Chapter XLVII: Appendix: Velocity Table (1)

The following is a tabular form showing the velocities of moving bodies as given by Peschel:

Feet
per second.
Rivers 3-4
Very rapid stream 13
Wind (ordinary) 10
Storm 54
Hurricane 80-120
Sound (through air) 1100
Sound (through metal) 12,000
Air in vacuum 1280
Ball from air-gun }
Air condensed 100 times } 697
Musket ball 1280
Rifle ball (at most) 1600
Cannon ball (24-pounder) 2450
Earth's rotation (at equator) 1525
Earth's centre in its orbit 101,061

Miles
per hour.
Racehorse 60
Pigeon 20-30
Peregrine falcon 120
Ocean steamers 21
River steamers 22
Railway train 80
Sailing vessel 10
Malay proa 20

Miles
per second.
Light 200,000
Electricity 576,000

WEIGHT OF A SUPERFICIAL FOOT OF PLATE OR SHEET IRON.

+----------+-----------+---------+
| No. of | Thickness | Weight |
| the wire | in | in |
| guage. | inches. | pounds. |
+----------+-----------+---------+
| | 1 | 40 |
| | 7/8 | 35 |
| | 3/4 | 30 |
| | 11/16 | 27·5 |
| | 5/8 | 25 |
| | 9/16 | 22·5 |
| | 1/2 | 20 |
| | 7/16 | 17·5 |
| | 3/8 | 15 |
| 1 | 5/16 | 12·5 |
| 2 | | 12 |
| 3 | | 11 |
| 4 | 1/4 | 10 |
| 5 | | 8·74 |
| 6 | | 8·12 |
| 7 | 3/16 | 7·5 |
| 8 | | 6·86 |
| 9 | | 6·24 |
| 10 | | 5·62 |
| 11 | 1/8 | 5 |
| 12 | | 4·38 |
| 13 | | 3·75 |
| 14 | | 3·12 |
| 15 | | 2·82 |
| 16 | 1/16 | 2·50 |
| 17 | | 2·18 |
| 18 | | 1·86 |
| 19 | | 1·70 |
| 20 | | 1·54 |
| 21 | | 1·40 |
| 22 | 1/32 | 1·25 |
| 23 | | 1·12 |
| 24 | | 1 |
| 25 | | 0·9 |
| 26 | | 0·8 |
| 27 | | 0·72 |
| 28 | 1/64 | 0·64 |
| 29 | | 0·65 |
| 30 | | 0·50 |
+----------+-----------+---------+

WEIGHT IN POUNDS OF ONE CUBIC FOOT OF THE FOLLOWING
SUBSTANCES:

lbs.
Cast iron 450
Wrought iron 486
Steel 489
Pine wood 29·5
Water 62·5
Air 0·075
Steam 0·036

WEIGHT OF ROD IRON ONE FOOT IN LENGTH OF THE FOLLOWING
DIMENSIONS:

-----------------++-----------------++-----------------
SQUARE IRON. || ROUND IRON. || FLAT IRON.
---------+-------++---------+-------++---------+-------
Inch. |Pounds.|| Inch. |Pounds.|| Inch. |Pounds.
1/4 | 0·2 || 1/4 | 0·14|| 1/4 × 1 | 0·8
3/8 | 0·5 || 3/8 | 0·4 || 3/8 × 1 | 1·3
1/2 | 0·8 || 1/2 | 0·7 || 1/2 × 1 | 1·7
5/8 | 1·3 || 5/8 | 1 || 5/8 × 1 | 2·1
3/4 | 1·9 || 3/4 | 1·5 || 3/4 × 1 | 2·5
7/8 | 2·6 || 7/8 | 2 || 1/4 × 2 | 1·7
1 | 3·4 || 1 | 2·7 || 3/8 × 2 | 2·5
1-1/8 | 4·3 || 1-1/8 | 3·4 || 1/2 × 2 | 3·4
1-1/4 | 5·3 || 1-1/4 | 4·2 || 5/8 × 2 | 4·2
1-3/8 | 6·4 || 1-3/8 | 5 || 3/4 × 2 | 5·1
1-1/2 | 7·6 || 1-1/2 | 6 || 1/4 × 3 | 2·5
1-5/8 | 8·9 || 1-5/8 | 7 || 3/8 × 3 | 3·8
1-3/4 | 10·4 || 1-3/4 | 8·1 || 1/2 × 3 | 5·1
1-7/8 | 11·9 || 1-7/8 | 9·3 || 5/8 × 3 | 6·3
2 | 13·5 || 2 | 10·6 || 3/4 × 3 | 7·6
2-1/4 | 17·1 || 2-1/2 | 13·5 || 1/4 × 4 | 3·4
2-1/2 | 21·1 || 2-1/2 | 16·7 || 3/8 × 4 | 5·1
2-3/4 | 25·6 || 2-3/4 | 20·1 || 1/2 × 4 | 6·8
3 | 30·4 || 3 | 23·9 || 5/8 × 4 | 8·4
3-1/2 | 41·4 || 3-1/2 | 32·5 || 3/4 × 4 | 10·1
4 | 54·1 || 4 | 42·5 || 1/4 × 5 | 4·2
5 | 84·5 || 5 | 66·8 || 3/8 × 5 | 6·3
6 | 121·7 || 6 | 95·6 || 1/2 × 5 | 8·4
7 | 165·6 || 7 | 130 || 5/8 × 5 | 10·6
8 | 216·3 || 8 | 169·9 || 3/4 × 5 | 12·7
---------+-------++---------+-------++---------+-------

RELATIVE HEAT-CONDUCTING POWER OF DIFFERENT BODIES.

Gold 1000
Platinum 981
Silver 973
Copper 898
Iron 574
Zinc 363
Tin 304
Lead 180
Marble 24
Porcelain 12·2
Fire brick 11
Fire clay 11.4

_With Water as a Standard._

Water 10
Pine 39
Lime 39
Oak 33
Ash 31
Apple 28
Ebony 22

RELATIVE CONDUCTING POWER OF DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES COMPARED
WITH EACH OTHER.

Hare's fur 1·315
Eider down 1·305
Beaver's fur 1·296
Raw silk 1·284
Wool 1·118
Lamp black 1·117
Cotton 1·046
Lint 1·032
Charcoal ·937
Ashes (wood) ·927
Sewing silk ·917
Air ·576

RELATIVE CONDUCTING POWER OF FLUIDS.

Mercury 1·000
Water ·357
Proof spirit ·312
Alcohol (pure) ·232

RADIATING POWER OF DIFFERENT BODIES.

Water 100
Lamp black 100
Writing paper 100
Glass 90
Indian ink 88
Bright lead 19
Silver 12
Blackened tin 100
Clean tin 12
Scraped tin 16
Ice 85
Mercury 20
Polished iron 15
Copper 12

THE STONE WEIGHT.

The term "stone" is often used to indicate weight, but some confusion is apt to arise if the nature of the object or substance to be weighed is not clearly indicated; thus, in weighing men according to what is known as "horseman's weight," 14lb. avoirdupois are made use of; in weighing butcher's meat, 8lb.; iron, 14lb.; glass, 5lb.; hemp, 32lb.; cheese, 16lb.

THE QUALITIES OF GOLD.

Very few terms are more loosely used than that of "gold," and it is therefore necessary that the traveller should make himself fully acquainted with the nature of the alloy made use of under the name of gold in the various countries he may chance to visit. Let him not suppose that, because the glittering chain or ring displayed in an English jeweller's window is marked in conspicuous letters "Warranted fine gold," the ornament is as a matter of course composed of _pure gold_, or he will buy experience dearly. _Fine gold_ means nothing further than that an alloy of some kind containing some gold is for sale. It is well, therefore, to insist on the exact quality of the article (in carats--18 carats, 22 carats, or whatever it is represented to be) being stated on the vendor's bill of charge.

The nature of gold alloy differs materially in various countries. We have, therefore, thought it well to provide the reader with the following useful tables compiled by Mr. E. W. Streeter and used in his "Hints to Purchasers of Jewellery."

_Qualities of Gold manufactured in different Parts of the World._

£ _s._ _d._
England From 1 carat, worth 0 3 6
to 22 carats, worth 3 17 10-1/2
France " 18 carats, " 3 3 8-1/2
only common by special permission.
Denmark " 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2
Baden " 14 " " 2 9 6-1/2
Germany (all States) " 12 " " 2 2 5-1/2
to 15 carats, worth 2 13 1
Russia " 15 " " 2 13 1
to 22 " " 3 17 10-1/2
Austria " 10 " " 1 15 4-1/4
to 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2
Italy " 12 " " 2 2 5-1/2
to 22 " " 3 17 10-1/2
Holland " 4 " " 0 14 2
to 22 " " 3 17 10-1/2
Africa " 23 " " 4 3 1-1/2
India " 22 " " 3 17 10-1/2
to 23-1/2 " " 4 3 1-1/2
Rome All 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2
U. States of America From 1 " " 0 3 6
to 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2
Norway and Sweden All 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2
Belgium From 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2
to 22 " " 3 17 10-1/2
Spain All 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2
Switzerland All 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2
Geneva From 14 " " 2 9 6-1/2
Watch cases only.
China From 16 " " 2 16 7-1/2
to 23-3/4 carats, worth 4 4 0
Japan From 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2
to 23-3/4 " " 4 4 0
Brazil All 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2
Hamburg From 13-1/2 " " 2 11 3-1/2
to 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2
Turkey " 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2
Greece " 10 " " 1 15 4-1/4
to 16 " " 2 16 7-1/2
Persia " 3 " " 0 10 7-1/2
to 23-1/2 " " 4 3 1-1/2
Egypt " 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2
Rio Janeiro Imported from 1 carat 0 3 6
to 22 " " 3 17 10-1/2
Chili " " 0 3 6
to 22 " " 3 17 10-1/2
Peru " " " 0 3 6
to 22 " " 3 17 10-1/2
Siam Nearly pure, fine work.
Australia Same as England, except that made up from the
diggings.
Mexico Principal manufacture fine.

Any quality is allowed to be imported into these countries.

The following table by the same author will serve to show in a condensed form, the value of different gold alloys relatively, and also the extremely low standard at which so called "gold articles" are manufactured in this country.

_Gold Value Table._

£ _s._ _d._
22-carat gold is worth 3 17 10-1/2 per oz.
18 " " 3 3 8-1/2 "
16 " " 2 16 7-1/2 "
14 " " 2 9 6-1/2 "
10 " " 1 15 4-1/4 "
9 " " 1 11 10 "
8 " " 1 8 3-3/4 "
6 " " 1 1 2-1/2 "
4 " " 0 14 2 "
2 " " 0 7 1 "
1 " " 0 3 6 "

Since writing the early portion of this work, we have found it requisite, in order to supply a manifest want, to have manufactured a small leather case (on the exact model of our own), containing all the tests and appliances requisite for the identification of precious metals or precious stones.[D]

We have also caused to be constructed, from our own pattern, a small triple branch of gold of different degrees of alloy. Each branch, when rubbed on the touch stone, and treated with nitric acid, will leave a characteristic streak, which may be compared with one formed by rubbing the article to be tested, and treating it with acid in the same manner; the nature of the alloy will thus be found by comparison.[E]

EMERSON'S TABLE OF STRENGTHS, SHOWING THE LOAD THAT CAN BE
SAFELY BORNE BY A SQUARE INCH ROD OF EACH OF THE FOLLOWING
SUBSTANCES:
lbs. avoir.
Iron rod, 1in. square, will bear 76,400
Brass 35,600
Ivory 15,700
Oak, box, yew, plum-tree 7,850
Elm, ash, beech 6,070
Walnut, red fir, holly, elder, plane, crab 5,000
Cherry, hazel 4,760
Alder, asp, birch, willow 5,000
Lead 430
Freestone 914

[D] This, together with its accompanying instruction book, can be
obtained at the explorer's room, established by S. W. Silver & Co.,
66 & 67, Cornhill.

[E] This test branch can be obtained either at the explorer's
room, or from Mr. E. Streeter, Conduit-street, Bond-street.

Emerson's rule is, that a cylinder, the diameter of which is _d_ inches, loaded to one fourth of its absolute strength, will carry as follows:

cwt.
Iron 135 × _d_^2
Good rope 22 × _d_^2
Oak 14 × _d_^2
Fir 9 × _d_^2

Another of his rules is that a cylindrical rod of well-seasoned clean-grown fir of an inch circumference drawn in length will bear at its extremity 400lbs. and a spar of fir 2in. in diameter will bear about 7 tons, but not more. A well-made and carefully-kept hemp rope of one inch in circumference, will bear 1000lbs. being at its extremity.

Mr. Barlow has formed the following table as a mean resulting from experiments on the strength of direct cohesion on a square inch of the following substances:

lbs.
Box 20,000
Ash 17,000
Teak 15,000
Fir 12,000
Beech 11,500
Oak 10,000
Pear 9,800
Mahogany 8,000

He also states as follows regarding the transverse strength of beams, &c. Mr. Weale thus quotes from Mr. Barlow's essay: "The transverse strength of rectangular beams, or the resistance which they offer to fracture, is as the breadth and square of the depth; therefore, if two rectangular beams have the same depth, their strengths are to each other as their breadths, but if their breadths are the same, then their strengths are to each other as the square of their depths. The transverse strengths of square beams are as the cubes of the breadths or depths. Also in cylindrical beams the transverse strengths are as the cubes of the diameters. Thus, if a beam which is one foot broad and one foot deep support a given weight, then a beam of the same depth and two feet broad will support double the weight; but if a beam be one foot broad and two feet deep it will support four times as much as a beam one foot broad and one foot deep. If a beam one foot square support a given weight, then a beam two feet square will support eight times as much. Also a cylinder of two inches in diameter will support eight times as much as a cylinder one inch in diameter. The appended table gives data bearing on the subject.

Teak 2·462
English oak 1·672
Canadian oak 1·766
Dantzic oak 1·457
Adriatic 1·383
Ash 2·026
Beech 1·556
Elm 1·013
Pitch pine 1·632
Red pine 1·341
New England fir 1·102
Riga fir 1·108
Mar Forest fir 1·262
Larch 1·127

INDEX.

A.

Abyssinian mule platforms, 345

Accommodation of tents, to increase, 61

Adaptation of hames to collars, 460

Admiral Belcher's expedient for moving vessels during calms, 175

Adzes or axes, makeshift, 381

African boots, 412

Aguardiente, to make, 579

Albatross, catching, 587

Alligators, catching, 590
Securing snared fish from, 591

Aloe juice, extracting, 802

Altitudes, ascertaining, 741
Low, or levels, to obtain, 734
Table of, 742

American cordway, 324
Indian lodges, 308
Life raft, 167
Portable boat, 154
Wild fruits, 530

Ammunition, packing, 17
Taking abroad, 17, 19

Amphibious animals, trapping, 666

Anchors, 375

Angle at which to pitch a tent, 56

Animals, calls of, 679
Infested with fly, treatment of, 804
Purgative for, 802
Skin of, as food, 557
Wild, observation of the habits of, 773

Antidotes for poison, 80
From arrows, 620

Ants, locusts, and other insects and their larvæ as food, 562

Anvils, 193, 197

Aparejo, 463

Application of wind power to horizontal wheel, 512

Aps or chupatee, 544

Aquatic birds, traps for, 675

Arctic regions, hints for the, 309, 316
Hutting in the, 309

Armament, hunter's, 655

Arobas waggon, 441

Arrest hemorrhage, 695

Arrow-fishing, 594
Trap, 657

Arrows, harpoon, 594
Poisoned, 619, 622
Rifling, 624

Artificial horizon, 29
And sextant, use of, 743

Artillery, charges for, 241
Cartridges and wads for, 243
Dromedary or Zembourcks, 245
Field, 448
Repairing, 243
Shot for, 246
Sledges, 406
Unspiking, 243
Zembourcks, 245

Artist's materials, 22

Ascertaining altitudes, 741
Variations of the compass, 732

Ash cake, 549

Assegais, to render useless, 203

Attachment of straps, for sledges, 399

Australian bark canoe, 162
Spears and spear throwing, 616
Tent, 59
Two-wheel drays, 454

Axes or adzes, makeshift, 381

Axles, to make and repair, 215

B.

Baggage derrick, extempore, 330

Bags, pack-saddle, 36
Sleeping, 786

Baits, fish, hints on, 605
For traps, 667

Baking bread, 550
Cakes, 549

Ballast for boats, 177

Balsas canoe, 140

Bamboos, building with, 289
Various uses for, 358

Bananas and plantains for food, 533

Bandages, surgical, 689

Bark canoes, 105
Australian, 162
Canadian, 157
For canoes, mode of stripping, 156
Stripping from trees, 789
Uses of, 789

Base metals, to detect, 263

Baskets, fish traps, 595, 597
Waterproof, 500

Bayonets, 11
Sheath knives as, 202

Beams, masts, &c. for platform boats, 114

Bear trap, 663

Bechuana hut, 280

Beds, camp, 44

Beehive hut, Kafir, 279

Bees' Nests, taking, 580
Wild, to smoke out, 537

Bell mules, 466

Bellows, 69
And forge, extempore, 213

Bell-tent made to hold many people, 61

Bent wood, 380

Biltong, 575

Birch bark canoes, 157
For canoes, 156

Birdlime, 679

Birds, aquatic, traps for, 675
Calls for, 679
Traps for, 673
Preserving, 574
Sea, cooking, 584
Snaring, 673

Bite of tsetse fly, 653

Bits, 34

Blackcock trap, 672

Bladders and paunches for holding water, 499
And water-skins, repairing of, 783
Use of, 783

Blanket used for extemporising a tent, 59

Blindfolding pack animals, 465

Blockhouse, 296

Blocks and pulleys, 383
Double, 386
Signal, 385
Snatch, 385

Board house, 278
Wigwam, 274

Boards, ice, 403

Boats, American portable, 154
Ballast for, 177
Bridges of, 350
Building, 121, 125, 128
Canvas or skin, 48, 100
Cape waggon, 129, 131
Catamaran, 165
Clinker, 125, 128
Collapsible, 155
Connecting beams, masts, &c. for platform, 114
Copper, 50, 118
Copper, materials used in, 54
Copper platform, 110
Corrugated iron, 51
Esquimaux, 103
Fitted with inflated tubes, 170
Indian cattle, 99
Inflated canvas, 48
Inflated, to make safe, 117
Iron, 51, 118, 123
Leaky, 91
Massoolah, 164
Metal life, 124
Metal platform, 107, 110
Metal, to connect odd sections of, 125
Mixture for painting metal, 113
Models of, 105, 119
Norwegian, 165
Paddling, 134
Portable canvas, 49
Portable steel, 166
Proas, 135
Quagga hide, 102
Reed, 97
Rules for sailing, 177
Russian cargo, 102
Sculling, 132
Skin, 100
Things to be thought of when designing, 105
Torres Straits, 162
Wattled, 125
Whale, 610
Without nails, 165
Wooden platform, materials for, 114

Boers' method of loading guns quickly, 228

Boiling meat, 553
Rice, 565
Water without pots, 553

Bolts and nuts, dies and taps for, 198

Bones, horns, tendons, fish skin, &c. use of, 784

Books for travellers, 29, 31

Boomerang, 617

Boots, African, 412
And shoes, 6, 412
Clamps for, 420
India rubber, to mend, 429
In tropical countries, hints on, 429
Laces, 7
Lasts for, 416
Making, 417
Sledge dogs', 403
Snow shoe, 410
Stitching, 421
Thread for, 420
Wading among rocks, 429

Boring heavy logs, 376

Botanical specimens, collecting, 764
Packing and preserving, 771

Boulders, to remove, 265

Buoys, life, 95

Bowls, wooden, 393

Bows, cross, Chinese, 623
Pellet, Indian, 624
Strings, tightening, 622

Box markings, 700

Boxes as floats, 97
Copper, 8
For Cape waggon travelling, 9
For rafts, 144

Braces, 5

Brands of camels, 481
Cattle, making, 480

Branding cattle, 478

Branch, peg, and log ladders, 349

Brass guns and their charges, 241
For barter with natives, 210
Softening and hardening, 210

Bread baking, 550

Breakers, rules for passing through, 176

Break for wheels, 443

Brick tea, 571

Bridge shears, to construct, 336

Bridges, boat, 350
Cable and twig, 335
Chain, 331
Deodar beam, 341
Fly, 331
Gabion, 327
Ice, 343
Indian rope, 341
Natural, 346
One tree, 325
Rafter, plank, and slab, 342
Swamp, 326
Tartar, 328

Bridles, 34

Broken masts, 182
Spars, scarfing, or fishing of, 181

Bruised gun barrels, to repair, 226

Buckets, bamboo, 358
Canvas, 67
Gutta percha, 73
Leather, 72
Palm, 523

Buck-shot moulds, 19, 222

Buik-waggon, 437

Building, bamboo for, 289
Boats, clinker, 128
Boats, hints on, 128
Boats of metal, 121
Boats of wood, 123
Boats, things to be thought of when, 105
Fires, 539, 540
Jetty, 329
Mission Churches, plans for, 301
Of the Portuguese in Africa, 305
Rafts, principles of, 147
Walls, 291
Wheels, 366, 371

Bullet moulds, 9, 220, 230

Bullets, cleft, 229
Hardening, 228

Bullock trunks, 8

Bull's-eye lantern, 86

Burning charcoal, 266

Bush knife, 11

Bushman's hut, 278

Bustard shooting, 670

Butter, preserving, 583

Buying horses, 577
Second-hand guns, hints on, 11

C.

Cable and twig bridge, 335

Cakes, baking, 549
Meat, 566
Sago, 556

Calabashes, float, 96
For holding water, 498

Calls, bird and animal, 679

Calming troubled water by means of oil, 176

Camels, 475
Brands, 481
Embarking, 487
Feeding, 486
Harnessing, 476
Hints on, 483, 486
Journal or diary, 489
Loads and distances, for, 485
On shipboard, fastening, 489
Water in stomach, 487
Wounds on backs of, 800

Camp beds, 44
Filters, 501
Furniture, 389
Medicine-making, hints on, 802
Of ox waggons, to defend, 297

Canadian bark canoe, 157

Candles, 86
Guttering, to prevent, 556
Making, 87
Malay, 89
Packing, 88
Screens for, 88

Cannon, cartridges for, 243
Charges, &c. 241
Mounting, 237, 240
Repairing, 243
Shot for, 220, 246
Unspiking, 243
Wads, 243
(See also Artillery.)

Canoes, Australian bark, 162
Balsas, 140
Bark, 105, 157, 160, 162
Birch for, 156
Canadian bark, 157
Carriage for, 159
Cedar bark, 160
Dug-out, 104, 163
Fejee, 139
Fuegian, 161
Inflated canvas for one man, 50
Long, 163
Mode of stripping bark for, 156
Outriggers for, 99
Queen Charlotte's Island, 158
Shoe, 161
Water transport, 496

Canteens, 70

Canvas boat, inflated, 49
Boat, portable inflated, 48, 100
Buckets, 67
Canoe for one man, inflated, 50
Or skin boat, 100

Cape waggon, 433
Boats, 129, 131
Chests as rafts, 140
Load for, 453
Tent, 59
Tent or tilt, 130
Wine, 440

Cap squares of a gun, makeshift for, 239

Caps for the head, 5
Percussion, and their substitutes, 240
Priming, to make, 244

Capstan, gunner's, 374

Cargo boat, Russian, 102

Carnivora, hunting of, 646

Carpenter's tools, 41

Carriages, canoe, 159
Wheeled measuring distances travelled by, 726

Carrying, rolling, and parbuckling heavy spars, 352

Carrying water, 495

Cartridges and wads for cannon, 243
Making, 232, 235

Case hardening, 205

Cases for saddles, 34
Tin, utilisation of, 212

Casting horses, 800
Oxen, 801
Ropes for horses, 801

Casks, water, to embark, 379

Catamaran float, 165

Catching albatrosses, 587
Alligators, 590
Cattle, 654
Crayfish, lobsters, &c., 604
Crows, 680
Deer with thorn wreaths, 624
Ducks, &c. 675
Fish, 585, 587
Musk rats, 667
Ostriches, emus, &c., 668
Porpoises, 612
Sea fish, 585
Turkeys, 670

Catgut and parchment, 782

Cattle boat, 99
Brands, making, 480
Catching, 654
Drinking troughs for, 493
Hobbling, 469
Marking, 478
Watering, 493

Cautions regarding glanders, 806

Cedar bark canoe, 160

Cereals as food, 569

Chain and rope ladders, 348
And links, 462
Bridges, 331
Pole, 335

Chalk lines, 292

Charcoal burning, 266

Charges, &c. for brass guns, 241

Chemical tests, for minerals and metals, 260

Chests as rafts, Cape waggon, 140

Chinese cross-bow, 623
Slab and trestle bridge, 343

Chisels, cold, 204
Making incisions in iron with, 194

"Chucknuck," or "strike-a-light," 537

Chupatee or aps, 544

Chupper screens, 294

Churches, fortifying, 301
Mission, plans for building, 301

Cider, plantain, 533

Clamps for boot making, 420

Cleaning guns, 237

Clearing fine sand from gun-locks, 69
Nut, 505

Cleft bullets, 229

Climb palms, to, 523

Clinker boat, 125, 128

Clinometer, makeshift, 738

Clip for holding posts, &c., 273

Clock, water, 741

Cloths, saddle, 33

Coats, 5, 6

Cocoa nut palm, uses for, 360
Shells, use of, 526
Use of, 524

Cold chisel, making, 204
Making incisions in iron with, 194

Colic or gripes, remedy for, 802

Collapsible boat, 155

Collars, horse, 457

Collecting botanical specimens, 764
Dew, 518, 523
Mineralogical and geological specimens, 771
Natural history specimens, 763
Water from rain-falls, 504

Colonists and natives, to obtain information from, 758

Common dog sledge, 404

Companions and servants, conduct to, 702

Compass, pocket, 28
Points of, 633
Variation of, to ascertain, 732
Marking distances with, 30

Conduct to companions and servants, 702

Connecting beams, masts, &c. for platform boats, 114

Contusions, remedy for, 79

Convenient tool hold-all, 43

Cooking pots, 71
Sea birds, 584
Stove, Norwegian, 558

Copper and iron, to tin, 210
Boats, 50, 51
Boats, materials used in, 54
Boxes, 8
Or iron skiff, 118
Skiff, 118
Tinning, 210
Water flasks, 495

Cooper's work, 377

Coracle, 100

Cordway, American, 324

Corrugated iron boat, 51
Houses, 305

Cost and materials of metal platform boat, 110

Cotton torch, 89

Covers for lamps, 87

Cravats, hog's, 391

Crayfish, lobsters, &c. to catch, 604

Creeper or grapnel, to trip, 603

Crimea, tent used in, 62

Crook and prong house, to build, 284

Cross-bow, Chinese, 623

Cross-tree saddles, 465

Crows, catching, 680

Cup lamp, 85

Cupping, 695

Cutting gun barrels, 198
Sheet metal, snips for, 213
Timber, season for, 270
Up large game, 575

D.

D'Abri, Tente, 57

Damaras hut, 282

Damper, 549

Damp places, procuring water from, 492

Dams, weirs and spears, 596

Dead game, protecting, 660

Deep-water glass, 187

Deer catching with thorn wreaths, 624
Enticing, 660
Traps, 659

Defensible camp with ox-waggons, 297
Churches, 301
Farm-house and village, 295, 298

Deodar beam bridge, 341

Derrick, baggage, 330
Landing, 349

Deris, to make, 342

Designing boats, things to be thought of when, 105

Destroy mule leeches, to, 805

Detection of base metal, 263

Dew, collecting, 518, 523

Diarrhoea and its remedy, 79

Diary, &c. in duplicate, 21
Or journal, camel, 489

Dies and taps for bolts and nuts, 198

Dimensions of sledges, 394

Disabled artillery, management of, 448

Dishes and plates, to make, 213

Dislocated shoulder, reducing, 694

Distances, estimation of, 739
For camels, 485
Measurement, 30, 726
Travelled by wheeled carriage, measuring, 726

Distil aguardiente, to, 579
Water, to, 494

Ditty bag, 68

Dividing and packing venison, 661

Dogs, boots for, 403
Free from the attacks of the tsetse fly, 652
Packs for, 405
Securing to sledges, 400
Sledge and harness for, 396, 404
Sledge, food for, 400

Doors and gates, to make and hang, 289

Double boat of copper, 51
Block, 386
Canvas boat, inflated, 49
Metal boats, 107
Sextant, 26

Dough nuts, 550

Drags for wheels, 443

Drawing sledges, 395

Drays, Australian, 454

Dressing for wounds, 73
Skins, 779

Dried flesh, 558

Drills and saws, 376

Drinking troughs for cattle, 493

Driving a coracle, 100
And leading horses, 473

Droge, the, 167, 168

Dromedary brands, 481
Points in the, 483
(Zemboureks), artillery, 245

Drowned, treatment of the apparently, 188

Drugging fish, 606

Dubbin, to make, 429

Duck for ground sheet, &c., 6

Ducks, &c., catching, 675

Dug-out canoes, 104, 163

Duplicates of correspondence, &c., 21

E.

Economy in food, 560

Edible frog, 564

Eggs, ostrich, 565
Preserving, 583
Shells of, horns and calabashes for holding water, 498

Elephant hunting, 634

Elg-Led, 658

Elk trap, 658

Embarking camels, 487
Horses, 473
Water casks, 379

Emus, ostriches, &c., catching, 668

England, outfit to take from, 4

Enticing deer, 660

Equipment, mule, hints on, 468
North Australian expedition, 35
Sledge, 399
Waggon, 446

Erecting a perpendicular on a given point, 320

Escape, fire, 353
Pole, Indian, 347

Esquimaux boat, 103
Ice hut, 314
Lamp, 86
Sledges, 398
Snow hut, &c., 312
Summer tents, 315

Establishing communication with a lee shore by means of a kite, 185

Estimate distance, to, 739
Strength of ropes, to, 793
Time, 740
Weight of rope, to, 793

Expedients for moving vessels during calms, Admiral Belcher's, 175
For saving boats in rough water, 176
For working ships' pumps, 176

Expedition by twenty-one men for eighteen months, stores, &c.,
required for, 46

Extracting gun nipple, 204
Sap from timber, 355

Extricating waggons from quicksands, &c., 145

F.

Fall-traps, 662
Plank, 664

Farmer's stores and horse medicines, 84

Farmhouse, defensible, 295, 298
And village, to fortify, 298

Fastening camels on shipboard, 489
Horses, 472
Makeshift, 335

Fat, to treat, 784

Feathers, ostrich, packing, 622

Feeding of camels, 486

Feet, sore, 430

Felling timber, 268

Fences, 273, 291

Ferries and fly bridges, 331

Ferrying wheels over rivers, 144

Fever and its remedy, 77

Field artillery, 448
Sledges, 406
Guns and their charges, 241

Figure of four traps, 663

Fijee canoes, 139

Filing up and trimming iron after forging, 194

Filters, camp, 501
Extemporised, 501, 503, 506
Patent, 506

Finding height of a tree or other object, whose base is accessible,
without instruments, 321
Points of the compass, 633
River pearls, 256
Water, 493
Width of rivers or ravines without instruments, 318

Firearms, hints on, 236
Makeshift, 245
Testing, 13

Fire baskets, 555
Building, a, 539, 540
Escapes, 353
Fuel for, 539, 541, 542, 543
Maintaining, 542
Places, makeshift, 553
Producing, 535
Signal, as a, 539

Fish baits, hints on, 605
Catching, 587
Drugging, 606
Haunts of, hints on, 605
Hooks, makeshift, 586, 587
Hooks, to make, 209
Roe, preserving, 583
Sea, Catching, 585
Securing from alligators, 591
Skin, use of, 784
Spearing, 607, 608
Spears, weirs, and dams, 596
Torch, 89
Traps, baskets, 595, 597

Fishing broken spars, 181
Implements, 604
Lines, to make, 597
Nets, 600, 603
Tackle making, and hints on, 588
Under ice, 602

Fitting-up of tents, 61

Flasks, water, copper, 495

Flat-bottomed steel boat, 166

Flesh, dried, 558
Preserving, 572
Transportation of, hints on, 576

Flint muskets, 10

Float for one man, skin, 154
Waggons, to, 144

Floats, calabash, 96; boxes, 96
Catamaran, 165
Bark, 99
Inflated skin, 152
Mangrove wood, 163
Milk-bush, 163
Skin, 99
Wood, 99

Flour, preserving from weevils, 556
From wrecks, 557

Fly bridge and ferries, 331
Infested animals, treatment of, 804
Tsetse, 650

Flying railway at Ichaboe, 338

Food, economy in, 560
Gathering, hints on, 577
Insects and their larvæ as, 562, 581
Reptiles as, 560, 564
Sledge dogs', 400
Various, 566
Vegetable, 563

Foot coverings, makeshift, 425

Footways, tree, 330

Fording rivers, hints on, 344

Forge and bellows, extempore, 213

Forecastle lamp, 87
Hints on the management of the, 192

Forked sticks, uses of, 388

Form of tent peg, 64

Fortifying churches, 301
Farm and village, 298

Foundations for houses, 304

Fox trap, 664

Fracturing glasses, as to obtain a sharp edge, 625

Fritters, 536

Frogs, edible, 564

Fruits, obnoxious juices, removing of, 520
Wild, 567
Wild, of America, 530

Fuel for fires, 539, 541, 542, 543, 556

Fuegean pole house, 309
Canoe, 161

Furnace, makeshift, 553

Furniture, camp, 389

G.

Gaberdine, 4

Gabion bridge, 327

Galls in horses, 799

Game, dead, protecting, 660
Pegs, &c., 392

Gates, latches for, 390
Making and hanging, 289

Gathering food, hints on, 577
Mushrooms, hints on, 582

General hints on boat building, 128

Geographical information, to obtain from natives and colonists, 758

Geological and mineralogical specimens, collecting, 771

Geology for travellers, 250

Gipsy tent, 57

Glanders, cautions regarding, 806

Glass bottles, lightning averted by, 289
Fracturing, so as to obtain a sharp edge, 625

Gloves, 5

Gold, identifying, 257
Qualities of, 810
Searchers, hints to, 251

Grapnel or creeper, to trip, 603

Grass filters, 504

Grenades and rocket arrows, 246

Grindstones, mounting, 387

Gripes or colic, remedy for, 802

Ground lines, and their management, 593
For tent pitching, 66

Guano stages at Ichaboe, 337

Gum-tree bark canoe, 162

Gun barrels, to cut, 198
Barrels, to repair when bruised, 226
Cleaning, 237
Locks, oil for, 236
Nipple, to extract a, 204
Repairing, 199
Rests, 392
Second-hand, hints on buying, 11
Sighting, 200
Sights, 201
Slings, 39
Spring, 656
Telling time by, 238

Gunner's capstan, 374

Gunpowder, to make, 247
Plan for securing, 37

Gunyah, the, 278

Gut, silkworm, 599

Guttapercha buckets, 73

Guttering in candles, to prevent, 536

H.

Habits of wild animals, observation of, 773

Halters, 37

Hames, adaptation to collars, 460
Makeshift, 458

Hammocks, 45

Handbarrow, makeshift, 389

Hand mill, 544

Hanging doors and gates, 289

Handles of stock whips and lead pencils, 225

Hardening brass, 210
Bullets, 228

Hard rove rope, treatment of, 793
Wood, 358

Harness and pack animals, 457
For dog sledge, 396
Hints on, 461
Mule, 459
Tightening, 465

Harnessing and yoking draught oxen, 452, 454, 455
Camels, 476
Hints on, 461
Reindeer, 406

Harpooning hippopotami, 613
Seals under ice, 603

Harpoons, 609
Arrow, 594

Hartebeeste hut, 282

Hats and caps, 5

Haunts of fish, hints on, 605

Hay and straw ropes, spinning, 792

Headstalls, 37

Heat-conducting bodies, 809, 810

Heavy spars, to carry, roll, or parbuckle, 352

Height of a tree, or other object whose base is accessible,
to find without instruments, 321

Hemorrhage, to arrest, 695

Hide boat, quagga, 102
Ropes, 784

Hints on boat building, 128
Boots in tropical countries, 429
Buying second-hand guns, 11
Camels, 486
Camp medicine making, 802
Fire-arms, 236
Fish baits, 605
Fishing tackle, 588
Food gathering, 577
Fording rivers, 344
Gold searching, 251
Gathering mushrooms, 582
Harness and harnessing, 461
Haunts of fish, 605
Horse and mule purchase, 806
Hygeens, and camels, 483
Management of the forge, 192
Matters connected with waggons, 446
Mule equipment, 468
Mule purchasing, 466
Raft building, 147
Sentries, 301
Servants and slaves, 704
Serving rations, 559
Shoeing horses, 798
Sledges, 401
Transportation of flesh, 576
Trapping, 666
Travel, 701
Travelling in the arctic regions, 309, 316

Hippopotami, use of, 616
Harpooning, 613

Hitches and knots, 794
On measuring lines, 365

Hobbles, 38

Hobbling cattle, 469

Hogs' cravats, 391

Hold-all for tools, 43

Holder for torches, 555

Honey, finding and taking, 580

Hook trap, 664

Hooks, fish, 209, 586, 587

Hoop-iron, uses for, 194

Horizon, artificial, 29
Artificial, and sextant, use of, 743

Horizontal wheel, application of wind power to, 512

Horn lantern, 86

Horns for holding water, 498
Use of, 784

Horse and mule waggons, 442

Horses, buying, 577
Casting ropes for, 801
Collars, 457
Embarking, 473
Fastening, 472
Galls, 799
Glanders, 806
Leading and driving, 473
Medicines and farrier's stores, 84
Poultice, 799
Purchase of, hints on, 806
Securing, 800
Shoeing, hints on, 798
Sledges, 405
Sore backs, 799
Teeth, and other irregularities, 805
Throwing, 800

Hour glass, 740

Houses, African, Portuguese, 305
Board, 278
Crook and prong, 284
Corrugated iron for, 305
Defensible farm, 295, 298
Foundations for, 304
Fuegean pole, 309
Log, 275
Logier hill, 287
Reed, 293
Thatches for, 285, 288

Howitzers, and their charges, 242

Hunter's armament, 655

Hunting elephants, 634
Large carnivora, 646
Lions, 642

Hurdle or wattle work, 382

Husks of cocoa nut, use of, 526

Huts, Bechuana, 280
Beehive, 279
Bushman's, 278
Damaras, 282
Fuegean, 309
Hartbeeste, 282
Ice, 314
Namaqua Hottentot, 283
Papuan tree, 307
Peat, 309
Savages', 278
Snow, 312
Stone, 280
Rio Negro, 307
Tartar, 294
Thatches for, 285, 288
Vaal river, 281

Hutting in the arctic regions, 309, 316

Hygeens and camels, hints on, 483

I.

Ice boards, 403
Bridging a river by means of, 343
Fishing under, 602
Harpooning seals under, 603
Huts, 314
Getting under, 602

Ichaboe guano stages and flying railway, 338

Identification of gold, 257
Precious stones, 254

Implements, fishing, 604

Impurities from water, removing, 505

Incisions in iron with cold chisels, to make, 194

Increase accommodation of tents, 61

Increase size of bell-tent, 61

Indian (American) lodges, 308
Cattle boat, 99
Escape pole, 347
Gharrie waggon, 441
Lamp, 87
Pellet bow, 624
Rope bridge, 341
Scaling ladders, 348

Indiarubber boots, to mend, 429

Inflated boats, to make safe, 117
Canvas boat, 48, 49, 50
Skin floats, 152
Tubes, boat fitted with, 179

Information from natives and colonists, to obtain, 758

Insects and their larvæ as food, 562, 581

Inspanning, 452

Instruments for mapping, 31
For mapping a route, 24
Stands for, 738

Intestines for holding water, 500

Introduction, 1

Iron articles, selection of, 446
Boats, 51, 123
Corrugated for houses, 305
Making incisions with cold chisels in, 194
Ore, to smelt, 258
Platinizing, 206
Rod, weight of, 809
Rusting, to prevent, 207
Skiff, 118
Test for wrought or malleable, 447
Tinning, 210
Trap, 665
Uses for scrap and hoop, 194
Welding of, 192

Irregularities of teeth in draught animals, 805

Irritated surfaces, remedy for, 80

J.

Jackets, 4
Making, 698

Jetty, to build an extempore, 329

Joining odd sections of metal boats, 125
Sheet metal, 211

Journal in duplicate, 21
Or diary, 20
Or diary, camel, 489

Juices, obnoxious, removing from fruits, &c., 520

K.

Kaffir beehive hut, 279

Killing sheep, 560

Kites as auxiliaries to swimming, 183
As sails, 182
Establishing communication with a lee shore by means of, 185
Scaling cliffs with, 185
Signalling by means of, 184
Tacking by means of, 184

Knives, 40

Knives, makeshift, 193
Sheath and bayonets, 202

Knots and hitches, 794

L.

Ladders, 353
Indian scaling, 348
Makeshift, 348
Miners', 347
Peg, branch, and log, 349
Rope and chain, 348

Ladles, spoons, and their substitutes, 227

Lamps, bull's-eye, 86
Covers for, 87
Cup, 85
Esquimaux, 86
Forecastle, 87
Indian, 87
Railway, 87
Oils for, 85
Portuguese, 84
Reflecting, 87
Wicks for, 85

Lancers' tent, 58

Landing derrick, 349

Lanterns, bull's-eye, 86
Horn, 86

Larch trees, 358

Large game, cutting up, 575

Larvæ of insects as food, 562

Lasts for boots, 416

Latches, 390

Lathes, makeshift, 386

Laudanum, preparation of, 803

Lead ore smelting, 228
Pencils and stock whip handles, 225
Plates, to make, 225

Leading and driving horses, 472

Leaf torch, 89

Leakage in water-skins, repairing of, 499

Leaky boats, to stop, 91

Leaping-poles, 347

Leather buckets, 72

Leeches, mule, to destroy, 805

Lee shore, establishing communication by kites with a, 185

Levelling, 340
Staff, extemporised sight vane for, 737

Levels or low altitudes, to obtain, 734
Water, substitute for, 738

Library, the traveller's, 29, 31

Life-belts, 94
Boat, metal, 124
Buoys, 95
Line, 96
Raft, American, 167

Liggers and trimmers, 591

Lighting a fire, 539, 540

Lightning, averted by glass bottle, 289

Line slings and lob sticks, 334

Lines, fishing, 597
For measuring, 292
Ground, and their management, 593
Measuring, 365

Lining for old huts, tents as, 61

Links and chains, 462

Lion hunting, 642

Lizards, snakes, &c. as food, 560

Loads for camels, 485
Cape waggon, 453

Lobsters, crayfish, &c. to catch, 604

Lob sticks and line slings, 334

Locality for water, 491

Lodges of the American Indian, 308

Logging-up timber, 269

Logier hill house, 287

Log, boring a, 376
Clip, 273
For sledges, to make, 399
House, to build, 275
Peg and branch ladders, 349
Splitting, 543
Steaming, 357

Long canoes, 163

Lotus roots and seeds as food, 564

Low altitude or levels, to obtain, 734

M.

Maintain a fire, 542

Maize, preserving, 569

Malay torch, 89

Mallets for driving tent pegs, 64

Management of forges, hints on the, 192
Disabled artillery, 448
Ground line, 593

Mange, preventive and remedy, 803

Mangrove wood floats, 163

Manna and its preparation, 529

Maple sugar, 528

Mapping, 30
Instruments for, 31
On Mercator's projection, 754
Routes, instruments for, 24
Tables, 755

Marking boxes, 700
Cattle, 478

Marrow bones, 557

Martin trap, 662

Massoolah boats, 164

Masts, broken, 182
For platform boats, 114

Matches from blue lights, 556

Materials for copper boats, 54
Metal platform boat, 110
Ropes, 788
Sketching, &c. 22
Wooden platform boat, 114

Mats, rush, 283

Measurements, extemporary, 363
Of distances, 30
Of distances travelled by wheeled carriages, 726
Of time, 740
Of waterflow of a river, 757
Rough modes of, 363

Measuring lines, 292, 365
Lines, hitches on, 365
Tape, to make, 320

Meat, boiling, 553
Cakes, 566
Preserving, 572
Roasting, 551
Transportation of, hints on, 576

Medical stores, 73

Medicines, 73
Hints on making, 802
Horse, and farrier's stores, 84

Mercator's projection, mapping on, 754

Mescal, to make, 579

Metal (base), to detect, 263

Metal boat, building a, 121
Double, 107
Joining odd sections of, 125
Life, 124
Mixture for painting, 113
Platform, 107, 110
Steel, 166

Metal pannikin, making, 211
Sheet, joining, 211
Sheet, snips for cutting, 213

Metals, tests for, 260

Milk-bush floats, 163
Preserving, 582
Spirit, 534

Mills, makeshift, 544

Mineralogical and geological specimens collecting, 771

Minerals, chemical tests for, 260

Miner's pump, to make, 266
Swing and ladder, 347
Tools and mining, 252

Mining and miner's tools, 252

Mission churches, plans for building, 301

Mixture for painting metal boats, 113

Mocassins, 424

Models of boats, 105, 119

Mosquito nets, 67

Moulds, buck shot, 19
Bullet, 220, 230
Shot, 222

Mounting cannon, 237, 240
Grindstones, 387

Moving vessels during calms, Admiral Belcher's expedient for, 175

Mules, bell, 466
Equipment, hints on, 468
Harness for, 459
Leeches, to destroy, 805
Packing purposes, 467
Platforms, Abyssinian, 345
Purchase of, hints on, 466, 806
Refractory, to secure, 459
Teeth and their irregularities, 805
Waggons for, 442

Mushrooms, hints on gathering, 582

Muskets, flint, 10
Repairing, 208

Musk rats, catching, 667

N.

Namaqua Hottentot hut, 283

Nardoo for meal, 545

Natives and colonists, to obtain information from, 758

Natives, plough, 390
Rewarding, 493

Natural bridges, 346
History specimens, preserving and packing, 766
History specimens, collecting, 763

Naturalists' outfit, 761

Nave auger, to work, 376
Turning, 370

Necessaries for the table, 70

Necessary carpenter's tools, 41

Nets, fishing, 600, 603
Mosquito, 67

Netting, 797
Under ice, 602

Nipple of a gun, to extract, 204

North American wild fruits, 530
Australian expedition, equipment of, 35

Norwegian cooking stove, 558
Boats, 165
Skidor, 411

Nuts and bolts, taps and dies for, 198

O.

Oars for travellers, 114

Observation of the habits of wild animals, 773

Observatory, portable, 29

Obtain geographical information from natives and colonists, 758
Levels or low altitudes, to, 734

Odds and ends for sledging, 402
To take abroad, 69, 73

Offal of animals, 557

Oil for gun locks, 236
For lamps, 85
On troubled waters, 176
Or sugar cane mill, 546
Palm, 525

Ointment for wounds, 802

Oneida trap, 665

One man, inflated canvas canoe for, 50

One-tree bridge, 325

Ore, iron, smelting, 258
Lead, smelting, 228

Ostriches, catching, 668
Eggs, 565
Feathers, packing, 622

Otter, making and working, 593

Outfit for artists, 22
Naturalist's, 761

Outriggers for canoes, 99
Makeshift, 92

Outspanning, 453

Ovens, makeshift, 550

Oxen, casting, 801
Yoking and harnessing, 452, 454

P.

Pack animals, 463, 474
Animals, blindfolding, 465
Oxen, 654

Pack ropes, 465
Saddle, 35
Saddle bags, 36
Saddle crooks, 388
Saddle, Spanish, 463

Packing ammunition, 17
Botanical specimens, 771
Candles, 88
Natural history specimens, 766
Ostrich feathers, 622
Riding saddles, 37
Venison, 661

Packs and pack animals, 474
Dog, 405

Paddling, 134

Pail-yoke, 391

Pails, palm, 523
Water, 496

Painting and sketching under difficulties of travel, 716
Metal boats, mixture for, 113

Palanquins, stretchers, &c., 682

Palm, bucket of, 523
Cabbage, 523
Climbing, 523
Cocoa nut, 360
Leaves, use of, 527
Oil, 525
Range and uses of the, &c. 524, 526
Sugar, 525
Toddy, 524
Vinegar from, 525

Pannikin, to make, 211

Papuan tree hut, 307

Parbuckling, carrying, and rolling heavy spars, 352

Parchment and catgut, 782

Passing through breakers, rules for, 176

Patent filter, 506

Patrol tent, 55

Paunches and bladders for holding water, 499

Pearls, river, to find, 256

Peat hut, 309

Pegs and rests for guns, game, &c. 392
Branch and log ladders, 349

Pellet bow, 624

Pemmican, 573

Pencils and stock whip handles, 225

Penetration of rifle balls, 17

Pen trap, 671

Perch bolts, to repair, 197

Percussion caps and their substitutes, 240

Perpendicular, on a given point, to erect, 320

Pipes, buckets, &c. of bamboo, 358

Pistols, 18

Pitching tents, 55
Selection of ground for, 66

Pitfall, 647

Plane table and its use, 735

Plank fall trap, 664
House, 278
Rafter, and slab bridges, 342
Screens, to make, 292

Plans for building mission churches, 301

Plantains, cider, 533

Plantains for food, 533

Plants holding water, 504, 522
Sap as substitute for water, 491
Yielding sap as a substitute for water, 516, 518, 521

Plates, lead, to make, 225
Making, 213

Platform boats, connecting beams, masts, &c. for, 114
Metal, 107, 110
Wooden, 114

Platforms, Abyssinian mule, 345

Platinizing iron, &c., 206

Ploughs, native, 390
Settlers', 391

Pocket compass, 28
Handkerchiefs, 5

Points in the dromedary, 483
Of the compass, 633

Poisoned arrows, 619, 622
Cure of wounds from, 620

Poisons, 680
And their antidotes, 80

Pole chains, 335
House, Fuegean, 309
Indian escape, 347

Poles, leaping, 347
Repairing, 218

Porcupine trap, 657

Porpoises, catching, 612
Uses of, 613

Portable boat, American, 154
Boat of inflated canvas, 48
Boat, steel, 166
Observatory, 29
Tool chest, 44

Portuguese buildings in Africa, 305
Lamp, 84

Potato whiskey, 534

Pots and pans, 71
Raft of, 150
Sugar making, 548

Poultice, horse, 799

Powder-flasks, 19

Precious stones, to identify, 254

Preparation of American wild fruits, 530
Laudanum, 803
Manna, 529
Skin for boots, 414

Preserving birds, 574
Botanical specimens, 771
Fish roe, eggs and butter, 583
Flesh, 572
Flour from weevils, 556
Iron from rusting, 207
Maize, 569
Milk, 582
Natural history specimens, 766
Skins, 774

Preserved vegetables, 582

Preventing a candle from guttering, 556
Iron rusting, 207

Preventive and remedy for mange, 803
Of tsetse fly bite, 654

Priming caps, to make, 244

Principles of raft building, 147

Proas, 135

Procuring aloe juice, 802
Fire, 535, 540
Water from damp places, 492
Water from wells, 492

Producing fire, 535

Projection, Mercator's, mapping on, 754
Of routes, 751

Prong and crook house, to build, 284

Protecting dead game, 660

Pulleys or blocks, 383

Pumping ships, 176

Pumps, extemporised, 516
Miners', to make, 266

Punk, 537

Purchase of horses and mules, hints on, 806

Purgative for animals, 802

Purifying water, 507

Q.

Quadrant, 744

Quagga hide boat, 102

Qualities of gold, 810

Quantity and nature of stores required by 21 men for 18 months, 46
Of ammunition to take abroad, 17

Quarrying stone, 263

Queen Charlotte's Island canoe, 158

Queen, the, 544

Quicksands, extricating waggons from, 145

R.

Radiating heat power of various bodies, 810

Rafter, plank and slab bridges, 342

Rafts, American life, 167
Cape-waggon chests as, 140
From wrecked ships, 92
Inflated skin, 152
Pot, 150
Principles of building, 147
Reed, 98
Sedge grass, 150
Trennelled, 146

Rail splitting, 272

Railway lamp, 87

Rainfalls, collecting water from, 504

Raising a roof, 287
Water from wells, 508
Waggons, &c. from quicksands, &c. 145

Rakes, forks, &c. from sticks, 391

Rations for one man for six days, 566
Scale of, for rough travelling, 559
Hints on serving, 559

Ravines or rivers, to find the width of without instruments, 318

Reducing dislocated shoulder, 694

Reed boat, 97
Houses, screens and sheds, 293
Raft, 98

Reefing of sails from the sides, 174

Reflecting lamp, 87

Reindeer sledge, 406
Harnessing, 406

Refractory mule, to secure, 459

Region of the tsetse fly, 652

Remedy for colic and gripes, 802
Diarrhoea, 79
Fever, 77
Irritated surfaces, 80
Mange, 803
Snow blindness, 79
Strains and contusions, 79

Removing boulders, 265
Obnoxious juices from fruits, &c., 520
Sand, &c. from gun locks, 69

Render boats safe, 92

Repairing axles, 217
Bladders, water skins, &c., 783
Bruised gun-barrels, 226
Cannon, 243
Guns, 199
Leakage in water skins, 499
Muskets, 208
Perch-bolts, 197
Poles, 218
Vessels, temporary, 168
Wheels, 218
Wheel-tires, 195

Reptiles as food, 560, 564

Rests for guns, &c., 392
Rifle shooting, 203

Revolvers, 18

Rewarding natives, 493

Rice, boiling, 565

Riding and pack oxen, 654
Saddles, packing of, 37

Rifle balls, penetration of, 17
For travellers, 231
Rests, 203
Selecting, 10
Sights, 16, 201
Shells, extempore, 226
Sporting, 231

Rifling arrows, 624

Rigs of vessels, 172

Rio Negro huts, 307

Rivers, ferrying wheels over, 144
Hints on fording, 344
Or ravines, to find the width of without instruments, 318
Pearls, to find, 256
Water flow, measurement of, 757

Rivets, 213

Roads, to make swamp, 317

Roadways, cane and twig, 335

Roasting meat, 551

Rocket arrows and grenades, 246

Rod iron, weight of, 809

Rolling, carrying, and parbuckling heavy spars, 352

Roof, to raise a, 287

Roots for food, 533
Of lotus as food, 564
Yielding sap as a substitute for water, 516, 518, 521

Rope bridge, Indian, 341
Casting, for horses, 801
Chain ladders, 348
Hard rove, treatment of, 793
Hay, 792
Hide, 784
Ladders, 348
Making, 790
Materials for, 788
Pack, 465
Straw, 792
Strength of, to estimate, 793
Weight of, to estimate, 793

Rucksacks, 787

Rudders, temporary, 178

Rue ruddy, 395

Rules for passing through breakers, 176
For sailing boats, 177
To be observed when sledging, 401

Rush mats, 283

Russian cargo boat, 102

Routes, projection of, 751

S.

Sabots and socks, 428

Sacks, ruck, 787
Water, skin, 780

Saddles, 32
And gun rests, 392
Cases, 34
Cloths, 33
Cross-tree, 465
Pack, 35
Packing of, 37
Spanish pack, 463

Sago cakes, 556
Making, 532

Sailing boats, rules for, 177

Sails and their substitutes, 172
Kites used as, 182
To reef from the sides, 174
Substitutes for, 174

Samovar, 90

Sandals, 426

Sand, &c. from gun locks, to remove, 69

Sap from timber, to extract, 355
Of plants as substitute for water, 491

Savages' huts, 278

Saw-pit, substitute for, 274

Saws and drills, 376

Scale of rations for rough travelling, 559

Scaling cliffs, &c. kites for, 185
Ladders, Indian, 348

Scarfing of broken spars, 181

Scissors, 41

Scrap-iron, uses for, 194

Screens, Chuppar, 294
For candles, 88
Plank, 292
Reed, 293

Sculling, 132

Sea-birds, cooking, 584

Sea-fish, catching, 585

Season for cutting timber, 270

Seals, harpooning under ice, 603

Seasoning wood, 355

Second-hand guns, hints on buying, 11

Sections, odd, of metal boats, to join, 125

Securing cattle, 469
Fish from alligators, 591
Gunpowder, mode of, 37
Horses, 472
Horse for an operation, 800
Tent ropes, modes of, 65

Seeds and roots of lotus as food, 564

Sedge grass raft, 150

Selection of bullet moulds, 9
Ground for tent pitching, 66
Guns, 9
Iron articles, 446
Rifles, 10
Servants, 704

Sentries, hints for, 301

Servants and companions, conduct to, 702
Slaves, hints on, 704

Serving rations, hints on, 559

Settlers' plough, 391

Setting traps, 665

Sextant and artificial horizon, use of, 743

Sheds, reed, 293

Sheath knives or bayonets, 202

Shears to construct bridge, 336

Sheep killing, 560

Sheet-copper boat, 50, 51
Iron, weight of, 808
Metal, to join, 211
Metal, snips for cutting, 213

Shells for rifles, extempore, 226
Of cocoa-nut, use of, 526

Shelves, makeshift, 293

Ship-board, fastening camels on, 489

Ships, rafts from, 92
Pumping, 176
Water-bags, 498

Shirts, 4
Making, 696

Shoe canoe, 161

Shoeing horses, hints on, 798

Shoemaker's wax, 415

Shoes and boots, 6, 412
Snow, 408

Shooting bustards, 670
Tortoises with arrows, 624

Shot belts, 19
Cannon, 220
Cannon, makeshift, 246
Making, 223
Moulds, 222

Signal clock, 385
Fire as a, 539

Signalling by means of kites, 184

Signs of the weather, 185

Sight vane for levelling staff, extemporised, 737

Sighting guns, 200

Sights, gun, 201
Rifle, 16, 201

Silkworm gut, 599

Sinking wells, 513

Skates and their substitutes, 411

Sketching and painting, under difficulties of travel, 716

Skidor, Norwegian, 410

Skiff of copper or iron, 118

Skins as food, 557
Boat, 100
Cattle boat, 99
Dressing, 779
Float for one man, 154
Floats, 99
Preparation of, for boots, 414
Sleeping bags, 786
Treatment, 774
Use of, 784
Water, 496
Water, and bladders, repairing, 783
Water, repairing leakage in, 499
Water sacks, 780

Slab plank and rafter bridges, 342

Slaughtering sheep, 560

Slaves and servants, hints on, 704

Sledges, attachment of straps for, 399
Dimensions, 394
Dog, 396, 404
Drawing, 395
Equipment of, 399
Esquimaux, 398
Field artillery, 406
Harness for dog, 396
Hints on, 401
Horse, 405
Ice board, 403
Log for, 399
Reindeer, 406
Runners of, to smooth, 398
Speed of, to check, 400
Stopping, 400
Summer, 408
Tobogun, 403
Travail, 404
Whip, 397

Sleeping bags, 786

Slings for guns, 39

Slow match and tinder, 537

Slugs, making, 223

Smelting iron ore, 258
Lead ore, 228

Smith's tools for travelling, 208

Smoking out wild bees, 537

Smoothing roughened runners of sledges, 398

Snakes as food, 560
Bites, &c., 82

Snares, 673

Snatch block, 385

Snips for cutting sheet metal, 213

Snow-blindness, and its remedy, 79
Hut, 312
Shoe-boots, 410
Shoes, 408

Soap making, 785

Socks and sabots, 428
And stockings, 5

Softening brass, 210

Solids, Weight of, 809

Sore backs, 799
Feet, 430

Spanish pack saddle, 463

Spawn, fish, preserving, 583

Spars, carrying, rolling, or parbuckling, 352
Scarfing or fishing of broken, 181

Spearing fish, 607, 608

Spears, Australian, 616
Fish, weirs and dams, 596
Throwing, Australian, 616
Turtle, 617

Specimens, botanical, collecting, 764
Botanical, packing and preserving, 771
Geological and mineralogical, collecting, 771
Natural history, collecting, 763
Natural history, preserving and packing, 766

Speed of a sledge, to check, 400

Spinning hay and straw ropes, 792

Spirit from milk, 534

Splicing, 797

Splints, surgical, 691

Splitting logs, 543
Rails, 272
Timber, 271

Spoons, ladles, and their substitutes, 227

Spooring, 628

Sporting rifles, 231

Spring guns, 656

Spurs, 34

Square, to make a, 320

Squirrel trap, 663

Stables, temporary, 294

Stages at Ichaboe, guano, 337

Stands for instruments, 738

Steaming log, 357

Steel boat, portable, 166
Making, 259
Traps, 665

Steering wheel, to make, 372

Stern-posts, temporary, 181

Sticks, forked, uses of, 388

Still, makeshift, 494

Stirrups, 34, 380

Stitching boots, 421

Stockings and socks, 5

Stock-whip handles and lead pencils, 225

Stone hut, 280
Quarry, 263
Treatment of, 264
Weapons, manufacture of, 625
Weight, the, 810

Stopping leaky boats, 91

Stores, &c. required by 21 men for an 18 months' expedition, 46
Farriers' and horse medicines, 84

Stoves, Norwegian, 558

Strains, remedy for, 79

Straps for sledges, attachment of, 399

Straw and hay ropes, spinning, 792

Strength of ropes, to estimate, 793
Various bodies, 812

Stretchers, palanquins, &c., 682

"Strike-a-light" or "Chuckmuck," 537

Stripping bark for canoes, mode of, 156
From trees, 789

Sugar cane or oil mill, 546
Making, 546
Maple, 528
Palm, 525
Pots, making, 548

Summer sledges, 408
Tents, Esquimaux, 315

Supple jack, 392

Surgical bandages, 689
Splints, 691

Swamp roads, to make, 317

Swimming to a lee shore, kite as an assistance in, 183

Swing and ladder, miners', 347

Swinging derrick, 349

Swivels, wooden and other, 361

Symptoms of fever, 77
Tsetse fly bite, 653

T.

Table necessaries, 70
Plane, and its use, 735

Tables, altitudes, 742
Heat conducting bodies, 809, 810
Mapping, 755
Quality of gold, 810
Radiating heat power of bodies, 810
Strength of various bodies, 812
Trocheameter, 729
Velocity, 808
Weight of rod iron, 809
Weight of sheet iron, 808
Weight of solids, 809

Tacking by means of kites, 184

Tackle, fishing, making, and hints on, 583

Tailor's work, 696

Taking bees' nests, 580

Tana trap, 664

Tanning skins, 779

Taps and dies for bolts and nuts, 198

Tartar bridges, 328
Hut, 294

Tea, uses of, 570

Teeth of draught animals and their irregularities, 805