Chapter XXX: Appendix: C (1)

Since the sheets containing the account of the Scottish monuments were printed off, I have received from Sir Henry Dryden slips of two letters which he addressed to the editor of the _John o' Groat's Journal_, giving an account of some explorations he had made in Caithness during this autumn. One of these contains an account of certain chapels, brochs, and circles he had examined. The first two classes do not concern us here, and are therefore omitted; but the circles are of interest as probably belonging to the same category as those in the Orkneys, and the description of them is consequently printed with the other letter, which gives an account of four alignments which are so germane to our subject that Sir Henry's description is printed _in extenso_. The name of the first, "The Battle Moss, Yarhouse," is of itself singularly suggestive, and I have little doubt that, if properly inquired into, the peasantry could tell what battle was fought there, and what, consequently, these lines were erected to commemorate. Taken in conjunction with the horned cairns described by Mr. Anderson,[601] and the circles, it does not seem to me doubtful that the whole of this Caithness group belongs to the tenth century. The circles, and especially the horned cairns, are the exact counterparts of the fanciful forms of the Viking graves found at Hjortehammer (woodcut No. 118) and elsewhere in Scandinavia, which resemble them in more respects than one, and the alignments are such as those at Ashdown (woodcut No. 28). Nor need we go far for the events they commemorate. Between the years 970 and 996, A.D., two great battles, at least, are recorded to have taken place in Caithness, between the sons of Thorfin, and between Liotr, the victor of the first fight, and the Scots, who in vain attempted to avenge the death of Skiuli; and besides these there may have been many subordinate frays. It is probable that both brothers were buried in Caithness, and we are distinctly told that Laudver, the last surviving son of Thorfin, was certainly buried there.[602]

The fact of these alignments and horned cairns and semicircles being unlike what is found elsewhere in Scotland, separates this group from anything existing further south. Their similarity to the Viking graves of Scandinavia, avowedly of the tenth century, points to an age from which they cannot be distant; and when it is recollected that Caithness in the tenth century formed part of the Orcadian Jarldom, it does not seem that we have far to seek for an authentic explanation of all we find in that remote corner of the isle.

J. F.

[Footnote 601: 'Proceedings Soc. Ant. Scot.,' vii. 480 _et seqq._]

[Footnote 602: 'Barry's History of Orkney,' pp. 125-129.]

LETTER FROM SIR H. DRYDEN, BART.,

TO THE

_Editor of the 'John o' Groat's Journal.'_

LINES, BATTLE MOSS, YARHOUSE. LINES AND CIST,
GARRYWHIN. LINES, "MANY STONES," CLYTH. LINES,
CAMSTER. CIRCLE(?) ACHANLOCH. CIRCLE, GUIDEBEST,
LATHERONWHEEL.

GROUPS OF LINES.

I am not aware of any similar groups in Great Britain, though no
doubt there are some, and have no books at hand to refer to any in
Denmark, Norway, or Sweden. The groups of lines in France (of far
larger stones and greater length than those in Caithness) have the
largest stones and widest intervals and the highest ground (the
heads) to the west or thereabouts, and the smallest stones and
narrowest intervals and lowest ground (the tails) to the east or
thereabouts. The Caithness groups differ entirely in principle. The
one at Yarhouse Loch runs north and south, does not radiate, and
is on nearly level ground; but the three others have the narrower
intervals and higher ground to the north (which end we may call the
head), and radiate towards the south and lower ground. The group
at Battlemoss, near Yarhouse, is on ground falling slightly to
north-west. It consists of eight lines placed north and south. The
width at the south end is forty-four feet. The lines are somewhat
irregular, and appear to radiate slightly towards the north, but this
is uncertain. One line extends 384 feet, and another one 170 feet,
but the remaining six now only extend 133 feet. The ground is covered
with peat and heather, and other stones may be hidden below the
surface. There is no cairn or other grave now visible in proximity to
the lines. The largest stones are about 2 feet 6 inches high, 2 feet
6 inches wide, and 1 foot 3 inches thick.

The group at Garrywhin consists of six lines. The whole width at the
head (north-east end) is 50 feet, and at the bottom 107 feet. The
central line bears N.N.E. or S.S.W. The length of this line is 200
feet. The fall is 20 feet to the S.S.W. At the head is a cist of
slabs 3 feet 6 inches by 2 feet 6 inches, and 2 feet 4 inches deep,
placed east and west. As this grave is on the highest point of the
knoll, and as the lines commence at it, it is fair to presume that
they are connected. In the cist were found ashes, pieces of pottery,
and flint chips, but no bones. As the cist is between the third and
fourth lines, it is fair to presume that there never were more than
six lines.

The group called "Many Stones" has the head on the top of a knoll,
from which the ground falls on all sides. The lines are on the south
slope, and are 22 in number. The width at the head or north end is
118 feet, and at the bottom is 188 feet. The length in the centre is
145 feet, but there is no proof that this was the original length,
and the presumption is the reverse. The average bearing is north
and south, and the fall 10 feet 3 inches. The largest stones now
remaining are about 3 feet high, 3 feet wide, and 1 foot 6 inches
thick. There are numerous blocks of stone lying about the head,
where, however, the rock is exposed, but the example of Garrywhin
makes it probable that a cairn once existed on this knoll. There are
no traces of any _sunk_ grave, but the cairn may have contained a
chamber above ground, like many in the vicinity.

The group at Camster is on the moor, on ground falling slightly
to the south-west. A considerable depth of peat overlies the rock
here, and many stones are below the surface. There are now six lines
ascertained. The length is 105 feet, width at the head or north end
30 feet, and at the tail or lower end 53 feet. The average bearing is
north and south. The stones are smaller than at the last mentioned
group. There is no cairn or other grave apparent close to these
lines, but in a direction due north, at 346 feet, is a chambered
cairn. No stones are now traceable between; but as there are gaps in
the lines themselves, this blank interval may once have had lines on
it to connect the cairn with the existing group. No habitation _now_
exists near the spot, but there were many in this strath, which may
account for destruction of stones in former times. A few hundred feet
farther north is the huge horned cairn described by Mr. Anderson, and
at 436 feet N.N.E. from the small cairn is the round chambered cairn
described in the same paper.

CIRCLE AT ACHANLOCH, ESTATE OF FORSE, IN PARISH OF LATHERON.

The name is spelt Achinloch and Auchinleck. These no doubt are wrong,
and probably the name is derived from Gaelic words signifying "The
Field at the Loch," or "The Field of the Stones," from these standing
stones. The place is close to the new road from Lybster to Thurso.
This series of standing-stones, entitled "circle," as a classname,
is in the form of a donkey's shoe, the length being N.N.W, and
S.S.E., the open end to the latter. The sides are nearly parallel.
The area is covered with heather and peat, on a substratum of rock
of the slaty character common to the district. The ground falls from
the area to the west, north, and east. In the latter direction, the
ground falls only for a short distance, and then rises to much higher
ground. On the north-east, at 700 feet or 800 feet, is the loch of
Stemster.

There is no evidence that the two south ends were ever joined by a
straight or curved line of stones; and as the sides are of equal
length, we may infer that they never were joined, though possibly
intended to be so. The highest point of the area is about 13 feet
above the hollow on the east. This donkey-shoe-shaped series of stones
is 226 feet long, and 110 feet wide in the middle, inside measure. The
two extremities are 85 feet 3 inches apart.

There are now 36 stones existing, of which only one is down; but by
filling up intervals at usual distances, it appears there were 54
stones, supposing the lower end vacant as now. The average interval
seems to have been 8 feet. The highest stone is 5 feet 7 inches high
above ground; the widest 5 feet 4 inches; and the thickest 1 foot 7
inches.

All these stones are of a slaty character, and have their sides
parallel, so that in width (long sides) they are generally three
or four times their thickness (short sides). But the singular
characteristic of this series is that the stones are set with their
long sides at right angles to the curve, projecting like cogs of a
wheel.

In many circles some or all of the stones have no decided difference
in the measures of width and thickness; but in all cases, when I have
found a difference, the long sides are in the line of the curve.

Any notice of an arrangement similar to that at Achanloch would be a
favour.

There is no appearance of any part of the area having been disturbed
for burial or other purposes. There is a ruin of a chambered cairn
south-east of the circle; and in the loch of Rangag, about a mile
west, is the remain of a brough.

CIRCLE AT GUIDEBEST, LATHERONWHEEL, PARISH OF LATHERON.

The place is on the north bank of the burn, one mile and a half
up the strath. The circle is nearly true in form, and though now
imperfect, doubtless was once complete. It is 170 feet in diameter.
The area is flat, covered with heather and peat, on a substratum of
rock in some places, and of alluvial gravel in others. It is 15 feet
above the brook, which has washed away the cliff very close up to the
south-west stone, and appears likely, unless prevented, to dislocate
the stones on that side.

There are now only seven stones existing--all erect--and by filling
up the gaps at usual distances there were thirteen stones. The
average interval seems to have been 45 feet. The highest stone is
5 feet 3 inches above ground; the widest 3 feet 2 inches; and the
thickest 1 foot 10 inches. The stone is of the common argillaceous
slate of the district.

The stones are nearer square or circular in plan than those at
Achanloch, but (so far as they can be) are all set with the long
sides to the curve. The south stone is a little beyond the line of
the circle, but is evidently a moved and erected stone.

There are numbers of stones lying about the area; but no evidence of
a cairn or other burial-place in or near the circle. From its soil,
and the absence of remains, it was probably not sepulchral, though
some antiquaries hold that all circles are sepulchral.

Lower down the strath on the same side of the brook were many circles
which were destroyed in "improving" the land some years ago. These
are stated to have been 20 or 30 yards across, of stones 2 feet to
4 feet high. No remains are known to have been found in them; but
no observations or measures were made. It is probable that these
circles were sepulchral--the absence of stones in the centres
notwithstanding. Nearer the road and shore are other remains of
broughs, cairns, cists, &c.

I remain your obedient servant,

H. DRYDEN,

Hon. Mem. of the Soc. of Antiquaries of Scotland.

_Caithness, September 21, 1871._

INDEX.

Abbeville, museum at, 16.
Abbot Millitus, Pope Gregory's letter to, 21.
Abd en Nar and Abd en Nour, 404.
Aberdeenshire circles, 202 _et seq._
Aberlemmo, stone at, with cross, 268;
date, 270;
memorial of what, 270.
Abraham, stone set up by, 438.
Ac, import of termination, 329, 330;
its prevalence in West of France, 329;
its coincidence with dolmens, 329;
its occurrence in West of England, 330;
names of cities with this termination in France, 328, 376.
Achemlock circle, 530.
Addington, groups at, 118;
circles at, 119.
_See_ Aylesford.
Adil, Swedish king, defeats Snio, 279.
Africa. _See_ Algeria, Tripoli. Its monuments may furnish key to
solution of mysterious questions, 414.
African prince mentioned by Asoka, 498.
Age between exodus of Romans and Alfred, darkness of, 113-4;
stones more eloquent than books then, 114.
Agra, tomb of Akbar at, 496.
Agricola, 20.
Ahmedabad, city of, 457.
Aix la Chapelle, decree of, 25.
Ajunta, importance of Vihara at, 501.
Akbar, sovereign of India, 459;
tomb of, 47, 496.
Alajor, Talyot at, 435.
Alaska, Hydahs in, 18.
Aleutian Islands, route of peoplers of America, 516.
Alexander mentioned in edict of Indian prince, 498.
Alfred, 23-4;
his victory at Ashdown, 123;
how commemorated, 123.
Alentejo, dolmen in, 378.
Algeria, no Druids in, 6;
long ignorance as to its numerous dolmens, 395;
researches of Messrs. Rhind, Christy, and M. Féraud, 395;
Bou Moursug, 395;
Setif, 396;
Tiaret, 397;
Tripoli, 397;
their ordinary position, 397;
Bazinas, 397;
Chouchas, 398;
dolmen on steps, 398;
tumuli with lines between, 399;
sepulchral stones, 399;
plan and elevation of African tumulus, 400;
dolmen with two circles, 400, 471;
others on road from Bona to Constantine, four
cairns enclosed in squares, 402;
analogy to examples in Scandinavia, 403;
age of Algerian examples, 403;
of what race, 403;
Djidjeli, tombs near, with circle, 404;
find there, _ib._;
their age, _ib._;
Sidi Kacem, dolmen near, and inscription, 405;
circle near Bona, 405;
Algerian monuments contemporary with early Christians, 405-6;
their general age, 406;
who erected them, 406 _et seq._;
date of, 403;
compared to Aveyron, 407.
Alignment, at Shap, 130;
Carnac, Erdeven, St.-Barbe, 354 _et seq._;
two heads, 354;
singular head of column, 355;
Crozon, Kerdouadec, Carmaret, Leuré, Gré de Cojou, 368;
Preissac, 368;
Stonehenge, why made, 110-1;
Sesto Calende, 391.
_See_ Avebury, Avenues, Beckhampton, Caithness.
Alkil, Danish chief, 279.
Allées couvertes ou grottes des Fées in France, 340 _et seq._, 358-9;
at Lochmariaker, 365.
Alleth, battle at, 374.
Alphabetical writing, date of its introduction into Ireland, 189,
196, 271;
interruption of use for centuries, 272.
Altars, 425.
Altmark, dolmen at, 301.
Alyattes, tomb of, 31.
Ambrius, convent of, 109.
Ambrosius Aurelius said to have erected Stonehenge, and why, 106;
forces a peace upon Saxons, 107.
America, North, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge;
survey of Messrs. Squiers and Davis, 510;
absence of rude-stone monuments, _ib._;
earthworks, American peculiarity, 511;
_enclosures for defence_, extent of, _ib._;
inference from, _ib._;
_sacred enclosures_, peculiarity and number of, size and form of
enclosures, _ib._;
Newark Works, _ib._;
whether residences of chiefs, 513;
_conical mounds_, mounds of sacrifice, finds, _ib._;
Grave Creek mound, Miamisburgh mound, 514;
_temple mounds_ compared to Teocallis of Mexicans, _ib._;
difficulty of distinguishing between temple and palace, _ib._;
were the mounds not civil? _ib._;
animal mounds, gigantic serpent form, doubt
whether animal object of worship, 515;
whether European emigrants account for population of America, 517;
way of communication, 516;
material of tools found in America, 517;
Redmen and mound-builders distinguished, these correspond with the
"Hydahs," 517.
America, Central, and Peru, carved stone monuments, 517-8;
Peruvian compared to those of Pelasgi and Tyrrheni, 518;
no rude-stone monuments observed in South America, _ib._;
Tia Huanaco not like so-called Druidical remains, _ib._;
circles and squares, 519.
American Indians non-progressive, 18.
Amesbury, Hengist's meeting with British chiefs at, 107.
Amlaff, King, 253.
Amlech, or Hamlet, tomb of, 299.
Amorites, dolmens in country of, and perhaps nowhere else in
Palestine, 442.
Amravati, arts of Bactria at, 456;
sepulchral circles at, 474;
tope and rail, 475, 493;
representations of priests at, 501.
'Ancient and Modern Wiltshire,' 5.
'Ancient English Castles,' Mr. Clark's, 84.
Andalusia, dolmens in, 378.
Anderson, Mr., horned cairns described by, 528.
Angles, _see_ Saxons.
Anglesea, Druids in, 5;
circles in, 162.
Anhalt dolmen, 301.
Animal mounds in America, 515;
whether of Chinese origin, 517 _note_.
'Annals of the Four Masters,' 176, 187-8.
Annandale, 129;
circle, _see_ Woodcastle.
Antequera dolmen, 383.
Antigonus } mentioned in edict of Asoka, 498.
Antiochus }
Antiquity, why caution necessary in assigning, 144;
of rude and polished stone monuments, 508.
Antony, whether founder of Monasticism, 499.
Aquhorties circle, 263.
Aquitania in time of Cæsar, 328;
of Augustus, 328;
language of, unknown, 333;
pressed upon by Celts, 409;
whether they migrated to Africa, 410.
Aquitanians perhaps in Britain, 163, 238;
and perhaps dolmen builders, 328;
but few dolmens between Garonne and Pyrenees, 328.
Arabia, rude-stone monuments in, 444 _et seq._
Arabs, their conquest of North Africa, 404;
their feeling as to monasticism, 500.
Arborlowe, vallum and ditch of, 62.
_See_ Derbyshire.
Archæological Congress at Copenhagen, 10.
Arches not in use amongst Hindus, but Burmese, 458.
Architecture, meagreness of historical accounts of buildings between
erection of Parthenon and Henry VII.'s Chapel, 114;
Irish, 221 _et seq._;
law of progressive development, 222;
when inapplicable, 222-3;
sequence in monuments of Ireland, 237-8;
three styles of three races perhaps simultaneous there, 238;
of monuments at Stennis, 255-6;
differences of style of similar monuments in different countries,
306;
sequence of style in dolmens, 335;
without drawings no words can describe style, 334;
peculiarity of church architecture in south dolmen region in France,
332;
Celtic, _ib._;
similarity of style no proof of synchronism, 369;
different examples compared, 369;
influences of Roman, 414;
of Indian Art, _ib._;
of dolmens or nurhags and giants' towers, which the older, 437;
sequence of style and material in India, 456 _et seq._;
wood, stone imitation of wood architecture, 456;
Mahommedan mosque built by Hindus, 457;
arches not used by Hindus, _ib._;
ruins of Ahmedabad, 457;
Palitana, _ib._;
Burmah, Cambodia, 458;
Hindu not immutable, 459;
Indian unprogressive tribes, _ib._;
rude and refined architecture, co-existence of, in India, 482;
early crosses in India, of what date?, 486 _et seq._;
appropriation by Romanists of pagan forms, 489;
connexion of Singalee dagobas and sepulchral tumuli, 491;
Tee, what it represented, 490;
wood and then stone forms--rails, 492-3;
styles of Eastern and European dolmens compared, 494;
points of similarity and dissimilarity, 495;
cists outside tumuli, holed slabs, simulated summit cists,
concentric enclosing circles, 496 _et seq._;
use of stone imitated by rude nations in Europe, from what nations,
508;
and in India from what race, _ib._;
when introduced in the East in its rude form, and in its polished
form, _ib._;
ditto in the West, _ib._;
age of introduction of tumuli or barrows unascertained, _ib._;
as also of Cave men and stone implements, _ib._;
uses sepulchral or cenotaphic, 509;
or for battle-field, or offerings to spirits of the departed, _ib._;
connexion with relics of the dead, _ib._;
whether dedicated to God, sun or moon, &c., or serpents, _ib._;
twofold principle of erection of such structures, _ib._;
North America, 511;
civil and sacred, royal and monastic, 514;
animal, gigantic earthen forms, 515.
Ard-na-Raigh, place of execution, 233.
Ardèche, remains of Cave men in, 321.
Arfin, Prince of Norway, 250.
Argyllshire dolmens, 273.
Arles council, 24, 25.
Arnbjörg, wife of Sandulf, 272.
Art, King, where buried, 212.
Arthur, King, his existence doubted by some, 114, 132;
round table, 62;
contemporary history null, 114;
his round table, 128 (_see_ Penrith);
probable history of Arthur, 133;
his defensive war against invaders, 134;
his supposed Scottish career, 134;
ill-founded, 135;
localities of his twelve battles, 135 _et seq._;
of his last battle, 86-7;
views of the author, 152;
fables respecting, likened to those about Alexander, 133;
Arthur's pike at Shap, 130;
Arthur's Quoit, 170.
_See_ Baden Mound, Bas Lowe, Caerleon, Caledonian Forest, Gain,
Salkeld, Stanton Drew, Woodcastle Lyn.
Arrichinaga dolmen, 388.
Arroyolos dolmen, 377;
described by Borrow, 389.
Aryans a progressive race, 18, 19;
occupation of Greece, 39;
when they crossed Indus, 445;
penetrate into North America, by what route, 516;
Aryan, non-Aryan, equivalents of what, 506.
Aschenrade, singular arrangement of circles, 317.
Ashdown, Sarsen stones at, 121-3;
drawing of, 122;
contrasted with Carnac, _ib._;
Druidical, 123;
or monument of battle between Saxons and Danes, _ib._
Asia Minor, dolmens not yet found in, 445.
Asoka, King, monument of, 47;
introduction of stone monuments in India, 48, 455;
his rock-engraved edict, 498;
convocation, 501.
Aspatria, 155;
compared to Herrestrup, 304.
_See_ Circles.
Asser cited as to battle between Saxons and Danes, 123.
Astarte, _see_ Melkart.
Asturias, dolmens in, 378.
Atridæ, tombs of, 32;
Atreus, 33.
Aubrey, 3;
his account of Hakpen Hill, 76;
cited, 104.
Augustine, St., cession of temple at Canterbury to, 22-3.
Augustus, tomb of, 40;
no coins of, found in Britain, 144.
Auisle, King, 201.
Aurelius, _see_ Ambrosius.
Axevalla, singular dolmen at, 312-3;
find there, 312.
Aztecs, buildings of, 515.
Avebury, 1, 3, 6, 7, 61;
age of, 17;
pretended serpent worship, 4;
represented, 62;
vallum, ditch and circle, 62, 63;
Sarsens, 62;
Kennet avenue, 63;
no curved avenues, 64;
double circle or oval, 64;
who interred there, 86;
author's opinion, 86, 89;
holes, 343;
Beckhampton avenue, 64, 98;
Silbury hill, 62;
Waden hill, 62;
object of structure, 65;
theory of Druidical temples, 66;
disputed, 66 _et seq._;
Avebury a burying-place, 72;
charter of Athelstan as to, 73;
stone row, 73;
plan of, 81;
sepulchral or battle-field, 116;
attached to circles, 29, 51;
with or without circles or dolmens, 29, 53;
example at St. Helier, Jersey, 51;
chamber there found buried, 54;
at Merivale Bridge, on Dartmoor, _ib._;
why erected, _ib._;
what they represent, 56.
Avening, holes in chamber at, 357.
Avenue. _See_ Alignments, Avebury, Aylesford.
Averni Celts mentioned by Livy, 327.
Aylesford, 110 _et seq._
Kit's Cotty House, what, 116;
description of, 110;
why erected, 119;
erroneous view of Mr. Wright as to Belgian burials there, 119;
Tollington, stones at, purpose of, 119;
obelisks or coffin stones, 117;
in memory of what, 119;
circles of Addington abbey, _ib._;
Horstead, tumulus at, 120;
explored by Colonel Fisher, _ib._;
absence of valuables or other articles in tombs there, accounted
for, _ib._;
"Countless stones," 117;
resembles Oroust, 305;
drawing of, 117;
a supposed avenue near, 117-8;
other groups at Addington and near Kit's Cotty House, 118;
Aylesford the stage of a battle between Vortigern and Saxons, 119;
Bede's statement of locality of battle not conclusive, 121.

BABA, images of, buried, 449.
Babylon, age of its palaces, 1.
Bactrian Greeks, influence of, upon Indian architecture, 456, 508.
Badon Hill, Arthur's battle there, 138. _See_ Battles.
Bahmany dynasty in India, 485.
Bähr, Professor, his book of Graves, 318.
Baille clough togal dolmen, 229.
Baker, Mr., his account of Aryan interments, 479.
Balk, Saracenic arches, 457.
Ballina, _see_ Maols.
Ballo dolmen, 321.
Ballysadare, cairn at, 179.
Balor of the Evil Eye, 187.
Balquhain circle, 263.
Banesdown battle, 87.
Bang, importance of monastery at, 50.
Bangkok, Buddhist monument at, 413.
Barbarism of early Irish, 235.
Barbato, monuments in, 415.
Barbury Castle, siege of, 88.
Bards, 19;
testify to Druids, 6.
Barrows, 11;
of Roman period, 36 (_see_ Bartlow Hills);
British, 65;
Silbury, _ib._;
conical, 83;
their number and position, 102;
age of, 104;
Derbyshire, 138;
Yorkshire, _ib._;
on Boyne, 200;
in Orkneys at Stennis;
bowl-shaped, 243;
find, 243;
Sandwick, _ib._;
conoid barrows, _ib._;
find, _ib._;
of what race the barrows, 243-4;
_see_ Maes-Howe;
little barrows by thousands in Orkneys, of what race, 249;
Halfdan's barrow, 250;
Danish Royal barrow, _ib._;
_Long_ barrow at Lethra, 282;
and at West Kennet, 284;
whose grave, 283;
date, 285;
explored by Thurnam, 283;
find there, 285;
inference from, 286-9;
post-Roman, 286;
long barrow at Wiskehärad in Halland, 288;
what it marks, _ib._;
long barrows post-Roman, 289;
ship barrows, 291-2;
numerous in East France, 327;
holed chambers in long barrows at Kerlescant and Rodmarton, 357.
Barry's 'Views in Orkneys,' 241.
Bartlow Hills barrow, 36;
elevation, 14, 83.
Bas Lowe, Arthur's table, 137.
Basin, flat-bottomed, mysterious, 216-7.
Bassas, Arthur's battle on, 136.
Bateman, Messrs., diggings by, 138, 140-4;
finds at Benty Grange, 145;
and at Kenslow barrow, _ib._;
overlook monuments at Stanton Drew, 146.
Bateman, Mr., explores Arbor Lowe, 357;
his and author's remarks on finds by, 13-4.
Bath, _see_ Battles.
Battles.--Arthur's, 12, 135 _et seq._;
Ashdown, 122;
Aylesford, 119;
Badbury, 87;
Badon Hill, 86;
place of Arthur's last battle disputed, 86-7;
Banbury Hill, date of, 109;
Banesdon, 87;
Bath, 87;
Battlemoss, Yarhouse, 526;
Braavalla, 188, 280-2;
Deorham, 88;
Kongsbacka, 279;
Moytura, South and North, 176 _et seq._;
Rollright, 126.
Battlefields marked by megalithic remains, 14.
Battlestones in Scotland, 240, 272;
Kirkliston, 272.
Bauta stones, 60, 272.
Bazinas in North Africa, 397-8.
Beaumont-sur-Oise, find at, 339.
Beckhampton avenue, 64;
position of stone, 98.
Bede, his division of Kent explained, 121.
"Beds" of Diarmid and Graine, 225.
Behring's Straits route of peoplers of America, 516.
Beira dolmens, 378.
Belgæ, absence of dolmens amongst, 302;
their pre-dolmen immigration into Britain, 323-4;
Belgæ or Firbolgs in Ireland, 176.
Belgaum, altars and tables at, 467.
Belgians, erroneous statement of interments at Kit's Cotty House, 119.
Bellovesus, his invasion of Italy, 327.
Benares, style of architecture at, 412.
Benty Grange barrow, 144. _See_ Derbyshire.
Beowulf's poem contains incidents of Saxon burials, 120;
Beowulf's victory over Wurm, _ib._;
his interment, _ib._;
his helmet, 145;
his verses on Knock na Rea, 185.
Bernard, Commandant, his description of enormous dolmen at Tiaret,
397.
Bertrand, Alexander, attacks Celtic origin of megalithic monuments,
254.
Bertrand, M., 6;
his essay upon dolmens, 324;
his theory as to migration of dolmen race, 378-9, 407;
as to builders in North Africa, 403.
Betal or Vetal, worship of, 467.
Bhils, Coles, Gonds and Toda, non-progressive tribes in India, 459;
their tenacity to usages, _ib._
Bilithons, 435.
Birck, dolmen enclosed in square, 307.
Birra the hag, 231;
monastery, 231 _note_.
Biscay dolmens, 378.
Bits of Bridle, 81, 304. _See_ Stukeley.
Blaine, Mr. D. R., his notes and sketch of dolmen at Kafr er Wâl, 441.
Blair, Dr., engraves Carnac, 350.
Blenda, Swedish heroine, her victory, 291.
Bluestones, if part of Stonehenge, 97;
whence the stones, 108;
story explained, 108-9. _See_ Sarsens.
"Bluetooth," 296.
Boece and Fordun, their fables, 134.

Boinn, wife of Nechtan, 212;
"her small hound" buried with her, _ib._
Bollandists' work silent as to Buddhism, 505.
Bona, circle near, 405;
dolmen, 532.
Bonstetten, cited, 308, 379;
map, 324;
according to, no dolmen in Poland, 301.
Borlase cited as to Boscawen circles, 160.
Borrow mentions monument at Arroyolos, 377.
Borther Lowe, find at, 12.
Boscawen, 160. _See_ Circles.
Boucher de Perthes, collection by, 16.
Bouie's survey of New Grange, 204.
Bousquet, dolmen of, 46, 49.
Boyne, monuments on, 200, 290;
burials, 212.
Braavalla Heath battle, 280-2. _See_ Battle-fields.
Brachenbyr dolmen, 46, 49.
Brahmins, their domination in India, 459.
Breas' invasion of Ireland and defeat, 187.
Brest Menhir, 58.
Brigantes join Silures, 381.
British chiefs massacred by Hengist, where, 106.
British isles described by Diodorus, 8;
not more prosperous before Roman invasion than in 5th century,
114-5;
Spaniards, Silures, settle in, 383.
British Rude-Stone Monuments,
how affected by conquest by and withdrawal of Romans, 394.
Britons, 20, 21, 37;
peace with Saxons, when, 89.
Brittany, monuments in, 6. _See_ Carnac.
Broad-pated race, 306.
Brochs, Scotch, resemble Nurhags, 431 _note_.
Brodick Bay circles, 262.
Brogar, King of, in Orkneys, 241;
failure of search there, 243;
how to proceed, _ib._;
tumuli, 252-3;
compared to Stanton Drew circles, 256.
Bronze age, Stonehenge belongs to, 102;
as also tumuli in South of France, 327.
Brouillet, M., his work on Poitou, 329.
Brown, Mr., his account of Hydahs, 18.
Bruges, capital of Celts, temp. Bellovesi, 327.
Brugh, burial-place of Kings of Tara, 190, 199, 212.
Brugh na Boinne, burials at, 191 _et seq._
Brunswick dolmens, 301.
Bryce, Dr., his observations in Arran, 265.
Buckingham, Duke of, directs diggings at Stonehenge, 104.
Buddha, Dagobas or Stupas of, 41.
Buddhagosa, no written books before, 500.
Buddhism, 458;
in India, 458 _et seq._;
in the West, 499 _et seq._;
in Christianity, 499;
monastic institutions, _ib._;
monasticism opposed to Egyptian institutions and Arab or Semitic
feeling, 500;
relation of Essenes to Buddhism, _ib._;
monasticism in India apparent from monuments and inscriptions, 501;
three convocations: cells: Viharas, Chaityas, 501;
sculptures: Sanchi: Ascetics: Amravati shaven priests: date of
similar institutions in West, _ib._;
peculiarities of, separation of clergy from laity, 501;
canonization, relic worship, 503;
date, silence of the Fathers, eloquence of architecture, 506;
Buddhism Turanian, _ib._;
nature of the faith, _ib._;
Turanians in Europe in Middle Ages, 507;
what with respect to stone monuments the West borrowed from the
East, 507;
of what Buddhism was the reform, 504.
Buddhist architecture, 40-2.
Buddhist Topes 46;
rails, 48, 492;
Lâts or Stambas, 57;
convocations, 501.
Burials, usages of, in the Steppes, 449.
Burmah, date of temples at, 1;
dagobas, 41.
Burmah and Siam, architecture of wood, 456.
Burn Moor, 159. _See_ Circles.
Burton, Right Hon. W., describes cairn Knock na Rea, 184.
Butte de Cæsar, find there, 339.
Buxton, rude monuments near. _See_ Derbyshire.

CABEIRI, images of, 425.
Caboul valley, 452.
Cæsar mentions Druids, but not their temples, 20;
stood, perhaps, at Carnac, _ib._;
inference from his and Pliny's silence, 373.
Caerleon, or Chester, Arthur's ninth battle at, 137.
Cairns at Rath Cruachan, 200;
Lough Crew, 213;
Glen Columbkille, 226;
Freyrsö, 292;
Norway, 302;
the distribution of dolmens in Europe, 301-2;
dolmens belong to a sea-faring race, 302;
four cairns enclosed in squares, 402;
compared to Aschenrade, 403;
Jewurgi, 471-2;
probably battle-field, 472;
huge horned cairn Caithness, 528, 530;
of "one Man," find there, 178-9.
Caldwell, Mrs., find in possession of, 210.
Caledonians like Germans, 162;
Caledonian Forest, place of Arthur's battle, 137.
Callernish, age of, 52.
Calliagh Birra's House, 230.
Calvaries in Brittany, 59.
Cambodia, monuments of, not ancient, 1;
style of buildings, 458.
Camden, his remark as to place of interments at Stonehenge, 105;
as to Rollright and Rollo in England, 126;
as to Long Meg, 127;
as to ruins at Shap, 129;
and Penrith, 132.
Camster alignment, 529.
Cangas de Onis, 387.
Cannibalism of early Irish, 235.
Canonization in the East, 503.
Canterbury, Roman Cathedral at, 22.
Canute forbids adoration of stones, 25.
Caons, or Giants' circles, 453.
Cape St. Matthieu, 59.
Carder Lowe, barrow opened at, 1.
Carl Sverkersson slays Danish prince, 291.
Carmaret, alignment at, 367.
Carnac, 1;
Rev. Bathurst Deane's plan of, 6;
Cæsar perhaps saw from it battle with Veneti, 20;
described, 349;
plan, 352.
Carnutes, Druids' chief seat amongst, 5.
Carrowmore, 181;
field of battle, 187, 198, 223.
Carte, Mr., as to field of battle at Baydon hill, 87.
Carthaginians in Spain, 379;
not building or burying race, 394.
Cartheilhac, M., his paper on megalithic monuments, 335.
Cas Tor avenue, 56.
Castern, find at, 13.
Castille, if dolmens in, 378.
Castle Wellan dolmen, 45.
Cat stones, 57, 146. _See_ Derbyshire battle stones.
Catalonia, dolmens in, 378.
Cathair, or round fort, 235;
of Tuatha de Danann, 193;
of Cormac at Tara, 194.
Cathregomion, Cabregonnon, Catbregonnion, or Cathbregion, Arthur's
11th battle there, 138. _See_ Stanton Drew.
Catigren, where buried, 144. _See_ Kitt's Cotty House.
Cattle spoil of Cooley, 196.
Cave men, 17, 18, 329;
like Red Indians, 17;
or Esquimaux, _ib._;
under what circumstances found in France, 16;
and England, 16, 17.
Cave races, gradations of style of monuments among, 335.
Caves, early, in India, 456;
Buddhist, 460.
Ceallach, murder of, 233.
Cedric, Saxon chief, 88-9.
Celtiberians, _see_ Iberians.
Celtic race, priests of, 3, 4;
whether French megalithic monuments belong to, 6;
their influence upon Etruria, 393.
Celts, ready converts to Christianity, 227;
date of the first invasion of Gaul, _ib._;
were earlier converts than dolmen builders, 328;
spread themselves through centre of France, _ib._;
either Celts or a prehistoric race built the dolmens, 329;
the Cave men, _ib._;
who these were, _ib._;
dolmens and Cave men perhaps conterminous, _ib._;
Cimbri, Celts, and Gauls, 333;
Cimbri and Aquitanians, relation of, _ib._;
their capital temp. Bellevesi, 327;
described by Livy, _ib._;
Averni, _ib._;
if dolmens in Galatia, important bearing upon Celtic theory, 446;
their invasions of other countries, 409.
Cemeteries of Ireland, 199;
Cruachan, or Rathcrogan, _ib._;
circular mounds there, _ib._;
monument of Dathi, _ib._;
Relig na Riogh, 200;
Red stone pillar, _ib._;
circle, _ib._;
cairns, _ib._;
burials, Queen Meave and Dathi, _ib._;
compared with Arbor Low and Salkeld, _ib._;
Knowth, _ib._;
New Grange, 201;
plundered by Danes, _ib._;
first mentioned by Mr. Lloyd, _ib._;
Sir T. Molyneux's statement, _ib._;
Governor Pownall's, 202;
engravings of by Bouie, 203;
if uncovered, resemblance to Salkeld and Stanton Drew, _ib._;
sculpture, 204;
reverses of stones elaborately carved, 205;
how such came to be covered, _ib._;
entrance, position of, _ib._;
ornaments, 206-7;
sculptured mark, 207;
whether characters, _ib._;
Dowth, or perhaps Dubhad, plundered by Danes, 208;
diggings, _ib._;
find there, 210;
Netterville House, 209;
tomb of the Dagdha, _ib._;
perhaps intact, _ib._;
find there, 209, 210;
ornaments at Dowth, 211-2;
written evidence respecting these three cemeteries, 212;
and persons buried, _ib._;
author's conjecture as to New Grange, 213;
Lough Crew, 213 _et seq._;
if cemetery of Talten, 219;
choice of plan of cemetery amongst Irish, 220;
'Book of the Cemeteries' cited, 221;
stone in cairn T, Lough Crew, 222;
stones in sculptured graves, 223;
Clover Hill, _ib._;
Shahpoor, 485.
Cetti, stone of, 173.
Ceylon dagobah, 41;
Thupa Ramayana, and Lanka Ramayana, 489, 490.
Chaityas, _see_ Church Caves.
Champollion's discoveries, 1.
Chardin cited as to circles at Tabriz and Miana, 453.
Chariot wheels sculptured on dolmens, 304.
Charlemagne condemns stone worship, 25.
Charleton, Dr., 15;
Inigo Jones's theory attacked by, 3.
Chartham Downs, find at, 13.
Chartres Carnutes, 5.
Chester, _see_ Caerleon.
China, monuments of, not ancient, 1.
Chinese not progressive, 19.
Chisel, early use of, in Ireland, 217.
Chorœa Gigantum, _see_ Giants' Dance.
Chouchas in North Africa, 398-9;
position of bodies in, _ib._
Christian era, rude-stone monuments subsequent to, 27;
according to Danes, iron introduced about commencement of, 9.
Christianity, according to Welsh and Irish writers, their Druids prior
to, 6;
date of introduction into Denmark, 10;
into India, 489;
in what respect influenced by Buddhism, 499 _et seq._
Christians in India, _see_ Crosses.
Christy, Mr., his researches in Algeria, 395-6.
Church caves at first more important than Viharas, 501.
Cimboeth marks date in Irish history, 189;
founds Armagh, _ib._
Cimbri, their cognate races, 333.
Cimbrian Chersonese visited by Pytheas, 38.
Circassia, dolmens in, of shaped stone, 447;
importance of, to migration or missionary theory, 447-8.
Circles, 154;
Englewood Wood, or Rosehill tumulus, _ib._;
platform, _ib._;
bilithons, 155;
find, _ib._;
Aspatria, 156;
barrow, _ib._;
find, 156-7;
circle of cists in Isle of Man, _ib._;
Mule Hill, _ib._;
view and plan of, 158;
openings to circle, 159;
Burn Moor, Cumberland, _ib._;
find there, _ib._;
square enclosure there, 160;
plan, 160;
Boscawen not Temples nor "Things," _ib._;
plan of, 161;
at Moytura, 183;
triple, _ib._;
sculptured, enclosing crosses, 304, 315;
mysterious concentric circles, with lines traversing them, 304;
the use of circles and Viking graves continuous in Ireland and
England, 317;
singular arrangement at Aschenrade and in Algeria, 317-8;
circles with stone in centre at Bajard, 318;
circular groups in India, 467 (_see_ Bazina, Choucha);
Alexandropol circles, 450;
Nikolajew concentric circles, base of tumulus, 451;
Western circles not imitation of Tartar, 452;
Peshawur, 453;
Deh Ayeh, near Darabgerd, _ib._;
circles attributed to Caons or Giants, _ib._;
enclosed circles in America, 511-3;
at Caithness (_see_ Scotland);
Amravati, 474.
Circles, great English, peculiar, 153;
and belong probably to Arthurian age, _ib._;
post-Roman, 154;
of what race, _ib._;
in Wales and Anglesea no circles, 163;
Giant's grave, Drumbo, 228;
circle there object of, 224;
in Scotland, 240;
district of circles _par excellence_ not on mainland, _ib._;
Orkneys, 241;
King of Brogar and Stennis, 241-2;
part of entire group, 254;
date, 256;
Callernish, 259;
circle-building race, 274;
opposite currents of migration, _ib._;
Braavalla Heath, 280;
in France, 340;
circle the skeleton of tumulus, 340;
circle at Sesto Calende, 391;
semicircle, _ib._;
circles, 397-9;
triple and quadruple, 399;
enclosed in squares, 402;
at Djideli, 404;
Bona, 405;
Malta, 416;
Sinai, 443-4;
Arabia, 444.
Circles surrounding tumuli or dolmens, circles without tumuli or
dolmens, 29, 47, 50;
at Addington, 118-9;
at Rollright, 124;
Dartmoor, _ib._;
at Penrith, 126;
concentric, 127 _note_;
at Marden, 65, 85;
at Shap, 130;
Merivale Bridge, _ib._;
at Arbor Low, 139;
Stanton Drew, 150.
Circular temple mentioned by Diodorus among Hyperboreans, 8.
Cissa, King, his tomb where, 283.
Cists, _see_ Kistvaens.
Civil and sacred structures, where indistinguishable, 515.
Clark, Mr. George, his paper on Ancient English Castles, 84.
Clatford Bottom, 44;
Sarsen stones at, 63;
circles at, 161.
Claudian, verses of, as to disasters of Saxons, Picts, and Scots, in
the North, 188.
Claudius Gothicus, coins of, 12, 36, 52;
Claudius, 461.
Clava, 265;
circles and mounds, _ib._;
perhaps burial-place of King Brude, 267.
Clemens of Alexandria, his surprise at relic-worship, 504;
as to Buddhism, 505.
Clergy and laity, separation of, in the East, 502.
Closmadeuc, Dr., antiquary, 337.
Clover Hill, 223.
Cnodhba, cave of, identified with Knowth, 201.
Cock sacrificed to Betal, 467.
Cocumella, tomb at, 33.
Cœlus, God, Stonehenge ascribed to, 3.
Cœre, tomb at, 33-4.
Cogolleros, dolmen del Tio, 385.
Coibi, his conversion, 23.
Coilsfield, rubbing on stone at, 211;
stone, 267.
Coins, Roman, of what Emperors generally found, 144;
in Ireland, 166;
inference from, _see_ Finds.
Cojou, Gré de, alignment at, 367.
Cole, _see_ Bhil.
Cole, Lieutenant, his report as to Kutub pillar, 181.
Collas barrow mentioned in Charter of Athelstan, 73.
Collinson, Colonel, finds columnar buildings in Malta, 425.
Columba, St., 59.
Columbus, America peopled by Europeans prior to, 516.
Columns, _see_ Alignment.
Come Lowe, find at, 13.
Commerce of early Britons, with what races, 133-4.
Conaing, 201.
Conan, _see_ Meriadec.
Concentric circles, _see_ Circles.
Conchobhar McNessa, 197;
husband of Queen Meave, 197, 221;
his conversion, 221;
where buried, _ib._
Confolens, dolmen at, 337.
Cong, at Moytura, 177;
place of battle, 198.
Conical form, Roman and Post-Roman, 84.
Conjeveran, city of Kurumbers, 478.
Conn of a Hundred Battles, 193-7, 212, 236.
_See_ Cormac MacArt.
Conor MacNessa, 193.
Constantine, Saxons defeated by, 109;
his supposed interment at Stonehenge, and when, 109;
coins, 11, 12, 13.
Constantine Junior, coins of, 12.
Constantinople, coins of, 11.
Constans, coins of, 11.
Constantius, coins of, 11.
Conwell, Mr., exploration of Lough Crew, 199, 213, 222.
Copenhagen, congress at, 10;
museum, 16, 325.
Cormack, son of Conn, 190;
where buried, 212.
Cormack MacArt, 193;
convert to Christianity, 196;
orders tracts to be written, _ib._;
could he write? _ib._
Cornelius, tradition as to, 373.
Cornwall, circles, 162;
circle-building race in, 274.
Corpre, Etan's son, 191.
Costa, S. Pereira da, his account of Portuguese dolmens, 377.
Cotty or Coity House, _see_ Aylesford.
Councils of Arles, Nantes, Rouen, Toledo, Tours, 24;
their decrees as to stoneworship, 23-4.
Countless Stones, _see_ Aylesford.
Court held at standing stones of Rayne by Bishop of Aberdeen, 264.
Cove, Long stone, 4.
Cremation amongst Saxons, 120.
Crew, Lough, 199.
Crichie, find at, 75.
Crimthann, when he lived, 190, 221;
where buried, 192;
seat of his dynasty, 194.
Croker, Mr., his survey of Stanton Drew, 150.
Crom, meaning of word, 44 _note_.
Cromlech, near Merivale, 55;
among M[a]la Aryans, 479.
_See_ Dolmen.
Cross Flats, 11.
Crosses, 270, 272;
Irish, how distinguished from Scottish, 270;
Isle of Man, with Runic inscriptions, 273;
crosses in circles, 304;
"Swastica"-like cross, 367;
in India, and their date, 486 _et seq._
Crozon, alignment at, 367;
what battle there, 375.
Cruachan, ancient burial-place of Kings of Tara, find, 190-9.
Crubelz, 359.
Crusades, rude-stone monuments in time of, 406.
Cuchullin, 193-7.
Cumberland, no mention of Druids in, 5;
rude monuments, 127, 128;
circles in, probably of same age, 147;
circle-building race in, 274.
Cumbhail (Fingal), 197.
Cumot, or Commensurate grave of Cairbre Lifeachaire, 213.
Cumrew, Salkeld and Mayborough, circles at, similar, 147.
Cuneus, Cape, unvisited by Portuguese writers, 378.
Cunningham, Lord Albert, finds by, at Dowth, 210.
Cunnington, Mr., his opinion as to Marden, 86;
excavation by, at Stonehenge, 105-6;
finds in long barrows, 289.
Curtius cited as to Nasomenes, 407.
Cuthbert, 22.
Cuttack, sacred groves at, 465.
Cyvragnon, pile of, mentioned in Welsh Triads, what, 173.

DABILLA, the hound, interment of, 212.
Daghda, the general, 187;
and king, _ib._;
where buried, 191;
when, 190;
real name Eochy, 192;
cairn of, _ib._;
residence, 195;
his spit, _ib._;
family, 197, 212;
his tomb where, according to author, 213;
written evidence as to, 212.
Dagoba, Buddhist, 41, 79, 490 _et seq._;
relic, cists, Tee, rail, 490-1;
compared to dolmen at Pullicondah, 491.
Dananns, Tuatha de, 177 _et seq._;
arrival in Ireland, 193;
when, _ib._;
burial of, 212.
_See_ Ireland, Moytura.
Danes, cemeteries plundered by, 209.
Danish antiquaries, their opinion as to epoch of introduction of
bronze and iron into Denmark, 9, 37;
their system respecting, 9, 10, 28;
too hastily adopted in France and England, 10, 388;
their mistaken proceedings, 10-14, 16, 146, 257, 275;
International Congress of Prehistoric Archæology, 276;
merits of Sjöborg, 276.
Danish isles, dolmens in, 301.
Danish settlers in Greenland, 18;
in Britain and Scotland before Roman invasion, 133-4;
commerce, &c., 133.
Daoulas, menhir and cross at, 59.
Darabgerd, circle near, 453.
Dariorigum, standing stones of, 20.
Dartmoor parallel stones at Merivale Bridge, 54;
circles and cromlechs, 55;
avenues at Cas Tor, 56;
circles compared with those at Rollright, 124.
Dasyus the despised, 493.
Date, priority of, in dolmens external or covered, 144.
Dates, found and corrected by architects, 113;
comparative antiquity of certain classes of monuments, 261;
rude-stone sometimes more modern, 407.
Dathi, monument of, 199.
Daviot circle, 263.
Dead, images of, 449.
Deane, Rev. Bathurst, adopts Stukeley's views, 6, 151;
visits Carnac, 351.
Decrees of Councils respecting veneration of stone monuments, 24, 25.
Dedalean buildings in Sardinia, why so called, 429.
Deer Park, Sligo, monument in, 234-5.
Defence, _see_ Mounds.
Deh Ayeh, circle at, 453.
Delhi, iron pillar near, 35;
mosque of Kutb u deem, 457.
Demi-dolmens, 345.
Demons, _see_ St. Patrick.
Denmark, megalithic remains in, 9;
museums, _ib._;
bronze and iron, date of their introduction into, _ib._;
tombs of kings described by Olaus Magnus, 15;
ignorance of Romans respecting, 38;
tumuli in, 39;
circles in, 47;
Bauta or battle-stones, 60.
Dennis' 'Etruria' cited, 391.
Derbyshire dolmens, date of, 36;
rude-stone monuments in, 138.
Derbyshire Rude-Stone Monuments, 138;
Arbor Low, 139;
description of, 139;
similarity to Arthur's Round Table, 139;
plan of, 140;
circle, 140;
dolmen, _ib._;
tumulus, _ib._;
excavations and find there, 140-1;
Gib Hill tumulus, 141;
excavation and find, 141-2;
Minning Low, 142;
plans of, 142-3;
find there, 143;
similarity to New Grange, _ib._;
and Kit's Cotty House, 144;
first Roman, _ib._;
Benty Grange barrow, _ib._;
find there, 144-5;
Kentlow barrow, 45-6;
Stanton Moor, 146;
monuments of earth and stone, _ib._;
Nine Ladies, _ib._;
King Stone, _ib._;
other groups near Arbor Low, _ib._;
cat stones, _ib._;
Derbyshire monuments not temples nor tombs of inhabitants, 147;
monuments of what race? _ib._;
similar in purpose and age to those in Cumberland, _ib._;
find in former, 148;
Stanton Drew, _ib._
Devil's Quoits, 64.
Devonshire, circles in, 161.
Diarmid and Graine, _see_ Beds.
Dinnsenchus, 233.
Diodorus, cited as to circular temple, 8;
text explained, _ib._;
as to barbarism of Irish, 235;
Phœnicians in Malta in his time, 425;
Dedalean buildings, 429.
Divitiacus, 323.
Djideli, tombs near, 404;
whose, _ib._;
find there, _ib._
Dodwell, tombs of Atridæ discovered by, 33;
that of Minyas explored, _ib._
Dolicocephalic race, 35.
Dolmens, 29;
free-standing, 29;
on outside of tumuli, 29;
progress of tomb-building, 40-43;
kistvaens, 43;
chambers, _ib._;
with gallery, _ib._;
dolmens covered, 44;
uncovered, _ib._;
opinion that all once covered with tumuli refuted, _ib._;
dolmen at Wellan, 45;
de Bousquet, 46;
excavation suggested of dolmen-crowned tumuli, _ib._;
at Kit's Cotty House, 116;
at Rollright, 124;
in Cumberland (_see_ Penrith);
at Arbor Low, 140;
France native country of, 161;
few in England, _ib._;
and most of English in Cornwall, 162;
in Wales more numerous, _ib._;
and Anglesea, _ib._;
and Isle of Man, _ib._;
by whom erected, _ib._;
where, 163;
all not originally buried, 163, 169;
some always intended to be covered, 164, 168;
dolmen in Park Cwn tumulus, 164;
find there, 165;
Uley, _ib._;
find there, _ib._;
judicious conclusions of Dr. Thurnam from, _ib._;
Plas Newydd, 166-9;
stone avenue leading to, 167;
holes in slab, 168;
Pentre Ifan, _ib._;
Arthur's Quoit, 170;
whether originally in tumulus, 171-2;
alleged avenue, 172;
group of cairns there, 171;
purpose, 172;
not a cemetery, _ib._;
but battle-field? _ib._;
Arthur's 8th battle there? 173;
the stone of "Cetti," _ib._;
Hob Hurst's House, 172-3;
dates of dolmens, 173;
at Moytura, 183;
in Ireland, how situated, 224;
not on battle-fields, _ib._;
perhaps most on east coast, _ib._;
beds of Diarmid, 225;
elopement of, with Graine, _ib._;
legend as to dolmens, _ib._;
legitimate inference from legend, _ib._;
Glen Columbkill and Glen Malin More, _ib._;
cairns there, 226;
age of, _ib._;
tradition as to St. Columba, 227;
of what race the group, 227-8;
Spaniards or Iberians in Ireland, 228;
giant's grave, 228;
circle there, 229;
object of, _ib._;
Town of the Stone of the Strangers, _ib._;
dolmen at Knockeen, _ib._;
Knockeen, plans of, 230;
Calliagh Vera or Birra, _ib._;
Greenmount tumulus, 231;
the "four Maols," Ballina, 232;
dolmens in Ireland do not mark battle-fields, 228;
dolmens in Scotland, 240;
many dolmens erected by kings, &c., as their burial-places, and
covered after their interment, 260 _et seq._;
comparative antiquity of Callernish and New Grange, 261;
dolmens in North Germany, 300;
silence of German archæology, _ib._;
no dolmens in Poland, 301;
Prussia, _ib._:
Silesia, _ib._;
Prussian Silesia, Pomerania, Rügen, _ib._;
Mecklenburg, Hanover, Oldenburg, _ib._;
Wildesheim and Engelmanns Becke, _ib._;
Helmstädt, _ib._;
Holland, _ib._;
Saxony, Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, _ib._;
Holstein Schleswig, Jutland, Danish isles, _ib._;
Sweden, _ib._;
none in Norway, 302;
Herrestrup, 303;
dolmen with representations of ships, and circles with crosses,
304;
analogous to dolmen at Aspatria, _ib._;
Halskov, 305;
Oroust, 306;
dolmens in the different countries have distinguishing features,
_ib._;
oblong enclosures, 307;
diagram from Sjöborg, _ib._;
Roeskilde and Birck dolmens with oblong enclosures, _ib._;
Lüneburg, 308;
Hanover, _ib._;
Valdbygaards, near Soröe, double dolmen, 308-9;
triple dolmens, Höbisch, 309;
sentinel stones, 310;
buried dolmens, _ib._;
Uby, 311;
Smidstrup, _ib._;
Axevalla, and find there, 312-3;
dolmens, elliptical and oblong, 313;
age of, _ib._;
find, 314;
inscription at Axevalla, _ib._;
head-stone with drawings on it, of Kivik Grave, _ib._;
its resemblance to one at Locmariaker, _ib._;
dolmen at Exlo, 320;
peculiarity of Drenthe dolmens, _ib._;
Ballo, 321;
distribution of dolmens map, 324;
pre-dolmen immigration of Belgæ into Britain, 323;
Luxemburg, _ib._;
Belgians and pure Celts not dolmen builders, 326;
sequences of dolmens, 335;
Sauclières, _ib._;
St. Germain-sur-Vienne or Confolens, 336;
date of, _ib._;
demi-dolmens, 345;
others in Ireland and Wales, _ib._;
Poitiers and Kerland, 346;
rocking stones, Pierre Martine, 347;
whether accidental, 347-9;
Pierre branlante de Huelgoat, 348;
double dolmen at Plouharnel, and find, 358;
dolmens, &c., if built with small stones, more modern, 359;
Mané Lud, dolmen with sculptured stones, similar to Irish, 360-3;
Dol ar Marchant, sculpture decorations, 361-2;
Bertrand's list of dolmens in France, 376;
termination of names in ac, _ib._;
dolmens in Spain, Portugal, 377 _et seq._;
dolmen race, migration of, 378-9;
Spain, Antequera, 383;
its stone town once wholly buried, circle, 384;
contrasted with Stonehenge, _ib._;
Tio Cogolleros, 385;
Sepultura Grande, 386;
compared to what, _ib._;
dolmen near Dilar, _ib._;
Eguilar, Cangas de Onis, 387;
dolmen of San Miguel, Arrichinaga, 388;
Portugal, Arroyolos, 389;
Cangas de Onis, Arrichinaga, 390;
why not so numerous in Italy, 392;
influence of conquest and withdrawal of Romans upon, 394;
distribution in Algeria, 396;
principal dolmen region, _ib._;
Tiaret, enormous dolmen there, 397;
Tripoli, _ib._;
Morocco, _ib._;
but not near populous centres, _ib._;
inference thence as to nomadic origin, 397;
dolmen on steps, 398;
on a circled tumulus, 400;
with two circles of stones, 401;
resemblance to Kit's Cotty House, _ib._;
dolmens on road from Bona to Constantine, 402;
no dolmens in Phœnicia nor in their colonies, 409;
Nurhags and giants' towers earlier than dolmens, 437;
in Palestine, 441;
in Gilead, whether of the giant tribe, 443;
long interval from the first Indian dolmen at Peshawur, _ib._;
query as to dolmens in Asia Minor, 445;
holed dolmen in Circassia, 447;
migration theory of dolmens, 448;
missionary theory, _ib._;
important bearing of searches in the Steppes upon theories, 448;
Tartar tumuli not models of Western dolmens, 452;
space unexplored for dolmens in East, 454;
Rajunkoloor, 468, 470;
dolmens with holes, find, 468;
double circles round dolmens at Yemmee Gooda, 470;
arrangement of dolmens at Rajunkoloor, 470;
Nilgiri hills: Courg double dolmens with circular openings, 473;
tomb, _ib._;
sepulchral circles at Amravati, 474;
rail there, 475;
geographical distribution, 475 _et seq._;
of what race, 476 _et seq._;
age of, 479 _et seq._;
finds in Indian dolmens, 480;
Nilgiri sculptured dolmen, 483;
singular position of one at Iwallee, 484;
stone monuments at Shahpoor, 485;
Katapur, 487;
find, _ib._;
dolmen with cross in Nirmul jungle, 489;
illustration of Romish policy, _ib._;
dolmen at Pullicondah compared with Cingalese Dagoba, 491;
Eastern and European dolmen compared, 494 _et seq._;
whether connexion between them to be inferred from similarity, 495;
or from literature, or from rock-engraved edict of Asoka, 496.
_See_ Glen Columbkille;
dolmen near Bona, Algeria, 532.
Dordogne, monuments in, insufficient knowledge of, 335.
Doric supersedes Pelasgic style, 393;
earliest Doric temple, interval between and last Pelasgic tomb, 393.
Dowe Lowe, "find" in, 13.
Down, English tumuli on, 48.
Dowth Hill, 192, 200;
the Dagdha's Rath at, 195;
his son born there, _ib._
Dracontia, 515. _See_ Serpent, Stukeley.
Dragon in Maes-Howe, 245.
Drenthe, dolmens in, 301, 320;
Hunebeds at, their extent, 319;
compared by Keysler to Stonehenge, 319;
described by Dr. Janssen, 319;
Hunebeds, grottes des fées, 341.
Dresden, dolmens destroyed near, 301.
Drew, Stanton, circles at, 7, 161.
Drosten, name inscribed on stone, 273.
Druids, human sacrifices by, at Stonehenge, no longer believed, 1;
Dr. Stukeley's fancy respecting their temples, 3;
Cæsar's account of them, 4, 5;
serpent worship supposed, 4;
by Stukeley and Sir R. C. Hoare, 5;
Druids in Mona met by Suetonius, _ib._;
none ever seen in regions of principal rude monuments, 6;
nor in Algeria nor India, _ib._;
in Wales, according to Welsh writers, before Christianity
introduced, _ib._;
controversy in France respecting so-called Druidical monuments,
_ib._;
difficulty of connecting them with Druids, _ib._;
Stukeley's idea adopted by Deane, _ib._;
Stonehenge pretended to be their observatory, 7;
remarks of author, 7, 20, 61;
gods worshipped by Druids, according to Cæsar, 66;
Druidical institutions in India, 465;
Druids and serpents, freedom of Sjöborg from errors as to, 274.
Dryden, Sir Henry, explores Carnac, 350;
near Emmen, 320;
and Caithness, 530;
letter from, to author, _ib._;
cited, 362;
his drawings of Gavr Innis, 365;
describes Gré de Cojou, 368.
Duald Mac Firbis, antiquary, 199.
Dubois, cited, 449.
Duglas or Dubglas River, Arthur's battle on, 136;
meaning of word, _ib._
Dunadeer Circle, 263.
Du Noyer, M., cited, 345;
drawings, 225.
Dutthagamini, _see_ Ellala.

EADWARD, contemporary of Rollo, 126.
East, _see_ Palestine.
Easter Island, images in, 53.
Eguilar dolmen, 387.
Egypt, iron when introduced into, 37.
Egyptians, tomb building race, 31;
pyramids contained true and false tombs, 46;
their feelings as to monasticism, 500;
royal monasteries and residences indistinguishable, 514.
Eithlenn, daughter of Balor, 187.
Ellala, his defeat by King Dutthagamani commemorated by Dagoba, 80.
Elliot, Sir Walter, cited on Indian interments, 479.
Elliptical dolmens, _see_ Dolmens.
Ellis, Mr., his opinion that Stonehenge was an Observatory, 7.
Ellora and Elephanta, dates of, 494.
Elopement of Diarmid with Graine, 225.
Emmen, 320. _See_ Hunebed.
Emmrys, work of, in Welsh Triads, what, 173.
Enclosures, dolmens with, 307 _et seq._, 354;
in America, for defence, 511;
sacred and miscellaneous, 311.
End Low mound, 139. _See_ Derbyshire.
England, circle-building race in, 274;
dolmen-building race, _ib._;
old race in, improved by Celts and Romans, 461.
Engelmanns-Becke, dolmen near, 301.
English idolatry, letter of Gregory the Great concerning, 21.
Eochy, King, tradition as to his bath, 179;
his death, _ib._
Eochy the Daghda, 192 _note_.
Erdeven, 350.
Eric Blodoxe, 250;
sons of, 291.
Eric the Holy, 291.
Eskil, 279.
Esquimaux, Cave men similar to, in what respects, 17.
Es Salt, dolmens near, 441.
Essenes, their connexion with Buddhism, 500.
Estremadura, dolmens in, 378.
Etan, poetess, 197;
where buried, 212.
Ethelbert, cedes temple at Canterbury to Augustine, 22.
Ethnography, _see_ Races.
Etrurians, tomb-building race, 31, 393;
dead reverencing, 393;
tomb of Commella, 33;
of Regulini Galeassi, 34;
contents of, 34;
belong to age of bronze, 34;
imitated at Rome, 40.
Europe, Northern, limited knowledge of, before Roman epoch, 38.
Eusufzaie circles, 453.