Chapter XVII: Section V: shows the condition that would be expected in both IV and

V,--half the refugees in tents or shacks, only a small percentage at their former addresses, and the rest crowded into the housing accommodations nearest to their old homes. It would have been interesting to tabulate the distance between the two addresses, but this would have involved so much labor that it could not be undertaken.

The nationality of the head of the family was given in 14,963 cases, over three-fourths of all. Over two-fifths of these were native Americans; nearly one-half were Germans and Austrians, Irish, Italians, English and Scotch, and Scandinavians, of numerical importance in the order indicated; and the rest represented many different countries. The facts are shown in Table 20.

Tents and shacks

EARLY SHELTERS IN JEFFERSON SQUARE]

It is not possible to compare these figures closely with the nationality of the population of San Francisco as given in the United States Census of 1900, because the census figures are for individuals, while these are for families, the nationality of the family being inferred from the nationality of its head. In the census figures the native born children of a German or Irish father appear as born in the United States, while in the refugee figures such a family group appears as a unit among the foreign born. In this way it is evident that if the refugee figures could have been made up on the same basis of individuals instead of families, they would have shown a considerably higher proportion than they do of native born, and a correspondingly lower proportion of nearly all the foreign nationalities. Possibly the native born children of foreigners would raise the percentage of native born among the refugees to an even higher percentage than they had in the total population of the city. A few comparisons, however, it is safe to make. The Irish and Italians are represented much more strongly among the refugees than their proportions in the population would require; while on the other hand, a population of over 10,000 Chinese[69] was represented by only 20 families drawing rations. In Table 20 the nationalities are arranged in the order of their importance in the population of the city in 1900. Only the first three groups maintained the same relative position among the refugees.

[69] See Part I, p. 95.

TABLE 20.--NATIONALITY OF POPULATION OF SAN FRANCISCO IN 1900, COMPARED WITH NATIONALITY OF HEADS OF FAMILIES AMONG REFUGEES IN 1906

=======================+===================+====================
Country of birth | POPULATION OF SAN | REFUGEES, 1906--
| FRANCISCO, 1900-- |HEADS OF FAMILIES OF
|INDIVIDUALS OF EACH| EACH SPECIFIED
| SPECIFIED NATIVITY| NATIVITY
+---------+---------+----------+---------
| Number | Per cent| Number |Per cent
-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+---------
United States | 225,897 | 66.0 | 6,229 | 41.7
Germany and Austria | 37,035 | 10.8 | 2,264 | 15.1
Ireland | 15,963 | 4.7 | 2,140 | 14.3
England and Scotland | 11,956 | 3.5 | 972 | 6.5
China | 10,762 | 3.1 | 20 | 0.1
Sweden, Norway, Denmark| 9,591 | 2.8 | 709 | 4.7
Italy | 7,508 | 2.2 | 1,208 | 8.1
Canada | 5,199 | 1.5 | 167 | 1.1
France | 4,870 | 1.4 | 400 | 2.7
Switzerland | 2,085 | 0.6 | 104 | 0.7
Japan | 1,852 | 0.5 | 31 | 0.2
Russia | 1,511 | 0.4 | 125 | 0.8
Mexico | 1,459 | 0.4 | 75 | 0.5
Australia | 1,096 | 0.3 | 24 | 0.2
Other countries | 5,998 | 1.8 | 495 | 3.3
-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+---------
Total | 342,782 | 100.0 |14,963[70]| 100.0
-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+---------

[70] Total number of families for whom the nationality of the head of
the family was given; in 4,475 cases this information was omitted.

TABLE 21.--NATIONALITY OF HEADS OF FAMILIES AMONG REFUGEES, BY CIVIL SECTIONS, MAY, 1906. NUMBERS

====================+=========================================+======
Country of birth | NUMBER OF HEADS OF FAMILIES OF EACH | Total
| SPECIFIED NATIONALITY IN CIVIL SECTIONS |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| I | II | III | IV | V | VI | VII |
--------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------
United States |1,015| 354| 790|1,106| 736| 177|2,051| 6,229
Germany, Austria | 331| 85| 264| 413| 289| 158| 724| 2,264
Ireland | 234| 80| 228| 249| 432| 169| 748| 2,140
Italy | 66| 14| 698| 59| 90| 114| 167| 1,208
England and Scotland| 169| 48| 103| 133| 125| 61| 333| 972
Sweden, Norway, | | | | | | | |
and Denmark | 78| 39| 88| 51| 108| 113| 232| 709
France | 95| 11| 79| 46| 27| 31| 111| 400
Canada | 24| 9| 12| 31| 10| 6| 75| 167
Russia | 11| 10| 7| 28| 29| 6| 34| 125
Switzerland | 18| 2| 28| 9| 11| 8| 28| 104
Mexico | 24| ..| 42| 3| 3| 1| 2| 75
Japan | 6| ..| 11| 11| ..| ..| 3| 31
Australia | 3| 2| 3| 2| 6| 1| 7| 24
China | 3| 2| 9| 6| ..| ..| ..| 20
Other countries | 57| 15| 142| 105| 46| 56| 74| 495
--------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------
Total |2,134| 671|2,504|2,252|1,912| 901|4,589|14,963
Unknown | 456| 142| 593| 325| 308|1,975| 676| 4,475
--------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------
Grand total |2,590| 813|3,097|2,577|2,220|2,876|5,265|19,438
--------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------

TABLE 22.--NATIONALITY OF HEADS OF FAMILIES AMONG REFUGEES, BY CIVIL SECTIONS, MAY, 1906. PERCENTAGES BASED ON THE TOTAL NUMBER OF CASES IN WHICH INFORMATION AS TO NATIVITY WAS AVAILABLE

=================+=========================================+=====
Country of birth | PER CENT OF HEADS OF FAMILIES OF EACH |Total
| SPECIFIED NATIONALITY IN CIVIL SECTIONS |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| I | II | III | IV | V | VI | VII |
-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
United States | 47.5| 52.7| 31.6| 49.1| 38.6| 19.6| 44.6| 41.6
Germany, Austria | 15.5| 12.7| 10.5| 18.3| 15.1| 17.5| 15.8| 15.1
Ireland | 11.0| 11.9| 9.1| 11.1| 22.6| 18.8| 16.3| 14.3
Italy | 3.1| 2.1| 27.9| 2.6| 4.7| 12.7| 3.6| 8.1
England, Scotland| 7.9| 7.2| 4.1| 5.9| 6.5| 6.8| 7.3| 6.5
Sweden, Norway, | | | | | | | |
and Denmark | 3.7| 5.8| 3.5| 2.3| 5.6| 12.5| 5.1| 4.7
France | 4.5| 1.6| 3.2| 2.0| 1.4| 3.4| 2.4| 2.7
Other countries | 6.8| 6.0| 10.1| 8.7| 5.5| 8.7| 4.9| 7.0
-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
Total |100.0|100.0|100.0|100.0|100.0|100.0|100.0|100.0
-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----

The distribution of nationalities varies somewhat in the different sections. Sections III and VI have a considerably smaller proportion of native born than the others. Italians are conspicuously prominent in