Chapter XXIX: Conclusion: § 1. General survey (3)

[249] Dobrizhoffer, II pp. 148—152.

[250] Azara, II pp. 145, 132.

[251] Ibid., pp. 159, 157.

[252] D’Orbigny, II p. 89.

[253] Azara, II pp. 15, 19, 20.

[254] Heusser and Claraz.

[255] Azara travelled in South America for 20 years, D’Orbigny for only 7. The former was commissary and commander of the Spanish frontiers in Paraguay; the latter made a journey for scientific purposes, mainly zoölogical.

[256] Azara, II p. 32.

[257] Musters, p. 217; Falkner, pp. 122, 123, 126; Letourneau, p. 123.

[258] Azara, II p. 38.

[259] D’Orbigny, I p. 401.

[260] Molina, p. 74.

[261] Von Bibra; Ochsenius; Smith; Musters.

[262] Hyades et Déniker, p. 242.

[263] Parker Snow; Darwin, Voyage; Vincent; O’Sullivan.

[264] The literature used is the same as that quoted on p. 22, Chapter I, and besides: Howitt, South-East Australia; Stokes; Mitchell; Hale; Grey; Taplin, as quoted by Woods.

[265] Curr; Brough Smyth. Gerland’s survey of Australian social life is much better.

[266] E.g. Grosse and Letourneau.

[267] Comp. Steinmetz’s treatment of the problem of Australian chieftainship, Strafe, II pp. 20–42. See also Spencer and Gillen’s statement that “whilst undoubtedly there is a certain amount in common as regards social organisation and customs amongst the Australian tribes, yet, on the other hand, there is great diversity” (Native tribes, p. 34).

[268] Curr; Brough Smyth; Gerland.

[269] Brough Smyth, I p. 127.

[270] Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 764.

[271] Letourneau (pp. 26, 35) arrives at the same conclusion.

[272] De Rochas, p. 252.

[273] Lambert, pp. 79, 177.

[274] Brainne, p. 239; de Vaux; Legrand.

[275] Glaumont, p. 74.

[276] Elton, p. 98.

[277] Guppy, p. 33.

[278] Verguet, p. 205.

[279] Codrington, The Melanesians, p. 46.

[280] Guppy, pp. 35, 36.

[281] Somerville, New Georgia, pp. 402, 400.

[282] Ribbe, pp. 248, 276.

[283] Woodford, pp. 154, 155.

[284] Parkinson, N. W. Salomo-Inseln, pp. 2 note, 8, 9, 10.

[285] Ribbe, pp. 100, 138, 139, 110.

[286] Guppy. p. 34.

[287] Sorge, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, p. 414.

[288] Wilkes, III, pp. 81, 108.

[289] Williams, pp. 32, 53.

[290] Seemann, pp. 196, 179, 180.

[291] Waterhouse.

[292] Erskine, pp. 456, 457, 420, 438, 458.

[293] Meinicke, Die Inseln des stillen Oceans, I p. 202.

[294] Hagen and Pineau; Inglis; Somerville, New Hebrides.

[295] Danks; Pfeil, p. 78.

[296] Hahl, p. 77; Parkinson, Dreissig Jahre, pp. 159, 172, 173.

[297] Parkinson, Dreissig Jahre, p. 264; Romilly, Western Pacific.

[298] Parkinson, Dreissig Jahre, pp. 380, 396–398, 443.

[299] Meinicke, Die Torresstrasse, p. 116; Haddon, p. 355. See also Hunt’s Ethnogr. notes on the Murray Islands, Torres Straits, in which no mention is made of slaves.

[300] Bink, p. 325; Krieger, p. 413; Koning.

[301] Robidé, p. 109.

[302] Ibid., p. 262.

[303] Moolenburgh, p. 180.

[304] Robidé, p. 235.

[305] Van der Roest, p. 157.

[306] Goudswaard, pp. 27, 51; see also Ottow and Geissler, pp. 115, 118.

[307] Van Hasselt in Z. E. VIII, pp. 191 sqq.; Van Hasselt in Tijds. XXXI, pp. 583, 584, XXXII, pp 270, 272; De Clercq, Nieuw-Guinea, p. 619.

[308] Rosenberg, Mal. Arch., pp. 454, 456; Robidé, pp. 64, 65, 76, 94, 228; see also Nieuw-Guinea, p. 149.

[309] Rosenberg, Mal. Arch., p. 532; Rosenberg, Nieuw-Guinea, p. 90.

[310] Robidé, p. 242.

[311] Bruijn, pp. 103, 104; Robidé, p. 59.

[312] De Clercq, Nieuw-Guinea, p. 459; Strauch, p. 30.

[313] Robidé, pp. 300, 305, 306.

[314] Nieuw-Guinea, pp. 116, 128.

[315] Ibid., pp. 158, 163.

[316] Thomson, British New Guinea, pp. 52, 63, 157,158.

[317] Turner, Motu; d’Albertis; Beardmore; Romilly, Verandah; Chalmers, see especially p. 326; Guise.

[318] Maclay; Finsch, Samoafahrten, p. 80.

[319] Vetter, p. 91.

[320] Kohler, Das Recht der Papuas, p. 389 (on the authority of Bamler).

[321] Hagen, Unter den Papuas, p. 220; see also Vallentin, p. 634.

[322] See Kunze’s minute description, in which slavery is not mentioned.

[323] Thomson, New Zealand, pp. 149, etc.; Polack, I pp. 35, 36, etc., II pp. 52–59, etc.; Tregear, p. 113; Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 206; Meinicke, Die Inseln des stillen Oceans, I p. 326; Letourneau, pp. 173–182; Weisz, pp. 22, 24, 28, 30; Taylor, pp. 165, 167, 185, 189, 191, etc.; Brown, New Zealand, pp. 29, 30; Yate, pp. 120, 121.

[324] Meinicke, l.c. II. p. 185.

[325] Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 170.

[326] Ibid., pp. 170–185.

[327] Ibid., p. 185.

[328] Mariner, II pp. 153, 349, 350.

[329] Ibid., p. 237.

[330] West, pp. 260, 262.

[331] Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 170.

[332] Meinicke, l.c. II p. 122.

[333] Wilkes, II p. 159.

[334] Turner, Samoa, p. 192.

[335] Krämer, Die Samoa-Inseln, II p. 341.

[336] Gerland; Meinicke; Turner; Von Bülow.

[337] Gardiner, p. 429.

[338] Meinicke, l.c., II p. 148; Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 199.

[339] Ellis, Pol. Res., III p. 95.

[340] J. Wilson, III pp. 127–129.

[341] Moerenhout, II pp. 8, 47.

[342] Ellis, Pol. Res., IV pp. 161, 160, 413.

[343] Wilkes, IV p. 35.

[344] Chamisso, in Kotzebue, p. 149.

[345] Remy, pp. LXI–LXVI, XL.

[346] Meinicke, l.c., pp. 303, 304.

[347] Marcuse, p. 116. On p. 114, however, he states that they spared the lives of their captives only when they intended them to be sacrificed later on to their gods.

[348] Hale, p. 36.

[349] Radiguet, p. 156.

[350] Meinicke, l.c., II p. 254.

[351] Andree, p. 64.

[352] Moerenhout, II p. 31.

[353] Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 216.

[354] Letourneau, p. 183.

[355] Waitz-Gerland, V, 2 p. 194.

[356] Wilkes, I p. 357.

[357] Moerenhout, II p. 191.

[358] Geiseler, pp. 30, 31, 41.

[359] Parkinson, Dreissig Jahre, p. 528.

[360] Meinicke, Die Gilbert- und Marshall-Inseln, p. 409; Waitz-Gerland, V, 2 p. 122.

[361] Hernsheim, p. 80.

[362] Kubary, Die Ebongruppe, pp. 36, 37.

[363] Hager, p. 96.

[364] Senfft, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, pp. 431, 442, 439, 441, 443.

[365] Krämer, Hawaii etc., p. 430.

[366] Kohler, Das Recht der Marschallinsulaner, Z. V. R. XIV pp. 427, 428, 431.

[367] Krämer, Hawaii etc., pp. 450, 451.

[368] Jung, pp. 67–70.

[369] Christian, p. 144.

[370] Waitz-Gerland V, 2 p. 118.

[371] Ibid., pp. 120, 121.

[372] Kubary, Mortlock-Inseln, p. 246.

[373] Kubary, quoted by Schmeltz and Krause, p. 373.

[374] Gräffe, p. 94.

[375] Krämer, Studienreise, p. 179.

[376] Volkens, Ueber die Karolinen-Insel Yap.

[377] Waitz-Gerland, V, 2 pp. 112–114.

[378] Kubary, Soc. Einr. der Pelauer, p. 72.

[379] Kubary, Die Palau Inseln, p. 232.

[380] Semper, Die Pelau-Inseln, pp. 36, 79.

[381] This is also proved (if any further proof were needed) by Kubary’s detailed description of fishing and agriculture: the former is carried on by the men, the latter by the women; nowhere is any mention made of slaves. Kubary, Industrie der Pelau-Insulaner, pp. 123 sqq., 156 sqq.

[382] Wilkes, pp. 88, 95.

[383] Meinicke, Die Inseln des stillen Oceans, II p. 340.

[384] Waitz-Gerland, V, 2 p. 124.

[385] Parkinson, Gilbertinsulaner, pp. 98, 99, 39.

[386] Parkinson, Gilbertinsulaner, p. 43.

[387] Krämer, Hawaii, etc., p. 333.

[388] Schurtz, Katechismus, p. 230; Waitz-Gerland, V, 2 p. 124.

[389] De Morgan, Exploration, divisions: Linguistique (see especially p. 17), and: Ethnographie; Skeat and Blagden, I p. 515; Vaughan Stevens; Montano; Borie; Favre; Newbold; Hervey.

[390] Brenner, pp. 341, 342; Junghuhn, II pp. 150–152.

[391] Neumann T. A. G. 2nd series, part IV, pp. 26–41.

[392] Heijting, pp. 246–249; “Résumé’s”, pp. 55, 56; Willer, pp. 43–47; see also Meerwaldt, p. 541.

[393] Willer, l.c.

[394] Westenberg, Verslag, p. 76; Westenberg, Nota, pp. 113, 114.

[395] Van Dijk, Si Baloengoen, p. 158; Westenberg, Nota, p. 107; Mededeelingen, etc., pp. 580, 585.

[396] Meerwaldt, p. 541.

[397] Kroesen, Bataklanden, pp. 259, 260.

[398] Ypes, pp. 496–499, 542–545.

[399] Mededeelingen etc., pp. 567, 573, 575.

[400] Meerwaldt, p. 541.

[401] Meerwaldt, l.c.; Van Dijk, Nota, pp. 483, 491; see also Müller, Batak-Sammlung, p. 14.

[402] Van Ophuijsen; Van Dijk, Loeboe.

[403] See Mohnicke; Boers; Forbes, Kubus, and especially Dr. Hagen, who makes use of an extensive literature.

[404] De Groot.

[405] Modigliani, Nias, pp. 520–536; Rosenberg, Mal. Arch., pp. 157–163.

[406] Rosenberg, Mal. Arch.; Rosenberg, Mentawei-eilanden; Mess; Maass; Severijn, Poggi-eilanden.

[407] Rosenberg, Mal. Arch., p. 193.

[408] Kroesen, Anambas, p. 244.

[409] Modigliani, Engano; Oudemans; Severijn, Engano; Rosenberg, Engano; “Verslag eener reis”.

[410] Walland, p. 301; Rosenberg, Mal. Arch., p. 216.

[411] Low, pp. 301, 302.

[412] Schwaner, I pp. 167, 168.

[413] Low, pp. 200, 201; Spencer St. John, I p. 83; Brooke Low, in Ling Roth, Sarawak, II p. 210.

[414] Brooke Low, l.c., pp. 210–213.

[415] Perelaer, pp. 152–160.

[416] Schwaner, I pp. 80, 195; Grabowsky, p. 199.

[417] Grabowsky, l.c.

[418] Treacher, in Ling Roth, l.c., pp. 213, 214.

[419] Nieuwenhuis, Quer durch Borneo, I pp. 58, 59, 65–67.

[420] Nieuwenhuis, l.c. II pp. 95, 96.

[421] Denison, as quoted by Ling Roth, l.c.

[422] Van Prehn, pp. 29–32.

[423] Engelhard, p. 468.

[424] Beschrijving van het landschap Pasir, pp. 541, 542.

[425] Denison, in Ling Roth, p. 210.

[426] Von Dewall, pp. 23, 24.

[427] Ibid., p. 80.

[428] Tromp, Rambai, p. 111.

[429] Graafland, Minahassa, I pp. 285, 286; Riedel, Minahasse, p. 502.

[430] Wilken and Schwartz, pp. 382–384.

[431] Riedel, Holontalo, pp. 65–67.

[432] Riedel, Boeool, pp. 197, 204.

[433] Kruijt, N. Z. G. XXXIX pp. 121–123, 126–128; XL pp. 141, 142; Adriani, pp. 240, 241. See also the description given by Riedel, who calls them Topantunuazu; Riedel, Topantunuazu, pp. 82–84, 90.

[434] Kruijt, Toboengkoe en Tomori, pp. 233, sqq.

[435] Bakkers, Sandjai, p. 287.

[436] van Hasselt, Bangkala, p. 367.

[437] Het landschap Donggala, pp. 520, 521.

[438] Donselaar, Saleijer, pp. 296–299.

[439] Ligtvoet, p. 570.

[440] de Roo, pp. 582–585; see also Bieger, p. 153.

[441] Von Martens, p. 117 (on the whole island); Ten Kate Timorgroep, p. 212 (on Sika); and especially Roos, pp. 488–491 (on Endeh).

[442] Ten Kate, Timorgroep, p. 242.

[443] Bakkers, Bonerate, pp. 248–250; Vink, pp. 340, 341.

[444] De Castro, pp. 484, 485; Forbes, Timor, p. 417. Zondervan mostly relies on De Castro.

[445] Ten Kate, l.c., p. 343.

[446] Donselaar, Savoe, pp. 295, 296.

[447] Graafland, Rote, pp. 364, 365.

[448] Riedel, Rassen, pp. 434 sqq.

[449] Ibid., p. 406.

[450] Ibid., p. 384; Van Hoëvell, Leti, p. 212.

[451] Riedel, Rassen, p. 463.

[452] Ibid., p. 320.

[453] Ibid., p. 346.

[454] Ibid., p. 293; Van Hoëvell, Tanimbar, p. 174; Forbes, Timorlaut, pp. 15, 18.

[455] Riedel, l.c., p. 251; Rosenberg, Mal. Arch., pp. 338, 344.

[456] Riedel, l.c., pp. 226, 228, 231; Van Hoëvell, Kei-eilanden, p. 120; Pleijte, p. 567.

[457] Riedel, l.c., p. 194.

[458] Ibid., p. 154.

[459] Ibid., pp. 101–103; Boot, p. 1171.

[460] Riedel, l.c., p. 49; Van Hoëvell, Ambon, p. 47.

[461] Hickson, p. 141; see also pp. 137, 139, 142; van Dinter.

[462] Riedel, Galela, pp. 64–66.

[463] Campen, p. 285.

[464] Riedel, Rassen, pp. 18, 19; Wilken, Boeroe, p. 3.

[465] Van der Miesen, p. 449.

[466] Blumentritt, Conquista, pp. 53–59; Blumentritt, Tagalen, pp. 12–17.

[467] Schadenberg, Süd-Mindanao, pp. 9, 12, 28; Blumentritt, Mindanao, p. 281.

[468] Blumentritt, Ethnographie, p. 49; Blumentritt, Mindanao, pp. 293, 294.

[469] Blumentritt, Ethnographie pp. 53, 54; Blumentritt, Maguindanaos, p. 891; Jansen, pp. 219, 224, 225.

[470] Schadenberg, Süd-Mindanao, p. 47.

[471] Blumentritt, Mindanao, p. 297.

[472] Blumentritt, Kianganen, p. 132.

[473] Blumentritt, Bungianen.

[474] Venturillo, see especially p. 142; Miller.

[475] Jenks, pp. 136–138; Schadenberg, Nord-Luzon.

[476] Blumentritt, Ethnographie; Meijer, Igorroten; Jagor, Philippines.

[477] See Reed, p. 63; Semper, Philippinen; Mallat; Blumentritt, Negritos; Schadenberg, Negritos.

[478] Schurtz, Katechismus, p. 221.

[479] Sibree, pp. 181, 182; Hartmann, p. 75; Ellis, Madagascar, pp. 146–149.

[480] Sibree.

[481] Hildebrandt, Ambergebirge, p. 276; Grandidier, p. 217.

[482] Veth, IV pp. 410–413.

[483] I, p. 11.

[484] Liefrinck, Nota etc., p. 184.

[485] Waanders, p. 133.

[486] Liefrinck, ibid., p. 185.

[487] Waanders, pp. 107, 123–125; Tonkes, pp. 54–58.

[488] Tonkes, p. 61.

[489] Liefrinck, Slavernij op Lombok, pp. 508, 514, sqq.

[490] Van Eck, p. 356.

[491] Van Hasselt, Volksbeschrijving van Midden-Sumatra, pp. 190, 191.

[492] Willinck, pp. 130–144.

[493] Among the Rejangs: Marsden, pp. 252, 255; in Semindo: Pauw ten Kate, pp. 537–542, Gramberg, pp. 458, 459; in Blalauw: Gramberg, pp. 471, 472; in Palembang: Gersen, pp. 136, 137; Singkel: Rosenberg, Singkel, p. 413, Rosenberg, Mal. Arch., p. 45; Pangkallan: Holle, pp. 382, 383; Labuan-Batu: Neumann, Laboean-Batoe, pp. 478, 479, Korte beschrijving van het landschap Bilu, p. 553; Karintji, Serampas and Sungai Tenang: Klerks, p. 89; Upper Asahan: Van den Bor, p. 410; Batubarah: de Scheemaker, pp. 471–473; Siak: Nieuwenhuijzen, pp. 412–414; the Rokan states: Quast, pp. 416–418. In Glugur “serfdom does not exist: all men have the same human rights” (Van Delden, p. 169). Whether this is the original state of things, or due to Dutch interference, does not appear.

[494] Snouck Hurgronje, De Atjehers, I pp. 21–25. Concerning the West Coast of Atjeh, see also van Langen, pp. 478, 479.

[495] Snouck Hurgronje, Het Gajoland, pp. 62–64.

[496] Matthes, pp. 3, 5, 136, 137, etc. On the Bugis of Tanette and Barru, see also Bakkers, Tanette, p. 257, and on those of Boni: Bakkers, Boni, pp. 60, 98, 153.

[497] Robidé, pp. 53, 218, 221, etc.

[498] De Clercq, Ternate, p. 74.

[499] Saleeby, p. 65.

[500] Colquhoun, p. 189; Harper Parker, pp. 88, 100.

[501] Colquhoun, pp. 189, 258.

[502] St. John, Aracan, pp. 240–242.

[503] Lewin, p. 85.

[504] Colquhoun, p. 77.

[505] Ibid., p. 155.

[506] Mason, p. 159.

[507] Colquhoun, p. 69.

[508] Ibid., pp. 40, 69, 70.

[509] Wehrli, pp. 36, 37; see also Dalton, p. 10; Rowney, p. 167.

[510] Man, pp. 109, 356.

[511] Svoboda, p. 191.

[512] Cooper, p. 238; Dalton, p. 15; Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 15.

[513] Shaw, p. 89.

[514] Dalton, p. 58; Eliot, p. 28.

[515] Macrae, p. 188.

[516] Lewin, p. 89.

[517] Dalton, p. 46.

[518] Dalton, p. 45: Stewart and Butler, as quoted by Spencer, l.c., p. 14.

[519] Metz; Spencer, Descr. Soc., V.

[520] Hunter, Rural Bengal, I pp. 200, 202; Dalton, pp. 207–218.

[521] Campbell, pp. 53, 79.

[522] Dalton, p. 114.

[523] Dalton, p. 51; Watt.

[524] Dalton, p. 57.

[525] Ibid., p. 254.

[526] Ibid., p. 230.

[527] Ujfalvy, Aryens, pp. 352, 359; Robertson, pp. 78, 79; Rousselet, p. 223.

[528] Dalton, p. 24. Letourneau (p. 305) is in doubt whether slavery really exists here, first because the Padam Abors are organized in republican and even communistic clans, in which slavery is hardly possible (why?); secondly because the young slaves live together with the young freemen in communal long-houses. This last remark proves that Letourneau is not very familiar with the character of primitive slavery.

[529] Dalton, p. 36.

[530] Grange, as quoted by Spencer, l. c, pp. 7, 11; Godden in J. A. I. XXV p. 184.

[531] Hodgson, as quoted by Spencer, l. c, p. 7.

[532] Sarasin, p. 488.

[533] Pallas, Reise, I p. 338; Boutakoff; Ujfalvy, Expéd. scient., p. 112; Chambers, as quoted by Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 15.

[534] Levchine, pp. 341, 354.

[535] Ibid., pp. 305, 331, 368, 369, 399, 502.

[536] Ibid., pp. 347, 430.

[537] Radloff, Aus Sibirien, I p. 526. Finsch (West Sibirien, p. 150) speaks in the same way.

[538] Levchine, p. 305.

[539] Radloff, Beobachtungen über die Kirgisen, p. 168.

[540] Radloff, Aus Sibirien. The Kara Kirghiz are described I pp. 526–534.

[541] Koehne, pp. 458, 459.

[542] Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 16.

[543] Pallas, Reise, I pp. 264, 233, 265.

[544] Die Bewohner des schwarzen Irtyschthales, p. 67.

[545] Radloff, Aus Sibirien, II pp. 327–330.

[546] Radloff, l.c., I pp. 270, 286, 287, 293, 295, 312, 315.

[547] Ibid., I p. 320.

[548] Ibid., I pp. 330–343, 353–357, 374–405.

[549] Vambéry, Das Türkenvolk, p. 356.

[550] Ibid., p. 380.

[551] Ibid., p. 410.

[552] Vambéry, Skizzen, p. 64.

[553] Stein; Weil.

[554] Letourneau, p. 227.

[555] Obrutschew, I p. 37.

[556] Ujfalvy, Expéd. scient., p. 84.

[557] Ujfalvy, Aryens, p. 145.

[558] Von Stenin, Kurden, p. 221.

[559] Pallas, Reise, III p. 51.

[560] Ibid., pp. 25, 26.

[561] Ibid., pp. 72–74.

[562] Islawin; Finsch, West-Sibirien.

[563] Von Stenin, Samojeden, see especially p. 187.

[564] Déniker, Les Ghiliaks, p. 309.

[565] Müller, Unter Tungusen und Jakuten.

[566] Sumner, p. 85; see also Müller, l.c.

[567] Laufer, see especially p. 318.

[568] Steller, pp. 356, 293, 235, 235 note.

[569] Hist. de Kamtschatka, II p. 156.

[570] Nordenskiöld, II p. 124.

[571] Erman, pp. 379, 380.

[572] Georgi as quoted by Hildebrand, Recht und Sitte, p. 36; Dall; Hooper; Kennan.

[573] Hist. de Kamtschatka, II p. 218.

[574] Ibid., pp. 82, 223, 239.

[575] Melnikow, pp. 194, 206.

[576] Batchelor, p. 288.

[577] Savage Landor, p. 59.

[578] Hitchcock, p. 467.

[579] Joest, Weltfahrten; St. John, The Ainos; Holland.

[580] Morgan, Ossetes, pp. 374, 377, 408; Klaproth, II pp. 595, 615; Pallas, Neue Nord. Beitr., VII p. 69; Kovalewsky, Coutume contemp., pp. 78, 189, 196, 203, 347.

[581] Bell, I pp. 163, 169 etc., II pp. 97 etc.; Klaproth, I pp. 564–573.

[582] Radde, pp. 425, 426.

[583] Bodenstedt, I p. 283.

[584] See Von Haxthausen; Telfer.

[585] Telfer, p. 113.

[586] Klaproth.

[587] Chantre, IV p. 79.

[588] Ibid., p. 129.

[589] Ibid., p. 136.

[590] Ibid., p. 192.

[591] Burckhardt, I p. 356; see also pp. 158, 175.

[592] Doughty.

[593] Geoffroy, p. 428.

[594] Theal, p. 72.

[595] Tromp, De Kaffers; Macdonald, South African tribes.

[596] Waitz-Gerland, II pp. 391, 398.

[597] Fritsch, pp. 79, 80, 93, 97, 147.

[598] Kropf, pp. 180, 170.

[599] Livingstone, Zambesi, pp. 385, 386.

[600] Fritsch, pp. 145, 146.

[601] Livingstone, Zambesi, pp. 262, 263.

[602] Kerr, I p. 20.

[603] Holub, Süd-Afrika, II pp. 432, 434.

[604] Schurtz, Katechismus, p. 169.

[605] Holub, Süd-Afrika, I p. 432.

[606] Holub in J. A. I. 1881, p. 10.

[607] Conder, p. 89.

[608] Holub, Süd-Afrika, I p. 432.

[609] Casalis, pp. 197, 236.

[610] Passarge, Okawangosumpfland, pp. 704, 705, 710 711.

[611] Livingstone, Zambesi, p. 125; Livingstone, Miss. Trav., pp. 88, 93.

[612] Ibid., p. 235.

[613] Holub, Süd-Afrika, I p. 397.

[614] Joest, Weltfahrten, I p. 253.

[615] Wiese, pp. 188–197; Kerr, II p. 129.

[616] Junod, p. 96.

[617] Beuster, p. 239.

[618] Theal, p. 161.

[619] Galton, p. 142.

[620] Rautanen, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, pp. 336, 335, 342. The Ondonga are perhaps identical with the Ovampo, see Steinmetz, ibid., p. 326.

[621] Andersson, I pp. 247, 248.

[622] Hahn, Die Ovaherero; Haarhoff.

[623] Fritsch, p. 364; see also Waitz-Gerland, II p. 391.

[624] Viehe, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, pp. 304, 305, 302.

[625] Kohler, Das Recht der Herero, pp. 311, 312.

[626] Ibid., p. 312.

[627] Livingstone, Zambesi, p. 322; Livingstone, Miss. Trav., p. 597.

[628] Holub, Süd-Afrika, II pp. 331, 348, 350, etc.; Livingstone, Miss. Trav., p. 318; Serpa Pinto, II p. 42.

[629] Holub, Süd-Afrika; Livingstone, Miss. Trav.; Mauch.

[630] Holub, l.c. II p. 241.

[631] Magyar, I pp. 286–290, etc.

[632] Cameron, II pp. 164, 167.

[633] Pogge, Muata Jamwo, pp. 165, 134, 226, etc.; Livingstone, Last Journ., I p. 237.

[634] Peters, pp. 395, 394.

[635] Pogge, Muata Jamwo, pp. 45, 46, 51.

[636] Magyar, I p. 80.

[637] Macdonald, East Central African Customs, pp. 101, 102.

[638] Livingstone, Zambesi, p. 396.

[639] Livingstone, Miss. Trav., p. 618.

[640] Beverley, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, p. 213.

[641] Lang, ibid., pp. 240–242; Storch, p. 319.

[642] Storch, p. 323.

[643] Weule, pp. 55, 56.

[644] Weule, pp. 123, 124.

[645] Von Schele, pp, 71, 72.

[646] Kohler, Das Banturecht, pp. 42–45 (after Merker).

[647] Baumann, p. 237; Kohler, Das Banturecht, pp. 42–45 (after Puder). On the Msalala, a division of the Wanyamwesi, see also Desoignies, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, p. 278.

[648] Angus, pp. 317, 323.

[649] Hore, p. 11.

[650] Kraft, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, p. 291.

[651] Dale, p. 230.

[652] Hermann, p. 55.

[653] Fülleborn, p. 383.

[654] Storch, p. 326.

[655] Thomson, Centr. Afr. Lakes, I pp. 102, 139.

[656] Peters, pp. 284, 285.

[657] Baumann, p. 214.

[658] Thomson, Centr. Afr. Lakes, II p. 222.

[659] Baumann, p. 237.

[660] Von Höhnel, p. 318.

[661] Stuhlmann, pp. 492–529.

[662] Thomson, Massai; Johnston; Von Höhnel.

[663] Ward in J. A. I. 1895, p. 287; De Bas, p. 173.

[664] Phillips, pp. 223, 224.

[665] Magyar, I pp. 213–216, etc.

[666] Schütt, pp. 115, 139, 140.

[667] Buchholz, p. 178; Lenz, pp. 21, 218; Compiègne, Okanda, pp. 194, 195; Winwood Reade, p. 259.

[668] Lenz, pp. 39, 40.

[669] Duloup, p. 222.

[670] Compiègne, Okanda, pp. 93, 95, 96.

[671] Buchholz, pp. 96, 97, 190, 200, 201, 85; see also Kohler, Negerrecht, pp. 10, 24, 25, 34.

[672] Coquilhat, pp. 500–502.

[673] Coquilhat, pp. 85, 86, 122; Ward, Cannibals, pp. 105, 106, 302; Dupont, pp. 210, 231–233; Johnston, The river Congo, p. 396; Torday and Joyce, Congo Free State, p. 139.

[674] Coquilhat, pp. 232, 296, 297, 365, 366; Ward, Cannibals, p. 132.

[675] Wissmann, Im Inneren Afrikas, pp. 82, 158.

[676] Livingstone, Last Journ., II pp. 131, 132, 29, 62, 63.

[677] Wolff, pp. 206, 207.

[678] Lenz, pp. 53, 218; Compiègne, Okanda, pp. 62, 65.

[679] Coquilhat, pp. 149, 157, 169.

[680] Schütt, pp. 38, 41.

[681] Compiègne, Gabonais, pp. 114, 130, 141.

[682] On the Bakundu, Banyang, Batom and Mabum, see Hutter, pp. 259 sqq.

[683] Hutter, pp. 341 sqq.

[684] Torday and Joyce, Ba-Mbala, p. 411.

[685] Torday and Joyce, Ba-Yaka, p. 46.

[686] Torday and Joyce, Ba-Huana, p. 286.

[687] Torday and Joyce, Congo Free State, p. 150.

[688] Zenker, pp. 48, 49, 67.

[689] Hoesemann, pp. 176,177.

[690] Leuschner, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, p. 21; Schwarz as quoted ibidem.

[691] Magyar; Serpa Pinto; Capello and Ivens.

[692] Serpa Pinto; Capello and Ivens.

[693] Pogge, Muata Jamwo, pp. 5, 7.

[694] Schütt, pp. 79, 90, 113; Livingstone, Miss. Trav., p. 435; Capello and Ivens, pp. 314, 325, etc.

[695] Pogge, Muata Jamwo, pp. 35, 36, 39, 40.

[696] Buchholz, p. 178; Lenz, p. 256; Compiègne, Gabonais, p. 159. Bennett, in his article on the Fans, makes no mention of slavery.

[697] Steinmetz, Rechtsverhältnisse, pp. 42, 43; see also pp. 41, 51, 54 ibidem.

[698] Winwood Reade, p. 259.

[699] Buchholz, p. 178.

[700] Compiègne, Okanda, p. 84; Lenz, p. 240.

[701] Coquilhat; Ward, Cannibals; Dupont; Wissmann, im Inneren Afrikas; Guiral, p. 150.

[702] Coquilhat, p. 424.

[703] Cameron, II pp. 110, 111.

[704] Wissmann, Im Inneren Afrikas, pp. 240, 241.

[705] Wissmann, Zweite Durchquerung, p. 115.

[706] Wissmann, Unter deutscher Flagge, I p. 93; l.c. note; Pogge’s Aufenthalt, pp. 381, 382.

[707] Wissmann, Im Inneren Afrikas, pp. 141, 145, 146.

[708] Lenz, pp. 281–283.

[709] Wissmann, Im Inneren Afrikas, p. 36.

[710] Wissmann, Unter deutscher Flagge, I p. 147; Pogge’s Aufenthalt, p. 309.

[711] Wilson and Felkin, I pp. 161, 186, 193; Baskerville, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, pp. 193, 194.

[712] Chaillé Long; Junker; Wilson and Felkin.

[713] Roscoe, p. 100.

[714] Richter, Der Bezirk Bukoba, p. 87.

[715] Bastian, Geogr. und Ethn. Bilder, p. 143; Hutchinson, pp. 133, 141–145; Compiègne, Gabonais, p. 87; Lander, III p. 321; Walker, pp. 120–123.

[716] Bastian, l.c. p. 166; Köler, pp. 84, 153–155, 164; Compiègne, l.c. p. 78; De Cardi, in Kingsley, West African studies, pp. 516, 517, 522–526.

[717] Hutchinson, p. 99; De Cardi, ibid., pp. 471–476.

[718] Bosman, II p. 228; Bastian, l.c. p. 175; De Cardi, ibid., pp. 452–454.

[719] Zündel, pp. 387, 407, 408; Herold, pp. 168–170. On the slave system of the Ewe-speaking peoples in general, see Ellis, Ewe-speaking peoples, pp. 218–221.

[720] Burton, II pp. 74, 248.

[721] Hagen, Porto-Novo, p. 97.

[722] Lander, I p. 37; Staudinger, p. 16. On the slave system of the Yoruba-speaking peoples in general, see Ellis, Yoruba-speaking peoples, pp. 178, 182.

[723] Bowdich, pp. 151, 157, 159, 205, 209. The natives of Ashanti belong to the Tshi-speaking peoples of the Gold Coast. On slavery among these peoples in general, see Ellis, Tshi-speaking peoples, pp. 289–295, and Bosman, I pp. 126, 187.

[724] Finsch, Goldküste, pp. 359–361.

[725] Harris, pp. 27–30.

[726] Bérenger-Féraud, p. 211; Tautain, Mandingues, pp. 347–350. On slavery among the tribes of Liberia in general, see also Büttikofer in T. A. G. pp. 72, 73; Büttikofer in I. A. E., pp. 81–83.

[727] Bérenger-Féraud, pp. 44, 58–60; Tautain, Sénégal, p. 67.

[728] Bérenger-Féraud, p. 365. See also Fama Mademba’s general description of the Sansanding States, inhabited, among others, by the Saracolays and Bambaras, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, p. 83; Nicole’s notes on the Diakité, a subdivision of the Saracolays, ibidem, pp. 118–120; Arcin, pp. 269–276.

[729] Tellier, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, pp. 168–172; Tellier, Autour de Kita, pp. 98 sqq.

[730] Bérenger-Féraud, p. 236; Fama Mademba (see above, p. 155, note 14); Tellier (see note 1).

[731] Bérenger-Féraud, p. 269; Tellier, Autour de Kita, pp. 98 sqq.

[732] Granville and Roth, pp. 117, 118.

[733] Tellier (see note 1); Arcin, pp. 269–276.

[734] On the Susu, Landuma and Limba, see Madrolle, pp. 91–93.

[735] De Cardi, Ju-Ju Laws etc., p. 52.

[736] Lenz, pp. 233, 234; Köler, pp. 57, 58; Hutchinson, p. 48; Staudinger, p. 9; Kingsley in J. A. I. p. 62.

[737] Tautain, Bobo, pp. 230, 233.

[738] Corre, pp. 15, 16.

[739] In the first edition of this book we had counted such peoples as the Fulbe, the Haussa and the Tuareg among the savages. Dr. Vierkandt, in his article on “Die Verbreitung der Sklaverei und ihre Ursachen”, rightly remarks that they are rather to be regarded as semi-civilized peoples.

[740] Chaillé Long, p. 29.

[741] Wilson and Felkin, II pp. 163, 162.

[742] Schweinfurth, I p. 164.

[743] Schweinfurth; Junker.

[744] Junker, I p. 531; Wilson and Felkin, II p. 96.

[745] Stuhlmann, pp. 774 sqq. (by Emin Pascha).

[746] Stuhlmann, pp. 492–529.

[747] Ibid., pp. 530 sqq.

[748] Junker, II pp. 477, 462.

[749] Junker, I pp. 331, 411, 428.

[750] Schweinfurth, II pp. 164, 190; Junker, III pp. 4, 292.

[751] Schweinfurth, II, pp. 45, 82; Junker, II pp. 265, 266, 317; III p. 129.

[752] Burrows, p. 45.

[753] Junker, III p. 507.

[754] Baumann, p. 224.

[755] Baumann, p. 179.

[756] Ibid., p. 173. Kannenberg’s statement, that captives are made slaves, does not seem to prove anything. These slaves may be sold abroad (see Kannenberg, p. 167, and below p. 164).

[757] Baumann, p. 187.

[758] Schweinfurth; Junker; Wilson and Felkin.

[759] Compiègne, Gabonais, p. 92; Hutchinson, p. 191.

[760] Sibree, p. 227.

[761] Hildebrandt, West-Madagascar, p. 113

[762] Walter, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, pp. 381, 387.

[763] Fritsch, p. 261.

[764] Fritsch, p. 364.

[765] See above, p. 139.

[766] Galton, p. 142.

[767] Wandrer, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, p. 323.

[768] Holub, Süd-Afrika, I, p. 112.

[769] Livingstone, Miss. Trav.; Fritsch; Theal; Passarge, Die Buschmänner.

[770] Fritsch, p. 444.

[771] Schweinfurth, II pp. 107–126; Emin Bey; Burrows.

[772] Burrows, pp. 39, 38.

[773] Lenz has some notes on the Abongos.

[774] Serpa Pinto, I p. 322.

[775] Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 154, 155.

[776] Ibid., p. 207.

[777] Ibid., pp. 231, 239, 244, 245.

[778] Ibid., pp. 279, 308–311 etc.; see also Junker I p. 180; von Müller, p. 428.

[779] Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 483, 484, 497.

[780] Munzinger, Bogos, pp. 42, 43, 48–56.

[781] Paulitschke, I pp. 261, 262; II pp. 139–141.

[782] Paulitschke, I pp. 260, 263; II pp. 138, 139. Concerning the Somal see also Bottego, pp. 422–425; Hildebrandt, Somal, p. 4.

[783] Baumann, p. 165; Kallenberg, p. 93; Merker, pp. 96, 97, 118, 208.

[784] Kannenberg, p. 155; Baumstark.

[785] Kandt, p. 254.

[786] Thomson, Through Massailand; Johnston; Baumann; Kallenberg; von Höhnel.

[787] Thomson, l.c. p. 448; Johnston, p. 402.

[788] On Kannenberg’s statement that the Wandorobo enslave captives the same may be remarked as above with regard to the Warangi (See Kannenberg p. 170).

[789] Thomson, l. c; Johnston; von Höhnel.

[790] See above, p. 157, note 1.

[791] In this paragraph we speak of “positive” and “negative cases”, meaning only the clear cases.

[792] Morgan, Anc. Soc., see especially, pp. 10–12.

[793] Vierkandt, Culturtypen, pp. 67, 69.

[794] Vierkandt, l.c., p. 61.

[795] Peschel (pp. 144, 145) has already given nearly the same list. Vierkandt adds to Peschel’s list the Negritos, Kubus and African pigmy-tribes. The earliest enumeration of “lowest races” we know of is that given by Malthus (Population, pp. 15–20). He mentions as such the Fuegians, Tasmanians, Andamanese and Australians.

[796] Steinmetz, Classification, p. 133.

[797] Vierkandt, l.c., pp. 67, 69, 71, 72. His distinction of nomadic and settled semi-civilized peoples is entirely an economic one.

[798] We may leave out of the question Zu Wied’s uncertain statement about the Botocudos. Of the pigmy-tribes we do not know very much; but nowhere is it stated that any of them have slaves.

[799] On the different systems of classification, see Steinmetz’s “Classification”, from which it clearly appears that a good division of the peoples of the earth according to their general culture is still wanting.

[800] Bagehot, p. 72.

[801] Grünberg, Article “Unfreiheit”, in Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften, 2nd edition.

[802] Spencer, Ind. Inst., p. 456.

[803] Tourmagne, p. 3.

[804] Morgan, Anc. Soc., pp. 80, 10, 13, 11.

[805] Schmoller, Die Thatsachen der Arbeitsteilung, p. 1010.

[806] Schmoller, Grundriss, I p. 339.

[807] Ingram, pp. 1, 2.

[808] Flügel, p. 95.

[809] Schurtz, Katechismus, p. 110.

[810] Lippert, II pp. 522, 535.

[811] Lamprecht, I p. 165.

[812] Dimitroff, p. 88.

[813] Peschel, p. 253. “Koloshes” is the Russian name for Tlinkits.

[814] Wagner, p. 375.

[815] Tylor, Anthropology, p. 434.

[816] Spencer, Ind. Inst., p. 459.

[817] Bos, p. 191.

[818] Felix, II pp. 250.

[819] Mommsen, I p. 191.

[820] Letourneau, p. 491. See also Sutherland, I p. 379.

[821] Dargun, pp. 59–61.

[822] Grosse, p. 28.

[823] Hahn, Die Haustiere, pp. 388 sqq. In a recent little book (Die Entstehung der wirtschaftlichen Arbeit, 1908, p. 92), Dr. Hahn, speaking of the first edition of the present work, observes that the result of our investigations amounts to very little, the reason being that we have confined ourselves to the study of those peoples among which the cultivation of the soil is of no consequence. The mere fact, that our chapter on agricultural tribes occupies more spaces than the chapters on hunters and fishers and on pastoral tribes taken together, proves the incorrectness of Dr. Hahn’s remark.

[824] Whereas our 5 economic groups are not an ascending series, these 3 agricultural groups are. Primitive agriculture must be anterior to a more developed state of agriculture.

[825] This group is nearly identical with Dargun’s Jägerbauern; see Dargun, p. 60 note 1.

[826] See Dargun, p. 110, and Hildebrand, Recht und Sitte, pp. 42, 43.

[827] Under “trade” we shall for the sake of convenience also comprehend industry.

[828] About the Malay Archipelago we have also consulted De Hollander, and about Africa, Ratzel, Völkerkunde.

[829] Roosevelt calls them hunters; but in the Jesuit Relations it is stated, that they were not entirely unacquainted with agriculture.

[830] On Musters’ authority. According to Charlevoix, agriculture was not entirely unknown amongst them.

[831] On Keane’s authority. According to Zu Wied and Martius, there are some slight traces of agriculture.

[832] Thomson, Through Massailand, p. 448; Johnston, p. 402.

[833] See above, pp. 53, 58, 80, 81, 124, 52, 74. The Montagnais seem also sometimes to have adopted prisoners. Le Jeune observed a young Iroquois, whom they had adopted, Jesuit relations, VI p. 259.

[834] Spencer, Ind. Inst., p. 459.

[835] Dawson, p. 5.

[836] Man, p. 109.

[837] Another instance of people providing for the wants of others is the marriage by service, the young man serving the parents of his bride, sometimes for several years. This even occurs among the Ainu, Bushmen, and Fuegians; see Westermarck, Human marriage, pp. 390, 391.

[838] Hildebrand, Recht und Sitte, pp. 1, 2.

[839] Sutherland, I p. 360.

[840] Social institutions are sometimes made; but this is the exception: generally they grow.

[841] See Ferrero’s beautiful exposition of this character.

[842] Tanner, p. 112.

[843] Bonwick, p. 62.

[844] Blumentritt, Negritos, p. 65.

[845] Jones, Ojibway Indians, pp. 79, 80.

[846] Dawson, p. 35.

[847] Man, p. 109.

[848] Jesuit Relations, VII p. 173.

[849] Histoire de Kamtschatka, I p. 287.

[850] Gibbs, p. 193.

[851] Muratori, pp. 28, 33.

[852] Russell, p. 164.

[853] Bossu, p. 247.

[854] Fritsch, p. 324.

[855] As to Australia, see Steinmetz, Strafe, I pp. 430, 431.

[856] Members of despised classes are often excluded from the occupations considered noble by the community. So the Jews in the Middle Ages were not allowed to hold real property (except in some periods in the South of France and Spain), nor to enter into corporations and trades. (Nys, p. 136). Mr. A. C. Kruijt tells us that, in Central Celebes, slaves who excel in those qualities which are highly valued in free men, i.e. bravery or oratorical power, are practically no longer regarded as slaves.

[857] Grinnell, p. 123.

[858] See Charlevoix, Nouv. France, III p. 246 (about the Hurons and Iroquois); in the same sense Lery, p. 225, about the Tupinambas of Brazil. These tribes are not hunters proper, but Jägerbauern; but this is rather a proof a fortiori.

[859] Mr. Westermarck observes: “The prevalence of slavery in a savage tribe and the extent to which it is practised must also depend upon the ability of the tribe to procure slaves from foreign communities and upon its willingness to allow its own members to be kept as slaves within the tribe. It may be very useful for a group to have a certain number of slaves, and yet they may not have them, for the reason that no slaves are to be had” (Moral Ideas, I p. 674). It will be seen from what we have just said, that we fully agree with this. For some hunting tribes it might be very useful, in an economic sense, to keep slaves; but there is a series of social and psychical factors that render the subjection of men as slaves impossible. We do not think, therefore, that Mr. Westermarck is quite right in remarking that in our book “the influence of economic conditions upon the institution of slavery has perhaps been emphasised too much at the cost of other factors” (Ibid.).

[860] Mill, p. 302.

[861] Cairnes, p. 46.

[862] Kruijt, N. Z. G. XXXIX p. 122.

[863] Schurtz, Das Afrikanische Gewerbe, p. 142.

[864] See Wagner, p. 389. Schmoller (Grundriss, I p. 340) also remarks that slaves have no interest in the result of their work.

[865] See Bücher, p. 9, and Fritsch’s beautiful description of Bushman hunting, Fritsch, pp. 424 sqq.

[866] See the exposition of the causes and development of this mitigation by Wagner, pp. 390–405.

[867] The assertion of some writers (e.g. Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 767, 796), that the Australians have declined from a higher state of culture, seems to us quite unfounded.

[868] This description, given by Dawson (p. 37) of female labour in Western Victoria, may be taken as a fair type of female labour among hunters in general.

[869] See Steinmetz, Strafe, II pp. 96 sqq.

[870] Crantz, I p. 185.

[871] Boas, Central Eskimo, p. 580.

[872] Tanner, p. 98.

[873] Crantz, I p. 211, 215.

[874] Such men, treated as wives and performing female labour, were very numerous in Kamchatka; see Steller, p. 350 note.

[875] Sutherland (I p. 379) remarks that “when a slave has to be fed by the huntsman skill of his master, he is a burden rather than a help, and amid roving habits it is difficult to see how there can be enough of drudgery to made it convenient to feed him.”

[876] The Germans call such people Sammler.

[877] Bancroft, p. 118; see also Mackenzie, I p. 151.

[878] The positive cases here are 5 + 14 = 19, instead of 18, because the Indians about Puget Sound count double, some of them being hunters and others fishers. The negative cases are 54 + 15 = 69, instead of 70, because we have omitted the Chepewyans.

[879] Wemiaminow, p. 214.

[880] Bancroft, p. 161.

[881] Ibid., p. 122.

[882] Ibid., p. 213.

[883] Holmberg, I p. 17; see also p. 22.

[884] Kane, p. 314.

[885] Gibbs, p. 197.

[886] Bancroft, p. 232.

[887] Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 151.

[888] Ibid., pp. 76–78.

[889] Krause, pp. 155, 159, 181. See also Holmberg, I pp. 22–24.

[890] Bancroft, pp. 161–163.

[891] Ibid., pp. 212, 213.

[892] Sproat, pp. 53, 89.

[893] Bancroft, p. 123.

[894] Allison, p. 308.

[895] Gibbs, pp. 193–195.

[896] Bancroft, pp. 232–234.

[897] See Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 724.

[898] Bancroft, pp. 74, 75; Holmberg, I p. 90.

[899] Krause, pp. 123, 155; Bancroft, p. 104. See also Holmberg, I pp. 22, 24.

[900] Krause, p. 307; Bancroft, p. 163.

[901] Bancroft, pp 183–187.

[902] Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 132, 134, 151. See also Sproat, p. 37.

[903] Gibbs, pp. 194–196.

[904] Bancroft, pp. 211–213.

[905] Ibid., p. 123.

[906] Ibid., pp. 231, 233; Swan, The Northwest Coast, p. 161.

[907] Allison, p. 309.

[908] Gibbs remarks: “East of the Cascades, though it [slavery] exists, it is not so common; the equestrian habits of the tribes living there probably rendering it less profitable or convenient than among the more settled inhabitants of the coast.” (Gibbs, p. 188).

[909] Kane, p. 238.

[910] Bancroft, p. 90.

[911] Ibid., p. 86; Holmberg, I pp. 99–103, 79.

[912] Krause, pp. 159, 173, 181, 183, 186. See also Holmberg, I pp. 26–29.

[913] Krause, pp. 306, 307, 313; Swan, Haidah Indians, pp. 2, 3; Bancroft, p. 165.

[914] Niblack, p. 252; Bancroft, p. 166.

[915] Bancroft, p. 135.

[916] Gibbs, pp. 195, 193, 188, 189.

[917] Bancroft, pp. 211, 216–218.

[918] Ibid., pp. 192, 187, 194.

[919] Sproat, pp. 38, 97; Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 123, 115, 137.

[920] Gibbs, p. 175.

[921] Bancroft, p. 122.

[922] Ibid., pp. 238–240; Swan, The Northwest Coast, pp. 164, 158, 166.

[923] Bancroft, p. 195.

[924] Holmberg, I p. 79.

[925] Kane, p. 220.

[926] Trading itself is not a drudgery, but a highly agreeable occupation. “Most of the Africans” says Livingstone (Zambesi, p. 50) “are natural-born traders; they love trade more for the sake of trading, than for what they make by it.” Bücher decidedly underrates the significance of trade among savages.

[927] So Bancroft (p. 91) says of the Aleuts: “Notwithstanding their peaceful character, the occupants of the several islands were almost constantly at war.” This is far from clear; for we can hardly imagine peaceful people being always at war with each other.

[928] Schmoller, Grundriss, I p. 195.

[929] Bancroft, p. 84; Holmberg, I p. 112.

[930] Krause, pp. 167, 122.

[931] Bancroft, p. 167; Swan, p. 3.

[932] Kane, pp. 220, 221.

[933] Bancroft, p. 191.

[934] Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 216.

[935] Mayne, p. 263.

[936] Boas, Kwakiutl, p. 341.

[937] Gibbs, p. 175.

[938] Bancroft, p. 123.

[939] Gibbs, p. 185, 187.

[940] Bancroft, p. 217.

[941] Ibid., pp. 239, 240.

[942] Kane, p. 216; Holmberg, I p. 14.

[943] Bagehot, p. 72.

[944] Allison, pp. 309, 306, 315.

[945] Niblack, p. 252.

[946] Petroff, p. 152.

[947] Bancroft, p. 108; see also Niblack, p. 252.

[948] Boas, Die Tsimshian, p. 244.

[949] Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 130.

[950] Petroff, p. 152.

[951] Bancroft, p. 499.

[952] Niblack, p. 252.

[953] Boas, Die Tsimshian, p. 237.

[954] Meares, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 188.

[955] Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 130, 201.

[956] See above, p. 196.

[957] See above, p. 174.

[958] Letourneau also seems to consider slavery foreign to the way of life of these tribes. He has not, however, recourse to a hypothetical former agricultural state, but to the great ethnological pons asinorum, derivation (pp. 132, 134). But he does not inform us whence slavery can have been derived. Perhaps from the inland tribes who, as Letourneau himself proves to be aware, have no slaves? Or from the Siberians, who are rather in a lower than in a higher economic state as compared with the Indians of the Pacific Coast? Or from the Hindus or any other mythical early visitors of America?

[959] Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 130.

[960] Boas, Die Tsimschian, pp. 237, 240.

[961] Bancroft, pp. 196, 195.

[962] Sproat, pp. 90, 39; Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 130, 131.

[963] Mayne, p. 253.

[964] Bancroft, p. 240.

[965] Niblack, p. 252.

[966] Bancroft, p. 124.

[967] Holmberg, I p. 78.

[968] Niblack, p. 253.

[969] Bancroft, pp. 239, 234.

[970] Lewis and Clark, III p. 38.

[971] Krause, pp. 186, 159.

[972] Sproat, pp. 97, 38.

[973] Gibbs, p. 193.

[974] Bancroft, p. 112; see also Krause, p. 161.

[975] Brancroft, p. 196.

[976] Ibid., p. 218.

[977] Ibid., p. 242.

[978] Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 241.

[979] Elliott, p. 164.

[980] Krause, p. 161; Bancroft, p. 109.

[981] Bancroft, p. 196.

[982] Sproat, p. 95.

[983] Holmberg, I p. 119.

[984] Gibbs, pp. 198, 185, 187.

[985] Ibid., p. 199.

[986] Bancroft, p. 218.

[987] Ibid., p. 242.

[988] Swan, The Northwest Coast, p. 160.

[989] Elliott, p. 164.

[990] Mackenzie, II p. 268.

[991] A writer of the 18th century tells us of the women of the Dutch isle of Ameland (the men being fishers and mariners): “They are generally somewhat imperious, and by their foolish cleanliness most men are hardly ever allowed to have a fire on the grate during the winter. The cause of this imperious behaviour of Ameland women is not difficult to detect: as the men are at home only in the winter, the women rule for the greater part of the year, and are not inclined to part with their authority in winter-time. Therefore most men, so to speak, board at their wives’ houses, and if they want to keep peace, have to put up with female ascendency.” Tegenwoordige Staat der Vereenigde Nederlanden, XIV pp. 363, 364.

In the same sense Professor Nieuwenhuis writes about the Kayans on the Mendalam: “As the men are often absent on long journeys, the women get the lead in household affairs” (Door Centraal-Borneo, I p. 77.).

[992] Bancroft, p. 93.

[993] Lewis and Clark, II pp. 334, 335.

[994] Grosse, p. 65.

[995] Ibid., pp. 74–78.

[996] Bancroft, p. 437.

[997] Ibid., p. 412.

[998] Powers, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 351.

[999] Bancroft, p. 351.

[1000] Ibid., p. 117.

[1001] Ibid., pp. 117–119.

[1002] Ibid., pp. 131, 132.

[1003] Ibid., p. 169.

[1004] Some other writers, however (whom Grosse does not refer to), speaking of the Kutchins in general, state that women are badly treated; see Kirby, p. 419; Hardisty, p. 312; Jones, Kutchin tribes, p. 325.

[1005] Grosse, p. 65.

[1006] Dobrizhoffer, II pp. 149, 151, 152.

[1007] Ibid., pp. 119, 120.

[1008] Falkner, p. 126.

[1009] Steller, p. 235 note.

[1010] Ibid., pp. 245, 286, 286 note, 317, 318.

[1011] Ibid., pp. 210 sqq.

[1012] Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 724, 725.

[1013] Thomas, p. 88.

[1014] Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 724, 725.

[1015] Eylmann, p. 293.

[1016] Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 21.

[1017] Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 732, 733, 738.

[1018] Ibid., p. 722.

[1019] Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 8.

[1020] Brough Smyth, I p. 123.

[1021] Eylmann, p. 155.

[1022] Thomas, p. 26.

[1023] Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 53.

[1024] Literature. On the Moore River District, Oldfield; on S. W. Australia, Salvado; on the natives on Herbert River, Lumholtz; on the Cammarray, Collins; on N. S. Wales, Fraser and Angas; on Central Australia, Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 53; on the Tasmanians, Ling Roth. As we had not got all the books at hand, but only some notes which we had previously made, in which the pages were not specified, we could not give all the exact references.

[1025] Matthews, in Fraser’s Notes, p. 188.

[1026] Forrest, p. 318.

[1027] Thomas, p. 117.

[1028] Fraser, p. 67. “Taurai” is the land owned by a tribe or a division of a tribe, see ibid., p. 36.

[1029] Steinmetz, Strafe, II pp. 27, 29.

[1030] See Schmoller, Grundriss, I p. 333.

[1031] Steinmetz, Strafe, II pp. 20–34.

[1032] Roth, p. 141.

[1033] Fraser, pp. 38, 39; Wilkes, II p. 204.

[1034] Gason, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 173.

[1035] The Stationmaster, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 179.

[1036] Matthews, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 189.

[1037] Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 10.

[1038] Eylmann, p. 172.

[1039] Foelsche, in Frazer’s Notes, pp. 196, 197.

[1040] Thomas, p. 143; see also Howitt’s detailed account of chieftainship in South East Australia, pp. 296–320.

[1041] Brough Smyth, I p. 126. The ethnographers give many more details regarding tribal government; but we have only quoted those that bear directly on the question at issue, i.e. that show on what qualities influence and power depend.

[1042] Steinmetz, Strafe, II p. 28.

[1043] Gason, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 171.

[1044] Steinmetz, Strafe, II p. 20.

[1045] See above, pp. 10–23.

[1046] Steinmetz, Strafe, II pp. 3 sqq.

[1047] Jes. Rel., VI p. 277.

[1048] Mackenzie, I p. 151.

[1049] Hardisty, p. 311.

[1050] Mackenzie, II p. 193.

[1051] Schoolcraft, I p. 231.

[1052] Lewis and Clark, II p. 116.

[1053] Grinnell p. 48.

[1054] Further papers, p. 47.

[1055] Jes. Rel., VI pp. 83, 259, 149.

[1056] Ibid., p. 133; see also Sagard, p. 78.

[1057] Keating, II pp. 149, 51; Jones, Ojibway Indians, p. 58; Kohl, II pp. 133 sqq.

[1058] Mackenzie, I p. 128.

[1059] Reports of Expl., I p. 448; XII Part I p. 73.

[1060] Ross, p. 310.

[1061] Elliott, p. 417.

[1062] Jones, Kutchin tribes, p. 321; Kirby, p. 418; Hardisty, p. 312.

[1063] Mackenzie, II p. 10.

[1064] Schoolcraft, II p. 172.

[1065] Hunter, Gedenkschriften, pp. 49, 46.

[1066] Schoolcraft, V p. 260; Bancroft, p. 485.

[1067] Schoolcraft, I p. 231; Bancroft, p. 492.

[1068] Grinnell, p. 48.

[1069] Jes. Rel., VI p. 273.

[1070] Ibid., p. 19.

[1071] Reports of Expl., I p. 444.

[1072] Jones, Kutchin tribes, p. 324; Hardisty, p. 311.

[1073] Hunter, Gedenkschriften, p. 50.

[1074] Grinnell, pp. 146, 150, 152–156, 160, 161.

[1075] Jes. Rel., V p. 195.

[1076] Roosevelt, I p. 90.

[1077] Jones, Ojibway Indians, p. 108.

[1078] Reports of Expl., XII Part I p. 76; Schoolcraft, V p. 686.

[1079] Jones, Kutchin tribes, p. 325; Hardisty, p. 312; Whymper, p. 280.

[1080] Ten Kate, Noord-Amerika, p. 365.

[1081] Eastman, Dahcotah, pp. 82–84; Neill, p. 86.

[1082] Schoolcraft, V p. 260; Ten Kate, Noord-Amerika, p. 195; Bancroft, p. 508.

[1083] Schoolcraft, I p. 231; II p. 132.

[1084] Hardisty, p. 314.

[1085] Mackenzie, I p. 153. On the Sioux see Neill as quoted on p. 241.

[1086] Hunter, Gedenkschriften, p. 50.

[1087] Jes. Rel., V p. 181, VI p. 233.

[1088] Jones, Ojibway Indians, p. 108; Long, p. 137; Kohl, I p. 8, II p. 252.

[1089] Mackenzie, I p. 120.

[1090] Zu Wied, Nord-Amerika, I p. 573.

[1091] Mackenzie, I p. 147.

[1092] See above, p. 224.

[1093] Mackenzie, II p. 11.

[1094] Dodge, p. 122.

[1095] Eastman, Dahcotah, p. XXIV; Schoolcraft, II p. 189.

[1096] Bancroft, pp. 511, 513.

[1097] Schoolcraft, I p. 235, II p. 132.

[1098] Lewis and Clark, II pp. 118, 119.

[1099] Grinnell, pp. 46, 47.

[1100] Ten Kate, Noord-Amerika, p. 365.

[1101] Roosevelt, I p. 82.

[1102] Jones, Ojibway Indians, p. 64.

[1103] Mackenzie, I pp. 130, 123.

[1104] Reports of Expl., I p. 443.

[1105] Mackenzie, I p. 271.

[1106] Ibid., II p. 33.

[1107] Eastman, Dahcotah, p. X.

[1108] Bancroft, p. 524.

[1109] Ibid., p. 499.

[1110] Adoption of captives was very frequent among the Indians of North America. Of the tribes, on which we were able to get information, the following practised this custom: Delawares, Ojibways, Shahnees, Crees, Cheyennes, Abenakies, Iroquois, Hurons, Cherokees, Sioux, Hidatsas, Omahas, Osage and Kansas Indians, Mandans, Comanches, Montagnais. See above, pp. 52–65, 192.

[1111] Crantz, I p. 161.

[1112] Boas, Central Eskimo, p. 419.

[1113] Bancroft, p. 54.

[1114] Crantz, I pp. 158 sqq.; Boas, l.c. pp. 540 sqq.; Bancroft, pp. 50 sqq.

[1115] Rink, p. 9.

[1116] Boas, l.c. p. 547.

[1117] Crantz, III p. 147.

[1118] Rink, p. 27.

[1119] Crantz, I p. 159.

[1120] Rink, p. 33.

[1121] Further papers, p. 43.

[1122] Crantz, I pp. 162–164.

[1123] Boas, l.c. pp. 550, 574.

[1124] Bancroft, p. 55.

[1125] Rink, p. 11.

[1126] Crantz, I pp. 195, 196.

[1127] Boas, l.c. p. 469.

[1128] Bancroft, pp. 63, 64.

[1129] Rink, p. 13.

[1130] Boas, l.c. p. 486.

[1131] Crantz, I pp. 165–168.

[1132] Bancroft, pp. 59, 61.

[1133] Crantz, I pp. 201, 202; III p. 180 note.

[1134] Rink, pp. 9, 29.

[1135] Boas, l.c. p. 581.

[1136] Bancroft, p. 65.

[1137] Rink, p. 26.

[1138] Crantz, I pp. 214, 215.

[1139] Crantz, I p. 187.

[1140] Bancroft, p. 65.

[1141] Crantz, I p. 180.

[1142] Boas, l.c. pp. 579, 580.

[1143] Bancroft, p. 66.

[1144] Crantz, I p. 186.

[1145] Crantz, I p. 207.

[1146] Boas, l.c. p. 465.

[1147] Bancroft, p. 120.

[1148] See above, p. 200.

[1149] Crantz, I pp. 172, 173, 184, 185.

[1150] Bancroft, p. 56.

[1151] Boas, l.c. pp. 471 sqq.

[1152] See above, pp. 47–48.

[1153] Crantz, I p. 186.

[1154] Boas, l.c. p. 581. See also Murdoch, p. 419, and Ray, p. 44 on adoption among the Eskimos of Point Barrow.

[1155] Boas, l.c. p. 581.

[1156] Crantz, I p. 215.

[1157] See above, p. 212.

[1158] Such a state of things, in Wilkes’s time, prevailed in Tahiti. “A native” he remarks “may in the morning be wholly destitute even of implements wherewith to work, and before nightfall he may be found clothed, lodged, and have all the necessaries of life around him in abundance.” Wilkes, II p. 17.

[1159] “Preserving of food” occurs twice, because it works in different directions.

[1160] See above, p. 173.

[1161] See above, pp. 127, 128, 131, and Baumann, p. 165.

[1162] Fritsch, pp. 79, 80, 135, 136.

[1163] Geoffroy, pp. 430, 431.

[1164] Bell, I p. 170; Klaproth, p. 567.

[1165] Roscoe, p. 100.

[1166] Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 154, 155.

[1167] Ibid., p. 310; Von Müller, p. 429.

[1168] Paulitschke, II pp. 138, 139; I pp. 260, 213, 263; Bottego, p. 423.

[1169] Robertson, pp. 78, 79.

[1170] Holub, Süd-Afrika, II pp. 348, 189, 262.

[1171] Wilson and Felkin, I p. 186.

[1172] Tautain, Mandingues, pp. 348–350.

[1173] Hildebrandt, West-Madagaskar, p. 113.

[1174] Munzinger, Bogos, pp. 49, 50, 35.

[1175] Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 207, 206.

[1176] Blumentritt, Ethnographie, pp. 54, 53; Jansen, p. 225.

[1177] Hagen, p. 97.

[1178] Klaproth, II p. 615.

[1179] Paulitschke, I p. 262; II p. 140.

[1180] Lander, I pp. 17, 37, 113.

[1181] Burckhardt, I p. 356.

[1182] Bell, I pp. 169, 308.

[1183] Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 309.

[1184] Paulitschke, I p. 260.

[1185] Ujfalvy, Les Aryens, p. 352.

[1186] See Hildebrand, Recht und Sitte, pp. 35, 36.

[1187] Burckhardt, I p. 182.

[1188] Geoffroy, pp. 420, 425, 434.

[1189] Levchine, 348, 349, 344 note 1; Radloff, Aus Sibirien, I pp. 462, 463, 416; see also Ujfalvy, Expéd. Scient., p. 112.

[1190] Radloff, Aus Sibirien, pp. 298, 302, 303, 287, 295, 312.

[1191] Pallas, as quoted by Hildebrand, Recht und Sitte, p. 36.

[1192] Hildebrand, l.c., p. 36; see also Obrutschew, I p. 37, and Iwanowski, pp. 8, 11.

[1193] Von Stenin, Die Kurden, p. 221.

[1194] Müller, Unter Tungusen und Jakuten, p. 50. See also Georgi, as quoted by Hildebrand, l.c. p. 36.

[1195] Sumner, p. 66.

[1196] Pallas, Reise, III p. 74; Von Stenin, Samojeden, p. 187.

[1197] Histoire de Kamtschatka, II pp. 239, 243, 233; see also Hildebrand, Recht und Sitte, p. 36 (after Georgi).

[1198] Hildebrand, l.c.

[1199] Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 318.

[1200] Merker, p. 117.

[1201] Fritsch, p. 364.

[1202] Tromp, De Kaffers, p. 197.

[1203] Kropf, pp. 109, 170, 171.

[1204] Hahn, Die Ovaherero, p. 245; Viehe, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, p. 301.

[1205] See above, p. 144.

[1206] Klaproth, II p. 615.

[1207] Livingstone, Miss. Trav., pp. 109, 160.

[1208] Casalis, pp. 227, 228.

[1209] Holub, Süd-Afrika, II p. 348.

[1210] Schweinfurth, I p. 164.

[1211] Chaillé Long, p. 29.

[1212] Paulitschke, I p. 333.

[1213] Munzinger, Bogos, p. 46.

[1214] L. Marx, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, p. 359.

[1215] The cattle, among pastoral tribes, are the property of individuals, not of the community; see Dargun, pp. 58–69.

[1216] Schmoller remarks, that in pastoral life, among the savages of to-day as well as among the ancient nations of Europe and Asia, the contrast of wealth and poverty and the dependence of the poor upon the rich are strongly marked. (Grundriss, I pp. 198, 370, 371).

[1217] “It is the nature of pasturage to produce food for a much greater number of people than it can employ. In countries strictly pastoral, therefore, many persons will be idle, or at most be very inadequately occupied.” Malthus, Book II Ch. V (Bettany’s edition, p. 196).

[1218] Hildebrand, Recht und Sitte, first edition, pp. 37, 38 (after Prschewalsky, Radloff and Burckhardt). On the Mongols see also Iwanowski, p. 12.

[1219] Levchine, p. 341.

[1220] Rowney, p. 51.

[1221] Merker, p. 117.

[1222] Schmoller, Grundriss, I p. 197.

[1223] Schurtz, Das Afr. Gewerbe, p. 78.

[1224] Geoffroy, pp. 429–431.

[1225] On the economic function of these pariah tribes of Africa, see Schurtz, Das Afr. Gewerbe, pp. 38–45.

[1226] Hildebrandt, Somal, p. 4.

[1227] Mrs. French-Sheldon, p. 380; Thomson, Through Masailand, p. 448; Johnston, p. 402.

[1228] Munzinger, Bogos, pp. 48, 49.

[1229] Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 207.

[1230] Ibid., pp. 235–242.

[1231] Ibid., pp. 311, 312, 316, 317.

[1232] See above, pp. 139–143.

[1233] Geoffroy, pp. 412, 414, 415.