 236, 240.

Eustace II, count of Boulogne, 47, 51.

Eustace III, count of Boulogne, 115, 118, note, 135, 222.

Eustace, natural son of William of Breteuil, 144, 145, 146, 156.

Eustace Garnier, lord of Caesarea, 218.

Évrecin, 144.

Evremar of Chocques, patriarch of Jerusalem, 217, note.

Évreux, bishop of, _see_ Gilbert;
count of, _see_ William.

Exmes (Orne), 75, 77, 143.

Falaise (Calvados), castle, 9, 167, 170, 171, 177, 178, 180;
_vicomté_ of, 178.

Farrer, W., 207, note.

Fécamp, abbey, _see_ La Trinité;
letter of a priest of Fécamp to a priest of Séez, 245-248, _passim_.

Feudal anarchy (or private war) in Normandy, 43-44, 53, 58, 75-80, 123,
140-146, 159-160.

Firth of Forth, 67, note.

Flanders, 28, 59, 155;
counts of, _see_ Baldwin V, Robert the Frisian, Robert of Jerusalem,
Baldwin VII, Charles the Good, William Clito.

Fliche, Augustin, 85, note, 86, note.

Florence of Worcester, 68, 206, 211, 214, 216.

_Flores Historiarum_, 201, 210.

_Florinensis Brevis Narratio Belli Sacri_, 231.

Fourches (Calvados), castle of Robert of Bellême, 77, 141.

Freeman, E. A., 4, note, 9, note, 23, note, 26, note, 34, note,
55, note, 66, note, 67, note, 95, note, 118, 119, 127, note,
130, note, 134, note, 211, 215.

Fresnay (Sarthe), 14, 70, note.

Frisia, 235.

Fulcher of Chartres, historian of the First Crusade, 95, 101, 209, 223;
_Historia Hierosolymitana_, 208.

Fulcher, bishop of Lisieux, brother of Ranulf Flambard, 151.

Fulcher, son of Walter, 179, note.

Fulk IV le Réchin, count of Anjou, 15, 32-35, _passim_, 70, 71, 74, 75,
125, 126.

Fulk V le Jeune, count of Anjou, son of Fulk le Réchin, 182, 184.

Fulk of Aunou-le-Faucon, 226.

Fulk, abbot of Saint-Pierre-sur-Dives, 150, 171, note.

Gacé (Calvados), 71, note, 75, 79.

Gaillefontaine (Seine-Inférieure), 54.

Galbert of Bruges, _Histoire du meurtre de Charles le Bon_, 206.

Gascony, 24, 38.

Gavray (Manche), 62.

Genealogy of the counts of Maine, 8, note.

Genêts (Manche), 64.

_Gentleman’s Magazine_, 187.

Geoffrey II Martel, count of Anjou, 7.

Geoffrey III le Barbu, count of Anjou, 8, 9.

Geoffrey IV Martel, the Younger, count of Anjou, 164.

Geoffrey Chotard, baron of Ancenis, 223.

Geoffrey of Conversano, 118.

Geoffrey Gaimar, 191, 209.

Geoffrey, son of Riou de Lohéac, 227.

Geoffrey of Mayenne, 70, 72.

Geoffrey of Mortagne II, count of Perche, son of Rotrou I, 77, 94.

Geoffrey, archbishop of Rouen, 183, note.

Geoffrey de Vigeois, 201.

George, Robert H., 155, note.

Gerard of Gournay, 54, 56, 58, 60, 93.

Gerard de Saint-Hilaire, 141.

Gerberoy (Oise), 19, 20, note, 23, 25-28, _passim_, 35, 39, 40, note.

Gerento, abbot of Saint-Bénigne of Dijon, 91, 93, 96, 225.

Gersent, daughter of Herbert Éveille-Chien, 72, note.

_Gesta Francorum_, 208, 241, 251.

_Gesta Normannorum Ducum_, _see_ William of Jumièges.

_Gesta Tancredi_, _see_ Ralph of Caen.

Gibraltar, 231.

Gilbert, an architect (?), 223.

Gilbert, bishop of Évreux, 93, 99, 151, 152, 223, 225.

Gilbert of Laigle, 57, 75, 77.

Gilbert Maminot, bishop of Lisieux, 151.

Gilo, poet, 234.

Gimildjina (Macedonia), 99, note.

Gisors (Eure), 81, 82, 183, 185.

Glamorgan, 186.

Gloucester, 83;
abbey of St. Peter, 27, 167, note, 189;
abbot, _see_ Walter;
cathedral, 189.

Godfrey, duke of Bouillon, leader of the First Crusade, 100, 102,
108, note, 109, 110, 112, 113, 119, 192, note, 195, 197, note,
235, 241;
ruler of the Latin Kingdom, 114-117, _passim_, 191, 198, 199;
poetic cycle of the Crusade, 192, note, 194, 195, 196.

Godfrey of Jumièges, abbot of Malmesbury, 92, note.

Gonnor, wife of Riou de Lohéac, 227.

Gontier d’Aunay, 159, 160, 162, 165.

Gontier, inhabitant of Laigle, 21.

Gouffern (Orne), forest of, 127, 144, note.

Gournay (Seine-Inférieure), 54, 56.

Grandor of Douai, _trouvère_, 192, note, 197, note.

Gravençon (Seine-Inférieure), 71, note, 75.

Great St. Bernard, pass over the Alps, 96.

Gregory VII, pope, 30.

Guibert, anti-pope, _see_ Clement III.

Guibert of Nogent, 208, 234, 239, 240.

Guinemer of Boulogne, pirate chief, 235, 237, 238.

Guise, W. V., 189, note.

Gulfer, son of Aimeric de Villeray, 23.

Guy, son of Gerard le Duc, 223.

Guy de Sarcé, 224.

Hagenmeyer, Heinrich, 96, note, 104, note, 209, 250, 251.

Hainovilla, 79.

Halphen, Louis, 9, note.

Hamo de Huna, 224.

Harim (Syria), 105.

Harold, king of the English, 12, note, 40, 232, note.

_Harvard Historical Studies_, 207.

Haskins, C. H., 81, note, 207, 217, note.

Hastings (Sussex), 73, note, 84, 86;
battle of Hastings or Senlac, 12, note, 15, note.

Helias, count of Maine, son of John of La Flèche, 70, 71, 72, 74, 94,
95, note, 125, 126, 164, 167, 174, 178, 247.

Helias of Saint-Saëns, 39, 55, 75, 85, 181;
his wife a natural daughter of Robert Curthose, 39.

Henry, earl of Warwick, son of Roger of Beaumont, 28, 128.

Henry, son of William de Colombières, 229.

Henry I, king of England and duke of Normandy, 6, 21, 36, note, 39,
41, note, 42, 49, 52-61, _passim_, 66, 74, 75, 78, 79, 81, 87, 89,
124, 125, 126, 138-154, _passim_, 177-186, _passim_, 200, 201, 202,
225, 247;
at war with William Rufus and Robert Curthose in the Cotentin, 62-65;
gains the English crown, 120-123;
his war with Robert Curthose for possession of England, 127-137;
his conquest of Normandy, 155-176.

Henry II, king of England, 18, 155, note, 200.

Henry, count of Eu, 158.

Henry Fitz Henry, the Young King, 18.

Henry of Huntingdon, 89, 179, 194, 198, 200, 246, 247.

Henry Knighton, 210.

Herbert I Éveille-Chien, count of Maine, 71.

Herbert II, count of Maine, 7, 8.

Herbert Losinga, bishop of Thetford or Norwich, 59, note, 136, note.

Hervé, son of Dodeman, 224.

Hervé, son of Guyomark, count of Léon, 224.

Hiémois, 77, 141, 143, 166.

Hilgot, abbot of Saint-Ouen, Rouen, 223.

Hippeau, Célestin, 196, note.

_Histoire du meurtre de Charles le Bon_, _see_ Galbert of Bruges.

_Historia Belli Sacri_ (same as _Tudebodus Imitatus et Continuatus_),
107, note, 198, 199.

_Historia Dunelmensis Ecclesiae_, _see_ Simeon of Durham.

_Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem_, _see_ Raymond of Aguilers.

_Historia Hierosolymitana_, _see_ Fulcher of Chartres.

_Historia Novorum in Anglia_, _see_ Eadmer.

_Historia Regum_, _see_ Simeon of Durham.

Hoël, duke of Brittany, 33, note.

Hoël, bishop of Le Mans, 35, 69, 71-74, _passim_.

Holy Cross, 113, note.

Holy fire, _see_ Miracle of the holy fire.

Holy Lance, 111.

Holy Land, 90, 116, 119, 208, 233, 237.

Holy see, _see_ Papacy.

Holy Sepulchre, 91, 94, 113, note, 114, 119;
church of the, 114, 116, 125, note, 199.

Holy shroud at Compiègne, 29, note.

Holy War, _see_ Crusade.

Homage of King Malcolm to William Rufus, 67-68;
of the Norman barons to Robert Curthose, 12, 15, 19, 40;
of the Norman barons to William Atheling, 184;
of Robert Curthose to Fulk le Réchin, count of Anjou, 34;
of Robert Curthose and Margaret of Maine to Geoffrey le Barbu, count
of Anjou, 9-10;
of William, count of Évreux, to Henry I, 158.

Hubert, cardinal legate of Gregory VII, 34, note.

Hubert, _vicomte_ of Maine, 35.

Hugh of Amiens, archbishop of Rouen, 179, note.

Hugh of Avranches, earl of Chester, 59, 62, 63, 79.

Hugh Bunel, son of Robert de Jalgeio, 112, note.

Hugh of Châteauneuf-en-Thymerais, 22, 24.

Hugh d’Envermeu, 165, note.

Hugh of Este, count of Maine, grandson of Herbert Éveille-Chien, 72,
73, 74.

Hugh of Flavigny, 91, note, 96.

Hugh of Gournay, 28.

Hugh of Grandmesnil, 28.

Hugh II, count of Jaffa, 218.

Hugh de Monteil, brother of bishop Adhemar of Le Puy, 240, note.

Hugh de Montpinçon, brother-in-law of Robert of Grandmesnil, 141.

Hugh de Nonant, 143, 160, 162, 177.

Hugh Painel, 59, note.

Hugh, count of Saint-Pol, 118, note.

Hugh of Vermandois, called the Great, brother of King Philip I, 102,
112, 118, note.

Ibn el-Athir, 209.

Ilger, tutor of Robert Curthose, 6.

Ingelbaudus, 224.

Inquest of Caen (1091) concerning ducal rights in Normandy, 60, note,
65-66, 80.

Insurrection at Rouen, 56-58;
of the Manceaux at Sainte-Suzanne, 35.

Investiture controversy in England, 127, 129, 132, 136, note, 154,
168-169, 171;
in Normandy, 128, 154-155.

Iolo Morganwg, _see_ Williams, Edward.

Iron Bridge (Djisr el-Hadid), 104.

Isle of Wight, 68.

Ivo, canonist and bishop of Chartres, 84, note, 85, note, 96, note,
151-153, 168, 208.

Ivo, son of Hugh of Grandmesnil, 21, note, 22, 93, 107, note, 108, note,
127, 139, 224.

Ivo Taillebois, 215.

Ivry (Eure), 75, 76, 78, 145.

Jaffa (Palestine), 232, 241, note.

Jasper, duke of Bedford, 187.

Jebeleh (Syria), 117, 241, 243.

Jehoshaphat, valley of, at Jerusalem, 113.

Jericho (Palestine), 117.

Jerusalem, 39, 90, note, 92, note, 94, 95, 108, 109, 110-113, _passim_,
116, 125, note, 184, 190, 191, 197, 198, 199, 221-226, _passim_,
229, 233, 235, 236, 241, 242, 251;
Tower of David at, 114;
patriarchs of, _see_ Amulf, Dagobert, Evremar.

Jesus College, Oxford, MS., 247.

John, bishop of Bath, 136, note.

John of La Flèche, 32, 33, 34.

John of Meulan, wealthy burgess, 145, 146, 156.

Jordan, river, 117.

Judicaël, bishop of Saint-Malo, 227.

Julian Alps, _see_ Alps.

Juliana, natural daughter of Henry I, 145, 156.

Kafartab (Syria), 110, 236.

Kasim ed-daula Aksonkor, 230.

Kavala (Macedonia), 99, note, 100.

Kemal ed-Din, 209, 230, 238.

Kent, earldom of Odo, bishop of Bayeux, 44, 46.

Kerboga of Mosul, 94, note, 108, 111, note, 191, 192, note, 194, 195,
196, 197, note, 250, 251.

Kilij Arslan (Soliman II), sultan of Iconium, 101-102, 103, 193, note.

Krüger, A.-G., 196, note.

La Bruère (Sarthe), treaty of, 33, note, 34, 35, note, 36.

La Couture, abbey at Le Mans, 14, note, 73, note.

La Ferté-en-Bray (Seine-Inférieure), 54, 55, note, 56, 59, 86.

La Flèche (Sarthe), 33, 34.

Laigle (Orne), 21, 22, 168, 171.

Lance, _see_ Holy Lance.

Lands of Matilda, claimed by Henry I, 52, 62.

Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, 45.

Laodicea ad Mare (Syria), 105, 106, 117, 230-244.

Latakia, _see_ Laodicea.

Latin Kingdom, 116, 197, 209, 218.

Latouche, Robert, 7, note, 9, note, 11, note, 73, note.

La Trinité, abbey at Caen, 62, note, 80;
cartulary of, 79-80;
abbess, _see_ Cecilia.

La Trinité, abbey at Fécamp, 11, 43, 49, note, 51, 60, 81, note, 82, 229.

Leeds (Yorkshire), 67, note.

Legends of Robert Curthose on the Crusade, 190-200;
during his long imprisonment, 200-202.

Le Hardy, Gaston, 5, note, 205.

Le Homme (modern L’Ile-Marie, Manche), 205.

Le Houlme, district, 77.

Leland, John, antiquary, 189, note.

Le Mans (Sarthe), 7, 9, 14, 15, 69-73, _passim_, 90, 125, 126;
bishopric of, 35;
cathedral of, 229;
historian of the bishops of, 69;
right of patronage over the see of, 35, 72;
abbeys, _see_ La Couture, Saint-Vincent;
bishops of, _see_ Arnold, Hoël.

Leo IX, pope, 4.

Le Prévost, Auguste, 4, note, 127, note.

Lessay (Manche), abbey of, 36, note.

Levison, Wilhelm, 154, note.

Liebermann, Felix, 212.

Lincolnshire, 129, note.

Lire (Eure), 144.

Lisieux (Calvados), simony in connection with the episcopal succession
to, 151-154, 177;
councils at, 178;
bishops of, _see_ Gilbert Maminot, Fulcher.

_Livere de reis de Engletere_, 210.

_Livre noir_ of Bayeux cathedral, 207.

Lohéac (Ille-et-Vilaine), 227.

Loire, river, 223.

London, 87, 121, 131, 132;
Tower of, 128, 179, note;
bishop of, _see_ Maurice.

Longueville (Seine-Inférieure), 54, 86.

Lorraine, 24, 38.

Lot, Ferdinand, 5, note, 13, note.

Lothian, 31, 67, 68.

Louis VI le Gros, king of France, 122, 155, 180, 182, 183, 185.

Lucca (province of Lucca), 96.

Luchaire, Achille, 18, note.

Lucretia, _see_ Ochrida.

Lys, river, 217.

Mabel, sister of Robert of Bellême and wife of Hugh of
Châteauneuf-en-Thymerais, 22.

Mabel, wife of Roger of Montgomery, 112, note.

Macra, _see_ Makri.

Maine, direct rule of Geoffrey Martel established in, 7;
William the Conqueror adopts a policy of intervention in, 7-8;
Norman domination established in, 8-11;
Norman domination overthrown, 14;
reconquest by William the Conqueror, 14;
aggressive policy of Fulk le Réchin in, 32-34;
war between William and Fulk for possession of, 34;
insurrection against Norman rule at Sainte-Suzanne, 35;
loss of the county by Robert Curthose, 69-75;
proposed expedition of Robert Curthose and William Rufus against, 61,
74;
aggressive policy of William Rufus in, 125;
end of Norman rule in, 125-126;
relations of Henry I with, 156;
counts of, _see_ Herbert I, Herbert II, Robert Curthose, Hugh of Este,
Helias of La Flèche.

Mainer, abbot of Saint-Évroul, 25.

Makri (Thrace), 99, note.

Malbrancq, Jacques, 217.

Malcolm Canmore, king of Scotland, 30, note, 31, 65, 67, 68, 213, 215,
216.

Malik el-Afdhal, grand vizier of Egypt, 115, 252.

Malik-Shah, Seljuk sultan, 230.

Malmesbury, abbot of, _see_ Godfrey of Jumièges.

Malpalu, suburb of Rouen, 57.

Mamistra (Cilicia), 235.

Manasses, archbishop of Rheims, 231.

Manceaux on the Crusade, 94.

Mantes (Seine-et-Oise), 39, 185.

Marash (Armenia), 95, 104, note, 208.

Margaret, heiress of Maine, sister of Herbert II, 7-11, _passim_, 19.

Margaret, queen of Scotland, sister of Edgar Atheling and wife of
Malcolm Canmore, 122.

Marmoutier (Indre-et-Loire), abbey, 73, note, 221, 223;
abbots of, _see_ Bartholomew, Bernard.

Maromme (Seine-Inférieure), 164.

Marra (Syria), 94, 109, 110, 222.

Marriage of Henry I and Matilda, daughter of Malcolm Canmore, 122;
of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders, 4-5.

Matilda, Queen, wife of William the Conqueror, 4-7, _passim_, 13, 24,
29, 30, note, 36, note, 37, 52, 62.

Matilda, Queen, wife of Henry I, god-daughter of Robert Curthose, 122,
131, note, 148.

Matilda, countess of Tuscany, 38.

Matthew of Edessa, 209.

Matthew Paris, 201, 210.

Mauger Malherbe, 143, note.

Maurice, bishop of London, 121.

Meisine, rue (street in Caen), 160.

Mély, Ferdinand, 250, 251.

Messinopolis, _see_ Gimildjina.

Meulan, count of, _see_ Robert.

Meyer, Jacques de, 217.

Meyer, Paul, 246.

Milet, porte (gate at Caen), 160, 166, note.

Miracle of the holy fire, 198-199.

Moeller, Charles, 217, 218.

Monastir (Macedonia), 99, note, 100.

Mons Gaudii (Palestine), 229.

Montaigu (Mayenne), castle of, 75, note, 77.

Montbouin (Calvados), 79.

Monte Cassino (province of Caserta), abbey, 97.

Montensis (Baldwin _comes de Monte_), 118, note.

Montfaucon, Bernard de, antiquary, 249-252, _passim_.

Mont-Saint-Michel (Manche), abbey, 36, note, 49, 60, 63, 64, 65, 78, 124.

Morel, Émile, 29, note.

Mount Bagora, _see_ Bagora.

Munkidhites, _see_ Shaizar.

Nantes (Loire-Inférieure), 223.

National Library of Wales, 188, note.

Natura, _see_ Athyra.

Neapolis (probably Malgera, Thrace), 99, note.

Newcastle upon Tyne (Northumberland) 31.

New Forest (Hampshire), 38, 120, 123, 124.

Nicaea (Bithynia), 101, 102, 193, 221, 222, 224, 227, 228, 229, 251.

Nicholas, brother of Guy de Sarcé, 224.

Nicholas Saemundarson, abbot of Thingeyrar, 96, note.

Nicomedia (Bithynia), 101.

Norgate, Kate, 10, note.

Norman church under Robert Curthose, 53, 54, note, 81-82, 150.

Norman Conquest of England, 12, 14, 15, 19, 32.

Northampton, 169.

Northumberland, 31, 47.

Norwich, bishop of, _see_ Herbert Losinga.

Notre-Dame-du-Pré, priory at Émendreville, 57.

Noyon-sur-Andelle (modern Charleval, Eure), 71, note, 75.

Nuns of Almenèches, 140, 142, note;
of La Trinité at Caen, 79-80, 81.

Ochrida (Macedonia), 99, note, 100.

Odo, bishop of Bayeux, 16, 18, note, 36, note, 44, 45, 47, 53-55,
_passim_, 69, 70, 93, 98-99, 153, 165, 214, 215, 223, 224.

Odo, bishop of Treves, 24.

Oissel-sur-Seine (Seine-Inférieure), 36.

Oliver de Fresnay, 143.

Oliver, one of the ‘twelve peers’ of Charlemagne, 194, note.

Oman, C. W. C., 245, 246, 248.

Omont, Henri, 73, note.

Ordericus Vitalis, 4, 19, 21, 24, 34, 36, 37, 38, 44, 53, 65, 70, 79,
81, 116, 127, 128, 135, 140, 141, 147, 158, 159, 161, 163, 164, 173,
205, 206, 208, 225, 232, 233, 236, 237, 239, 240, 245, 246, 247, 248.

Orne, river, 77, 160.

Orontes, river, 104, 110.

Osmond de Gaprée, 70, note.

Otranto (province of Lecce), 193.

Pain de Mondoubleau, 70, 223, 225.

Pain Peverel, 95, 225-226.

Pain, brother of Guy de Sarcé, 224.

Palermo (Sicily), 98, 220, 223, 225;
cathedral of St. Mary at, 99, 225.

Palestine, _see_ Holy Land.

Palgrave, Sir Francis, 97, note, 118, note.

Panados (Thrace), 99, note.

Papacy, relations with Henry I, 169;
with Robert Curthose, 82, 153-155.

Paris, Gaston, 192, 250.

Paris, Paulin, 196, note, 197, note.

Pascal II, pope, 152, 153, 154, 171, note, 208, 218.

Patronage over the bishopric of Le Mans, 72.

Paula, daughter of Herbert Éveille-Chien, mother of Helias of La
Flèche, 71.

Peckham (Kent), 92, note.

Penarth (Glamorganshire), promontory of, 188, note.

Pension paid by Henry I to Robert Curthose, 134, 138, 148;
by William Rufus to Malcolm, king of Scotland, 68.

Perche, 94;
counts of, _see_ Geoffrey, Rotrou.

Persians, 196.

Peter the Hermit, 101.

Peter Langtoft, 199, 210.

Pevensey (Sussex), 47, 49, 50, 52, 130.

Pfister, Christian, 5, note.

Philip of Bellême, called the Clerk, fifth son of Roger of Montgomery,
93, 226.

Philip I, king of France, 12, 23, 25-29, _passim_, 38, note, 39, 55, 56,
59, 70, 73, note, 78, 81-87, _passim_, 122, 164, 170, 180.

Philip II Augustus, king of France, 192, note.

Philippensium, _see_ Vallis Philippensium.

Pigeonneau, Henri, 197, note.

_Pilatenses_, faction at Rouen, 56.

Pillet, Jean, 29, note.

Pirates in the English Channel, 52, note;
in the eastern Mediterranean, 105, 235, 237-238.

Pisa, archbishop of, _see_ Dagobert.

Pledge of Normandy to William Rufus for a loan of 10,000 marks, 91,
95-96.

Po, river, 96.

Poem in the Welsh language attributed to Robert Curthose, 187-188.

Poitou, 90.

Polynices the Theban, 37.

Pontarlier (Doubs), 96.

Ponthieu, 40, note.

Pontoise (Seine-et-Oise), 85, note, 96, note, 185.

Pont-Saint-Pierre (Eure), 71, note, 75.

Popes, _see_ Leo IX, Gregory VII, Urban II, Pascal II, Calixtus II.

Porchester (Hampshire), 130, note.

Porte Milet, _see_ Milet.

Port St. Simeon (Syria), port of Antioch, 231.

Portsmouth (Hampshire), 130.

Praetoria, _see_ Yenidjeh.

Pravista (Macedonia), 99, note.

Preparations for the Crusade, 92-96.

Private war in England, 139;
in Normandy, _see_ Feudal anarchy.

Prou, Maurice, 26, note.

Public Record Office, 155, note.

Quarrel between Bohemond and Raymond over the possession of Antioch,
108-109;
between Godfrey and Raymond over possession of the Tower of David at
Jerusalem, 114-115;
quarrels between Robert and his father, 16-41.

Quettehou (Manche), 62, note, 80.

Raherius _consiliarius infantis_, 6.

Rainerius de Pomera, 226.

Ralph of Caen, 193, 208, 209, 218, 219, 222, 228, 232, 233, 234, 239;
_Gesta Tancredi_, 193, 208, 219.

Ralph, bishop of Chichester, 59, note.

Ralph II of Conches (or de Toeny), 22, 43, 58, 60, 70, 78, 140.

Ralph III of Conches (or de Toeny), son of Ralph II, 145, 146, 156-157.

Ralph de Diceto, 209.

Ralph Fitz Anseré, 49, note.

Ralph Fitz Bernard, 125, note.

Ralph de Gael, one time earl of Norfolk, crusader, 16, note, 94, 226.

Ralph of Mortemer, 54, 158.

Ralph Niger, 199, 209.

Ralph, abbot of Séez, 144, 150;
archbishop of Canterbury, 183, note.

Ralph II, archbishop of Tours, 73, note.

Ramleh (Palestine), 197, 233.

Ramsay, J. H., 34, note, 245, 246.

Ranulf of Bayeux, 174.

Ranulf Flambard, bishop of Durham, 81, 86, 121, 122, 128, 130, 136, 151,
152, 153, 177.

Ranulf Higden, 210.

Ranulf, abbot of Saint-Vincent of Le Mans, 227.

Ravendinos, protospatharius of the Greek emperor, 233.

Raymond of Aguilers, 208, 231-234, _passim_, 237, 238, 239, 241;
_Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem_, 208.

Raymond of Saint-Gilles, count of Toulouse, 101, 102, 108-119, _passim_,
198, 231-244, _passim_.

Rebellion of 1088 against William Rufus, 45-52;
of Robert Curthose against William the Conqueror, 3, 19-27, 36-40.

Reconciliation of Robert Curthose and William the Conqueror, 28-30.

Red King, _see_ William Rufus.

Red Lion (perhaps Kilij Arslan, sultan of Iconium), 196, 250.

Regency of Normandy during the absence of William the Conqueror, 13, 15.

_Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum_, _see_ Davis, H. W. C.

Reginald of Warenne, brother of William of Warenne, earl of Surrey, 57,
159, 160, 170, 171, 173, note.

Rehoboam, 20.

Reiffenberg, F. A. F. T. Baron de, 196, 210.

Rémalard (Orne), 22, 23.

Renaud of Grancey, 144.

Revolt of the Manceaux against Norman rule, 13-14.

Rheims, councils at, 5, 182.

Riant, Paul, 234, 236, 238, 250.

Richard, son of Fulk of Aunou-le-Faucon, 226.

Richard, earl of Chester, son of Hugh of Avranches, 158, 201.

Richard de Courcy, 79.

Richard son of Herluin, 79.

Richard the Fearless, duke of Normandy, 185, note.

Richard le Pèlerin, ministrel, 192, note, 197, note.

Richard de Redvers, 62, 79, 128.

Richard, natural son of Robert Curthose, 38.

Ridwan of Aleppo, 106, 194.

Riou de Lohéac, 94, 226, 227.

Rivallonus, archdeacon of Saint-Malo, 227.

Robert of Arbrissel, 227.

Robert de Beauchamp, _vicomte_ of Arques, 181.

Robert of Bellême, son of Roger of Montgomery, 22, 43, 47, 50, 52, 57,
59, 76, 77, 78, 127, 131, 134, note, 135, note, 139-150, _passim_,
156, 158, 159, 160, 162, 169, 174, 175, 177, 221, 247, note.

Robert de Bonebos, 79, 176.

Robert the Burgundian, 70.

Robert de Courcy, 141.

Robert Curthose, _see_ Contents.

Robert II d’Estouteville, 160, 165.

Robert III d’Estouteville, son of Robert II, 170, 171, 175.

Robert, count of Eu, 54.

Robert Fitz Hamon, 62, 128, 134, note, 158, 159, 165, 166, note, 187.

Robert I the Frisian, count of Flanders, 24.

Robert II of Jerusalem, count of Flanders, son of Robert the Frisian,
93, 98, 101, 105-119, _passim_, 170, 182, 198, 227, 241, 242, 243,
251, 252.

Robert Géré (or of Saint-Céneri), 75, 77, 143.

Robert of Gloucester, chronicler, 210.

Robert, earl of Gloucester, natural son of Henry I, 186.

Robert, son of Godwin, 233.

Robert, son of Hugh of Grandmesnil, 141.

Robert Malet, 139.

Robert, count of Meulan, son of Roger of Beaumont, 28, 76, 128, 131,
140, 145, 148, 153, 156, 158, 162, 163, 174, note.

Robert the Monk, chronicler, 193, 209.

Robert de Montfort, 141, 158.

Robert, count of Mortain, 35, 49, 50.

Robert Mowbray (or de Montbray), earl of Northumberland, 22, note, 79,
222.

Robert of Pontefract, son of Ilbert de Lacy, 127, 139.

Robert Quarrel, 76.

Robert of Saint-Céneri, _see_ Robert Géré.

Robert, abbot of Saint-Pierre-sur-Dives, 150, 170, 171.

Robert of Saint-Rémy-des-Landes, 166, note.

Robert of Torigny, 146, 147, 205, 246.

Robert the Vicar (_vicarius_), 227.

Rochester (Kent), 47, 49-52, _passim_, 62, 69, 150, 215;
church of St. Andrew at, 52, note.

Rockingham (Northampton), council of, 212.

Rodley (Rodele), 189, note.

Rodosto (Thrace), 99, note, 100.

Roger d’Aubigny, 36, note.

Roger of Barneville, 93, 227.

Roger of Beaumont, 13, note, 28, 75.

Roger de Bienfaite, 22, note.

Roger Bigot, 128.

Roger Bursa, duke of Apulia, son of Robert Guiscard, 98, 117.

Roger of Caux, inhabitant of Laigle, 21.

Roger of Gloucester, a knight in the service of Henry I, 167.

Roger, earl of Hereford, 16, note.

Roger of Ivry, butler of William the Conqueror and warden of the castle
at Rouen, 21.

Roger de Lacy, _magister militum_ of Robert of Montgomery and brother
of Robert of Bellême, 85, 127, 140, 142.

Roger, bishop of Salisbury, 180, 186.

Roger du Sap, abbot of Saint-Évroul, 54, 66, note, 81.

Roger, count of Sicily, 97, 99, 117, 225.

Roger of Wendover, 210.

Rohes, _see_ Chocques.

Röhricht, Reinhold, 209.

Roland, one of the ‘twelve peers’ of Charlemagne, 194, note.

_Roman de Rou_, _see_ Wace.

Rome, 43, note, 97, 152, 155, 169;
_see_ St. Peter’s.

Rotrou of Mortagne I, count of Perche, 22, 23.

Rotrou of Mortagne II, count of Perche, son of Geoffrey II, 94, 143,
156, 158, 227.

Rouen (Seine-Inférieure), 21, 28, 39, 42, 43, 44, 53, note, 60, 84, 95,
152, 160, 164, 170, 171, 177, 180, note, 223, 234, 239;
insurrection at, 56-58, 62;
councils at, 81, 90;
cathedral of St. Mary, 81, 82, 146;
archbishops of, _see_ William Bonne-Ame, Geoffrey, Hugh of Amiens;
abbey, _see_ Saint-Ouen;
priory, _see_ Saint-Gervais.

Round, J. H., _Calendar of Documents preserved in France illustrative of
the History of Great Britain and Ireland_, 207.

Rugia (Syria), 109.

St. Andrew, church of, _see_ Rochester.

Saint-Aubin, abbey at Angers, 126, note.

St. Benedict, 97.

Saint-Céneri (Orne), 75, 76.

Saint-Corneille, abbey at Compiègne, 29, note.

St. Cuthbert, _miracula_ of, 216, note.

Saint-Denis (Seine), abbey, 192, note, 196, 249-250.

Saint-Étienne, abbey at Caen, 16, 19, note, 41, 43, 49, note, 150, 228.

Saint-Évroul (Orne), abbey, 25, 70, note, 142, note, 144, note;
abbot of, _see_ Mainer.

Saint-Gervais, priory at Rouen, 40.

Saint-Gilles (Gard), 235.

Saint-James (Manche), 79.

St. John the Divine, 163.

Saint-Julien, abbey at Tours, 36, note, 74, note, 228.

Saint-Malo, bishop of, _see_ Judicaël.

Saint-Martin of Marmoutier, abbey, _see_ Marmoutier.

Saint-Martin of Troarn, abbey, 229;
abbot, _see_ Durand.

St. Mary of Bec, abbey, _see_ Bec.

St. Mary, cathedral of, at Palermo, _see_ Palermo.

St. Mary, cathedral of, at Rouen, _see_ Rouen.

Saint-Maurice (canton of Valais), abbey, 96.

St. Nicholas, church of, at Bari, 98, note, 226.

Saint-Nicolas, abbey at Angers, 33, note.

Saint-Ouen, abbot of, _see_ Hilgot.

St. Peter, church of, at Antioch, 109, note, 227.

St. Peter, abbey of, at Gloucester, _see_ Gloucester.

St. Peter’s church at Rome, 97.

Saint-Pierre-sur-Dives (Calvados), abbey, 150, 154, 171, note, 173, note;
abbots of, _see_ Fulk, Robert.

Saint-Pol, count of, _see_ Hugh.

Saint-Quentin, abbey at Beauvais, 26, note, 27.

Saint-Saëns (Seine-Inférieure), 75, note.

Saint-Sauveur of Lohéac (Ille-et-Vilaine), abbey, 226, 227.

St. Simon of Crépy, 29.

St. Stephen, church of, at Jerusalem, 112;
abbey at Caen, _see_ Saint-Étienne.

Sainte-Suzanne (Mayenne), 35.

Saint-Valery-sur-Somme (Somme), 54, 130.

Saint-Vincent, abbey at Le Mans, 70, note, 80, 223, 224, 227, 228;
abbot, _see_ Ranulf.

Salisbury (Wiltshire), 52, note, 211;
bishop of, _see_ Roger.

Salonica (Macedonia), 99, note, 100.

Salumbria, _see_ Silivri.

Samson le Breton, messenger of Queen Matilda, 25.

Sangarius, river, 102.

Saracens, 116, 195, 231.

Scotland, raid of King Malcolm in Northumberland and the Conqueror’s
retaliation, 31;
expedition of William Rufus, Robert Curthose, and Henry I against,
65-68.

Secqueville-en-Bessin (Calvados), 159.

Séez, bishopric of, 127, 144, 150, 160, 162;
bishop of, _see_ Serlo.

Seine, river, 54, 56, 57, 58, 60, 70, 75.

Senlac, _see_ Hastings.

Sepulchre, _see_ Holy Sepulchre.

Serlo of Bayeux, poet, 166, note.

Serlo, bishop of Séez, 81, 144, 150, 161, 162.

Severn Sea (Bristol Channel), 186, 187, 188.

Shaizar (Syria), 110;
Munkidhites of, 230.

Shrewsbury (Shropshire), 139;
earl of, _see_ Roger of Montgomery, Robert of Bellême.

Sibyl, daughter of Fulk le Jeune, count of Anjou, 184, 185, note.

Sibyl of Conversano, duchess of Normandy, wife of Robert Curthose, 123,
146, 147.

Sicily, 98, 112, note.

Siege of Antioch by the crusaders, 104-107;
by Kerboga of Mosul, 107-108;
Arka, 110, 111;
Bayeux (1105), 165;
Gerberoy, 26;
Jerusalem, 112-114;
Laodicea, 117, 242-243;
Marra, 109;
Mont-Saint-Michel, 63-65;
Nicaea, 101-102;
Pevensey, 49-50;
Rochester, 51;
Tinchebray, 171-172.

Silivri (Thrace), 99, note.

Sillé-le-Guillaume (Sarthe), 14.

Simeon of Durham, _Historia Dunelmensis Ecclesiae_, 212, 213, 216;
_Historia Regum_, 206, 213-216, _passim_.

Simon de Ludron, 226, 227.

Simony practised by Robert Curthose, 150-153.

Skumbi, river, 99, note, 100.

Soehnée, Frédéric, 5, note.

Solesmes (Sarthe), 73, note.

Soliman II, sultan of Iconium, _see_ Kilij Arslan.

Sorel (Eure-et-Loir), 22.

Southampton (Hampshire), 87, 148.

Stained-glass window at Saint-Denis, 196, 249-252.

Stapleton, Thomas, 4, note, 85, note.

Stella, 99, note.

Stenton, F. M., 17, note.

Stephen, count of Aumale, 54, 58, 93, 118, 158, 228.

Stephen, count of Blois and Chartres, brother-in-law of Robert Curthose,
93, 97-101, _passim_, 112, 118, note, 228.

Stigand de Mézidon, 8.

Suger, abbot of Saint-Denis, 196, 249, 250, note, 251;
his stained-glass window at Saint-Denis, 249-252;
his _Vie de Louis le Gros_, 206.

Surrey, earldom of William of Warenne, 147.

‘Tabarie,’ Saracen king of, 196.

Tale of the scarlet robe, 201-202.

Talvas (or Bellême), house of, 70, 76, 77, 139, 141.

Tancred, nephew of Bohemond, leader of the First Crusade, 102, 104, note,
109, 110, 113, 115, 116, 117, 235.

Tarsus (Cilicia), 231, note, 233, note, 235.

Tassilly (Calvados), 79.

Tavernier, Wilhelm, 153, note.

Taxation, _see_ Aid, Danegeld.

Tetboldus _gramaticus_, 6.

Thetford, bishop of, _see_ Herbert Losinga.

Thiel (province of Gelderland), 235, note.

Thierry, son of Ralph Fitz Ogier, citizen of Caen, 166, note.

Thomas, son of Ranulf Flambard, 151.

Thomas de Saint-Jean, 172.

Thomas Walsingham, 210.

Thorold, bishop of Bayeux, 153, note.

Thurstan, archbishop of York, 183, note.

Thurstin, son of Turgis, _prévot_ of Luc-sur-Mer, 221, 228.

Tickhill (Yorkshire), fortress, 139.

Tila, _see_ Thiel.

Tinchebray (Orne), 39, 55, 135, 138, 171, 172, 200;
battle of, 136, note, 173-176, 177, 180, 192, 206, 245-248.

Tirel de Mainières, tutor of William Clito, 181.

Title of Robert Curthose before his accession to the duchy of Normandy,
13, note.

Tokig, son of Wigod, 26.

Tomb of Robert Curthose in Gloucester cathedral, 189, note.

Topaz brought from Jerusalem by Robert Curthose, 125, note.

Torigny (Manche), 166, note.

Tortosa (Syria), 241, note, 244.

Toulouse, count of, _see_ Raymond of Saint-Gilles.

Tournay-sur-Dive (Orne), 162.

Tours (Indre-et-Loire), 73, note, 90, 228;
abbey at, _see_ Saint-Julien;
archbishop, _see_ Ralph II.

Tower of David, _see_ Jerusalem.

Tower of London, _see_ London.

Tracey, Sir Humphrey, of Stanway, 189, note.

Traianopolis, 99, note.

Treaty of Alton, 134-136, 137, 138, 141, 148, 157;
of La Bruère (or of Blanchelande) between William the Conqueror and
Fulk le Réchin, _see_ La Bruère;
between Henry I and Robert of Jerusalem, count of Flanders, 155-156;
between Robert Curthose and William Rufus (1091), 60-61;
between Robert Curthose and William Rufus (1096), 91-92;
between William the Conqueror and Geoffrey le Barbu, count of Anjou, 9;
between William the Conqueror and Herbert II, count of Maine, 7-8.

Tréport (Seine-Inférieure), 128, 130.

Treves, bishop of, _see_ Odo.

Trial of William of Saint-Calais, bishop of Durham, before the _curia
regis_ (1088), 52, note, 211, 212, 214.

Troarn, abbey, _see_ Saint-Martin of Troarn.

Truce between William the Conqueror and Fulk le Réchin, count of Anjou,
_see_ Castellum Vallium.

Truman, Thomas, 187.

Truman Collection, MSS., 187, note.

Tunbridge (Kent), 49.

Turcopoles, 235.

Tweed, river, 67.

Tyne, river, 31.

Urban II, pope, 82, 88-91, _passim_, 94-97, _passim_, 108, 223, 224, 228.

Usama ibn Munkidh, 209.

Vains (Manche), 43.

Vallis Philippensium (probably the valley of the Struma), 99, note.

Vardar, river, 99, note, 100.

Vendôme (Loir-et-Cher), 90.

Vernon (Eure), 55.

_Versus de Viris Illustribus Diocesis Tarvanensis_, 217.

Vexin, 39, 95, note, 185.

Via Egnatia, Roman road, 99.

_Vie de Louis le Gros_, _see_ Suger.

_Vif gage_, 92, note.

Vignats (Calvados), 77, 141.

Vitalis, a hermit, 172.

Vodena (Macedonia), 99, note.

Wace, 64, 124, 133, 149, 160, 164, 165-166, note, 190, 195, 209;
_Roman de Rou_, 205.

W. Cancell., _see_ Waldric, chancellor of Henry I.

Waldric, chancellor of Henry I, 169, note, 175.

Wales, campaign of William Rufus against the Welsh, 66.

Walter Giffard, 54, 127, 147.

Walter, abbot of St. Peter’s, Gloucester, 189, note.

Walter, son of Judicaël de Lohéac, 226, 227.

Walter of Mantes, count of the Vexin, 8, 9.

Walter of Saint-Valery, 94, 228.

War between Robert Curthose and Henry I for the English crown (1101),
127-136;
for possession of Normandy (1104-06), 155-179;
between Robert Curthose and William Rufus for the English crown
(1088), 47-52;
for continental possessions (1089-91), 53-60;
war renewed (1094-95), 83-88.

Wareham (Dorsetshire), 179.

Waverley, annals of, 207.

Welsh, _see_ Wales.

Wessex, 68.

Westminister (Middlesex), 121.

Whitby (Yorkshire), abbey, 95, 229.

_White Ship_, 184.

Wigo de Marra, 228.

William, son of Ansger, wealthy citizen of Rouen, 58.

William Atheling, son of Henry I, 182, note, 183, 184.

William Baivel, 79.

William, son of Ranulf de Briquessart, _vicomte_ of Bayeux, 229.

William, abbot of Bec, 219.

William Bertran, 79.

William Bonne-Ame, archbishop of Rouen, 35, 40, 82, 146, 151, 152,
181, note.

William de Braitel, son of Geoffrey the _vicomte_, 224, 228-229.

William of Breteuil, son of William Fitz Osbern, 22, note, 43, 57, 58,
70, 71, note, 75, 76, 120, 144, 145.

William, chamberlain, son of Roger de Candos, 79.

William Clito, count of Flanders, son of Robert Curthose, 146, 180-186.

William de Colombières, 229.

William of Conversano, brother of Duchess Sibyl, 143, 160, 162.

William Crispin, 175.

William I the Conqueror, king of England and duke of Normandy, 3-44,
_passim_, 48, 55, 65-69, _passim_, 75, 76, 79, 90, 112, note, 120,
135, 155, note, 158, 177, 178, 189, note, 220.

William II Rufus, king of England and ruler of Normandy, 16, 19, note,
21, 27, 36, 40, 42, 44, 45, 47, 49-75, _passim_, 78, 81, 83-95,
_passim_, 120-125, _passim_, 132, 136, note, 140, 144, note, 153,
note, 156, 170, 206, 211, 213, 215, 216, 225, 228.

William, count of Évreux, 34, 43, 57, 58, 70, 71, note, 75, 78, 79, 140,
143, 144, 146, 158.

William, archdeacon of Évreux, bishop-elect of Lisieux, 151-152.

William de Ferrières, 175.

William Giffard, bishop of Winchester, 121.

William of Grandmesmil, 107, note.

William of Jumièges, _Gesta Normannorum Ducum_, 205.

William, brother of Riou de Lohéac, 227.

William of Malmesbury, 3, 17, 27, 38, 61, 95, 146, 149, 170, 183, 190,
193, 195, 198, 206, 208, 209, 211, 233, 237.

William, count of Mortain and earl of Cornwall, 131, 134, note, 157,
159, 160, 169, 172, 174, 175, 179.

William de Moulins, 22, note.

William of Newburgh, 190, note, 209.

William de Pacy, 152.

William de Percy, 95, 229.

William Peverel, 86.

William of Poitiers, 205.

William, natural son of Robert Curthose, 38.

William de Rupierre, 22, note.

William of Saint-Calais, bishop of Durham, 33, note, 46, 51, note,
52, note, 59, 65, note, 67, 68, note, 211-216.

William of Tyre, 218.

William du Vast, 229.

William of Warenne I, 55.

William of Warenne II, earl of Surrey, son of William of Warenne I, 131,
138, 147, 148, 173, note, 174, note.

Williams, Edward (known as Iolo Morganwg), Welsh poet, 187, 188, note.

Winchester (Hampshire), 33, 55, note, 120, 122, 130, 131, note,
139, note, 144, note, 171, note; annals of, 136, 207.

Windsor (Berkshire), 136, note, 179.

Wissant (Pas-de-Calais), 87, 128.

Writ of Henry I to the shire-moot of Lincolnshire (1101), 129, note.

Wulf, son of King Harold, 42.

Yenidjeh (Macedonia), 99, note.

York, 132;
archbishop of, _see_ Thurstan.

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