Chapter V: Part II: Loanwords (1)

AGAIT, _adv._ uniformly. R.R. 622. Sco. _ae_, one, + O.N. _gata_
literally "ae way," one way.

AGAIT, _adv._ astir, on the way. See Wall.

AGROUF, _adv._ on the stomach, grovelling. Ramsay, II, 339. O.N.
_á grúfu_, id. See _grouf_.

AIRT (ę̆rt), _vb._ urge, incite, force, guide, show. O.N. _erta_,
to taunt, to tease, _erting_, teasing. Norse _erta_, _örta_,
id. Sw. dial. _erta_, to incite some one to do a thing. Sw.
_reta_ shows metathesis. M.E. _ertin_, to provoke.

ALLGAT, _adv._ always, by all means. Bruce, XII, 36; L.L. 1996. O.N.
_allu gatu_. O. Ic. _öllu gǫtu_. See Kluge, P.G.(2)I, 938.

ALGAIT, ALGATIS, _adv._ wholly. Douglas, II, 15, 32; II, 129, 31.
See Kluge, P.G.(2)I, 938.

ALTHING, as a _sb._ everything. Gau, 8, 30, corresponding to Dan.
_alting_. "Over al thing," Dan. _over alting_. Not to be taken
as a regular Sco. word, however. Gau has a number of other
expressions which correspond closely to those of the Dan.
original of Kristjern Pedersen, of which Gau's work is a
translation.

ANGER, _sb._ grief, misery. Bruce, I, 235. Sco. Pro. 29. O.N.
_angr_, grief, sorrow. See Bradley's Stratmann, and Kluge and
Lutz. The root _ang_ is general Gmc., cp. O.E. _angmod_,
"vexed in mind." M.L.G. _anxt_, Germ. _angst_, Dan. _anger_.
The form of the word in Eng., however, is Scand.

ANGRYLY, _adv._ painfully. Wyntoun, VI, 7, 30. Deriv., cp. Cu.
_angry_, painful, O.N. _angrligr_, M.E. _angerliche_. The
O. Dan. vb. _angre_, meant "to pain," e.g., _thet angar mek,
at thu skal omod thorn stride_ (Kalkar).

APERT, _adj._ bold. Bruce, XX, 14. _apertly_, boldly, XIV, 77.
Evidently from O.N. _apr_, sharp, cp. _en aprasta hrið_,
"sharp fighting," cited in Cl. and V. Cl. and V. compares
N.Ic. _napr_, "snappish," cp. furthermore _apirsmert_, adj.
(Douglas, II, 37, 18), meaning "crabbed," the second element
of which is probably Eng. _Apr_ in O.N. as applied to persons
means "harsh, severe" (Haldorson).

ASSIL-TOOTH, _sb._ molar tooth. Douglas, I, 2, 12. See Wall.

AT, _conj._ that. O.N. _at_, Norse, Dan. _at_, to be regarded as a
Scand. word. Might in some places be due to Celtic influence,
but its early presence, and general distribution in Scand.
settlements in England, Scotland, Shetland, etc., indicates
that it is Scand.

AWEBAND, _sb._ "a band used for tying cattle to the stake."
Jamieson, Lothian. O.N. _há-band_, "vinculum nervos poplitis
adstringens" (Haldorson). Norse _habbenda_, "to tie cattle
with a rope between the knees to keep them from running away."
Cp. O. Sw. _haband_, Sw. dial. _haband_, "a rope that unites
the oar with the oarlock."

AWKWART, _prep._ athwart, across. Wallace, III, 175; II, 109. Same
as the Eng. adj. "awkward" which was originally an adv.
Etymologically it is the O.N. _afugr_ (O. Ic. _öfugr_) + Eng.
_ward_ (Skeat), cp. the Norse vb. _afvige_, to turn off.
I have not found the prepositional use of the word in Eng. Cp.
"toward."

AWSOME, _adj._ terrible, deriv. from _awe_ (O.N. _ági_). The ending
_some_ is Eng. O.N. _ágasamr_, Norse _aggsam_, means
"turbulent, restless."

AYND (ēnd), _sb._ O.N. _andi_, breath, O. Sw. _ande_, Norse
_ande_, Dan. _aande_.

AYNDING, _sb._ breathing, deriv. See _aynd_.

AYNDLESS, _adj._ breathless. Bruce, X, 609. See _aynd_.

BAIT, _vb._ to incite. Dunbar, 21127. O.N. _bæita_, O. Ic. _beita_.
See B-S.

BAITH, BATH (bēth), _pron._ both. M.E. _bōþe_, _bāþe_, Cu.
_beatth_, Eng. _both_, O.N. _bāðir_, O. Dan. _bāðe_.
Skeat.

BAITTENIN, _pr. p._ thriving. Jamieson. O.N. _batna_, Eng. _batten_.
See Skeat, and Kluge and Lutz.

BAITTLE (bētl), _sb._ a pasture, a lea which has thick sward of
grass. Jamieson, Dumfries. O.N. _bæita_, "to feed," _bæiti_,
pasturage. Cp. Norse _fjellbæite_, a mountain pasture.

BAN, _vb._ to swear, curse. Dunbar, 13, 47; Rolland, II, 680. O.N.
_banna_, to swear, to curse, _banna_, a curse, Norse _banna_,
to swear, _banning_, swearing, W. Sw. dial. _bænn_ id., Dan.
_bande_, to swear, to wish one bad luck, O.S. _banna_ id.
M. Du. _bannen_ means to excommunicate. This is the L.G.
meaning. The Sco. usage is distinctly Scand. It is also a
Northern word in Eng. diall. Cp. Shetland _to ban_, to swear.

BANG, _vb._ to beat. Sat. P. 39, 150. O.N. _banga_, O. Sw. _banka_,
Norse, _banke_, to beat, to strike. Cp. Shetland _bonga_, in
"open de door dat's a bonga," somebody is knocking, literally
"it knocks" Norse _det banka_. _Bang_ is very frequently used
in the sense of rushing off, cp. Dalrymple's translation of
Leslie, I, 324, 7.

BANGSTER, _sb._ a wrangler. Sat. P. 44, 257. Evidently Norse _bang_
+ Eng. suffix _ster_. See _bang_ vb. Cp. _camstarrie_, where
the second syllable corresponds to that in Germ.
_halsstarrig_.

BARK, _vb._ to tan, to harden. Dunbar F. 202 and 239. Ramsay, I,
164, "barkit lether," tanned leather. O.N. _barka_, to tan,
Norse _barka_, to tan, to harden, M.E. _barkin_. General
Scand. both sb. and vb. In the sense "to tan" especially
W. Scand., cp. Sw. _barka_, to take the bark off. O. Sw.
_barka_, however, has the meaning "to tan."

BARKNIT, _adj._ clotted, hardened. Douglas, II, 84, 15. pp. of vb.
_barken_, to tan. See above.

BASK, _adj._ dry, withering (of wind). Jamieson, Dumfries. Dan.
_barsk_, hard, cold, _en barsk Vinter_, a cold winter. Cp.
Sco. "a bask daw," a windy day. M.L.G. _barsch_ and _basch_ do
not agree in meaning with the Sco. word; besides the _sk_ is
Scand. For loss of _r_ before _sk_ cp. _hask_ from _harsk_.

BAUCH, BAWCH, BAUGH, _adj._ awkward, stiff, jaded, disconsolate,
timid. Sat. P. 12, 58; Dunbar Twa. M.W. 143; Rolland, IV, 355;
Johnnie Gibb, 127, 2. O.N. _bagr_, awkward, clownish,
inexperienced, unskilful. _Bauchly_, poorly, in Ramsay,
II, 397.

BAYT, _vb._ to feed, graze. Bruce, XIII, 589, 591; Lyndsay, 451,
1984. O.N. _bæit_, to feed, to graze, causative from _bita_,
literally means to make to bite. Norse _bita_, to graze,
Sw. _beta_, M.E. _beyten_. In many diall. in Norway the word
means "to urge, to force." Cp. _bait_.

BECK, _sb._ a rivulet, a brook. Jamieson. O.N. _bekkr_, O. Sw.
_bäkker_, Norse _bekk_, O. Dan. _bæk_. Sw. _bäck_, a rivulet.
In place-names a test of Scand. settlements.

BEET, _vb._ to incite, inflame. Burns, 4, 8. Same as _bait_, incite,
q.v. Cp. Cu. "to beet t'yubm, to supply sticks, etc. to the
oven while heating" (Dickinson).

BIG, BEGG, _sb._ barley. Fergusson, II, 102; Jamieson, Dumfries.
O.N. _bygg_, Dan. _byg_. See Wall. Cp. Shetland _big_.

BEGRAVE, _vb._ to bury. Douglas, II, 41, 25; IV, 25, 22; IV, 17, 8.
Dan. _begrave_, Norse _begrava_, O. Sw. _begrava_, _begrafwa_,
to bury. Possibly not a loanword.

BEIN, BENE, BEIN, _adj._ liberal, open-handed, also comfortable,
pleasant. Douglas, III, 260, 23; Fergusson, 108; Sat. P. 12,
43. _Beine_, hearty, in Philotus, II, is probably the same
word. O.N. _bæinn_.

BEIR, _vb._ to roar. Douglas, II, 187, 1. See _bir_, sb.

BIG, _vb._ to build, dwell, inhabit. Dunbar T.M.W. 338; Dalr., I,
26, 19; Sco. pro. 5. O.N. _byggia_. See Wall. Sco. "to big wi'
us," to live with us, cp. Norse _ny-byddja_, to colonize.

BIGGING, BYGINE, _sb._ a building. O.N. _bygging_, a building,
habitation. Scand. diall. all have the form _bygning_, so
O. Sw. _bygning_. The word may be an independent Sco.
formation just as _erding_, "burial," from _erde_, "to bury";
_layking_, "a tournament," from _layke_, "to sport";
_casting_, "a cast-off garment," from _cast_; _flytting_,
"movable goods," from _flyt_, "to move"; _hailsing_,
"a salute," from _hailse_; and Eng. _dwelling_, "a house,"
from vb. _dwell_. Cp. however Shetland _bogin_.

BING, _sb._ a heap, a pile. Douglass, II, 216, 8. O.N. _bingr_,
a heap, O. Sw. _binge_. Norse _bing_ more frequently a heap or
quantity of grain in an enclosed space. O. Dan. _byng_,
_bing_.

BIR, BIRR, BEIR, _sb._ clamor, noise, also rush. S.S. 38; Lyndsay,
538, 4280. O.N. _byrr_, a fair wind. O. Sw. _byr_. Cp. Cu.
_bur_ and Shetland "a pirr o' wind," a gust. Also pronounced
_bur_, _bor_.

BIRRING, _pr. p._ flapping (of wings). Mansie Wauch, 159, 33. See
_bir_.

BLA, BLAE (blē), _adj._ blue, livid. Douglas, III, 130, 30;
Irving, 468. O.N. _blá_, blue, Norse _blaa, blau_, Sw. _blå_,
Dan. _blaa_. Not from O.E. _blēo_.

BLABBER, _vb._ to chatter, speak nonsense. Dunbar F., 112. O.N.
_blabbra_, lisp, speak indistinctly, Dan. _blabbre_ id., Dan.
dial. _blabre_, to talk of others more than is proper. M.E.
_blaber_, cp. Cu. _blab_, to tell a secret. American dial.
_blab_, to inform on one, to tattle. There is a Gael.
_blabaran_, sb. a stutterer, which is undoubtedly borrowed
from the O.N. The meaning indicates that.

BLAIK, _vb._ to cleanse, to polish. Johnnie Gibb, 9, 6. O.N.
_blæikja_, to bleach, O. Sw. _blekia_, Sw. dial. _bleika_. All
these are causative verbs like the Sco. The inchoative
corresponding to them is _blæikna_ in O.N., N.N., _blekna_ in
O. Sw., _blegne_ in Dan. See _blayknit_. Cp. Shetland _bleg_,
sb. a white spot.

BLAYKNIT, _pp._ bleached. Douglas, III, 78, 15. O.N. _blæikna_, to
become pale, O. Sw. _blekna_, Norse _blæikna_ id. O.N.
_blæikr_, pale. Cp. Cu. _blake_, pale, and _bleakken_ with
_i_-fracture. O.E. _blāc, blæcan_.

BLECK, _vb._ put to shame. Johnnie Gibb, 59, 34, 256, 13. O.N.
_blekkja_, to impose upon, _blekkiliga_, delusively,
_blekking_, delusion, fraud; a little doubtful.

BLETHER, BLEDDER, _vb._ to chatter, prate. O.N. _blaðra_, to talk
indistinctly, _blaðr_, sb. nonsense. Norse _bladra_, to
stammer, to prate, Sw. dial. _bladdra_, Dan. dial. _bladre_,
to bleet. Cp. Norse _bladdra_, to act foolishly.

BLATHER, _sb._ nonsense. Burns 32, 2, 4 and 4, 2, 4. O.N. _blaðr_,
nonsense. Probably the Sco. word used substantively.

BLOME, _sb._ blossom. Bruce, V, 10; Dunbar, I, 12. Same as Eng.
_bloom_ from O.N. _blómi_.

BLOME, _vb._ to flourish, successfully resist. Douglas, IV, 58, 25.
"No wound nor wapyn mycht hym anis effeir, forgane the speris
so butuus blomyt he." Small translates "show himself
boastfully." The word _blómi_ in O.N. used metaphorically
means "prosperity, success."

BLOUT, BLOWT, _adj._ bare, naked, also forsaken. Douglas, III, 76,
11; IV, 76, 6. O.N. _blautr_, Norse _blaut_, see Cl. and V.
The corresponding vowel in O.E. is _ea_: _blēat_. The O.N.
as well as the N.N. word means "soft." The O.E. word means
"wretched." In Sco. _blout_ has coincided in meaning with
_blait_. The Dan. word _blot_ is, on account of its form, out
of the question.

BODIN, _adj._ ready, provided. Douglas, III, 22, 24; Dunbar, 118,
36; Wyntoun, VII, 9, 213. From _boðinn_, _boðja_ (E.D.D.).

BOLAX, _sb._ hatchet. Jamieson. O.N. _bolöx_, a poleaxe, Norse
_bolöks_, O. Sw. _bolöxe_, _bolyxe_, O. Dan. _bulöx_, Dano-
Norse _bulaks_. Ormulum _bulaxe_ (see further Brate).

BOLE, _sb._ the trunk of a tree. Isaiah, 44, 19. O.N. _bolr_, the
trunk of a tree, Norse _bol_, _bul_, O. Sw. _bol, bul_, Sw.
dial. _bol_ id.

BOLDIN, _vb._ to swell. Douglas, II, 52; I, II, 130, 25. Norse
_bolna_, older _bolgna_, Dan. _bolne_, M.E. _bollen_ (also
_bolnin_). The Sco. word has developed an excrescent _d_ after
_l_. In Lindsay, 127, 3885, _boildin_, adj. pp. swollen.

BOLLE, _sb._ a measure. Bruce, III, 221; Wyntoun, VII, 10, 519, 521,
523. O.N. _bolli_, a vessel, _blotbolli_, a measure, Sw.
_bulle_. Rather than from O.E. _bolla_ (Eng. _bowl_).

BOUN, _adj._ bent upon, seems to have almost the idea of "compelled
to." Gol. and Gaw. 813. O.N. _búinn_. See Wall under _bound_,
and Cl. and V. under _bua_ B. II.

BOUNE, _vb._ to prepare, to prepare to go, to go. Houlate, I, 23;
Poet. R. 107, I; Gol. and Gaw. 59, 13, 40. See _bown_.

BOWDYN, _pp. adj._ swollen. Dunbar T.M.W. 41, 345; Montg. F. 529.
See _boldin_.

BOWK, _sb._ trunk of the body, body. Dunbar, 248, 25; Rolland, II,
343. O.N. _búkr_, the trunk, the body, Norse _būk_, Dan.
_bug_, O. Sw. _buker_. Specific Scand. usage. O.E. _būc_,
like O.F. _buk_ and Germ. _bauch_, meant "belly."

BOW, _sb._ a fold for cows. Douglas, III, 11, 4. O.N. _ból_, a place
where cows are penned, also den, lair or lying-place of
beasts. Norse _bol_, Shetland _bol_, _bøl_, a fold for cattle.
In Psalms XVII, 12, _bole_ occurs in the sense of "a lion's
den."

BOWN, _adj._ ready, prepared. L.L. 1036. O.N. _búinn_. Not Eng., but
a loanword from O.N., and as Kluge P.G.(2)I, 939, has pointed
out shows also Norse influence in the Midland dial.

BOWNE, _vb._ to swell. Irving, 230. O.N. _bolgna_ to swell, Norse
_bolna_, Dan. _bolne_. Shows characteristic Sco. change of _l_
to _w_. In _boudin_, Irving, 467, an excrescent _d_ has
developed before the _l_ became _u_ (_w_). Wallace, VI, 756,
_bolnyt_, swelled. So in Wyntoun, IX, 17, 5. _Boldnit_ with
excrescent _d_ occurs in Douglas, II, 84, 16.

BRA, BRAE, BRAY (brē), a slope, declivity. O.N. _brá_, see
Bradley's Stratmann. Cp. _Jöstedalsbrä_ in Western Norway.

BRAID (brēd), _sb._ a sudden movement, an assault (Small).
Douglas, III, 251, 2. O.N. _bragð_, a sudden motion, a quick
movement, tricks or sleights in wrestling. O. Sw. _braghþ_,
a sudden motion. Norse, Sw. _bragd_, manner of execution,
exploit. The fundamental idea in the Sco. and the O. Nh. word
is sudden movement. The O.E. _brægd_ meant deceit, fraud.

BRAITH, _adj._ hasty, violent. Wallace, X, 242. O.N. _bráðr_,
sudden, hasty, O. Dan. _braadh_, Norse _braad_. Cp. _braahast_
(E. Norse), great hurry, O. Sw. _brader_, _brodher_, hasty,
violent, Orm. _bra_, angry. _Brothfall_ (Orm), a fit, _broth_
(Eng. dial.), in Skeat's list. _Braithful_, violent, sharp.

BRAITHLY, _adv._ violently, suddenly. O.N. _bráðliga_, hastily. Cp.
E. Norse _braaleg_ adj., and M. Dan. _bradelig_. O.N.
_bráðorðr_ means "hasty of speech."

BROKIT, BRUKIT, _adj._ streaked, spotted. Burns, 569. O. Sw.
_brokoter_, Norse _brokut_, Dan. _broget_, variegated,
striped. Cp. _dannebrog_, the Danish flag. Same as Cu.
_breukt_. Probably the same with Shetland _brogi_, in "a brogi
sky," cloudy. May possibly be Eng. Exists in M.L.G.

BROD, _sb._ a sharp point. Wyntoun, VI, 14, 70. O.N. _broddr_,
Norse, Sw. _brodd_, Orm. _brodd_. (See Brate.)

BROD, _vb._ to prick, spur on, incite. C.S. 123; Douglas, III, 3,
20; Dunbar T.M.W. 330. O.N. _brodda_, to prick, to urge. Dan.
_brodde_ means "to equip with points," a vb. later developed
out of the sb.

BRONT, _sb._ force, rush, shock. Douglas, I, 90, 20; II, 161, 28.
"At the first bront we swept by." See Skeat _brunt_.

BUD, _sb._ a bribe, an offer. Lyndsay, 436, 1616; Dunbar T.M.W. 142.
O.N. _bod_, an offer, Norse _bod_, Sw. _bud_, Dan. dial.
_bud_, an offer at an auction. Cp. O.E. _friðbote_, a peace-
offering, O.N. _frið_ + _boð_.

BUGHT, _sb._ a corner or stall where cows are milked. Ramsay, II,
539. O.N. _bugt_, a bowing, a bight, Norse _bugt_, Dan.
_bugt_.

BULLER, _vb._ to trickle, bubble. Winyet, II, 62. O.N. _buldra_,
Norse _bulrdra_. See E.D.D. cp. Sw. _bullra_, to make an
indistinct noise. O. Fr. _bulder_, L.G. _bullern_ (see
Koolman), Germ. _poltern_ all have more the idea of loud
noise, clamor, as the Norse word sometimes has. Lyndsay, 226,
95, uses the word in this sense. It may be genuine Eng.

BUSK, _vb._ to prepare, dress, adorn, ornament. O.N. _búask_ from
_búa sik_, to make ready, to ornament. See Wall. Exhibits
W. Scand. reflexive ending _sk_. The Gael. _busgainnich_, to
dress, to adorn, is a loanword from O.N.

BUSKIE, _adj._ fond of dress, Jamieson, _busk_ sb. dress,
decoration. See _busk_ vb.

BUITH (ū), _sb._ booth, shop. Winyet, 1, 23, 2. O.N. _búð_, shop,
O. Dan. _both, bodh_. O. Sw. _boð_, Norse _bud_, Sw. _bod_,
Dan. dial. _bod_. M.E. _bōþe_, cp. M.L.G. _bode_.

BYNG, _vb._ to heap up. Douglas, III, 144, 5. See _bing_ sb.

BYRD, _vb._ impers., it behoved. Bruce, VI, 316. O.N. _byrja_, to
behove, beseem, pret. _burði_, Norse _byrja_ id., pret.
_burde_, O. Dan. _böræ_, Sw. _böra_.

BYSNING, _adj._ strange, monstrous, terrible, Douglas, I, 29, 7;
I, 37, 5; II, 70, 17. M.E. _biseninge_, ill-boding, monstrous,
from O.N. _býsna_, to portend, Norse _bisna_, to marvel over.

BYSNING, _sb._ a strange person, an unusually unfortunate person.
Douglas, I, 2544; I, 339. O.N. _býsna_, to portend, _býsn_,
a strange and portentous thing. Norse _bysn_, a prodigy,
_bysning_, curiosity. See the adj. Cp. Shetland _sóni-bosni_,
O.N. _sjonar-býsn_, a marvel.

CADYE, _adj._ wanton. Lyndsay, LXXXVII, 2567. Also written _cady_,
_caidgy_, _caigie_; sometimes means "sportive, cheerful." Dan.
_kaad_, merry, lusty, lustful. So Sw. _kåt_, O.N. _katr_,
merry, cheerful, Norse _kaat_. Cp. Philotus 5, "the carle
caiges," where the same word is used as a vb. to wanton, be
wanton.

CALLER, _adj._ cool. Fergusson, 73. Very common in modern Sco.
diall. O.N. _kaldr_, Norse _kall_, cold. Seems to be a case
of the Norse inflexional _r_ not disappearing in Sco.

CANGLER, a wrangler. Ramsay, II, 482. Norse _kengla_, _kæingla_,
_kjæingla_, to quarrel. A Sco. vb. _cangle_, to quarrel, also
exists. Cp. O.N. _kangin-yrði_, jeering words, Yorkshire
_caingy_, cross, ill-tempered.

CAPPIT, _vb. pret._ strove. Douglas, II, 154, 21. O.N. _kapp_,
contest, zeal, _deila kappi við_, strive with. Norse _kapp_
id. _kappa_, reflexive, to race. Dan. _kamp_, O.E. _camp_,
_cempam_. The Sco. word exhibits W. Scand. assimilation of
_mp_ to _pp_, the form _kapp_, however, also existed in O. Sw.
and exists in N.Dan. In Cu. a _capper_ is one who excels. This
is probably the same word. See, however, E.D.

CAREING (kēr), _pr. p._ driving, from _care_, _caire_, to drive.
Douglas, III, 166, 10; Wallace, IX, 1240. O.N. _köyra_, O. Ic.
_keyra_, Norse _køyra_, to drive, ride, O. Ic. _keyrsla_,
a driving, Norse _kjørsel_, id. Cp. Shetland _care_, id.
Monophthongation in O. Sw. _köra_, Dan. _köre_.

CARL, _sb._ a man, an old man, very frequently with an idea of
disrespect. C.S., 144. O.N. _karl_, Norse _kar_, a man,
fellow, but _kall_, an old man, with assimilation of _rl_ to
_ll_. W.Norse _kadl_ exhibits the change of _ll_ to _dl_. In
Dan. and in Sw. dial _karl_. Cu. _carl_ means a coarse fellow.
Dunbar has the word _wifcarl_, man.

CARLAGE, _adj._ oldish, decrepit. Irving, 172. O.N. _karl_ +
_leikr_.

CARLING, KARLING, CARLINE, _sb._ an old woman, a slatternly woman.
O.N. _kerling_, an old woman, _karlinna_, a woman. O. Dan.
_kærlingh_, O. Sw. _kärling_, Norse _kjæring_, Dan. _kiærling_
(pronounced _kælling_), id. Dan. dial. _kerling_. Cp. Gael.
_cailliach_. Does not seem to exist in Eng. diall. south of
the border.

CARP, KARP, _vb._ to talk, converse. Wyntoun, VI, 18, 313. O.N.
_karpa_. See Skeat Et.D.

CASTINGS, _sb. pl._ cast off clothes. Dunbar's Complaynt, 43. Deriv.
from _cast_. O.N. _kasta_.

CHAFT, _sb._ the jaw, also used vulgarly for the mouth. O.N.
_kjaptr_, the jaw. Norse _kjæft_, vulgar name for the mouth.
O. Sw. _kiäpter_, M. Sw. _käft_, Dan. _kjæft_, M.E. _chaft_.

CHAFT-BLADE, CHAFF-BLADE, _sb._ jaw. Mansie Wauch, 41, 20; 76, 23;
147, 28. Cp. Norse _kjæfte-blad_, id. See _chaft_.

CHOWK, _sb._ jawbone. Dalr., VIII, 112, 14; Isaiah, L, 6. O.N.
_kjálki_, the jawbone, Norse _kjāke_.

CHYNGIEL, _sb._ gravel. Douglas, III, 302, 30. Norse _singl_, see
Skeat, and Wall.

CLED, _pp._ clad, clothed. Wallace, I, 382. O.N. _klæddr_, dressed,
from _klæða_. O.E. _clæðan_, from which N. Eng. _clothe_, was
borrowed from the Scand. in late O.E. See Kluge P.G.(2)I,
932.

CLAG, _sb._ a stain, a flaw. Dalr., VIII, 97, 17. The vowel in O.N.
_kleggi_ does not correspond. It is rather Dan. _klag_, see
_claggit_.

CLAGGIT, _adj._ clagged, literally adhering, sticking, vb. _clag_,
to stick. Lindsay, LXXXVII, 2667. Dan. _klæg_, mud, sticky
clay, as adj. sticky, cp. Cu. _claggy_, adhesive, _clog_, to
stick to, O.E. _clæg_, from which N. Eng. _clay_. Possibly
from an unpalatalized O. Nhb. _clæg_.

Cleading, _sb._ dress, clothing, A.P.B. 110 cp. Norse _klædning_,
Sco. formation, same as clothing in Eng. The Sco. vb. is
_cleed_.

CLECKIN, _sb._ brood of chickens. Burns, 99, 4. Cp. O.N. _klekking_,
chicken, but probably Sco. formation from _cleck_, to hatch,
q.v.

CLEG, _sb._ the gadfly, horsefly. Burns, 88, I. O.N. _kleggi_,
horsefly, Dan. _kleg_. See Wall.

CLEK, _vb._ to hatch. Dunbar, 105; Douglas, II, 198, 3. O.N.
_klekja_, O. Sw. _kläkkia_, Norse _klökkja_, _klöttja_, Dan.
_klække_, Sw. _kläcka_, id.

CLOFF, _sb._ fork, fissure. Montg. F., 60. O.N. _klof_, bifurcation,
O. Dan. _klov_, a rift in a tree, O. Sw. _klovi_, id. Norse
_klov_, a cleft opening. Cp. Sco. _long-cloved_ and Ic.
_klof-langr_.

CLOUR, _vb._ to beat, strike; always used with reference to personal
encounters. O.N. _klóra_, to scratch, Norse _klōra_ id.,
_klōr_ sb. used with reference to the scratch one gets as
the result of a blow. In Sco. _clour_ may also mean the blow
itself.

CLOUR, CLOWRE, _sb._ a scratch or swelling after a blow. Fergusson,
120; Philotus, 153; Douglas, I, 6, 4. O.N. _klór_,
a scratching. Norse _klōr._ Probably Sco. formation.

CLUBBIT, _adj._ clubfooted, clumsy. Montg. S., XXVIII; M.P., 13, 30.
O.N. _klubba_ and _klumba_, Norse _klubba_, Dan., Norse
_klump_. Cp. Eng. _clump_. Söderwall gives _klubba, klobba_,
probably M. Sw. Cp. N.Dan. _klubbe_. Exhibits assimilation of
_mb_ to _bb_ which is general in W. Scand. Also appears to
some extent later in E. Scand. Eng. _club_ is Scand. See
Skeat.

CLUNK, _vb._ to emit a hollow and uninterrupted sound. Jamieson,
Ayr. O.N. _klunka_, Norse _klunka_, to emit a gurgling sound.
O. Sw. _klunka_, Eng. _clink_ shows umlaut.

CLYFFT, _sb._ a cleft, a fissure. Wallace, VII, 859. Norse _klyft_,
_kluft_, Ic. _kluft_, Sw. _klyfta_, Dan. _kloft_. See also
Skeat under _cleft_, and B.S. _cluft_. The Sco. word like the
M.E. exhibits the umlaut which has taken place in some places
in Norway and Sweden.

COG, KOG, COGGIE, _sb._ a keg, a wooden vessel of any kind.
Ferguson, 13; Burns, 195, 51, 2; 195, 50, 6. O.N. _kaggi_,
Norse _kagge_, Dan. Sw. _kagge_, a cask, a barrel. Skeat cites
the form _cag_ for Eng. diall. The Sco. word preserves more
closely the Norse sound, which is not _o_, but _a_. On L.G.
cognates see Skeat Et.D.

COSTLYK, _adj._ costly, magnificent. Wyntoun, VIII, 28, 76; IX, 18,
66, costlike. O.N. _kostligr_, costly, choice, desirable.
O. Sw. _kosteliker_, O. Dan. _kostælic_, N. Dan. _kostelig_,
Norse _kosteleg_, costly, magnificent. Deriv. _costlykly_.
Wyntoun, VII, 5, 96.

COUR, _vb._ to bow, to croutch. O.N. _kúra_, O. Dan. _kuræ_, O. Sw.
_kura_, Norse _kura_, _kurra_, bend down, become quiet, go to
rest. Norse _kurr_, adj. silent, _kurrende still_, perfectly
quiet, cowered to silence. The fundamental idea in the O.N.
word was probably that of "lying quiet." Cp. Shetland _to
cur_, to sit down. Isaiah, LVIII, 5: "His head till cower like
a seggan flouir."

COW, _vb._ to overcome, surpass, "beat." O.N. _kúga_, to compel to
something, to tyrannize over. Dan _kue_, _underkue_, suppress,
oppress, Norse _kua_, press down, also put into subjection.
The more general meaning in the modern diall. is "to beat."
"To cow a'," in Barrie, to beat everything; _cow'd_, Fergusson
117, terrified.

CRAIK, _sb._ crow. Burns, 226, 119, 3, and 121, 1. O.N. _kráka_,
Norse _kraake_, _krauka_, Dan. _krage_, Shetland _kraga_,
crow. See also Wall.

CRAVE, _vb._ to demand payment of a debt, to dun. A regular Sco. use
of the word. O.E. _crafian_ is a loanword from Scand. See
Kluge P.G.(2)I, 933. Cp. Norse _kreva_, to dun.

CROVE, _sb._ hut, cottage. Ramsay, I, 158. O.N. _kró_, a hut,
a little cottage (Haldorson), Norse, _kro_, specialized to
"wine or ale house." So in Dan.

CUNNAND, _adj._ knowing, skilful, dexterous. Wyntoun, VII, 3, 28;
_connand_, V, 12, 1243; Douglas, II, 18, 22. O.N. _kunnandi_,
knowing, learned, Norse _kunnande_, skilled. Deriv.
_cunnandly_, _conandly_ (Wallace, I, 248).

CUNNANDNESS, _sb._ skill, knowledge, wisdom. Wyntoun, V, 12, 280;
VII, 8, 667. Sb. formation from _cunnand_.

DAGGIT, _adj. pp._ soaked. Montg. S., 68, 11. O.N. _döggva_, to
bedew, _döggottr_, covered with dew, Norse _dogga_, id., Sw.
_dagg_, thin, drizzling rain, O. Sw. _dag_, dew, Shetland
_dag_, dew, "he's dagen," it is misting. Cp. Cu. _daggy_,
misty.

DAPILL, _adj._ gray. Douglas, II, 257, 19; Scott 72, 126, "till hair
and berd grow dapill." O.N. _depill_. See Skeat.

DAPPLET, _adj._ spotted, flecked. Burns, VII, 11. See _dapple_ in
Skeat Et.D.

DASH, _vb._ to strike. Burns, 210, 872, 8, 7. O.N. _daska_, to
strike, sb. _dask_, a strike, Norse _daska_, Dan., Sw.
_daska_, M.E. _daschen_. See Bradley's Stratmann.

DE, DEE, _vb._ to die, M.E. _deyen_. Undoubtedly a Scand. loan-word.
Luik (91-93), agreeing with Napier, thinks the word is native
from primitive Gmc. *_daujan_. I think, however, with Kluge,
that if the word had existed in O.E. it would have appeared
earlier. See Kluge P.G.(2)I, 933. O.N. _döyja_, Norse _döi_,
O. Dan. _döia_, Dan, _dö_. On M.E. _deyen_ see Brate.

DEGRAITHIT, _pp._ deprived of. Lyndsay, 523, 3935. Formed from the
sb. _graith_, possessions, hence _degraith_, to dispossess.
Cp. the Eng. parallel. See _graith_.

DEY, DEE, _sb._ maid, woman. A.P.B., 151; Ramsay 399. O.N. _dæigja_,
a dairy maid, Norse _deigja_, servant, _budeie_, dairy maid,
O. Sw. _deghia_, _deijha_, maid, girl, sweetheart, O. Dan.
_deije_, mistress, _deijepige_, servant. The Sco. word has
nearly always the general sense of "woman."

DING, _vb._ to drive, strike, beat, overcome. O.N. _dengja_, to
hammer, Norse _dengja_, _denge_, to whip, beat, O. Sw.
_dängia_ id., Sw. _dänge_, O. Dan. _dænge_, M.E. _dingen_.
A very common word in Sco., used quite generally as Eng.
"beat," in the sense of "surpassing." "To ding a'" = to beat
everything. Cp. "to cow a'."

DIRDUM, _sb._ tumult, uproar. Douglas, I, 117, 9. O.N. _dýra-dómr_,
"doordoom, an ancient tribunal held at the door of the house
of the suspected person, which often was followed by uproar
and bloodshed" (Small). The word appears in Gael. as _durdan_.

DOIF, _adj._ deaf, dull. Irving, 214. See _douff_. For similar
parallel forms cp. _gowk_ and _goilk_; _nowt_ and _nolt_;
_howk_ and _holk_; _lowp_ and _loip_; _bowdyn_ and _boildin_,
etc.

DONK, _adj._ damp, moist. Douglas, II, 196, 32; Dunbar, G.T., 97.
Cu. _donky_. See Skeat under _dank_. Cp. _donk_ sb.

DONK, _sb._ a moist place. Rolland, I, 2. Sw. dial. _dank_, a moist
marshy place, small valley. O.N. _dökk_, a pool, Norse _dok_,
a valley, Shetland _dek_. Exhibits E. Scand. non-assimilation
of _nk_ to _kk_.

DONK, _vb._ to moisten. Dunbar, T.M.W., 10, 512. M.E. _donken_, to
moisten. See _donk_, adj.

DONNART, _adj._ stupid, stupefied. Mansie Wauch, 96, 29. Norse
_daana_, Sw. _dåna_, to faint. For the _r_ cp. dumbfoundered,
M.W., p. 210, 25. An excrescent _r_ appears in a number of
words, so in _dynnart_, a variant of the word above, Dunbar,
T.M.W. 10. Cp. _daunert_, in stupor, Johnnie Gibb, 56, 44,
and _dauner_, to wander aimlessly, Psalms CVII, 40.

DOOCK, DUCK. _sb._ a kind of coarse cloth. Jamieson. Probably in
this case, as the form of the word indicates, from O.N.
_dúkr_, O. Sw. _dūker_, cloth. Cp. Norse _dūk_, Dan.
_dug_, Sw. dial. _duk_. Skeat derives the Eng. _duck_ from Du.
_dock_, but the Sco. word agrees more closely with the Norse.

DOSEN, _adj._ stupefied. Burns 220, 107, 2. Cp. Cu. _dozent_,
stupefied, and Mansie Wauch, 207, 24, _dozing_, whirling,
sprawling. The Norse work _dusen_ has the same meaning as
_dosen_ above. The form _dosynt_, pp. dazed, stunned (Burns),
is to be explained from a Sco. vb. _dosen_ (not necessarily
_dosnen_ in Scotland), corresponding to M.E. _dasin_, O.N.
_dasa_. See Skeat under _doze_.

DOWFF, DOUF, DOLF, _adj._ deaf, dull, melancholy, miserable.
Douglas, II, 63, 11; Burns, 44, 4. O.N. _daufr_, deaf, Norse
_dauv_, drowsy, dull, _dauva_, make drowsy. See _dowie_.

DOWIE, DOWY, _adj/_ melancholy, dismal. O.N. _doufr_, dead, drowsy.
Norse _dauv_, _dau_, id. Cp. Sco. _doolie_ and Ir. _doiligh_,
mournful, O.N. _daufligr_, dismal.

DOWLESS, _adj._ careless, worthless. Isaiah, 32, 11. O.N.
_duglauss_, Norse _duglaus_, good for nothing, said of a person
who has lost all courage or strength, as opposed to _duglegr_,
capable. Norse _dugløysa_, weakness, inability. Cp. Dan.
_due_, to be able. Germ. _taugen_.

DRAIK, _vb._ to drown, drench. Lyndsay, 247, 714; _draikit_, Isaiah,
I, 22. Apparently from O.N. _drekkja_, to drown, to swamp. The
vowel is difficult to explain. The Cu. form _drakt_, drenched,
wet, indicates a verb, _drak_. The change in vowel would then
be similar to that in _dwall_ from O.N. _dvelja_, Eng.
_dwell_. Uncertain.

DRAM, _sb._ a drink. Fergusson, 40; Mansie Wauch, 9, 9; 90, 2. Norse
_dram_, a drink, always used with reference to a strong drink,
so in Sco. Dan. _dram_, as much of a strong drink as is taken
at one time (Molbeck). O. Sw. _dramb_, drinking in general,
carousing. This usage of _dram_ is distinctively Scand. and
Sco. Cp. Eng. _dram_, Sco. vb. _dram_, to furnish with drinks.

DRAWKIT, _adj._ drenched. Dunbar 142, 102; Douglas, I, 56, 12; III,
303, 8. See _draik_. The vowel is difficult to explain.
Absence of _n_ before the _k_ proves that it is either a
Scand. loanword direct, or a Sco. formation from one. There is
no Scand. word from which _drawkit_ could come. It may be a
Sco. formation from _draik_. For change of _ai_ to _aw_ cp.
_agent_ and _awgent_; _various_ and _vawrious_, in Aberdeen
dial. The M. Dan. _drockne_, N. Norse _drokna_, would hardly
account for _aw_ in _drawkit_.

DROOK, to drench, to drown. Isaiah, XVI, 9; LV, 10; Psalms, VI, 6.
Cannot come from O.N. _drekkja_. Probably from O.N. _drukna_,
to drown, Norse _drukna_, O. Dan. _dronkne_, by lengthening of
the vowel. Cp. Cu. _drookt_, severely wet. The following
infinitive forms also occur, _draik_, _drowk_, _drawk_.

DROUKIT, _adj._ drenched. Fergusson, 40. See _drook_.

DRUCKEN, DRUKEN, _adj._ drunken, addicted to drink. O.N., Norse
_drukken_, pp. of _drikka_, to drink. Early E. Scand. has the
unassimilated form. Cp. O. Dan. _dronkne_, _drone_. Later Dan.
_drougne_, _drocken_. Early Sw. _drokken_.

DUDDY, _adj._ ragged. Fergusson, 146; Burns, 68, 48. See _duds_.
Cp. Cu. _duddy fuddiel_, a ragged fellow.

DUDS, _sb. pl._ rags, clothes, O.N. _dudi_, "vestes plumatae"
(Haldorson), _duda_ (_duða_), to wrap up heavily, to swaddle.
Gael. _dud_, rag, is a loan-word from O.N. It is possible that
the word may have come into Lowland Sco. by way of Gael.

EGG, _vb._ to urge on, to incite. O.N. _eggja_, goad, incite, Norse
_egga_, Dan. _egge_, id. The word is general Gmc., but this
specific sense is Scand. Cp. O. Fr. _eggia_, to quarrel, to
fight. M.L.G. _eggen_, to cut, to sharpen a sword.

EGGING, _sb._ excitement, urging. Bruce, IV, 539. See _egg_.

EIDENT, YDAN, YTHAND, _adj._ diligent. Dalr., I, 233, 35; Fergusson,
94; Douglas, I, 86, 17. O.N. _iðinn_, assiduous, diligent,
_iðja_, to be active. Norse _idn_, activity, industry. Cp.
Dan. _id_, _idelig_.

ELDING, _sb._ fuel. Dalr., I, 10, 8. O.N. _elding_, firing, fuel.
Norse _elding_, id. Cu. _eldin_. From O.N. _eldr_, fire.
Cp. Shetland _eld_, fire. See N.E.D.

ELDNYNG, _sb._ passion, also jealousy. Dunbar, 36, 204; 119, 126,
literally "firing up." O.N. _eldr_, fire. Cp. Sw. _elding_.

ENCRELY, YNKIRLY, _adv._ especially, particularly. Bruce, I, 92;
I, 301; X, 287. O.N. _einkarlegr_, O. Dan. _enkorlig_, O. Sw.
_enkorlika_, adj. adv. special, especially. Cp. Norse
_einkeleg_, unusual, extraordinary. See B-S and Skeat's
glossary to Barbour's Bruce.

END, _sb._ breath. Sat. P., 42, 63. See _aynd_.

END, _vb._ to breathe upon. Dalr., I, 29, 6. O.N. _anda_, Norse
_anda_, breathe, M.E. _anden_.

ERD, _vb._ to bury. Dunbar, F., 372; Douglas, II, 266, 10; Bruce,
XX, 291. O.N. _jarða_, to bury, O. Sw. _iorþa_. O.E. _eardian_
meant "to dwell, inhabit." See further Wall. A case of
borrowed meaning, the form is Eng.

ERDING, _sb._ burial. Bruce, IV, 255; XIX, 86. See _erd_ vb.

ESPYNE, _sb._ a long boat. Bruce, XVII, 719. O.N. _espingr_,
a ship's boat, Sw. _esping_.

ETTIL, ETIL, _sb._ aim, design. Douglas, II, 249, 13; II, 254. See
_ettil_ vb.

ETLYNG, _sb._ aim, endeavor, intention. Bruce, II, 22; I, 587; R.R.,
1906. Probably a deriv. from _ettle_, see below, but cp. O.N.
_etlun_, design, plan, intention.

ETTLE, ETTIL, _vb._ to intend, aim at, attempt. O.N. _ætla_, intend,
O. Dan. _ætlæ_, ponder over, Norse _etla_, intend, determine,
or get ready to do a thing. Cu. _ettle_, York, _attle_. In
Isaiah, LIX, colophon, _ettle_ signifies "means, have the
meaning."

FALOW, _vb._ to match, compare. R. R., 3510. Also the regular form
of the sb. in Sco., O.N. _félagr._ See Skeat, B-S under
_fēlaȝe._ The Sco. vowel is long as in O.N. and M.E. The
tendency in Sco. is toward _a_ in a great many words that have
_e_ in Eng. Cp. Aberdeen _wast_ for _west_; _laft_ for _left_;
_stap _ for _step_; _sattlit_ for _settled_, S. Sco. _wat_ for
_wet_. Similar unfronting of the vowel is seen in _prenciple_,
_reddance_, _enterdick_.

FANG, _vb._ to catch, seize. O.N. _fanga_, to fetch, capture. Norse
_fanga_, Dan. _fange_. This word in Northern England and
Scotland is to be regarded as a Scand. loan-word. The word
_fangast_, a marriageable maid, cited by Wall, proves this.
Literally the word means something caught (cp. Norse
_fangst_). This meaning could not possibly have arisen out of
the O.E. word, but is explained by the Norse use of it and the
peculiar Norse custom, cp. _fanga kǫnu_, to wed a woman,
_kvan-fang_, marriage, _fangs-tið_, wedding-season, Norse
_bryllöp_ < _brudlaup_, the "bride-run." Wall suggests that it
may come from the root of O.E. pp. _gefangen_. Its presence in
S.Eng. diall. in the meaning "to struggle, to bind," may be
explained in this way.

FARANDNESS, _sb._ comeliness, handsomeness. R.R., 1931. See
_farrand_. Cp. _cunnandness_, from pr. p. _cunnand_.

FARRAND, _adj._ appearing, generally well-appearing, handsome, e.g.,
_a seemly farrand person_. The word frequently means "fitting,
proper," O.N. _fara_, to suit, to fit, a secondary sense of
_fara_, to go.

FEIR, FER, _adj._ sound, unharmed. O.N. _færr_, safe, well, in
proper condition, originally applied to a way that was in
proper condition or a sea that was safe, e.g., _Petlandsfjörðr
var eigi færr_, the Pentland Firth was not safe, could not be
crossed. Norse _før_ also has this same meaning, also means
"handy, skillful," finally "strong, well-built." Dan., Sw.
_för_, able. So in Dunbar, 258, 51. Sometimes spelled _fier_.

FELL, _sb._ mountain. O.N. _fjald_, Norse _fjell_. See Wall.

FILLOK, _sb._ a giddy young woman. Douglas, III, 143, 10; Lyndsay,
87, 2654. Diminutive of _filly_, q.v.

FILLY, _sb._ a chattering, gossipy young woman. Ramsay, II, 328.
Sco. usage. See Skeat under _filly_, O.N. _fylja_.

FIRTH, _sb._ a bay, arm of the sea. O.N. _fjörðr_, O. Sw.
_fjördher_. See Skeat.

FLAKE, _sb._ a hurdle. Douglas, IV, 14, 10. O.N. _flaki_, a hurdle,
or shield wicker-work. Norse _flake_, Sw. _flake_ and O. Sw.
_flaki_. Cu. _flaks_, pieces of turf, is probably the same.
Cp. Norse _flake_, in _kote-flake_.

FLAT, _adj._ dull, spiritless. Rolland, Prol. 16. O.N. _flat_, Norse
_flat_, ashamed, disappointed, _fara flatt fyrir einem_, to
fare ill, be worsted, O. Dan. _flad_, weak.

FLECKERIT, _pp. adj._ spotted. Gol. and Gaw., 475. O.N. _flekkr_,
a spot, _flekkóttr_, spotted. The _r_ in the Sco. word is
frequentative, not the inflexional ending of the O.N. See also
Skeat under _fleck_.

FLEGGER, _sb._ a flatterer. Dunbar, F., 242. Dan. dial. _flægger_,
false, _flægre_, to flatter.

FLINGIN TREE, _sb._ a piece of timber hung by way of partition
between two horses in a stable (Wagner), Burns, 32, 23. O.N.
_flengja_, Norse _flenga_, _flengja_, to fling, to sling. Sw.
_flänga_, O. Ic. _flengja_, to whip up, to cause to hurry, to
ride furiously. The Norse and the Dan., like the English, do
not have the primary meaning seen in O. Ic. and N.Sw. See
further Skeat.

FLIT, _vb._ to move, change abode. O.N. _flyttja_, Norse _flytta_,
O. Dan. _flyttæ_, O. Sw. _flyttia_, to move, M.E. _flytten_
. The O.N. _flyttja_ meant "to migrate," as also the M.E. word,
otherwise the usage is the same in all the Scand. languages.
Sco. _flit_ is to be derived from O.N. not from Sw.

FLYRE, _vb._ to grin, leer, whimper, look surly. Montg. F., 188.
Dunbar, T.M.W., 114. O.N., _flira_, Norse _flira_, smile at,
leer, laugh, Dan. _flire_ to leer, M.E. _fliren_. The three
words _flina_, _flira_ and _flisa_ in Scand. mean the same.
Cu. _fliar_, to laugh heartily. See also Wall.

FLYTTING, _sb._ furniture, moveable goods. Wyntoun, VIII, 38, 50. In
Wallace simply in the sense of removal. O.N. _flutning_,
transport, carriage of goods. The Sco. word is probably a
deriv. from _flyt_, as indicated also by the umlauted vowel.

FORELDERS, _sb. pl._ parents. Gau. 15, 2. Dan. _forældre_, Sw.
_föräldrar_, Norse _foreldre_, parents. In the sense
"ancestors" the word is general Gmc, but the above use is
specifically Scand. In Sco. the word usually has the general
sense. Gau has Dan. elements that are not to be found in other
Sco. works.

FORJESKIT, _adj._ jaded, fatigued. Burns, 44, 29. Dan. _jask_ adj.,
_jaske_ vb. to rumple, put in disorder, _jask_, a rag,
_jasket_, _hjasket_ left in disordered condition. Dan. dial.
_jasked_, clumsy, homely. Sw. dial. _jaska_, to walk slovenly
and as if tired, _jasked_, adj. in bad condition. R.L.
Stevenson in "The Blast" uses _forjaskit_ in the sense of
"jaded." The prefix _for_ may be either Eng. or Dan.

FORLOPPIN, _adj._ renegade. Sat., p. 44, 243. The pp. of _loup_, to
leap, to run, with intensive prefix _for_. See _loup_. Cp. the
Norse _forloppen_ from _læupa_, used precisely in the same
way, and the Dan. dial. _loben_. _Forloppin_ as sb., Dunbar,
139. See also _loppert_.

FORS, _sb._ a stream. O.N. _fors_, N.Ic. and Norse _foss_, Dan., Sw.
_foss_, stream, waterfall, O.N. _forsa_, to foam, spout. The
word is very common in Norway, not so common in Sweden and
Denmark.

FORTH, _sb._ Dunbar, 316, 63. Same as _firth_.

FRA, FRAE, _prep._ and _conj._ from, since. Aberdeen form _fae_.
O.N. _frá_, from, Dan. _fra_, Norse _fra_, Sw. _frå_. Deriv.
from "from," according to Wall, by analogy of _o'_, etc. I do
not believe so. It is first found in Scand. settlements and is
confined to them. Besides _m_ would not be likely to fall out.
The case is quite different with _f_ and _n_ in "of" and "in"
when before "the." Furthermore, the conjunctive use of _fra_
as in Sco. is Norse.

FRECKLIT, FRECKLED, _adj._ flecked, spotted, differing slightly from
the Eng. use. Douglas, II, 216, 5; Mansie Wauch, 18, 5,
"freckled corn." O.N. _freknur_. See Kluge and Lutz, and
Skeat. In M.W. above: "The horn-spoons green and black
freckled."

FREND, _sb._ relation, relative. Wyntoun, VII, 10, 354. O.N.
_frændi_, kinsman, O. Dan. _frændi_, Norse _frænde_, Sw.
_frände_, id. O.E. _frēond_, O.H.G. _friunt_, O. Fr.
_friond_, _friund_, M.L.G. _vrint_, "friend." Cp. the Sco.
proverb: "Friends agree best at a distance," relations agree
best when there is no interference of interests, Jamieson.

FRESTIN, _vb._ to tempt, taunt, also to try. Gol. and Gaw., 902,
911; Ramsay, I, 271. O.N. _fræista_, to tempt, Norse
_freista_, _frista_, to tempt, try, O. Sw. _fresta_, Dan.
_friste_, Sw. dial. _freista_, to attempt, O.E. _frāsian_.

GANAND, _adj._ fitting, proper. Dunbar, 294; Douglas, II, 24, 19.
Pr. p. of _gane_. Cp. Eng. fitting. See _gane_.

GANE, _vb._ to be suitable. L.L., 991; Rolland, II, 135. O.N.
_gegna_, to suit, to satisfy, from _gegn_. O. Sw. _gen_, same
root in Germ. _begegnen_. See further Kluge. Entirely
different from _gane_, to profit.

GANE, _vb._ to profit. L.L., 131; R.R., 1873. O.N. _gagne_, to help,
be of use, _gagn_, use, profit, Norse _gagna_, id., O. Sw.
_gaghna_, to profit, Dan. _gavne_.

GANE, _sb._ the mouth and throat. Douglas, III, 168, 26. Cannot come
from O.E. _gin_, O.N. _gin_, mouth, because of the quality of
the vowel, is, however, Norse _gan_, _gane_, the throat, the
mouth and throat, Sw. _gan_, gap, the inside of the mouth.

GAIT, GATE, GAT, _sb._ road, way, manner. O.N. _gata_, O. Dan.
_gatæ_, M.E. _gāte_. See Wall. Cp. Northern Eng. "to gang
i' that rwoad," to continue in that manner.

GARTH, GAIRTH, _sb._ the yard, the house with the enclosure,
dwelling. O.N. _garðr_, a yard, the court and premises, O. Sw.
_garþer_, _gardh_, the homeplace, Dan. _gaard_, M.E. _garth_,
and _yeard_ from O.E. _geard_, Cu. _garth_, Shetland _gard_.
Is in form more specifically Norse than Dan. Occurs in a
number of place-names in South Scotland, especially Dumfries.
See I, §3.

GATEFARRIN, _adj._ wayfaring, in the sense of fit to travel, in
suitable apparel for travel. Johnnie Gibb, 12, 35. Wall
distinguishes rightly between the O.N. and the Eng. use of the
word _fare_. This Scand. use of the word is confined to Norway
and Iceland, and is, at any rate in the later period, more
characteristic of Icelandic than Norse. Cp. a similar use of
the word _sitta_, in Norse, to look well, said of clothes that
look well on a person. Not quite the same.

GAWKY, _adj._ foolish. Burns, 78, 60. From _gowk_. Cp. _gawkish_.

GEDDE, _sb._ a pike (fish). Bruce, II, 576; Sat. P. I, 53, 9. O.N.
_gedda_, the pike, Dan. _gjedde_, Sw. _gädda_. Not in M.E.,
except in Sco. works, and does not seem to exist in Eng.
diall.

GEMSAL, YEMSEILL, YHEMSALE, _sb._ concealment, secrecy. Bruce, XX,
231; Wyntoun, VIII, 19, 206; VIII, 36, 84. O.N. _göymsla_,
O. Ic. _geymsla_, Norse _gøymsla_, _gøymsel_, concealment.
Dano-Norse _gjemsel_. The ending _sal_ is distinctively Scand.
Cp. _trængsel_, misery; _længsel_, longing; _hørsel_, hearing;
_pinsel_, torture; _trudsel_, threat; _opførsel_, conduct;
Sco. _tynsell, hansell_, etc.

GENȝELD, _sb._ reward, recompense. Douglas, II, 100, 12; II,
111, 17; Scott, 59, 62. O.N. _gegn-gjald_, reward, O. Dan.
_gengæld_, _giengiald_ id., _giengielde_, to reward, Norse
_gjengjæld_. _Gen_ is the same as the _gegn_ in _gegna_, to
suit, _-ȝeld_ can be either Scand. or Eng. The palatal _g_
is also Scand. in this word. The compound _genȝeld_ is
Scand. In Sco. also spelled _ganȝeld_, _gaynȝeild_.

GER, GAR, _vb._ to make, cause, force. O.N. _gera_ (Cl. and V.).
O. Dan. _göræ_, Sw. _göra_, Norse _gjera_, to do, to make.
O. Nh. _görva_. _Gar_ is the modern form which exhibits
regular Sco. change of _er_ to _ar_. Cp. _serk_, _sark_;
_werk_, _wark_.

GESTNYNG, _sb._ hospitality. Douglas, III, 315, 8. O.N. _gistning_,
a passing the night as a guest at a place, _gista_, vb. to
spend the night with one, _gestr_, guest. O. Dan. _gæstning_,
O. Sw. _gästning_, _gistning_.

GLETE, GLEIT, _vb._ to glitter. Douglas, I, 33; II, 88, 16; Montg.
C. and S., 1288; Dunbar, G.T., 66. O.N. _glita_, to glitter,
Dan. _glitte_. Cp. Shetland _glid_, a glittering object. O.E.
_glitnian_ > M.E. _glitenien_, as O.E. _glisnian_ > M.E.
_glistnian_, N. Eng. _glisten_. The M.E. _glitenian_ (N.Eng.
*_glitten_) was replaced by the Scand. _glitter_.

GLEIT, _sb._ literally "anything shining," used in Palace of Honour,
II, 8, for polish of speech. See the vb.

GLEY, _sb._ a look, glance, stare. Mansie Wauch, 85, 10; 117, 37.
See Wall, _gley_, to squint, B-S. _glien_. Cp. Sw. dial.
_glia_.

GLEG, _adj._ sharp. See Wall, deriv. _glegly_, quickly.

GLITTERIT, _adj._ full of glitter. Dunbar, T.M.W., 30. See _glitter_
in Skeat.

GOWK, _sb._ a fool. O.N. _gaukr_, Norse _gæuk_, O. Sw. _göker_, Dan.
_gjög_. In Sco. very frequently spelled _goilk_, _golk_. Cu.
_April-gowk_, April fool.

GOWL, _vb._ to scream, yell. O.N. _gaula_, Norse _gæula_, to yell,
to scream. Shetland _gjol_, _gol_, to howl, seems to be the
same word, but the palatal before _o_ is strange. Cp. Sco.
_gowle_.

GOWLYNGE, _sb._ screaming, howling. R.R. 823, pr. p. of _gowl_.
Cp. O.N. _gaulan_, Norse _gæuling_, sb. screaming.

GRAIP, _sb._ a dung-fork. Burns, 38, 1, 2. Johnnie Gibb, 102, 18;
214, 21. Norse _græip_, id., Dan. _greb_, a three-pronged
fork.

GRAITH, _adj._ ready, direct. Bruce, IV, 759; Wallace, V, 76. O.N.
_græiðr_, ready, Norse _greid_, simple, clear, ready. Deriv.
_graithly_, directly, Gol. and Gau. 54. Cp. Yorkshire
_graidly_, proper.

GRAITH, _vb._ make ready, dress, furnish, equip. C.S., 39; R.R.,
424; Psalms XVIII, 32. O.N. _græiða_, to disentangle, set in
order, make ready. Norse _greide_, to dress (the hair). Cu.
_graitht_, dressed.

GRANE, _sb._ twig, branch. Douglas, II, 10, 27; Dunbar, 76. O.N.
_græin_, Norse _grein_, Dan. _gren_, O. Sw. _gren_, branch.
The Dan. and Sw. forms show monophthongation. The Sco. word
agrees best with the Norse.

GRANIT, _adj._ forked. Douglas, II, 133, 4. O.N. _græina_, to
branch, divide into branches, separate. Norse _græina_, Sw.,
Dan. _grena_, id., O. Sw. _grenadh_, adj. forked, Cu.
_grainet_.

GRAYTH, GRAITH, _sb._ equipment, possessions. Dunbar, 229; Lyndsay,
154, 4753; Burns, 23, 18. O.N. _græiða_, means "tools,
possessions," originally "order." Cp. the vb. In Douglas,
III, 3, 25, _graith_ means "preparation."

GRAITHLY, _adv._ directly, speedily. Bruce, XIX, 708; X, 205. O.N.
_græiðliga_, readily, promptly.

GRITH, _sb._ peace, truce. Wallace, X, 884. O.N., O. Dan. _grið_,
truce, protection, peace. O. Sw. _grið_, _gruð_. Occurs very
often in the parts of the A-S. Chronicle dealing with the wars
with the Danes, for the first time in 1002. "_Frið and grið_,"
meant "truce," or "peace and protection." See Steenstrup's
discussion of these words, pp. 245-250.

GROUF, on growfe, _adj._ prone, on one's face. Douglas, IV, 20, 24;
Dunbar, 136, 12. O.N. _á grúfu_, grovelling. Norse _aa gruva_,
id., O. Sw. _a gruvo_. Sw. diall. _gruva, å gruv_, Dan. _paa
gru_.

GRYS, GRYCE, _sb._ a pig. Douglas, II, 143, 14; Lyndsay, 218, 300;
Montg., F., 88. O.N. _griss_, a young pig, swine, O. Dan.
_gris_, Norse _gris_.

GUKK, _vb._ to act the fool. Dunbar, F., 497. Probably to be derived
from _gowk_, sb. a fool. It cannot very well come from _geck_,
to jest, the vowels do not correspond. In Poet. R., 108, 5,
_gukit_ means "foolish, giddy."

GYLL, _sb._ cleft, glen, ravine. Douglas, III, 148, 2; Sat. P., 12,
71. O.N. _gil_, a narrow glen with a stream at the bottom,
Norse _gil_, _gyl_, a mountain ravine. Cp. Cu. _gill_,
_ghyll_.

GYLMYR, _sb._ a ewe in her second year. C.S., 66. O.N. _gymbr_,
a ewe lamb a year old, also _gymbr-lamb_, Norse _gymber_,
Dan. _gimber_, M.E. _gimbir_, _gimbyr_, Cu. _gimmer_. In
northwestern England and Scotland assimilation of _mb_ to
_mm_ took place. Our word has excrescent _l_, cp. _chalmer_,
not uncommon.

GYRTH, _sb._ a sanctuary, protection. Bruce, IV, 47; II, 44; C.S.,
115. O.N. _grið_, a sanctuary, a truce. O. Sw. _grið_, _gruð_,
M.Norse _gred_, protection. Cu. _gurth_, cp. _grith_.

GYRTH _sb._ a hoop for a barrel, the barrel. R.R., 27, 81. O.N.
_gjörð_, a girdle, a hoop, Dan. _gjord_, Norse _gjord_,
_gjaar_, _gjoir_, hoop, girdle, O.E. form _gyrd_. Cp. O.N.
_girða_, to gird, and _girði_, wood for making hoops.

GYRTHYN, _sb._ saddle-strap, saddle-band. Wyntoun, VIII, 36, 64.
O.N. _gjörð_. See Skeat, _girth_. Our word is not nominative
pl. as the editor of Wyntoun takes it, but is the singular
originally pr. p. of _girth_, to gird, to strap. In Poet. R.
113, occurs the form _girthing_. Cp. Cu. _girting_,
_girtings_.

HAILSE, _vb._ to greet, salute. Bruce, II, 153; C.S., 141. O.N.
_helsa_, older _hæilsa_, to hailsay one, to greet, O. Sw.
_helsa_, Dan. _hilse_, Norse _helsa_, id., M.E. _hailsen_.
This word is entirely different from O.E. _healsian_, which is
_heals_ + _ian_ and meant "beseech, implore," literally
"embrace." The form of this was _halsian_ in O. Nhb., from
which Sco. _hawse_, to embrace.

HAILSING, HALSING, _sb._ a salute, greeting. Douglas, II, 243, 31;
Dunbar "Freires of Berwick" 57; Rosw. and Lill. 589. O.N.,
O. Sw., Norse _helsa_, see above; Norse _helsing_, Dan.
_hilsning_, a greeting. _Hailsing_ formed direct from the vb.
_hailse_.

HAINE, _vb._ to protect, save. Fergusson, 171; Psalms LXXVIII, 50;
LXXX, 19; _we're hain'd_, we are saved. O.N. _hegna_, to hedge
in, protect, _hegnaðr_, defence, Norse _hegna_, Dan. _hegne_,
O. Sw. _häghna_, to hedge in for the sake of protecting. Cu.
_hain_.

HAINED, _pp. adj._ sheltered, secluded, cp. _a hained rig_, Burns,
8, 1. In modern usage very frequently means "saved up,
hoarded," so _hained gear_, hoarded money. See _haine_ above.

HAININ' TOWER, _sb._ fortress. Psalms XVIII, 2; XXXI, 2; LXII, 7.
See _hain_.

HALING (hēling), _pr. p._ pouring down. Douglas, II, 47, 31. O.N.
_hella_, to pour out water, _helling_, sb. pouring. See Wall
under _hell_. We should expect a short vowel as generally in
Eng. diall. The form _hale_, however, occurs in Yorkshire too.
Both are from O.N. _hella_. There is no Scand. or L.G. word
with original _a_ to explain _hale_, but cp. the two words
_dwell_ and _wail_, to choose. _Dwell_ from O.N. _dvelja_,
preserves both quality and quantity of the original vowel. The
Sco. form is, however, _dwall_. Here the vowel has been opened
according to Sco. tendency of changing _e_ to _a_ before
liquids, cp. _félag_ > _falow_, also frequently before other
consonants. Cp. the same tendency in certain dialects in
America, so _tăll_ or even _tǣl_ for _tell, băll_ for
_bell_, _wăll_ for _well_, etc. If _e_ before _l_ in
_hell_, to pour, was changed to _a_, as _e_ in _dwell_, and
later lengthened, we would have the form _hǣl_ out of which
_hale_ would be regularly developed, and so a double
development from the same word, _hell_ and _hale_. _Wail_, to
choose, might be explained in the same way from O.N. vb.
_velja_. _Well_ would be the regular form, but this is not
found. The O.N. _val_, choice, is, however, sufficient to
explain _wail_.

HAME-SUCKEN, _sb._ the crime of assaulting a person within his own
house. O.N. _hæim-sókn_, O. Dan. _hem-sokn_, an attack on
one's house. O. Sw. _hem-sokn_, O.E. _hamsocn_, E. _ham-
socne_. See Steenstrup, pp. 348-349. The word seems to have
come into Eng. during the time of the Danes in England, though
both elements are Eng. as well as Scand. See Kluge, P.G.(2)I, 933.

HAMMALD, _adj._ domestic. Douglas, II, 26, 7. O.N. _heimoll_,
_heimill_, domestic, O. Sw. _hemoll_, Norse _heimholt_.
Excrescent _d_ after _l_ quite common in Scand. and appears
in Sco. in a few words. See _fald_.

HANK, _sb._ thread as it comes from the measuring reel, a coil of
thread. Burns, 584. See Skeat. Cu. _hankle_, to entangle, is
probably the same word.

HANSEL, _sb._ gift. O.N. _handsal_. Bruce, V, 120, _hansell_ used
ironically means "defeat." See Skeat.

HARN, _sb._ brain. O.N. _hjarni_, brain, O. Dan. _hiærnę_, Norse
_hjarne_, Dan. _hjerne_, O. Sw. _hiärne, härne_.

HARSK, _adj._ harsh, cruel. Wyntoun, IX, 1, 27; Douglas, II, 208,
17. O.N. *_harsk_, bitter, as proved by Shetland, _ask_,
_hask_, _hosk_, and Norse _hersk_. Cp. Dan. _harsk_. O. Ic.
_herstr_, bitter, hard, severe, is probably the same word,
_st_ to _sk_. Cp. Cu. _hask weather_, dry weather. Shetland,
_hoski wadder_, dry and windy weather (Jakobson, p. 68). Dan.
dial. _harsk_, bitter, dry. For dropping of _r_, as in the
Shetland form, cp. _kask_, from _karsk_, in "Havelok," cited
in Skeat's list.

HARSKNESS, _sb._ harshness. Dunbar, 104, 19. See _harsk_.

HARTH, _adj._ hard. Dunbar, F., 181; O.N. _harðr_, Norse _har(d)_,
Dan. _haar(d)_, hard.

HAUGH, _sb._ a hill, a knoll. O.N. _haugr_, a hill, Norse _haug_,
Old Gutnic _haugr_, Cu. _howe_. The O. Sw. _högher_, O. Dan.
_hög_, _höw_, Dan. _höi_, Shetland _hjog_, _hög_, show later
monophthongation. Cp. M.E. _houȝ_, _hogh_.

HAVER-MEAL, _sb._ oat-meal. Burns, 187, 32, 1. Cp. Norse,
_havremjöl_, O.N. _hafrmjöl_, Dan. _havre meel_. The first
element of the compound is used especially in Scand.
settlements in England and is probably due to Scand.
influence. An O.S. _hafore_ exists, but if our word is native,
it ought to be distributed in South Eng. diall. as well. The
second element of the compound may be Eng.

HAYND, _sb._ Douglas, III, 119, 6. See _aynd_.

HEID, _sb._ brightness. Rolland, I, 122. O.N. _hæið_, brightness of
the sky, _hæið ok sólskin_, brightness and sunshine, _hæiða_,
to brighten, _hæiðbjartr_, serene. Cp. _heiðs-há-rann_, the
high hall of brightness, an O. poetical name for heaven. The
Norse adj. _heid_, bright, like the Sco. word, shows change of
_ð_ to _d_.

HENDIR, _adj._ past, bygone. Bruce, 10, 551. Dunbar's poem, _This
hendir Night_. O.N. _endr_, formerly. Cp. _ender-day_ in
Skeat's list.

HETHING, _sb._ scorn, mockery. Wyntoun, IX, 10, 92; Wallace, V, 739;
Douglas, II, 209, 7. O.N. _hǽðing_, sb. scoffing, scorn,
_hǽða_, to scoff, to mock, Norse, _hæding_, scorn, mockery,
O. Sw. _hädha_, _hödha_.

HING, _vb._ to hang. Lindsay, 527, 4033; Gol. and Gaw., 438; Psalms
LXIX, 6. Same as Cu. _hing_, for which see Wall.

HOOLI, HULIE, _adj._ quiet, slow, leisurely, careful. Dalr., I, 149,
27; A.P.B., 41; Fergusson, 54. O.N., _hógligr_, easy, gentle,
_hógleiki_, meekness, _hóglifi_, a quiet life, _hóglyndr_,
good-natured.

HUGSUM, _adj._ horrible. Wyntoun, VII, 5, 176. See _ug_, to fear.

HUSBAND, _sb._ a small farmer. Bruce, X, 387; VII, 151. O.N. _hús-
bondi_, a house-master. See Skeat. For full discussion of this
word as well as _bonde_, see Steenstrup, 97-100.

ILL, _adj._ evil, wicked. Bruce, III, 10. O.N. _illr_, adj. bad,
Norse _ill_, _idl_, cross, angry, Dan. _ilde_, adv. badly. As
an adv. common in M.E. The adj. use of it more specifically
Sco. as in Norse. See Skeat.

IRKE, _vb._ to weary, to suffer. Dunbar, F., 429; R.R., 456; L.L.,
2709. O.N. _yrkja_, to work, take effect, O. Sw. _yrkja_,
O. Dan. _yrki_ (Schlyter), Sw. _yrke_, to urge, enforce, Norse
_orka_, be able, always used in the sense of "barely being
able to," or, with the negative, "not being able to." Ramsay
uses the word in the sense of "being vexed."

IRKE, _adj._ weary, lazy. Dunbar, 270, 36; R.R., 3570. See _irke_,
vb. _Irkit_, pp. adj. tired, Montg., M.P., 521.

IRKING, _sb._ delay. Winyet, II, 76; I. Deriv. from _irke_, vb.

ITHANDLY, YTHANDLY, YDANLIE, _adv._ busily, assiduously. Dalr., II,
36, 12; R.R., 36, 95. O.N. _iðinn_, busy. See _eident_.

KARPING, CARPING, _sb._ speech, address. Wyntoun, VIII, 18, 85;
VIII, 18, 189; IX, 9, 34. See _carp_.

KEIK, KEK, _vb._ to peep, to pry. O.N. _kíkja_, to pry, Norse
_kika_. Undoubtedly a Scand. loan-word, _i>ei_ as in _gleit_,
_gley_.

KENDLE, KENDILL, KENNLE, _vb._ to kindle. Lyndsay, 161, 4970; Gol.
and Gaw., 1221; Rolland, I, 609. O.N. _kendill, kynda_, M.E.
_kindlen_. See Brate.

KILT, _vb._ to tuck up, O.N. _kelta_, _kjalta_, O. Dan. _kiltæ_, the
lap, Dan., Norse _kilte_, to tuck up, O. Sw. _kilta_, sb. For
discussion of this word see Skeat.

KIST, KYST, _sb._ chest, box. O.N. _kista_, Norse, Dan. _kiste_,
a chest. O.E. _cest_ would have given _kest_, or _chest_. See
also Curtis, §392. The tendency in Sco. is to change _i_ to
_e_ before _st_, not _e_ to _i_. Cp. _restit_, _gestning_.

KITTLING, KITTLEN, _sb._ kitten. Burns, 38, 2, 3; Mansie Wauch, 23,
19; 210, 10. O.N. _ketlingr_, diminutive of _ketta_, she-cat,
Norse _kjetling_. Cp. Cu. _kitlin_. The same diminutive
formation appears in Dan. _kylling_, older _kykling_, Norse
_kjukling_, a chicken.

KNUSE, KNOOSE, _vb._ to bruise, to press down with the knees, to
beat, also to knead. Ramsay, I, 236. See Jamieson for
secondary meanings. O.N. _knusa_, to bruise, to beat, Norse
_knusa_, Dan. _knuse_, crush, O. Sw. _knosa_, _knusa_, crush,
press tight, beat. Cp. Goth. _knusian_. O.E. _cnysian_, shows
umlaut.