Chapter VI: Part II: Loanwords (2)

KOW, _sb._ a fright, terror. Winyet, I, 107, 12. O.N. _kúga_, to
cow. See _cow_, vb.

LACK, _vb._ to belittle, blame, reproach, despise. Mont., M.P., 43,
17; R.R., 3242; 3517; Gau., 17, 25. O.N. _hlakka_, to look
down upon, O. Dan. _lakke_, to slander, O. Sw. _belacka_, id.
See _lak_, sb.

LAICHING, _sb._ sport, play. R.R., 647. From Sco. vb. _laike_, to
play, O.N. _læika_. See _lak_.

LAIF, LAVE, _sb._ the rest. O.N. _læif_, a leaving, pl. _læifar_,
remnants, Norse _leiv_, id., _løyva_, to leave. Cannot come
from O.E. _lāf_. See §20.

LAIGH, _adj._ low. Ramsay, II, 20; Mansie Wauch, 106, 23. Same as
Eng. _low_, from O.N. _lágr_, O. Sw. _lagher_, O. Dan. _lagh,
lag_, low. In Eng., O.N. _ag_ > _ǫw_ > _ow_. In Scotland
_ag_ > _aw_, did not become _ow_ later. So the regular Sco.
form is _law_, or, with guttural, _lawch_. In _laigh_,
however, _a_ has developed as _a_ would when not before _g_ or
_h_. The form _logh_ also occurs. In Dunbar occur _low_,
_law_, _laich_, and _loigh_.

LAIGH, _vb._ to bend down, to kneel. Psalms XCV, 6. See _laigh_,
adj.

LAIKE, _sb._ the stake for which one plays. Montg., C., I, 109. O.N.
_læikr_, a play, Norse _leik_, O. Dan. _legh_. Also means play
in Sco., but the transferred meaning is common. It cannot come
from O.E. _lāc_. The _e_-vowel in Cu., Westm., and S.
Scotland proves an original _æi_-diphthong. See Part I, §16.

LAIRET, _adj._ bemired. Psalms LXIX, 2. Norse _læir_, clay. Dan.
dial. _ler_, O. Sw. _leer_, _ler_, id., Eng. dial. _lair_. See
Wall. Jamieson gives _lair_, vb. to stick in the mire, _lair_,
sb. a bog, _lairy_, adj. boggy.

LAIRING, _sb._ gutter, deep mud. Burns, 10, 11. O.N. _læir_, clay.
Same as Yorkshire _lyring_, for which see Wall. _Lyring_ seems
to show original E. Scan. monophthongation of _æi_ to _e_.

LAIT, _sb._ manner, trick. R.R., 273, 25, 36. O.N., Ic. _lát_,
manners, _skipta lítum ok látum_, change shape and manners.
O. Sw. _lat_, manner, way of proceeding. Cp. O.N. _láta-læti_,
dissimulation, _látbragð_, gestures, and Dan. _lade_, to
dissimulate, pretend. Norse _lata_, id. Probably related to
O.N. _lát_.

LAYKING, _sb._ jousting, a tournament. Wyntoun, VIII, 35. See
_laik_.

LAK, _sb._ a plaything. Wallace, VIII, 1410. Norse _leik_, a game,
_leiker_ (pl.), games, toys. Sw. dial. _leika_, a doll, a play
sister. Cp. Cu. _lakin_, a child's toy.

LAK, _sb._ contempt, reproach, disgrace. Rolland, I, 455; Rosw. and
Lill., 784; R.R., 3092. O.N. _lakr_, defective, O. Dan. _lak_,
fault, deficiency. Sw. _lack_, fault, slander. O. Sw.
_lakkare_, a slanderer. Cp. Dan. _lakkeskrift_, a satirical
piece. See _lack_, vb.

LEISTER, _sb._ a three-pronged salmon spear. Burns, 16, 1. Dumfries
and Ayr., any spear for striking or spearing fish with. O.N.
_ljóstr_, a salmon spear. Norse _ljoster, ljøster_, Dan.
_lyster_, Sw. _ljuster_, vb. _Ljostra_, vb. in Norse, to spear
fish. Cu. _lister_, _leester_. See also Worsaae, p. 260. Vb.
_leister_ in Sco., to strike fish with a spear or leister.

LINK, _vb._ to walk briskly, smartly. Burns, 1291, 6, 5, 2. Norse
_linke_, to hurry along, cp. Sw., Dan. _linke_, to limp along.
Stevenson in _Ille Terrarum_ 6, 3, uses _link_ in the sense of
"walking along leisurely," which is nearer the Dan. meaning of
the word.

LIRK, _vb._ to crease, to rumple, shrivel. Ramsay, I, 307. O.N.
_lerka_, to lace tight, _lirk_, sb. a crease, a fold.

LIPIN, LIPPEN, _vb._ to trust. R.R., 3501; Psalms, XVIII, 30, etc.
O.N. _litna_ (?), very doubtful. See B-S.

LITE, _vb._ to dye, to stain. Dalr., I, 48, 24; Douglas, IV, 190,
32. O.N. _lita_, to dye, Shetland, to _litt_. See Wall.

LITLING, _sb._ dyeing. Sat. P., 48, 1. See _lit_.

LOFT, _sb._ upper room, gallery. O.N. _lopt_, Norse _loft_, Aberdeen
_laft_. See Skeat.

LOFT, _vb._ to equip with a loft. C.S., 96. See _loft_, sb.

LOKMEN, _sb. pl._ executioners. Wallace, 134. O. Dan., O. Sw.
_lagman_. O.N. _lögmaðr_, literally "the law-man," was the
speaker of the law. In Iceland, particularly, the _lögmaðr_
was the law-speaker. In Norway a _lögman_ seems also to have
meant a country sheriff or officer, which comes closer to the
use in Wallace. A little doubtful.

LOPPRIT, _pp._ clotted. Douglas, II, 157, 28; III, 306, 4. O.N.
_hlaupa_ (of milk), to curdle (of blood), to coagulate. So
Norse _lopen_, _løpen_ (from _læupa_, _løypa_), thick,
coagulated. Dan. _at löbe sammen_, to curdle, _löbe_, make
curdle, _löbe_, sb. curdled milk. O.N. _hlöypa mjolk_, id.,
literally "to make milk leap together." O. Sw. _löpa_. In Cu.
milk is said to be _loppert_ when curdled.

LOUN, LOWN, _adj._ quiet, calm, sheltered. O.N. _logn_, O. Sw.
_lughn_. See Wall under _lownd_.

LOUP, LOWP, _vb._ to leap, to jump. O.N. _hlaupa_, to leap, Norse
_læupa_, run, O. Sw. _löpa_, Dan. _löbe_. Cp. Cu. _lowpy-
dike_, a husband of unfaithful habits, and the secondary
meanings of Norse _laupa_ given in Aasen.

LOUP, LOWP, _sb._ a jump, a spring. Bruce, VI, 638; X, 414; Sco.
Pro. 3. See the verb.

LOUSE, LOWSE, _adj._ loose, free, unfettered. Wyntoun, IX, 2, 63;
Douglas, I, 95, 9; I, 95, 23. O.N. _lauss_, Norse _læus_,
loose. See Wall. Sco. _to be louse_, to be abroad, about. The
Norse word is similarly used. Cp. Germ. _los_, and Dan. _lös_.
Waddell has the word _godlowse_, godless.

LOUSE, LOWSE, _vb._ to make loose, release. C.S., 121; Lyndsay, 460,
232; K.Q., 34. O.N. _lauss_. The O.N. vb. was _løysa_. See
_louse_, adj.

LOW, _vb._ to humble. R.R., 148. Same as Eng. to _lower_. So in Sco.
to _hey_, to heighten.

LOW, _vb._ to flame, to flare up, kindle. Dunbar, G.T., 45; Ramsay,
II, 17; Psalms, LXXVI. O.N. _lǫga_, to burn with a flame,
Norse _lǫga_, _laaga_, to blaze, but cp. the Sco. sb.
_lowe_.

LOWE, _sb._ flame. O.N. _lǫgi_, Norse _laage_. See Skeat.

LOWNE, _vb._ to shelter. Bruce, XV, 276; M.E. _lounen_, to shelter.
See _lowne_, adj. Douglas, II, 236, 31, _lownit_, pp. serene,
tranquil.

LUCK, _vb._ to succeed. Montg., C., 643. O.N. _lukka_, reflexive, to
succeed (bene succedere, Haldorson), _lukka_, sb. luck. O. Sw.
_lukka_, _löcka_ and _lykka_. In Scand. dial. the latter
umlauted form only is found for the vb., but Norse sb.
_lukka_, Dan. sb. _lykke_. Undoubtedly Norse influence in Sco.

LUCKEN, _vb._ to give luck, cause to succeed. Sco. formation from
_luck_. Cp. _slok_ and _sloken_.

LUFE, LOOF, _sb._ the palm of the hand. O.N _lófi_, the hollow of
the hand, the palm, Norse _love_, id., Sw. dial. _love_.

LUG, _sb._ the ear. See Skeat and Wall. Cp. Norse _lugga_, to pull,
and _lug_ as a sb. originally "that which is pulled." In Cu.
_lug_ means "the handle of a pail." Compare the Eng. to _lug_,
to carry.

LYTHE, _vb._ to listen. Dunbar, 192, I. O.N. _hlyða_, to listen,
Dan. _lytte_, O. Sw. _lyÞa_, id.

MAIK, _sb._ companion, partner, consort. Dunbar, T.M.W., 32;
Philotus, 2. O.N. _maki_, partner, an equal, Norse _make_,
Dan. _mage_, O. Sw. _maki_, M.E. _make_, consort, partner.

MAIKLESS, _adj._ without peer. Wyntoun, IX, Prol. 48; Montg. "The
Lady Margaret Montgomery," 8. O.N. _maki_ + _laus_, Norse
_makalæus_, Dan. _magelös_, extraordinary.

MAUCH, _adj._ full of maggots. Dunbar, F., 241. O.N. _maðkr_,
a maggot, W.Norse, with assimilation, _makk_, E. Norse _mark_,
Dan. _madik_, Sw. dial. _mark_, O. Sw. _matk_, and _madhker_.
The _k_ is a diminutive ending, cp. Eng. _moth_ < O.E. _maða_.
In the Sco. word _ð_ fell out and _a_ was lengthened for
compensation. Cp. Cu. _mawk_, a midge, Eng. dial. _mawkish_.
Skeat cites Eng. dial. form _mad_.

MELDER, _sb._ flour, meal just ground. Burns, 127, 113. O.N.
_meldr_, flour, or corn in the mill, Norse _melder_, wheat
about to be ground, or flour that has just been ground,
_melderlas_, a load of wheat intended for the mill,
_meldersekk_, a bag of flour. Cp. Cu. _melder_, the quantity
of meal ground at one time.

MENSE, _vb._ to do grace to. Lyndsay, 529. See _mensk_, sb. The
change of _sk_ to _s_ is characteristic of Sco. See _mensk_.

MENSEDOM, _sb._ wisdom. Psalms, CV, 22. See _mensk_.

MENSK, MENSE, _sb._ proper conduct, more generally honor. Dunbar,
T.M.W., 352; Wyntoun, VIII, 42, 143; Burns, 90, 1. O.N.
_mennska_. For discussion of this word see Wall. Deriv.
_menskless_, _menskful_, _menskly_.

MIDDING, MYDDING, _sb._ a midden. C.S., 12; Lyndsay, 216, 269. Dan.
_mödding_, older _möghdyngh_, O.N. _mykidyngja_, Sw. dial.
_mödding_, Cu. _middin_.

MON, MAN, MAUN, _vb._ must, O.N. _monu_ (_munu_), will, shall, Norse
_mun_, will, but used variously. Dan. _monne_, _mon_, as an
auxiliary vb. used very much like _do_ in Eng. Sw. _mån_, Cu.
_mun_. The form of the Sco. word is the same in all persons.
So in Norse.

MYTH, _vb._ to mark, recognize. Wallace, V, 664; Douglas, I, 28, 26.
O.N. _miða_, to show, to mark a place, Norse _mida_, mark a
place, _mid_ sb. a mark by which to find a place. O.E.
_miðan_, meant "to conceal, lie concealed," same as O.H.G.
_midan_, vitare, occultare, Germ. _meiden_, _vermeiden_,
avoid.

NEIRIS, _sb. pl._ the kidneys. C.S., 67. O.N. _nyra_, a kidney,
Norse _nyra_, O. Dan. _nyre_, Sw. _niura_, Sw. dial. _nyra_,
M.E. _nere_. Cp. Sco. _eir_, _an eir_, for _a neir_, as in
Eng. _augur_, _an augur_, _a naugur_.

NEVIN, _vb._ to name. Gol. and Gaw., 506; Howlate, II, 3, 7. O.N.
_nefna_, Norse _nevna_, Dan. _nævne_, to name, O.E. _namnian_.

NIEVE, NEEFE, NEVE, _sb._ the hand, the fist. O.N. _hnefi_, Norse
_neve_, hand, fist, Shetland _nev_, Cu. _neif_, _neive_,
_neef_. Wall considers this an unrecorded Eng. word, which is
possible. Its general distribution in Scand. dial. and
elsewhere in Scand. settlements, as Northern and Central
England, Southern Scotland, Shetland, etc., as well as its
absence in all other Gmc. languages, indicates, however, that
the word is Scand. in Eng. diall.

NOUT, NOWT, _sb._ cattle. O.N. _naut_, cattle, Norse _næut_ id. Dan.
_nöd_, Sw. _noet_, Shetland _nød_. In M. Sco., also written
_nolt_.

NYK, NEK, _vb._ to shake the head in denial of anything, "to nyk
with nay." Gol. and Gaw, 115; Philotus, 32. Norse _nikka_, to
bow slightly, _nikk_, a slight bow, Sw. _neka_, to deny, say
no, M.E. _nicken_.

NYTE, _vb._ to deny. Gol. and Gaw., 889; Wyntoun, VIII, 2, 16. O.N.
_næita_, to deny, refuse, Norse _neitta_, _neikta_, _nekta_,
id., _neiting_, a denial, _neitan_, id., Dan. _nægte_.

ONDING, _sb._ terror. Psalms, LXXXVIII, 15. See _ding_.

ONFARRAND, _adj._ ill-looking. Douglas, III, 250, 26. See _farrand_.

ON LOFT, _adv._ up. Gol. and Gaw., 485; Bruce, XIII, 652. O.N.
_á loft_, up into the air. See Skeat _aloft_. Sco. Pro. 27,
_upon loft_, up.

ON LOFT, _adv._ aloud. Dunbar, T.M.W., 338. See above.

OUTWALE, _sb._ the best, the choice. Lyndsay, XX, 4. Eng. _out_ +
O.N. _val_; similar formation to Norse _udvalg_, _utval_.

PIRRYE, _sb._ whirlwind. Sat. P., I, 178. See _bir_.

POCKNET, _sb._ from O.N. _poki_, pouch and _net_, a net.
A Dumfriesshire word. Not found in any Sco. text but given by
Worsaae, p. 260, and in Jamieson, where the following
description is given of pocknet fishing.
This is performed by fixing stakes or stours, as they are
called, in the sand either in the channel of a river, or
in the sand which is dry at low water. These stours are
fixed in a line across the tideway at a distance of 46
inches from each other, about three feet high above the
sand, and between every two of these stours is fixed a
pocknet, tied by a rope to the top of each stour."
P. Dorneck, Dumr. Statist. Acc., II, 1.

QUEY, QUOY, _sb._ a young cow, a yearling. Douglas, II, 178, 19; II,
299, 8; Burns, 595. O.N. Norse _kviga_, Dan. dial. _kvie_. Cp.
Shetland _hwäi_ and _kwäi_. Cu. _why_, _wheye_ (guttural
_wh_).

QUHELM, WHELM, _vb._ to overturn, to turn upside down. Douglas, II,
64, 14; II, 264, 16. Burns, 66, 1, also written _quhelme_,
_whamle_, _whemle_. In Cu. _whemmel_, M.E. _hwēlmen_. See
Skeat under _whelm_. Cp. Norse _kvelm_ and _hvelm._ The O.N.
_hvelfa_, N. Norse _kvelva_, means "to turn upside down."

QUYOK, QUYACH, diminutive of _quey_, q. v.

RA (rē), _sb._ a sail-yard. Douglas, II, 274, 16. O.N., Ic. _rá_,
Dan. _raa_, Norse _raa_, Sw. _ra_, Shetland _roe_, a sail-
yard.

RAD, RED, _adj._ afraid. Bruce, XII, 431; Dunbar, T. M.W., 320;
Montg. C. and S., 1392. O.N. _hræddr_, timid, frightened,
Norse _rædd_, Dan. _ræd_, Sw. _rädd_, id., M.E. _rad_. Cp.
O.N. _hræða_, to frighten, Norse _rædda._

RADNESS, _sb._ timidity, fear. R. R., 1166; 1660. Deriv. from _rad_,
q.v.

RADEUR, _sb._ fear. L.L., 1489. Sco. formation from _rad_ adj.,
afraid. M.E. _reddour_, _redour_ is a different word from
O. Fr. _reidur_, later _roideur_, see B-S.

RAGGED, _adj._ full of _rag_, ragwort. Burns, 103, 85. See
_ragweed._

RAGWEED, _sb._ an herb, ragwort. Burns, 6, 5, 9. O.N. _rögg_, M.E.
_ragge_ for which see B-S. Cp. Sw. dial. _ragg_, _rogga._

RAISE, RAIZE, _vb._ to incite, stir up. Burns, 6, 5, 4; and 7, 1, 1.
Used here as Sco. _bait_ would be used, otherwise generally as
Eng. _raise_, from O.N. _ræisa_.

RAKE, RAIK (rēk), _vb._ to go, walk, wander, also depart. Dunbar,
T. M.W., 524; Gol. and Gaw., 72; Psalms, XVIII, 10. O.N.
_ræika_, to wander, Norse _ræka_, to wander about aimlessly.
Cp. Cu. _rake_, a journey, "He's teann a rake ower to Kendal."
See also Wall.

RAMFEEZLED, _adj._ exhausted, fatigued. Burns, 42, 1, 3. One of a
number of words in Sco. formed with _ram_, cp. _ramshackle_,
_ramstam_, _rammous_, etc. The second element probably the
same as Eng. _fizzle_ in the expression _to fizzle out_, fail,
come to nought. See _fizz_ in Skeat. See _rammys_.

RAMMEIST, _vb.pret._ ran wild, frenzied. Montg., F., 511. Cp.
_rammous_ adj. Probably the same used as a vb. Cp. Norse
_ramsa_, to slash together, do a thing hurriedly, also to
make a noise.

RAMMYS, RAMMOUS, _adj._ excited, violent. R.R., 113. O.N. _ramr_,
_rammr_, strong, vehement, Norse _ram_, powerful, risky,
hazardous. Cl. and V. cites the N. Eng. form _ram_, bitter,
which is the same word.

RAMSTAM, _adj._ indiscreet, with an idea of rushing into anything
thoughtlessly. Burns, 32, 22. O.N. _rammr_, vehement, and
_stam_, stiff, hard, unbending. Cp. Cu. _ram_, strong, and
_rammish_, violent, and American slang _rambunktious_,
obstreperous.

RANEGILL, _sb._ a scapegrace, a worthless fellow. Johnnie Gibb, 179,
11. Cp. Norse _rangel_, _ranglefant_, a loafer, rascal.
Doubtful.

RANGALE, _sb._ rabble, mob. Wyntoun, VIII, 36, 35; Bruce, XII, 474.
O.N. _hrang_, noise, tumult, especially the noise a crowd
makes.

RED, _vb._ to clear away, clear up, set to rights. R.R., 1242;
Isaiah, LX, 10. O.N. _hryðja_, to clear away, Norse _rydja_,
_rydda_, Sw. _rödja_, Dan. _rydde_. Cp. Eng. _rid_, O. Fr.
_hredda, _ O.E. _hreddan_, Norse _redda_, save, liberate.
Germ. _retten_ is another word.

RED UP, _vb._ open up. Isaiah, XL, 3; LXII, 10. O.N. _hryðja upp,
_ Norse _rydde op_, clear up. In Ramsay, II, 225, _red up_
pp. means dressed. See also Wall under _red_.

REDDING, _sb._ growing afraid. Lyndsay, 356, 1263. See _rad_, _red_.

REESE, _vb._ to extol. Ramsay, I, 262. Eng. _raise_. See also
_raise_ above, as used in Burns.

RESTIT (very frequently reestit), _adj._ dry, withered. Burns, 6, 5.
Dan. _riste_, to dry something over a _rist_, _ristet_, dried.
O.N. _rist_, a gridiron. Cp. Cu. _reestit_, rancid, rusty.

RIVE, RYFE, RIF (rīv), _vb._ to tear, break open, cleave.
Lyndsay, 434, 156; Wynyet, II, 6514; Psalms, XXIX, 5. O.N.
_rifa_, to tear, Norse _riva_, _reiva_, Dan. _rive_, Sw.
_rifwa_, M.E. _raven_ id. Cp. Dunbar, T.M.W., 350, "rif into
sondir," tear to pieces, and Norse "rive sonde." Cu. _reavv_,
and _ryve_.

ROCK, _sb._ a loom, spinning wheel, spinning distaff. Lyndsay, 109,
3330; Burns, 223, 112, 3; 240, 148, 1. O.N. _rokkr_, a loom,
Norse _rokk_, Dan. _rok_, spinning wheel.

ROCKING, _sb._ "a chat, a friendly visit at which they would spin on
the rock which the visitor carried along with her" (Wagner).
Burns, 4, 28. See _rock_.

ROVE, RUFE, _sb._ rest, repose. Montg., M.P., VI, 20; Scott, 62, 19.
O.N. _ró_, Norse, Dan. _ro_, quiet, rest, Orm. _ro_ (see
Brate). Final epenthetic _v_ also occurs in other words in
Sco. Cp. _qhwov_ for _qwho, cruive_, besides _crue_, etc.

ROWSTE, _vb._ "to cry with a rough voice." Douglas, III, 304, 11.
O.N. _raust_, the voice. Dan. _röst_, Sw. _röst_, Norse
_ryest_. Cp. O.N. _rausa_, to talk loud or fast. Shetland
_ruz_ (Cl. and V.). The Sco. vb. seems to be formed from a sb.
_rowste_, which occurs in Orm.

ROWT, ROUT, _vb._ to cry out, roar. Lyndsay, 538, 4353; Montg., F.,
501; Rolland, IV, 406. O.N. _rauta_, O. Ic. _rǫuta_, to
roar, to bellow, Norse _rauta_, _ræuta_, Sw. dial. _röta_, id.
The Sw. word exhibits the E. Scand. monophthongation, which
took place in Dan. about 900.

ROWT, _sb._ loud clamor. Poet. R., 157; Ramsay, I, 251. See vb.
_rowt_.

RUCKLE, RICLE, _sb._ a little heap of anything. Lyndsay, 539, 4356;
Burns, 596; M.W., 114, 3. See Wall under _rook_. _Ruckle_ is
the form of the word in Edinburgh dial. May be Eng. Skeat
considers Eng. _ruck_ Scand. and _rick_ Eng., but in Scotland
the one may be simply a variant of the other, not necessarily
a doublet. Cp. _fill_ and _full_.

RUIK, a heap. Lyndsay, 454, 2079; 494, 3075. Spelled _ruck_, meaning
"a cock of hay," in Ramsay's "The Gentle Shepherd," 160. See
Wall, under _rook_. Cp. Cu. _ruck_, the chief part, the
majority.

ROOP AND STOOP. Ramsay, II, 527; M.W. 203, 8; 214, 5. Cp. _rubb og
stubb_, every particle. Aasen defines "löst og fast, smaat og
stort, selja rubb og stubb," sell everything, dispose of all
one has; literally "stump and piece," "rump and stump." Used
exactly the same way in Sco. Of very frequent occurrence in
this sense in Norway.

RUND, ROOND, ROON, _sb._ the border of a web, the edge. Burns, 596.
O.N. _rond_, rim, border, Dan. _rand_, a line, seam, the
border, Norse _rand_, _rond_, a streak, seam, edge, border.
Cp. Cu. _randit_, streaked, Norse _randet_, id.

RUNSIK, _vb._ to ransack. Wallace, VII, 120. O.N. _rannsaka_, to
search a house, Norse _ransaka_, from _ran_, house, and
_saka_, _söka_, seek. See Skeat, and Kluge and Lutz.

RUSARE, _sb_, a flatterer. R.R., 3356. See _ruse_.

RUSE, ROOSE, RUSS (rūs), _vb._ to praise, to boast, pride
oneself. Douglas, II, 57, 8; Rolland, I, 389; R.R., 2823. O.N.
_rósa_, older _hrósa_, to praise, Norse _rosa_, Dan. _rose_,
Sw. _rosa_, M.E. (_h_)_rosen_, Lincolnshire _rose_, _reouse_,
Cu. _roose_.

RUSE, _sb._ praise, a boast. Dunbar, T. M.W., 431; Sat. P., 12, 17.
O.N. _hrós_, praise, Norse, Dan. _ros_.

SAIKLESS, _adj._ innocent. Lyndsay, 545, 4563. O.N. _saklauss_, O.E.
_saclēas_. The O.E. word is a loan-word from O. Nh. See
Steenstrup, 210-211. In modern Eng. dial. the form is
generally _sackless_.

SAIKLESSNESS, _sb._ innocence, innocency. Psalms, XXVI, 6, 11;
LXXIII, 13. See _saikless_.

SAIT, _sb._ session, court. Dunbar, 79, 41. O.N. _sǽti_, seat,
sitting, Norse _sæte_, id. See Skeat under _seat_.

SAUCHT, _adj._ reconciled, also at ease, undisturbed, tranquil.
Bruce, N, 300; Douglas, II, 91, 22. O.E. _saht_, borrowed from
O.N. See Kluge, P.G.(2)I, 934. For discussion of O.E.
_seht_ and _sehtian_ see Steenstrup, 181-182. In Howlate, III,
16, _sacht_ vb. pret., made peace.

SAY, _sb._ a milk-pail, also tub. Jamieson, Dumfries. O.N. _sár_,
a large cask, Norse _saa_, a pail, a water-bucket, a wooden
tub, Dan. _saa_, _vandsaa_, waterpail, Sw. _så_, id.

SCAIT, _sb._ the skate fish. Dunbar, 261, 9. O.N. _skata_, Norse
_skata_, the skate, M.E. _scate_. Ir. _scat_, _sgat_, id., is
a loan-word from O.N. (Cp. Craigie, p. 163). O.N. _sk_ becomes
quite regularly _sg_ in Ir. and Gael. Cp. also _sgeir_ <
_skar_. Cu. _skeatt_ exhibits regular i-fracture from older
_a_.

SCAITH, SCATH, _vb._ to injure. Bruce, IV, 363; XII, 392; R. R.,
1323. Not from O. Nhb. _sceðða_, but from O.N. _skaða_, Norse
_skade_, with which the vowel corresponds.

SCAR, _sb._ a precipitous bank of earth, a bare place on the side of
a steep hill, a cliff. Ramsay, II, 205; Burns, 10, 11. Also
written _skard_, _scair_, _scaur_. O.N. _sker_, a skerry, an
isolated rock in the sea. Norse _skjær_, a projecting cliff,
a bank of rocky ground, Dan. _skjær_, _skær_, a rock in the
water near the land, Sw. _skär_, M.E. _sker_, _scerre_. Cp.
Cu. _skerr_, a precipice. The fundamental idea is "something
cut apart, standing by itself." Root the same as in the Norse
_skera_, to cut, Eng. _shear_ and _shore_, sea-_shore._ Cp.
the O.E. vb. _scorian_ cited by Sweet.

SCARTH, _sb._ the cormorant. Dunbar, T.M.W., 92; F., 194; Douglas,
I, 46, 15. O.N. _skarfr_, Norse _skarv_, cormorant. Shetland,
_scarf_.

SCHOIR, _sb._ a threat, menace. Bruce, VI, 621; Gol. and Gaw., 103.
B-S. derive from O. Sw. _skorra_, O.N. _skera_.

SCOL, _vb._ to wish one health, an expression used in drinking, just
as the Norse _skaal_ is used. Montg. S., 69, 13. O.N. _skal_,
Norse _skaal_, a drinking cup. Cp. Sco. _skull_, a goblet.
Ir.-Gael. _scala_, _sgaile_, a beaker, is a Norse loan-word
(Craigie).

SCOUG, scog, _vb._ to shelter. M.W., 20, 19; Isaiah, XVIII, 6. O.N.
_skuggi_, shade, Norse _skugge_, to shade, Sw. _skugga_, sb.,
Dan. _skygge_, to shade. Spelled _scug_ also in Sco.

SCRATCH, _sb._ an hermaphrodite. Jamieson. O.N. _skratti_, a
monster. This form exists in Yorkshire, otherwise the form in
Eng. dial. is _scrat_. See Wall.

SCRIP, a coarse or obscene gesture. Wallace, VI, 143. Probably from
O.N. _skripi_. Cp. _skripatal_, scurrilous language,
_skripalæti_, buffoonery, scurrilous gestures. With the Sco.
word cp. the Norse _skripa_, vb., _skripa_, sb. f., and Ic.
_skrípr_, sb. m. See Aasen.

SCUD, _vb._ to hurry away, hasten on. Burns, 55, 1, 4. Eng. _scud_
Skeat derives from Dan. _skyde_, Sw. _skutta_. The Sw. form is
nearest, the Dan. form shows umlaut. The corresponding O.E.
word is _scēotan_.

SCUDLER, a male kitchen servant. Wallace, 5, 10, 27. Cp. O.N.
_skutilsvæinn_, a page at a royal table. _Skutil_ is the same
as O.E. _scutel_, a dish, a trencher. In O.N. it means also
"a small table." The unpalatalized _sc_, as well as the usage,
would indicate that the word is a loan-word.

SEIR, SER, _adj._ various, separate. Rolland, Prol., 295; R.R., 990;
"Freires of Berwick," 321. O.N. _sér_, for oneself,
separately. Originally the dative of the refl. pron., but used
very frequently as an adverb.

SEMELEY, _adv._ proper, looking properly. Wallace, I, 191; Wyntoun,
IX, 26, 53. _Seimly_, _semely-farrand_, good-looking,
handsome, also means "in proper condition." Redundant, since
_semely_ and _farrand_ in Sco. mean the same. O.N. _sæmiligr_.
See Skeat.

SHACKLET, _adj._ crooked, distorted. Burns, 322, I, 7. O.N.
_skakkr_, skew, wry, distorted, _skakki-fótr_, wry leg, Norse
_skakk_, crooked, so Sw. dial. _skak_, Dan. _skak_, slanting.
The palatal _sh_ is unusual, but cp. _dash_ from _daska_.
Norse words generally preserve _sk_ in all positions, genuine
Eng. words do not. See Part I, 12 and 13.

SHIEL, _sb._ shelter, protection. Burns, 226, 119, 3. O.N, _skjól_,
shelter, cover, refuge, Norse _skjul_, _skjol_, pron. _shul_,
_shol_, Dan. _skjul_, id., _skjule_, to conceal. _Shielin_,
sb. shelter, may be formed from the vb.

SHORE, _vb._ to threaten. Ramsay, I, 261. Origin rather doubtful.
Has been considered Scand. See _schoir_.

SIT (sīt), _vb._ to grieve. Wallace, I, 438. O.N. _sýta_, Norse
_syta_, to care. See _syte_, sb.

SITEFULL, _adj._ sorrowful, distressing. Douglas, I, 40, 19. Cp.
Norse _suteful_. See _syte_, sb.

SKAIL, SKALE, SCALE, _vb._ to scatter, disperse, dismiss, part,
leave. A very common word. O.N. _skilja_, separate, O. Dan.
_skiliæ_, Norse, _skilja_, Dan. _skille_, Sw. dial. _skila_.
The long vowel is unusual. Cp. _skeely_ in N. Sco. from O.N.
_skilinn_. The same change of _i_ to an e-vowel is observed in
_gleit_ and _quey_.

SKAIL, _sb._ a storm, a strong wind that "skails." Isaiah, XXVIII,
2. See _skail_, vb.

SKATH, SKAITH, SCAITH, _sb._ harm, misery. O.N. _skaði_, harm,
damage, Norse _skade_, id., Dan. _skade_, O.E. _sceaða_.

SKANT, _sb._ want, poverty. Burns, 290, I, 3. O.N. _skammt_. See
Skeat. Cp. _skerum skamti_, in short measure.

SKANTLIN, _sb._ little. Burns, 5, 5, 7. As adv. generally
_skantlins_, _scantlings_, scarcely. O.N. _skamt_.

SKANTLY, _adv._ with difficulty, hardly. C.S., 69. See _skant_.

SKAR, _sb._ a scarecrow, a fright. Lyndsay, 437, 1633. From vb.
_skar_, to frighten, Eng. _scare_, M.E. _skerren_. O.N.
_skirra_. See Skeat.

SKEIGH, _adj._ originally meant timid, then very frequently, dainty,
nice, finally, proud. Dunbar, T.M.W., 357. Burns, 193, 46, I.
Norse _sky_, Dan. _sky_, adj. and also vb. _sky_, to avoid.
B-S. compares Sw. _skygg_ also, which is the same word, but
the vowel is long. The Sco. word, furthermore, seems to
suggest an older diphthong. It could, however, not be O.E.
_sceah_, which gave M.E. _scheah_ and should have become
_schee_ in N. Sco. Doubtful.

SKER, _adj._ timid, easily frightened. Dunbar, T.M.W., 357; Lyndsay,
227, 126. O.N. _skjarr_, shy, timid, Sw. dial. _skar_, M.E.
_scer_, Cu. _scar_, wild.

SKEWYT, _vb. pret._ turned obliquely. Wallace, IX, 148. O.N.
_skæifr_, O. Ic. _skeifr_, oblique, Norse _skæiv_, _skjaiv_,
crooked, Dan. _skjæv_. The Dan word exhibits monophthongation
of _æi_ to _æ_ (not to _e_, _i_, as in _sten_).

SKILL, _sb._ motive, reason. Gol. and Gaw., 147; Bruce, I, 214, 7.
See Skeat, and Kluge and Lutz. In Dunbar, 307, 63, "did nane
skill," did not do a wise thing.

SKOG, SCOUG, _sb._ place of retreat, shelter, protection. Dalr.,
I, 30, 29; Isaiah, XXXII, 2. O.N. _skuggi_, shade, Norse
_skugge_, O. Sw. _skuggi_.

SKOGY, _adj._ shady. Douglas, III, 1, 21, 16. See _scoug_.

SKRECH, SKRIK, _sb._ a scream, yell. C.S., 39; Rolland, IV, 336.
O.N. Norse _skrik_, a cry, a yell, _skrikja_, vb. Dan.
_skrig_. Cu. _skrike_ to scream. Eng. _shriek_ < O.E.
*_scrician_.

SKRYP, _sb._ bag. Dunbar, F., 509. O.N. _skreppa_, a bag, Norse
_skreppa_, Dan. _skreppe_, Sw. _skräppa_, id.

SKUGG, _sb._ a shadow. Dunbar, III, 24, 12. O.N. _skuggi_. See
_skog_. Cp. _skog_, vb. to hide. Isaiah, XXVIII, 15.

SKYLE, _vb._ to hide, cover. Jamieson, quotation from Henryson. O.N.
_skjúla_, O. Ic. _skjóla_, to screen, shelter, Norse _skjula_,
Dan. _skjul_, Sw. _skyla_, Fer. _skỹla_, Shetland _skail_,
_skol_, cover, protect. Our word corresponds most closely to
the Fer. word. Both are developed out of O.N. _skjúla_. Cp.
O.N. _mjúkr_ > _meek_, in standard Eng. Norse _skjula_ has
preserved the original unumlauted vowel. The O.N. word was
pronounced _sk-iula_ or _sk-júla_. Cp. _skjenka_, which is
N. Norse dial. _sheinka_. From _skj_ developed _sh_ in
_shielin_.

SKYRIN, _adj._ shining, conspicuous because of brightness, showy.
Burns, 210, 87, 3. O.N. _skirr_, clear, bright, _skira_, to
make clear, _skýra_, to purify. (Cp. Norse _skjerr-torsdag_,
O.N. _skiriþorsdagr_, Maundy Thursday.) O.E. _scir_ > N. Eng.
_sheer_.

SLAIK, _vb._ to smooth, to lick. L.L., 457, 2173. O.N. _slæikja_, to
lick, Norse _sleikja_, Dan. _slikke_, O. Sw. _slekia_, Sw.
dial. _släkja_. The Eng. word _slick_, with a short vowel,
corresponds exactly to the Dan. word, but may be native. Cp.
M.L.G. _slicken_. _Slikke_ in Dan. may be a loan-word from
L.G. The Sco. _slaik_ corresponds in every way to the O.N.,
and is certainly a loan-word proved by quality and quantity of
vowel.

SLAK, _sb._ a pit, a hollow in the ground, hollow place. Bruce, XIV,
536; R.R., 769. O.N. _slakki_, a slope, Norse _slakke_, Dan.
_slank_. Exhibits W. Scand. assimilation of _nk_ to _kk_. Cu.
_slack_, a shallow dell (Dickinson), Kent, _slank_.

SLE, _adj._ experienced, skillful. Bruce, XVI, 355; XVII, 44. O.N.
_slægr_, O. Ic. _slægr_, Eng. _sly_. See Skeat.

SLEEK, _adj._ neat, prancing, said of a horse. Burns, 7, 1, 1. O.N.
_slikr_, smooth. _Sleikit_, smooth, Dunbar, 567, 38; Burns,
117, 114. See Skeat, under _sleek_, _slick_.

SLEUTH, _sb._ track. Bruce, VII, 1 and 44. O.N. _slóð_, track,
trail. Cp. Norse _slod_, _slode_.

SLOKE, _vb._ to quench. Isaiah, I, 2, 3; and 49, 26. O.N. _slökva_,
to quench. O. Ic. _slækva_, Norse _slökka_, id. The word does
not show the Scand. umlaut _o_ > _ö_. Cu. _sleck_ has further
developed the umlaut _ö_ to _e_. Cp. O. Ic. _æ_ < O. Nh. _æ_.
All such words in Norse exhibit the intermediate stage _ö_ up
to the present time. In Ic. the _ö_ developed to _æ_, in the
first half of the 13th century. (See Noreen P.G.(2)I, 529.)
In later O. Nhb. also _æ_ > _e_.

SLOKEN, SLOKYN, _vb._ to quench, to satisfy. Dunbar, T.M.W., 283;
K.Q., 42; M.W., 116, 35. O.N. _slokna_, Norse _slokna_,
inchoative of _slökva_. It may, however, be an infinitive in
_en_ from _slökkva_, see _slock_.

SLOKNING, _sb._ the act of quenching, also the power of quenching.
Douglas, II, 26, heading of Chapter XII; Montg. C. and S.,
1377. Pr. p., see _sloken_. Cp. O.N. _slokning_, Dan.
_slukning_.

SLONK, _sb._ a ditch, a depression in the land, also a slope on the
mountain side. Winyet, II, 19, 5; Wallace, III, 4. Dan.
_slank_, a depression in the land, a hollow, O.N. _slakki_,
Norse _slakke_. The non-assimilation proves E. Scand. source.
Cp. Sw. dial. _slakk_ adj. bending, e.g., "bakken jär no na
slakk," the hill slopes a great deal, again a W. Scand. form
in Sw. dial. The word is probably related to Eng. _slack_,
loose, lax, Dan. _slak_, Norse _slāk_.

SLUT, _sb._ a slattern, an untidy woman. Dunbar, 119, 71. O.N.,
O. Ic. _slöttr_. See Skeat.

SMAIK, _sb._ a coward. Sat. P., 39, 175; Lyndsay, 425, 1320, and
434, 1562. O.N. _smöykr_, adj. timid, M.L.G. _smeker_ means
"a flatterer," besides the vowel, as well as the final _r_ of
the L.G. word, is against a L.G. origin of the Sco. word. The
Sco. _ai_ indicates an original diphthong. Cp. Cu. _smaik_
applied to a small boy, or any small being.

SNAPE-DIKE, _sb._ an enclosure. Jamieson, Ayr. Cp. O.N. _snap_,
a pasture for cattle, especially a winter pasture (Haldorson),
_snapa_, vb. to nibble, M.E. _snaipen_. The vowel in the Sco.
word proves an original open _a_, hence it is from the vb.
_snapa_. O.N. _snap_, sb. would have given _snăp_. Our word
is _snēp._

SNIB, SNEB, _vb._ to snub, check, reprove. Sat., P., 33, 18; L.L.,
3387. Dan. _snibbe_, M.E. _snibben_. Eng. _snub_ and M.E.
_snubben_ correspond to O.N. _snubba_ with original unumlauted
vowel.

SNITE, _vb._ to blow the nose, to snuff a candle. Jamieson. O.N.
_snýta_, Norse _snyta_, used exactly the same way, Dan.
_snyde_. Sw. _snute_ and M.L.G. _snuten_ have unumlauted vowel
which would have given _snoot_, _snowt_, or _snoit_ in Sco.

SOCK, _vb._ to examine, investigate. Fergusson, 169. Probably from
O.N. _sækja_, to seek, Norse _söka_, _sökja_, Dan. _söge_
since O. Nhb. _sæca_ later became _sēca_ and developed as
W.S. _sécan._

SOLANDE, _sb._ a soland goose. Dalr., I, 25, 1. O.N. _súla_ + _n_
(Skeat). The _d_ is epenthetic. The _n_ is the post-positive
definite article, a peculiarly Scand. characteristic.

SOP, _sb._ a round, compact body. Bruce, III, 47. O.N. _soppr_,
a ball (Skeat), Norse _sopp_, id. Cp. Cu. _sop_, "a milk-
maid's cushion for the head."

SOUM, _sb._ The rope or chain a plow is drawn by. Dunbar, III, 126,
21. O.N. _saumr_, a seam, trace. In Bruce, X, 180, _hede-
soyme_, sb. the trace.

SOYM, _sb._ trace of a cart. Bruce, X, 233. From O.N. _saumr_,
a seam (Skeat), Norse _saum_, Dan. _söm_. For _oy_ in place of
_ou_, as we should expect, cp. _gowk_ and _goilk_, _lowp_ and
_loip_, etc., and the Norse _laupa_ and _loipa_.

SPAE, SPA, _vb._ to prophesy. Douglas, II, 142, 2; II, 2; Burns, 37,
2, 2. O.N. _spá_, to prophesy, Norse _spaa_, Dan. _spaa_, id.
Cp. _spaamand_, _spaafolk_, and Sco. _spaeman_, _spaefolk_,
_spaewife_.

SPAY, SPE, _sb._ prophecy, omen, augury. Dalr., II, 5, 8; Isaiah,
XLVII, 12. O.N. _spá_, a prophecy. _Vǫluspá_, the vala's
prophecy, M.E. _spa_.

SPAEQUEAN, _sb._ fortune teller, spaewife. Isaiah, XLVII. O.N.
_spákona_, a woman who spaes. The compound may, however,
be Sco.

SPALE, _sb._ lath, chip, splinter. R.R., 1979; Burns, 132, 114.
Norse _spela_, _spila_, _speil_, a splinter, a chip, also
_spol_. O.N. _spölr_, a rail, bar, lattice work, sometimes
means "a short piece of anything." Cu. _speal_. The O.E. word
is _speld._ Cp. Fr. _espalier_.

SPENN, _vb._ to button, to lace. Jamieson. O.N. _spenna_, to clasp.
Norse _spenna_, lace, _spenne_ sb. a buckle, Dan. _spænde_,
Sw. _spänne_, to lace. The O.E. word is _spannan_, without
umlaut. The meaning as well as the form of the Sco. word is
Scand.

SPRACK, _adj._ lively, animated. Jamieson. O.N. _sprǽkr_, quick,
strong, sprightly, Norse _spræk_, spry, nimble, Dan. _spræk_,
M.E. _sprac_. This is one of a few undoubted Scand. words
found in South Eng. diall.

SPIL, _sb._ a stake. Douglas, III, 250, 16. O.N. *_spílr_, variant
of _spölr_. Cp. Norse _spil_, in the diall. of Western Norway.
See _spale_.

SPRATTLE, _vb._ to walk through mud, to scramble through wet and
muddy places as the result of which one's clothes become
soiled. Burns, 10, 11, 3; also 68, 1, 3. O.N. _spretta_, Norse
_spretta_ to spurt, sputter, splash, Sw. _spritte_. On
assimilation of _nt_, cp. _sprent_. The _l_ is frequentative.
Exhibits characteristic Sco. change of _e_ to _a_ before t.
Cp. _wat_ for _wet_, _swat_ for _sweat_.

SPRENT, _vb._ to start, spring. Wallace, N, 23. O. Dan. _sprenta_,
spurt out, spring, start, O.N. _spretta_, Norse _spretta_,
shoot forth, spurt. In Cu. a pen is said to _sprent_ when it
scatters the ink over the paper. So in Norse. The Sco. word
agrees more closely in meaning with the Norse than with the
Dan. but exhibits E. Scand. non-assimilation of _nt_ to _tt_
which took place in Norse before 1000. Sw. diall. which
otherwise have many W. Scand. characteristics have both
_sprenta_ and _spritta_. The word _sprætte_ also occurs in
later Dan.

SPRENT, _sb._ a spring, as the back spring of a knife. Wallace, IV,
238. See _sprent_, vb.

STAKKER, STACKER, _vb._ to stagger. Brace, II, 42; Gol. and Gaw.,
II, 25. O.N. _stakra_. See B-S. under M.E. _stakerin_. Cp.
Norse _stakra_, to stagger, to fall.

STANG, _vb._ to sting. R.R., 771. O.N. _stanga_, to prick, goad,
also to butt, Norse _stanga_, Dan. _stange_, id., M.E.
_stangen_.

STAPP, _vb._ to put into, to stuff, fill. Dunbar, T.M.W., 99; Montg.
C. and S., 1552; Isaiah, VI, 6; M.W. 21, 12. O.N. _stappa_, to
stamp down, Norse _stappa_, to stuff, fill, same as O.E.
_stempan_, Eng. _stamp_, Dan. _stampe_. The assimilated form
_stampa_ occurs in Norse beside _stappa_. The usage in Sco. is
distinctively Norse and the vowel is the Norse vowel. Not the
same as Eng. _stop_, O.E. (_for_)_stoppian_ in Leechdoms. With
the last cp. Dan. _stoppe_ used just like Eng. _stop_.

STARN, _sb._ the helm of a vessel. Dunbar, F., 450. O.N. _stjorn_,
steerage, helm, Norse _stjorn_, vb. _stjorna_, to steer,
cognate with Eng. _steer_, O.E. _styrian_. For a similar
difference between the Eng. and the Norse word cp. Eng. _star_
and Norse _stjerne_.

STARR, _sb._ sedge, heavy coarse grass. Jamieson. See Wall under
_star_.

STERN, STARN, _sb._ star. C.S., 48; Dunbar, G.T. 1; Lindsay, 239,
492. O.N. _stjarna_, Dan. _stjerne_, star, Norse _stjerna_.

STERT, _vb._ to start, rush. Poet. R., 109, 8. O.N. _sterta_. For
discussion of this word see Skeat.

STOOP, _sb._ See _roop_.

STORKYN, _vb._ to become rigid, stiffen. Dunbar, 248, 48. Norse
_storkna_, coagulate, become rigid. See Wall under _storken_.

STOT, _sb._ a young bull, bullock. Montg., C. and S., 1099; A.P.B.
1, 306; Burns, 231, 129, 4. Stratmann derives M.E. _stot_,
"buculus," from Sw. _stut_; and _stot_, "caballus," from O.E.
_stotte_. O.N. _stútr_ is rather the source of the former.
Norse _stut_, Dan. _stud_.

STOUR, _sb._ a pole. Douglas, III, 248, 27. O.N. _staur_, a pole,
a stake, Norse _staur_, Sw. _stör_, Dan. and Dano-Norse
_stör_. See the quotation under _pocknet_.

STOWIT, _pt. p._ cutoff, cropped. Douglas, III, 42, 3. O.N. _stúfa_,
a stump, _stýfa_, to cut off, Dan. _stuve_, Sw. _stuf_,
a piece left after the rest has been cut away, _styva_, to
crop, O. Sw., Sw. dial. _styva_, _stuva_, id. An O.E.
_styfician_, to root up, occurs once (Leechdoms). See B-T.

STOWP, _sb._ a pitcher, a beaker. Dunbar, 161, 26. O.N. _staup_,
a beaker, a cup, Norse _staup_, id., Dan. _stöb_, O.E.
_stēap_, O.H.G. _stouf_.

STRAY, STRAE, STRA, _sb._ straw. O.N. _strá_, Dan., Norse _straa_,
Sw. _strå _, Cu. _strea_.

STROUP, (strūp), _sb._ the spout of a kettle or pump. Burns, 602;
Jamieson. O.N. _strjúpi_, the spurting trunk, Norse _strupe_
and _striupe_, the throat, gullet, Dan. _strube_, id., M.E.
_strūpe_, the throat.

STUDIE, _sb._ anvil. Dunbar, 141, 52. The word rhymes with _smidy_.
See _styddy_.

STYDDY, STUDDIE, STUTHY, _sb._ anvil. Douglas, III, 926, 9;
III, 180, 26; Dunbar 141, 52. See also Burns, 502. O.N.
_steði_, a stithy, an anvil. Norse _sted_. Sw. _städ_.
Exhibits change of ð to _d_ which is a Sco. characteristic,
but does not often take place in Norse words. See, too, Cu.
_stiddy, steady_.

SUMPH, _sb._ a blunt fellow. Burns, 98, 1. Norse _sump_, a bungler,
a simpleton, _sumpa_, vb. to entangle, put into disorder,
_sump_, a disordered mass. Cu. _sumph_. M.L.G. _sump_, and
Dan. _sump_ do not seem to be quite the same.

SWARF, _vb._ originally to turn, then to overturn, fall over, fall.
Burns, 211, 87, 4. O.N. _svarfa_, to turn aside, to be turned
upside down, Sw. _swarfve_, Norse _svarva_, turn, swing about,
Dan. _svarve_ or _svarre_. Eng. _swerve_ does not quite
correspond. O.E. _sweorfan_ meant "to file, polish," O.S.
_swerban_, to wipe off, polish, O.F. _swerva_, to creep.

SWAGE, SWEY, _vb._ sway, waver, also turn, make turn. Sat. P., 5, 8;
Douglas, II, 104, 12. O.N. _svæigja_, to bend, to sway, Dan.
_sveie_, Sw. dial. _sväiga_, Norse _sveigja_.

SYTE, _sb._ grief, suffering. Lyndsay, 273, 333. Montg., M.P.,
V, 14. O.N. _sýta_, to wail, _sýting_, sb., _sút_, grief,
affliction, Norse _sut_, care, _syta_, to care. Skeat cites
_sut_ (in list) which would exactly correspond to the O.N. sb.
Brate accepts an O.N. sb. _syt_.

TAIT, _adj._ foul. Montg., F., 755. O.N. _tað_. The change of _ð_ to
_t_ is unusual. See Wall.

TANGLE, _sb._ seaweed, stalk of a seaweed. Dalr., I, 62, 1; Burns,
91, 2, 2. O.N. _þöngul_, tangle, seaweed. Cp. _þönglabakki_,
Tangle-hill, name of a place in Iceland. In Norse _tangel_
same as Eng. _tangle_, _entangle_.

TANGLING, _pr. p._, _adj._ clinging, intertwining. Burns, 60, 3,
tangling roots, clinging together in tangles. See _tangle_.

TARN, _sb._ a small lake. Jamieson. O.N. _tjörn_, a small lake,
Norse _tjönn_, _tjörn_, Sw. _tjärn_, M.E. _terne_, a lake.
Particularly Sco. and N.W. Eng. Cp. Shetland _shon_, _shoden_,
a pool, a little lake. The last example exhibits W.Norse
change of _rn_ to _dn_. The form _tjödn_ occurs in Sogn,
Norway.

TATH, _sb._ Jamieson. O.N. _tað_. See Wall.

TEAL, TILL, _vb._ to entice. Wallace, VI, 151, and Jamieson. O.N.
_tæla_, to entice, related to Norse _telja_. Sco. _tealer_,
_sb._ Jamieson. The form in _i_ is strange.

TEYND, TEIND, _sb_, tithe. C.S., 123; Lyndsay, 152, 4690; Rolland,
I, 546. O.N. _tíund_, the tenth, the tithe, Norse _tiende_,
Dan. _tiende_, the regular ordinal of _ti_.

THA, _dem. pron._ these, those. Same form in all cases. Wallace, X,
41; Wyntoun, I, 1, 6. O.N. _þeir_.

THECK, _vb._ to thatch. Ramsay, II, 224. Has been taken as a loan-
word from O.N. _þekja_, to thatch, Norse _tekka_, Sw. _täcka_.
Cp. O.E. _þeccan. Theck_ probably comes from O. Nhb. _þecca._

THIR, _dem. pron._ these, those. Bruce, I, 76; Dunbar, G.T., 127;
Lyndsay, 4, 20, 1175; R.R., 108. O.N. _þeir._ Cp. M.E. _þir_,
_þer_, those, Cu. _thur_.

THRA, _adj._ eager. Bruce, XVIII, 71. O.N. _þrár_, obstinate,
persistent, Norse _traa_, untiring, also wilful, Sw. dial.
_trå_, M.E. _þra_, bold, strong, _thraly_, adv. Wyntoun, II,
8, 55; VII, 8, 186. See Wall. Skeat cites Eng. dial. _thro_.

THRA, _adv._ boldly. Dunbar, T.M.W., 195. See above, _thra_.

TRAIF, _sb._ two stooks or twenty-four sheaves of grain. Dunbar,
228. O.N. _þrefi_, a number of sheaves, Dan. _trave_, Sw.
_trafwe_, twenty sheaves of grain, M.E. _þrāve_, a bundle,
a number, Cu. _threve_, _threeav_.

THREAVE, _sb._ a crowd, a large number. Ramsay, II, 463. The same
word as _thraif_, q.v.

THRIST, _vb._ to thrust, push, also means to clasp. Bruce, XIII,
156; R.R. 12, 9; Rolland, IV, 590. O.N. _þrýsta_, to thrust,
force, Norse _trysta_, to press together, M.E. _þrīsten,
þrȳstan._ Lyndsay also uses the word in the sense of
"to pierce."

THWAITE, _sb._ originally a small piece of cleared land on which
ahouse was built, a cottage with its paddock. O.N. _þvæit_,
O. Ic. _þveit_. Northwest England _thwaite_, Norse _tveit_,
_tvæit_, Dan. _tved_. Occurs in a number of place-names in
S. Scotland, especially in Dumfriesshire. Its form is Norse
not Dan. _Thweet_ or _thwet_ would correspond to the Dan.
word, but see also Part III, 1.

TIT, TYT, adv. soon, quickly. Bruce, II, 4; IV, 289. O.N. _títt_,
adv. frequently, in quick succession, "höggva hart ok títt."
The Sco. word comes from this O.N. form, which is simply the
neuter inflected form of _tiðr_, adj. meaning "customary,
familiar." The comparative _titter_ often means "rather" in
Sco., like Eng. _sooner_. Cp. Cu. "I'd as tite deat as nut,"
"I'd as lief do it as not."

TITHAND, TITAND, _sb._ news, tidings. Bruce, IV, 468; Lyndsay,
341, 720. O.N. _tiðindi_, news, Norse _tidende_, id., Dan.
_tidende_, Orm. _tiþennde._ Of O.E. _tidung_ > _tidings_
Bosworth says: "the use of the word, even if its form be not
borrowed from Scand., seems to have Scand. influence."

TITLENE, _sb._ the hedge sparrow. C.S., 38. O.N. _titlingr_, a tit,
a sparrow.

TOYM, TUME, _sb._ leisure. Bruce, V, 64, 2, XVII, 735. O.N. _tóm_,
leisure (Skeat).

TRAIST, _vb._ to trust. Bruce, I, 125; XVII, 273; Rolland, I, 27.
_Trast_, _adj._ secure, _traist_, _sb._ confidence. Lindsay,
229, 195. _Traisting_, _sb._ confidence, reliance, L.L., 25.
Cp. O.N. _tröysta_, _adj._ _traustr_, and Eng. _trust_, M.E.
_trusten_. I do not at present understand the relation between
the forms in _e_, and these in _u_ and _ou_.

TRIG, _adj._ trim, neat, handsome. M.W., 159, 26. O.N. _tryggr_,
true, trusty, unconcerned, _trygging_, security, O. Dan.
_trygd_, _trugd_, confidence (Schlyter), Norse _trygg_,
secure, unconcerned, confident, _tryggja_, to consider secure,
_tryggja sek_, feel secure, Dan. _tryg_, fearless, confident.
Cp. Cu. _trig_, tight, well-fitted, "trig as an apple." The
M.E. _trig_ means faithful, see B-S. Ramsay, II, 526, uses the
adv. _trigly_ in the sense of "proudly."

TWIST, _sb._ twig, branch. Bruce, VII, 188; Montg., C. and S.,
Irving, 468. O.N. _kvistr_, a twig, O. Dan., _quist_, Norse,
Dan. _kvist_, Sw. _quist_, id. For the change of _kv_ (_kw_)
to _tw_ cp. Norse, Dan. _kviddre_, Sw. _quittra_, Du.
_kwittern_ with Eng. _twitter_, and _kj_ to _tj_ in W.Norse.
A regular change.

TYNE, _vb._ lose, impair, destroy. C.S., 3; Wyntoun, IX, 21, 14;
R.R. 779. O.N. _týna_, to lose, destroy, Norse _tyna_, to
lose, sometimes impair, Sw. dial. _tyna_, to destroy.

TYNSELL, TYNSALE, _sb._ loss. Bruce, V, 450, XIX, 449; R.R., 505. In
Wyntoun, IX, 3, 25, it means "delay, loss of time," frequently
means "loss of life, slaughter." M.E. _tinsel_, loss, ruin,
probably a Sco. formation from _tyne_, to lose, similarly in
Norse _tynsell_, loss (not frequent), from _tyna_.

TYNSALE, _vb._ to lose, suffer loss. Bruce, XIX, 693. See the sb.

TYTT, _adj._ firm, tight. Wallace, VII, 21, 2. O.N. _þittr_, tight,
close, Norse, _tett_ or _titt_, Dan. _tæt_, Sw. _tät_, close
together, tight, Eng. dial. _theet_. The long vowel in _theet_
is unusual.

UG, _vb._ to dislike, abhor. Winyet, II, 31, 32; Scott, 71, 119.
O.N. _ugga_, abhor, Norse _ugga_, see B-S.

UGSUM, _adj._ fearful. Sat. P., 3, 135. See _ug_. _Ougsum_, Howlate,
I, 8, means "ugly."

UNDERLIE, _adj._ wonderful. Gau, 29, 24. Dan. _underlig_, Norse,
_underleg_, O.N. _underlegr_, wonderful, shows Scand. loss of
_w_ before _u_. The O.E. word is _wundorlic_, cp. Scand.
_ulf_, Eng. _wolf_. The word is Dan. in Gau.

UNFLECKIT, _adj._ unstained. Psalms, XXIV, 4. See _fleckerit_.

UNGANAND (gēn.), _adj._ unfit, unprepared. Douglas, II, 48, 16.
See _ganand_.

UNRUFE, _sb._ restlessness, vexation. Gol. and Gaw., 499. See
_rove_, sb. Cp. Norse _uro_, restlessness, noise, Dan. _uro_,
id.

UNSAUCHT, _adj._ disturbed, troubled. Gol. and Gaw., II, 12. See
_saucht_.

UPBIGARE, _sb._ a builder. Winyet, II, 3, 4. See _big_. Cp. Norse
_bygga up_.

UPLOIP, _vb._ leap up. Montg., M.P., III, 33. See _loup_. On this
change of _ou_ to _oi_ cp. the same word in Norse, _laupa_ and
_loipa_.

VATH, WAITH, _sb._ danger. Bruce, V, 418; Wallace, IX, 1737.
O.N._váði_, harm, mishap, disaster, Dan. _vaade_, danger,
adversity, Sw. _våde_, an unlucky accident, M.E. _wāþe_,
peril. Does not seem to exist in the modern diall.

VITTERLY, _adv._ certainly. Bruce, IV, 771; X, 350. O.N. _vitrliga_,
wisely, Dan. _vitterlig_, well-known, undoubted, M.E.
_witerliche_, certainly.

VYNDLAND, _pr. p._ whirling around. Bruce, XVII, 721. O.N. _vindla_,
to wind up. Norse _vindel_, a curl, anything twisted or wound.
Cu. _winnel_. Cp. Dan. _vindelbugt_, a spiral twist. Skeat
cites provincial Eng. _windle_, a wheel for winding yarn.

WAG, _vb._ to totter, walk unsteady. Dunbar, 120, 98. Norse,
_vagga_, to swing, rock, sway, O.N. _vaga_, to waddle. See
further Skeat.

WAGGLE, _vb._ to wag, sway from side to side, wabble. M.W., 16, 23;
51, 5. Sw. dial. _vagla_, _vackla_, to reel, Norse _vakla_,
id. May be taken as a Sco. frequentative of _wag_, q.v. Not to
be derived from the L.G. word. Confined to the Scand.
settlements.

WAILIE, _adj._ excellent. Burns, 179, 2, 3, and 8, 7. See _wale_,
sb.

WAILIT, _adj._ choice, fashionable, excellent. Rolland, I, 64. See
_wail_, vb.

WALE, _vb._ to select, choose. Douglas, III, 3, 21; Dunbar, G.T.,
186. Probably from the noun _wale_, choice. The vowel does not
correspond with that of the O.N. vb. _velja_, which should
have become _well_. But the forms _dwall_ from O.N. _dvelja_,
and _hale_, O.N. _hella_, appear in Sco. _Wale_ may be a
formation analogous to _hale_.

WAITH, _sb._ the spoil of the chase or of fishing. Wallace, I, 386.
O.N. _væiðr_, a catch in hunting or fishing. Norse _veidd_,
the chase, _veida_, to hunt. On Sco. _faid_, a company of
hunters. See I, §22.

WANDRETH, _sb._ sorrow, trouble. Douglas, I, 88, 14. O.N.
_vandræði_, difficulty, trouble. Norse, _vanraad_, misery,
poverty.

WANT, VANT, _vb._ lack, stand in need of, suffer. Montg., S., 48, 3;
Lyndsay, 152, 40704; Bruce, V, 422; Burns, 113, 2, 3. O.N.
_vanta_, to lack. Norse _vanta_, lack, never means desire.
This is the regular use of the word in Sco.

WANTHREIVIN, _adj._ unthriven, miserable. Montg., F., 327. O.N.
_van_ + _þrifenn_, Norse _vantreven_, O.N. vb. _þrifa_, Norse
_triva_, _vantriva_ (refl.). See Skeat under Eng. _thrive_ and
_thrift_.

WAP (wæ̆p), _vb._ to turn, overturn, throw, hurl. Douglas, I, 2,
20; III, 167, 28; Gol. and Gaw., 127. O.N. _vappa_, to waddle.
Norse _vappa_, turn, wrap around. Sw. dial. _vappla_, wrap up.
Cu. _wap_, to wrap.

WARE, _vb._ to lay out money, spend. Rolland, III, 450; Dunbar, 92,
13; R.R., 3553. O.N. _verja_, to invest money. See Wall.

WAUR, _vb._ to overcome. Burns, 7, 1, 7; Psalms, CXL, 2. See _werr_.
Cp. Eng. _worst_ as a vb. and superlative of bad, worse.

WEIK, _vb._ to weaken. Scott, 68, 14. Cp. Norse _veikja_, to
weaken, make weak. O.N. _væikja_, to grow weak, both from adj.
_væikr_, weak, same as O.E. _wāc_. The Sco. vb. may be
formed directly from the adj., in which case its origin
becomes uncertain. Skeat says Eng. _weak_, M.E. _weyke_ (which
replaced _wook_ < O.E. _wāc_), is from O.N. _væikr_. But
the M. Sco. form of O.E. or O. Nhb. _wāc_ was _wāke_
(wēk); our word could come from this. The diphthong,
however, rather indicates that it comes from the Norse vb.

WEILL-VARANDLY, _adv._ in a proper manner. R.R., 911. See _farrand_.
Cp. O.N. _fara vel_, Norse _fara vel_, to go well, _velfaren_,
gone well.

WELTER, _vb._ to roll, turn, overturn. Bruce, XI, 25; III, 700;
Douglas, II, 125, 25; T.M.W., 439; Lyndsay, 342, 770. O.N.
_valtra_, to be unsteady, not firm, easily shaken. O. Sw.
_valltra_, Sw. dial. _välltra_, to roll.

WERR, WERE, WAR, VAR, WAUR, _adj._ worse. C.S., 57; Lyndsay,
428, 1392; R.R., 589, etc. O.N. _verr_, worse, Norse _verr_,
_verre_, Dan. _værre_, Sw. _värr_, Cu. _waar_. This is the
modern Sco. pronunciation of it. The O. Fr. _wirra_ does not
correspond to the Sco. forms of the word. It is most common in
Scotland and N.W. England.

WICHT, _adj._ strong, vigorous, skillful. Bruce, VII, 263; Ramsay,
I 253. O.N. _vígr_, fit for battle, skilled in war, from
_víg_, battle, Sw. _vig_, active, M.E. _wiht_, valiant. B-S.
queries the word, but thinks it may come from M.L.G. _wicht_,
heavy, thus the same word as Eng. _weight_. This meaning is,
however, not satisfactory. The Sco. usage is that of the
Scand. word. The _t_ is inflectional. Cp. O.N. _eiga vígt um_.

WICK, _vb._ to make to turn, to strike off on the side, strike a
stone in an oblique direction, a term in curling, to hit the
corner (Wagner). O.N. _víkja_, to turn, to veer, Sw. dial.
_vik_, Sw. _wika_, Norse _vikja_, _vika_, to turn (causative).
Dan. _vige_ not quite the same word.

WILKATT, _sb._ a wild cat, Dalr., I, 723. Ramsay II, 500. O.N.
_vill_ + Eng., Norse _cat_, _kat_.

WILL, VILL, _adj. adv._ lost, bewildered, astray. Dunbar, 228, 74;
Douglas, II, 24, 6, "to go will." O.N. _villr_, bewildered,
_fara villt_, get lost, Norse _vill_, astray, Dan. _vild_, Sw.
_vill_. Cp. Cu. _wills_, doubts, "Aaz i' wills whether to gang
or nit."

WILRONE, _sb._ a wild boar. Scott, 71, 106. O.N. _vill_, wild, +
_runi_, a boar, a wild boar, Norse _rone_, _raane_, Sw. dial.
_råne_, Dan., with metathesis, _orne_.

WILSUM, _adj._ errant, wandering. Douglas, II, 65, 16; "a wilsome
way," "Freires of Berwick," 410. See _will_, astray. _Wilsum_
more frequently means "willful," is Eng.

WISSLE, VISSIL, WYSSIL. Douglas, III, 225, 8; Bruce, XII, 580;
Montg., F., 578. O.N. _vixla_, to cross, to put across,
_vixlingr_, a changeling (Cl. and V.), Norse _veksla_,
_vessla_, to exchange, Dan. _veksle_. Sco. and Norse both show
the change of _ks_ to _ss_. The Norse form _versla_ shows
later dissimilation of _ss_ to _rs_. This is W.Norse.

WITTIR, _sb._ a sign. Douglas, II, 231, 16. See _wittering_.

WITTERING, VITTERING, _sb._ information, knowledge. Bruce, IV, 562;
Douglas, II, 185, 27. O.N. _vitring_, revelation, from vb.
_vitra_, to reveal. Norse _vitring_, information, M.E.
_witering_, id.

WELTER, _sb._ an overturning. Winyet, I, 49, 22. See the vb.
_welter_.