Chapter XIII: India (3)

[Footnote 570: The crack and bend in the upper part of the pillar
are caused by a cannon shot, the dent of which is distinctly
visible on the opposite side. I hope it was not fired by the
English, but I do not know who else would, or could, have done it.]

[Footnote 571: Hooker's 'Himalayan Journals,' ii. p. 310. Percy's
'Metallurgy: Iron and Steel,' p. 254 _et seq._ All the original
authorities will be found referred to in the last-named work.]

[Footnote 572: Josephus, 'Bell. Jud.,' v. p. 6.]

[Footnote 573: 'Journal Madras Lit. Soc.' xiv. pl. 8.]

[Footnote 574: 'J. A. S. B.' xxxvii. p. 116 _et seq._]

[Footnote 575: An elaborate paper by the Rev. Mr. Joyce, in the
'Archæological Journal,' 108, 1870, shows, I think clearly, that
these crosses could not be earlier than 470 A.D.--all the
crosses he quotes being of the usual Greek form, though possessing
one longer limb. Indeed, I do not myself know of any crosses like
those at Nirmul earlier than the 10th or 11th century; but, as my
knowledge of the subject is not profound, I have allowed the widest
possible margin in the text. I cannot prove it, but my impression
is, that they belong to the 11th or 12th century.]

[Footnote 576: As it is wholly beside the object of this work I
have not attempted to go into the history of the Siganfu Tables,
nor the records of the early churches in the East. If the reader
cares to know more, he will find the subject fully and clearly
discussed in Col. Yule's 'Cathay, and the Way Thither,' published
by the Hakluyt Society, 1866. It is the last work on the subject,
and contains references to all the earlier ones.]

[Footnote 577: 'J. R. A. S.,' xiii. 164 _et seq._]

[Footnote 578: Wilson's 'Ariana Antiqua,' Introduction _passim_.
Cunningham, 'Bhilsa Topes,' &c., _passim_.]

[Footnote 579: Hiouen Thsang, 'Vie et Voyages,' p. 77.]

[Footnote 580: 'Madras Journal of Lit. and Science,' xiii. pl. 14.]

[Footnote 581: 'Tree and Serpent Worship,' p. 82, woodcut 8.]

[Footnote 582: 'Foe Koué Ki,' p. 335.]

[Footnote 583: 'J.R.A.S.' xii. p. 233. 'J.B.A.S.' vii. p. 261 _et
seq._]

[Footnote 584: Gibbon, 'Decline and Fall,' iv. p. 392, where the
original authorities are found.]

[Footnote 585: Josephus, 'B. J.,' II. viii. p. 9.]

[Footnote 586: "The prestige of such a witness as Buddhaghosa soon
dwindles away, and his statements as to kings and councils 800
years before his time are, in truth, worth no more than the stories
told of Arthur, by Geoffrey of Monmouth, or the accounts we read in
Livy of the early history of Rome"--_Chips from a German Workshop_,
i. p. 198. As a mere linguist, and dependent wholly on books, Max
Müller was perfectly justified in making this statement, while his
ignorance of everything connected with the archæology or art of
India, prevented his perceiving how these wild statements could be
verified or controlled. Till he learns that there are other means
of investigation than mere words his statements on these subjects
are untrustworthy, and, in many cases, absolutely worthless.]

[Footnote 587: Turnour's 'Mahawanso,' 12 _et seq._ 'J. A. S. B.,'
vii. _passim_.]

[Footnote 588: Huc and Gabet, in their 'Travels in Thibet,' give
a most amusing account of their bewilderment on observing there
these things:--"La crosse, la mitre, la dalmatique, la chape ou
pluvial, que les grands Lamas portent en voyage, ou lorsqu'ils font
quelque cérémonie hors du temple; l'office des deux chœurs, la
psalmodie, les exorcismes, l'encensoir soutenu par cinque chaines,
et pouvant s'ouvrir et se fermer à volonté; les bénédictions
données par les Lamas, en étendant la main droite sur la tête des
fidèles; le chapelet, le célibat ecclesiastique, les retraites
spirituelles, le culte des saints, les jeûnes, les processions,
les litanies, l'eau bénite: voilà autant des rapports que les
Bouddhistes ont avec nous."--Vol. ii. p. 110.]

[Footnote 589: 'Mahavanso,' p. 26.]

[Footnote 590: Cunningham, 'Bhilsa Topes,' p. 289 _et seq._]

[Footnote 591: Clemens, i. 194. Oxford, 1715.]

[Footnote 592: Clemens, i. 132. Translation by Potter, _ut sup._ p.
504.]

[Footnote 593: The accidental resemblance of the microlithic
temples of the Deccan mentioned above (p. 467) can hardly be quoted
as an exception. They are said to be dedicated to Vetal, but it is
not clear that the stones of the circle do not represent dead, as
they certainly do absent persons, and the sacrifice, after all,
is offered up to their departed spirits; it being a form of the
present day we do not know how much its spirit may not be changed
from the ancient rite which it was originally intended to typify.]