Chapter XXVIII: Part 28

_Treatment._--Medicinal treatment for tapeworms in cattle is usually unsatisfactory, but the bluestone treatment used for stomach worms and mentioned above (p. 522) sometimes expels tapeworms. Arsenic in doses of 1-1/2 to 3 grains has been claimed to give good results in the treatment of calves for tapeworms. From results obtained at the Oklahoma Experiment Station in the treatment of tapeworms of sheep it would appear that the efficacy of the bluestone treatment against these parasites may be increased by the addition of tobacco. For use on cattle the bluestone and tobacco mixture may be prepared as follows: 13 ounces of snuff or powdered tobacco is soaked over night in about 8 gallons of water. To this decoction is added 1 pound of copper sulphate which has been dissolved in 2 or 3 quarts of boiling water. Sufficient water is then added to the mixture to make a total of 9-1/2 gallons. The doses of this solution are the same as for the simple copper sulphate solution, described on page 522, namely:

Calves 3-1/2 to 4 fluid ounces.
Yearlings 6 fluid ounces.
Two-year-olds and over 12 to 16 fluid ounces.

ROUNDWORMS.

A large roundworm (_Ascaris vitulorum_) measuring 6 to 12 inches in length, sometimes found in the intestines of cattle, especially calves, may cause inflammation and occasionally rupture of the intestine. Infection occurs through the swallowing of the eggs of the parasite in feed or water which has been contaminated with the feces of infested cattle.

A number of species of small roundworms, varying in size from an eighth of an inch to an inch or more in length, occur in the intestines. Of these may be mentioned the hookworm (_Bunostomum phlebotomum_) and the nodular worm (_[OE]sophagostomum radiatum_). The former is about an inch long and is found in the small intestine. The latter is somewhat smaller and is found in the cecum and large intestine. Hookworms, when numerous, may cause anemia and other symptoms similar to those caused by stomach worms (see p. 519). The injury to the mucous lining of the intestine from the bites of hookworms may cause severe inflammation, and affords an avenue of infection with the germs of various diseases. The adult nodular worms apparently do not attack the wall of the intestine, but derive their nourishment from the intestinal contents. Several species of small, very slender roundworms (_Trichostrongylus_), less than a quarter of an inch in length, sometimes occur in the small intestine and fourth stomach, and a severe gastroenteritis, or inflammation of the stomach and intestines, has been attributed to them. One species of small roundworm (_Cooperia punctata_) burrows in the wall of the small intestine and causes caseous nodules in the mucous lining. This parasite sometimes occurs in very large numbers in the intestines of cattle in certain sections of the country, and apparently does considerable damage.

_Nodular disease_ of the intestine, due to young nodular worms which burrow in the intestinal wall during a certain stage in their life history, sometimes apparently produces serious effects, particularly in young cattle, but commonly has little or no perceptible influence on the general health. It, however, often renders the intestine unfit for use as sausage casings, and as it is widely prevalent among cattle the loss from this source is considerable. The greenish or yellowish nodules with cheesy contents are frequently mistaken by the inexperienced for lesions of tuberculosis.

The life histories of the various small roundworms occurring in the intestines of cattle, so far as they have been worked out, are very similar to that of the twisted stomach worm as described on page 519.

_Treatment for intestinal roundworms._--The preventive measures are similar to those recommended in the case of the twisted stomach worm (p. 521). Medical treatment is generally not very satisfactory. According to the Oklahoma Experiment Station, the addition of 1 per cent of tobacco to the bluestone solution used in the treatment of stomach worms in sheep is effective in the removal of hookworms. The bluestone and tobacco mixture described on page 524 may be of value in the treatment of hookworms in cattle. It is asserted by one author that 2 or 3 drams of rectified empyreumatic oil in a mucilaginous emulsion, followed the next morning with a purgative of 1 to 1-1/2 pounds of sulphate of soda, will expel the large roundworms (_Ascaris vitulorum_).

PROTOZOA.

A number of species of protozoa have been reported as parasites of the intestines of cattle. To one species has been attributed a serious disease of cattle in Switzerland known as red dysentery, but so far comparatively few cases of this disease have been recorded in America. It is probably more common than is generally supposed. Calves particularly seem most likely to be affected.

FLUKES IN LIVER AND LUNGS.

Two species of flukes occurring in the liver and lungs are known to affect cattle in the United States. These parasites are flat, leaf-like worms; one of them, the common liver fluke (_Fasciola hepatica_, fig. 19), is less than an inch in length, while the other, the large American fluke (_Fasciola magna_, fig. 20), is considerably larger when full grown. In their life history these flukes depend on snails as intermediate hosts. At a certain stage of development the young flukes leave the snails, become encysted on stalks of grass (fig. 21), or fall into drinking water, and finally may be swallowed by cattle. Stiles writes as follows:

Flukes may produce a serious, often fatal, disease, more especially in
younger animals. The symptoms are somewhat similar to those produced by
worms in the stomach. The first symptoms are generally overlooked, the
disease not attracting attention until the appetite is diminished;
rumination becomes irregular, the animals become hidebound, and the coat
dull and staring. The staring coat is due to the contraction of the
muscles of the hair follicles. The visible mucous membranes become pale,
eyes become dull, there is running at the eyes, and the animal gradually
becomes emaciated. As the disease advances the milk supply is lessened,
fever appears, there is generally great thirst, but the appetite almost
ceases; edematous swellings appear on the belly, breast, etc.; diarrhea
at first alternates with constipation, but finally becomes continuous.
The disease lasts from two to five months, when the most extreme cases
succumb.

Most of the German cattle are said to be infested with liver flukes, but
even when a large number are present the nourishment of the cattle is
not disturbed. Thickening of the gall ducts, so that a so-called
"Medusa's head" forms on the surface of the liver toward the stomach,
appears in even well-nourished animals; even in cases of a cirrhosis of
the liver it is seldom that any effect upon the cattle's health can be
noticed, and so long as a portion of the liver tissue about twice the
size of the fist remains intact, the nourishment of the animal may be
comparatively good. It is rare that one sees a generalized edema in
slaughtered cattle as a result of fluke invasion, and even in the
heaviest infections of young cattle only emaciation is noticed.

_Treatment._--Medicinal treatment is unsatisfactory. The disease may be
prevented to a considerable extent by giving animals plenty of salt,
and by introducing carp, frogs, and toads into infected districts;
these animals destroy the young stages of the parasite and feed upon
the snails which serve as intermediate hosts.

The drainage of wet pastures and the avoidance of swampy lands for grazing purposes are important measures in the prevention of fluke diseases.

Railliet and others have recently recommended the application of lime to fluky pastures, having discovered that very weak solutions are destructive not only to fluke embryos but to snails. This application is to be made during the summer months at the rate of about 500 to 1,000 pounds of lime per acre. The same authors also recommend extract of male fern for the treatment of fluke disease. Moussu states that the average dose for cattle is 1 gram of the extract for each 10 kilograms of live weight; that is, 10 grams for a young animal weighing 100 kilograms (about 220 pounds) up to 50 grams as a maximum for large animals weighing 500 kilograms (about 1,100 pounds) or more. The extract is mixed with about 5 times as much non-purgative oil and the dose is administered each morning for five consecutive days two hours before the animal is allowed to feed after having been fasted over night. The extract of male fern used should have a guaranteed strength of 22 to 25 per cent of filicine and 3.5 per cent of filicic acid.

TAPEWORM CYSTS OF LIVER AND OTHER VISCERA.

Three kinds of tapeworm cysts are found in the viscera of cattle. One of these (_Multiceps multiceps_, or _C[oe]nurus cerebralis_) will be further referred to in the discussion of gid (p. 528). All these are the intermediate stages of tapeworms, which live when mature in the intestines of dogs, wolves, and other canines. The eggs of the tapeworms are scattered over the fields in the droppings of infested dogs or wolves, and when swallowed in food or water by cattle hatch out and the embryos migrate to the liver, mesentery, lungs, brain, or other organs, where they develop into cysts, variously known as hydatids, bladder worms, water balls, etc. When organs of cattle thus infested are eaten by dogs or wolves the cystic worms are also liable to be swallowed and then develop into mature tapeworms. To prevent cattle from infection with these parasites stray dogs, wolves, and coyotes should be killed wherever found, and dogs too valuable to kill should be kept free from tapeworms. As a precaution against infection with tapeworms, the viscera of cattle, sheep, or hogs should not be fed to dogs unless cooked.

HYDATIDS (_Echinococcus granulosus_) form tumors (fig. 22) of varying size (sometimes as large as 6 inches in diameter) in the liver, lungs, and other organs. Their contents are liquid, resembling water. The presence of these parasites can not be detected in the living animal and there is no medicinal treatment for them. Organs containing hydatids should be destroyed by burning in order to prevent their being eaten by dogs. This is especially important, as dogs infested with the tapeworm stage of this parasite are a menace to human beings on account of the danger of infecting them with hydatids, which develop in man if the eggs of the hydatid tapeworm are swallowed.

THIN-NECKED BLADDER WORMS (_TÊnia hydatigena_, fig. 23) are most commonly found attached to the mesentery and omentum. There is no medicinal treatment.

GID.--Bladder worms (_Multiceps multiceps_, or _C[oe]nurus cerebralis_), which are occasionally found in the brain of cattle and cause gid, "turnsick," or "staggers," deserve mention, as they are rather common among sheep in the Northwest. As already alluded to, these worms are the intermediate stage of a tapeworm found in dogs, and their life history and the means of preventing infection have been briefly discussed above (see p. 527).

Cattle harboring this parasite show symptoms indicating an affection of the brain, walking or turning in circles, dizziness, uneven gait, impaired vision, etc.

Treatment consists in trephining the skull and removing the parasite, an operation which requires a skillful operator and is frequently unsuccessful. Unless the parasite is removed affected cattle almost invariably die.

TAPEWORM CYSTS IN THE MUSCLES, BEEF MEASLES.[19]

Small tapeworm cysts (_TÊnia saginatÊ_), about the size of a pea, found in the muscles of cattle are the larvÊ of the common tapeworm of man. Cattle become infected from feed or water which has been contaminated by the feces of persons harboring the adult tapeworms, and human beings in turn become infected by eating raw or rare beef infested with the larval stage (measly beef).

To prevent cattle from becoming infested with this parasite care should be taken that human feces are not placed where they will contaminate the feed or drinking water.

This parasite is very common in cattle in the United States, at least 1 per cent being infested. As a result considerable loss is entailed through condemnations of beef carcasses by meat inspectors, because of the presence of tapeworm cysts. All this loss could be avoided and the danger of tapeworm infestation in human beings from this source could be removed by the observance of proper precautions in disposing of human excreta. At the same time much sickness and many deaths from diseases (hookworm, typhoid fever, etc.) caused by soil pollution would be prevented, and farm life would be rendered much safer than under the poor sanitary conditions which are responsible for the high percentage of tapeworm cysts among cattle in the United States.

THREAD WORMS IN THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY.

Thread worms (_Setaria labiato-papillosa_) 2 to 4 inches long are frequently found in the abdominal cavity. They seem to cause little or no trouble. The embryos produced by these worms enter the blood vessels. According to NoÈ, they are spread from one animal to another by stable flies (see p. 503), but this has not been definitely proved. The roundworms found occasionally in the anterior chamber of the eye (see p. 531) are perhaps immature forms of this species which have reached this location during their migration.

LUNG WORMS.

Lung worms (_Dictyocaulus viviparus_, fig. 24) in cattle are thread-like worms 2 to 4 inches long, found in the bronchial tubes and producing a condition known as verminous bronchitis. The life history of the parasite is not fully known, but infection is evidently derived through the medium of pastures where infested cattle have grazed. In the later stages of the disease the cattle cough, especially at night. Young cattle are more seriously affected than old animals.

_Treatment for lung worms._--Various treatments have been advocated for lung worms, including fumigating with different substances and injections of remedies into the trachea by means of a large hypodermic syringe or by a special spraying apparatus, but none have been very successful from a practical standpoint. About all that can be done is to feed affected animals well and protect them from exposure, removing them from the pasture and keeping them in dry yards or stables maintained in a cleanly, sanitary condition.

The methods of prevention in general are similar to those described under the discussion of the twisted stomach worm (p. 521).

PARASITES OF THE BLOOD.

Certain flukes (_Schistosoma bovis_ and related species) which live in the blood vessels (the large veins) of cattle in tropical and sub-tropical countries cause bloody urine and diarrhea, the feces being mixed with blood. These parasites have not yet been discovered in the United States, although the natural conditions are such in some parts of the country that they are liable to become established if introduced.

The embryos of _Setaria labiato-papillosa_ (p. 529) which occur in the blood may be found by microscopical examination. They apparently cause no trouble.

The organism which causes Texas fever is a protozoan parasite (_Piroplasma bigeminum_) of microscopic size, which lives in the blood and attacks the red blood corpuscles. For a discussion of this parasite and the disease which it produces see page 476 of this volume.

Other parasites which live in the blood cause serious diseases known as surra and nagana (p. 500), but as yet neither of these diseases has gained a foothold in the United States.

PARASITES OF THE EYE.

Small roundworms, one-third to four-fifths of an inch in length, may occur in the ducts of the lacrimal glands. Several species all belonging to the same genus (_Thelazia_) are known. They sometimes escape from their usual location and may be found on the surface of the eyeball beneath the lids, or even in the eyeball. It has been supposed by some writers that the worms seen in the interior of the eyeball ("snakes in the eye") are immature stages of _Setaria labiato-papilosa_ (see p. 529) which have gone astray from the normal course of their migration, but the correctness of this supposition is uncertain.

Worms in the eyes and lacrimal ducts may cause inflammation, in which case the eyes may be syringed with an antiseptic, such as a weak solution of coal-tar stock dip, and iodoform ointment applied if the condition is severe.

When worms are present in the eyeball itself, their removal depends upon surgical treatment, usually not advisable, as the worms in that location either cause but little trouble or disappear without treatment.

FOOTNOTES:

[11] Further information may be found in a very full report on "Insects Affecting Domestic Animals," issued as Bulletin 5, new series, of the Bureau of Entomology of this department.

[12] Further information on fly repellents may be found in Bulletin 131 of the Department of Agriculture.

[13] For further information consult Farmers' Bulletin 1097.

[14] For further information consult Circular 115 of the Bureau of Entomology.

[15] For further information consult Farmers' Bulletin 857.

[16] For further information see Farmers' Bulletin 909.

[17] For a fuller discussion see Farmers' Bulletin 1017, issued by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

[18] For a more complete discussion consult Farmers' Bulletin 1057, Bulletins 130 and 152 of the Bureau of Animal Industry, and Bulletins 15 (technical series), 72, and 106 of the Bureau of Entomology, all issued by the United States Department of Agriculture.

[19] For further information consult Bureau of Animal Industry Circular 214.

MYCOTIC STOMATITIS OF CATTLE.

By JOHN R. MOHLER, V. M. D.,

_Chief, Bureau of Animal Industry._

INTRODUCTION.

Numerous letters have been received by this bureau in recent years relative to the existence of a disease affecting the mouths and feet of cattle in certain Eastern and Central Western States. Later reports indicate that the malady has made its appearance in the Southwest, where it has caused much alarm among the stockmen owing to its similarity to the foot-and-mouth disease of Europe. The disease, which is to be discussed under the name of mycotic stomatitis, has been carefully investigated by this department on various occasions, and it is with the view of giving the results of these clinical investigations as well as to assert its noninfectiousness and to differentiate it from the virulent foot-and-mouth disease, which it so closely simulates, that this article is prepared.

NAME AND SYNONYMS.

The name stomatitis signifies that there is present in the affected animals an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth. This inflammation, which quickly develops into ulcers, is one of the principal and most frequently observed lesions. Mycotic stomatitis refers to that form of stomatitis which results from eating food containing irritant fungi. Thus the name not only suggests the cause of the disease, but also indicates the location of the earliest and most prominent symptoms. Other names which have been applied to this disease by different writers are sporadic aphthÊ; aphthous stomatitis; sore mouth of cattle; sore tongue; benign, simple, or noninfectious foot-and-mouth disease; mycotic aphthous stomatitis; and sporadic stomatitis aphthosa.

CHARACTER OF THE DISEASE.

Mycotic stomatitis is a sporadic, or noninfectious, disease which affects cattle of all ages that are on pasture, but more especially milch cows. It is characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membrane of the mouth, producing salivation and inappetence, and secondarily affecting the feet, which become sore and swollen. Superficial erosions of the skin, particularly of the muzzle and of the teats and udders of cows, may also be present, with some elevation of temperature and emaciation.

CAUSE.

This disease, as its name indicates, results from the eating of forage containing fungi or molds. It is probable that more than one fungus is involved in the production of this disease, but no particular species has been definitely proved to be the causative factor. Several attempts have been made by the writer to determine the exact cause and also to transmit the disease to other animals by direct inoculation, but with negative results. Suspicion, however, has been directed by various observers to the Uromyces and the red and black rusts that occur on clovers. These fungi cause very severe irritation of the lining membrane of the mouth, producing sometimes a catarrhal, at other times an aphthous, and occasionally an ulcerous stomatitis. The fungus of rape, etc. (_Polydesmus excitiosus_), is very irritating to the mouths and feet of cattle, causing severe inflammation and in some instances producing symptoms that have been mistaken for foot-and-mouth disease. The fungi (Penicillium and Puccinia) found on grasses have also been credited with the production of stomatitis. The fact that this disease disappears from a locality at a certain time and reappears at irregular intervals would suggest the probability that certain climatic conditions were essential for the propagation of the causative fungi, since it is well known that the malady becomes prevalent after a hot, dry period has been followed by rain, thus furnishing the requirements necessary for the luxuriant development of molds and fungi. Owing to this fact the disease is observed in one locality during one season and in an entirely different section another year, but reappears in the former center when favorable conditions prevail. In this way the affection has occurred at irregular intervals in certain sections of both the United States and Canada.

SYMPTOMS AND LESIONS.

Among the first symptoms observed in mycotic stomatitis are inability to eat, suspension of rumination, frequent movements of the lips with the formation of froth on their margins, and in some cases a dribbling of saliva from the mouth. There is a desire to eat, and frequent attempts to take food are made, but prehension is very difficult. If, however, feed is placed on the back of the tongue, it is readily masticated and swallowed. If the mouth is examined at this time, it will be found red and hot, and exceptionally small blisters will be seen, which, however, quickly become eroded and develop into active ulcers varying in size from one-eighth to 1 inch in diameter. Where several ulcers have coalesced a large and irregularly indented patch is formed. These erosions are most frequently found on the gums around the incisor teeth, on the dental pad, inside the lips, and on the tip of the tongue, but they also occur on the cheeks, interdental space, and dorsum of the tongue. The ulcers have a hemorrhagic border, a depressed suppurating surface, and contain a brownish or yellowish colored dÈbris, which is soon replaced by granulation tissue. As a result of this sloughing of the tissues and the retention of food in the mouth, a very offensive odor is exhaled. The muzzle becomes dry and parched in appearance, which condition is shortly followed by erosions and exfoliations of the superficial layer of the skin. Adherent brownish crusts and scabs form over the parts, and similar lesions are seen around the nostrils and external surface of the lips.

In some cases there are associated with these alterations a slight swelling and painfulness in the region of the pasterns, at times affecting the forefeet, at other times the hind feet, and occasionally all four feet. In a few cases the swelling may extend above the fetlock, but it has never been observed above the knee or hock. The skin around the coronet may occasionally become fissured and the thin skin in the cleft of the foot eroded and suppurated, but without the formation of vesicles. As a result of these feet lesions, the affected animal may assume a position with its back arched and the limbs propped under the body as in a case of founder, and will manifest much pain and lameness in walking. If it lies down, the animal shows reluctance in getting up, and although manifesting no inclination to move about, when forced to do so there is more or less stiffness and a tendency to kick or shake the foot as if to dislodge a foreign body from between the claws.

In some outbreaks the milch cows have slight superficial erosions on the teats which at times extend to the udder. The cracks in the skin are filled with serum and form brownish-colored scabs. The teats become tender and the milk secretion diminishes; in some cases it disappears. A similar tendency toward the formation of fissures and scabs on the skin of the neck and shoulders has manifested itself in a recent outbreak in Texas, and this feature was likewise noticeable in the disease when it occurred in Maryland and Virginia in 1889.

In mild cases only the mouth lesions may be observed, or these alterations may be associated with one or more of the other above-described symptoms, but in severe cases, where there is a generalized mycotic intoxication, one animal may show all these alterations. When the disease is well developed the general appearance of the animal is one of great lassitude, and it either stands off by itself with hind feet drawn under the body and its forefeet extended, or it assumes a recumbent position. Owing to the inability to eat and to the general systemic disturbance present, the animal loses flesh very rapidly and becomes greatly emaciated in the latter stages of the disease. The temperature and pulse are somewhat increased, the former 2 or 3 degrees, the latter to from 75 to 90 beats per minute. The fever is not lasting, and these symptoms are soon modified. The animal has an anxious look, and in a few cases there is a gastrointestinal irritation, the feces being thin, of a dark color, and of an offensive odor.

PROGNOSIS AND MORTALITY.

Mycotic stomatitis is not a serious disease, and in uncomplicated cases recoveries soon follow the removal of the cause and the application of the indicated remedies. In such cases complete restoration may take place within one week. In mild outbreaks a large percentage of the animals will recover without treatment, but that the disease is fatal is shown by the fact that animals which develop an aggravated form of the affection succumb if not treated. In such animals death occurs in 6 or 8 days, but the mortality in the serious outbreaks thus far investigated has been less than 0.5 per cent. The course of this disease is irregular and runs from 7 to 15 days, the average case covering a period of about 10 days.

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS.

FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE.

In examining a case of mycotic stomatitis it is important not to mistake it for foot-and-mouth disease, which has appeared in this country on six occasions only. This may be easily accomplished by taking into consideration the fact that in the contagious foot-and-mouth disease there is a rapid infection of the entire herd, as well as of any hogs and sheep that may be on the premises. It is also readily transmitted to neighboring herds by the spread of the infection from diseased animals, but it never occurs spontaneously. The characteristic lesion of foot-and-mouth disease is the appearance of vesicles containing serous fluid in the mouth and upon the udder, teats, heels, and coronary bands of the affected animals. Drooling is profuse, and there is a peculiar smacking sound made by sucking the affected lips.

Mycotic stomatitis occurs sporadically on widely separated farms, affecting only a few animals in each herd, and the lesions produced consist of erosions without the typical vesicular formations of foot-and-mouth disease. The failure of the vesicles, if any appear, to spread extensively in the mouth, the absence of these blisters on other portions of the body-- notably the teats and udder, and characteristically the feet--together with the absence of infection in the herd, and the inability to transmit the disease to calves by inoculation, distinguish between this affection and foot-and-mouth disease. The erosions of the mouth are not so extensive and they heal more rapidly in mycotic stomatitis. The swelling of the feet and stiffness of the animal are also more marked in mycotic stomatitis.

ERGOTISM.

The lesions resulting from ergotism may be differentiated from those of mycotic stomatitis by the lack of ulcerative eruptions in the mouth and by the location of the lesions at the tips of the ears, end of the tail, or upon the lower part of the legs, usually below the knees or hocks. The lesions of ergotism do not take the form of ulcers or festers, but the end of the limb affected is diseased "in toto" and the eruption extends entirely around the limbs, followed soon afterwards by a distinct line of demarcation between the healthy skin above and the diseased below. The absence of suppurating sores between the claws and on the mucous membrane of the mouth, the knowledge that the lesion upon the limb in question extends uninterruptedly around it, and the presence of ergotized seeds in the hay or grain fed the animals should point conclusively to a diagnosis of ergotism.

FOUL FOOT.

In foul foot, or ground itch, of cattle, the inflammation of the skin and toes usually affects but one foot. It begins as a superficial inflammation followed by sloughing, ulceration, and the formation of fistulous tracts which may involve the tendons, bones, and joints. The mouth remains unaffected, and the presence of the disease may be traced to filth and poor drainage.

NECROTIC STOMATITIS.

In necrotic stomatitis (calf diphtheria) there is a formation of yellowish cheesy patches in the mouth without any lesions of the feet or udder. It affects sucking calves chiefly, and is caused by the _Bacillus necrophorus._

TREATMENT.

The treatment of mycotic stomatitis should consist in first removing the herd of cattle from the pasture in which they have been running. The affected animals should, if it is possible, be brought to the barn or corral and fed on soft, nutritious food, such as bran mashes, ground feed, and gruels. A bucket of clear, cool water should be kept constantly in the manger, so that the animal may drink or rinse the mouth at its pleasure; and it will be found beneficial to dissolve 2 heaping tablespoonfuls of borax or 1 tablespoonful of potassium chlorate in each of the first two buckets of water taken during the day. If the animals are gentle enough to be handled, the mouth should be swabbed out daily with antiseptic washes, such as a 2 per cent solution of carbolic acid or a 1 per cent solution of compound solution of cresol or of permanganate of potassium, or 1 part of hydrogen peroxid to 2 parts of water. This should be followed by astringents, such as one-half tablespoonful of alum, borax, or chlorate of potassium placed on the tongue. Probably a more satisfactory method of administering the antiseptic treatment to a large number of animals would be to mix thoroughly 2 teaspoonfuls of pure carbolic acid every morning in a quart of bran mash and give to each affected animal for a period of five days. Range cattle may be more readily treated by the use of medicated salt placed in troughs accessible to the animals. This salt may be prepared by pouring 4 ounces of crude carbolic acid upon 12 quarts of ordinary barrel salt, after which they are thoroughly mixed. The lesions of the feet should be treated with a 2 per cent solution of carbolic acid, while the fissures and other lesions of the skin will be benefited by the application of carbolized vaseline or zinc ointment. If the animals are treated in this manner and carefully fed, the disease will rapidly disappear.

INDEX.

Abdomen--
dropsy affecting, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 47
inflammation, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 224
of calf, dropsy, description, and treatment, 180
wounds, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 43

Abdominal cavity, kinds of parasites affecting, 529

Abortion--
contagious--
description and causes, 165
treatment and prevention, 170
noncontagious--
causes, 165
treatment, 170

Abscess--
bacteria causing, 237
ear treatment, 355
lung, description, 99
navel, cause and treatment, 249
orbital and periorbital, symptoms and treatment, 352

Abscesses--
danger in castration of cattle, 300
treatment, 295

Absorbents, description, 75

_Achorion schonleinii_, fungus causing _Tinea favosa_, 332

Acids--
mineral, poisoning, description and treatment, 54
poisoning, description and treatment, 54
vegetable, poisonous, description and treatment, 61

Aconite poisoning, description and treatment, 63

Actinomycosis--
description and symptoms, 440-449
jawbone, description and treatment, 442
lungs, 442
prevention and treatment, 445-446
relation to public health, 447

Adenoma, description, 310

Administration of medicines, chapter by Leonard Pearson, 7-11

Afterbirth, retention, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 220

Air tubes, lung, parasites affecting, description and treatment, 530

Air under the skin, description, symptoms, and treatment, 334

Albumin, urine, description and treatment, 121

Albuminuria, description and treatment, 121

Alkalies, poisoning, description and treatment, 59

Amaurosis, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 348

Anaphrodisia, cause, prevention, and treatment, 149

Anasarca of the skin, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 330

Anesthesia, uses in operations, 289

Aneurism, description, 85

Angioma tumor, description, 310

Animal Industry Bureau, experiments against hemorrhagic septicemia, 401

Animal parasites of cattle, chapter by B. H. Ranson, 502-531

Animal products, poisonous, description and treatment, 71

Anthrax--
cause, symptoms, treatment, etc., 449-458
human, description, 458
serum, relation to blackleg, 458
symptomatic, description, cause, treatment, etc., 449-458
treatment by use of serum, 455

Aphtha, calf, description and treatment, 263

Aphtha parasite (_Saccharomyces albicans_), cause, 263

Aphthous fever. _See_ Foot-and-mouth disease.

Aphthous stomatitis, reference, 532

Apoplexy--
cerebral, description and treatment, 106
parturient, description, symptoms, and treatment, 226

Appetite--
depraved, description, causes and treatment, 28
Loss, symptom of foot-and-mouth disease, 383

Aqueous humor of eye, description, 341

Argentina, foot-and-mouth disease, 386

Arsenic poisoning, description, symptoms, and treatment, 54

Arsenical dips--
for destroying cattle ticks, 488
use against screw worms, 507

Arsenical vapor, danger of inhalation in making cattle dip, 489

Arteries--
and veins, wounds, description and treatment, 83
obstruction, description and treatment, 85

_Ascaris vitulorum_, intestinal roundworm,
description and treatment, 524

Ascites--
causes, symptoms, and treatment, 47
description and treatment, 180

Asepsis in surgical operations, 289

Aseptic periostitis, description and treatment, 266

Asphyxia electrica, symptoms and treatment, 111

Atkinson, V. T.--
chapter on "Bones: Diseases and accidents", 264-288
chapter on "Poison and poisoning", 51-70

Atrophy, description, 81

Auscultation, definition, 91

Austria-Hungary, foot-and-mouth disease, 386

_Bacillus_--
_cyanogenes_, causing blue milk, 242
_tuberculosis_, (_Mycobacterium tuberculosis_,
new terminology) causing tuberculosis, 407

Back, sprain, causes and treatment, 270

Bacteria--
causing abscess, 237
definition, 360

_Bacterium bovisepticum_, causing hemorrhagic septicemia, 397

Balkan countries, foot-and-mouth disease, 386

Ball--
eye, description, 340
hair, in stomach, description, 29

Balls, use in administering medicines, 8

Bee stings, description and treatment, 71

Beef measles, discussion and management, 529

Belgium, foot-and-mouth disease, 386

Benign tumors, description, 306

Big jaw. _See_ Actinomycosis.

Black quarter. _See_ Blackleg.

Blackleg--
description, cause and treatment, 459, 464
serum, relation to anthrax, 458
vaccine, note on distribution by Animal Industry Bureau, 463

Bladder--
eversion, description, and treatment, 218
or rectum, full, as obstruction to parturition, 178
palsy of neck, cause and treatment, 130
paralysis, causes and treatment, 128
rupture, symptoms, 218
spasms, description and treatment, 128
stone, symptoms and treatment, 142

Bladder worms--
affecting brain, description and treatment, 528
thin-necked, description and treatment, 528

Bleeding--
description and treatment, 83
lungs, description and treatment, 99
navel, cause and treatment, 248
nose, cause and treatment, 93
womb, description, symptoms, and treatment, 214

Blisters, water, symptoms and treatment, 328

Bloating, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 22

Blood--
clots on walls of vagina, description and treatment, 220
coagulated, under vaginal walls after calving, treatment, 179
description and influence of food on, 75
flukes (_Schistosoma bovis_), note, 526
parasites affecting, different kinds, 526
protozoa affecting, 510-536
vessels--
functions, 73
heart, lymphatics, diseases, chapter by W. H. Harbaugh, 73-86

Bloodsuckers affecting cattle, description and treatment, 519

Bloody milk, cause and treatment, 241

Bloody urine--
caused by blood flukes, 526
description, symptoms, and treatment, 119

Blue disease, cause, 253

Blue lice (_HÊmatopinus eurysternus_ and _H. vitali_),
description, 512

Blue milk, cause and treatment, 242

Boils, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 328

Bones--
broken, description of kinds and treatment, 271-282
diseases and accidents, chapter by V. T. Atkinson, 264-288
dislocations, description and treatment, 282
face, fracture, description, and treatment, 277
luxations, description and treatment, 282
manner of nourishment, 264
number and description, 264
shape, classes, 265

Bony tumor, description and treatment, 314

_Boophilus annulatus_, Texas fever tick. _See Margaropus annulatus._

Bots affecting cattle, description and treatment, 507

Bovine tuberculosis and the public health, 429

Bowel hernia, description and treatment, 39

Bowels--
diseases affecting, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 34-43
obstruction resulting from invagination, symptoms and treatment, 35
twisting and knotting, symptoms, post-mortem appearance,
and treatment, 35

Brain--
and its membranes, inflammation, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 103
bladder worms affecting, treatment, 527
_C[oe]nurus cerebralis_ _(Multiceps multiceps)_ affecting,
treatment, 527
concussion, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 107
congestion, description and treatment, 106
description, 101
tumors, description, 112

Brazil, foot-and-mouth disease, 386

Breach--
navel, symptoms and treatment, 252
uterus, cause and treatment, 162

Breathing, suspended in young calves, discussion, 247

Bronchial tubes, parasites affecting, 530

Bronchitis--
description, symptoms, and treatment, 94
verminous--
description, symptoms, treatment, and prevention, 100
parasite (_Strongylus micrurus_), cause, 100

Brush, report of foot-and-mouth disease in man, 394

Buffalo gnats, description and remedy, 505

Bull, ringing, method, 291

Bulls, susceptibility to sarcoptic mange, 517

Burns and scalds, causes and treatment, 333

Calculi--
classification, 137
forms in different situations, 138
in prepuce or sheath, treatment, 144
renal, description and treatment, 139
urethral, description and treatment, 139
urinary--
classification, 137
description and causes, 130
effect of different feeds, 131

Calculus--
blocking teats, treatment, 243
prevention, 141
vesical or urethral, symptoms and treatment, 142

Calf--
attention necessary at birth, 247
diphtheria, description, symptoms, and treatment, 464-469
dropsy--
general, cause and treatment, 180
of abdomen, description and treatment, 180
monstrosities, descriptions, causes, and treatment, 182-184
muscles, rigid contraction, cause and treatment, 181
slinking, description, 165
swelling, caused by gas, treatment, 181
tumors affecting, description and treatment, 181

Calves--
congenital imperfections, kinds, 263
indigestion affecting, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 34
newborn, acute scouring, description, prevention and treatment, 261
pyemic and septicemic inflammation, symptoms and treatment, 251
young--
aphtha, or thrush, affecting, description and treatment, 233
constipation affecting, cause and treatment, 253
diseases affecting, chapter by James Law, 247-263
rickets affecting, description and treatment, 263
ulcers in mouth, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 464

Calving--
dropping and palsy following, description and treatment, 233
retarded by nervousness, 179
symptoms, 173

Canada, source of foot-and-mouth infection, 386

Cancer, description and treatment, 315

Capsule, eye, description, 342

Capsules, use in administering medicines, 8

Carbolic-acid poisoning, description and treatment, 60

Carbon dioxid, formation in preparing cattle dip, 489

Carbuncle, description, 458

Carcinoma, description and treatment, 315

Caries, teeth, description, 16

Carpus, fracture, description and treatment, 281

Cartilage, ear, necrosis affecting, 357

Caruncula lacrimalis of eye, description, 344

Casein concretions blocking teats, cause and treatment, 343

Casting the withers, cause and treatment, 215

Castration--
dangers and care, 299-301
of female, description of operation, 300
of male, description of operation, 299

Cataract, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 348

Catarrh--
description, symptoms, and treatment, 92, 93
gastrointestinal, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 32, 33
malignant, description, symptoms, and treatment, 469-472
nasal, description, symptoms, and treatment, 92

Catarrhal fever, infectious, description, symptoms,
and treatment, 469-472

Cats, ear ticks on, note, 518

Cattle--
animal parasites affecting, chapter by B. H. Ransom, 502-531
dip, preparation and use, 488-494
dose of vaccine against anthrax, 459
drenching, care of lungs, 522
farcy, description and treatment, 501
infected with anthrax, description, 458
infection with sarcoptic mange, 517
infectious diseases, chapter by John R. Mohler, 358-501
infestation with tapeworm, 523
injury by use of petroleum against ticks, 494
loss of blood by inoculations, limits of safety, 500
northern, immunization against Texas fever, manner, 498
parasitic diseases, prevention, 510
plague. _See_ Rinderpest.
protection from flies, formulas for mixtures, 502-503
rabies affecting, description, symptoms, etc, 402-406
southern, injury by ticks, 482
tick, _Margaropus annulatus_, as carrier of Texas fever, 480
ticks--
injurious effects of and losses caused by, 481-485
methods of ridding cattle of, 485-494
tumors affecting, chapter by John R. Mohler, 303-319

Cerebral apoplexy, description and treatment, 106

Cerebrospinal division, description, 101

Chapped teats, cause and treatment, 243

Charbon. _See_ Anthrax.

Chest, dropsy affecting, description and treatment, 99

Children, infection with foot-and-mouth disease, 394

China, foot-and-mouth disease, 386

Choking, symptoms and treatment, 20

Chorioptic mange, location and treatment, 517

Choroid coat of the eye, description, 342

Chrondroma tumor, description and treatment, 314

Chronic tympanites, cause and treatment, 25

Coal-oil poisoning, description and treatment, 59

_C[oe]nurus cerebralis_ (_Multiceps multiceps_) affecting brain,
treatment, 527

Coital exanthema, description, symptoms, and treatment, 401

Cold in the head, description, symptoms, and treatment, 92

Colic, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 31

Concussion of the brain, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 107

Congenital imperfections in calves, kinds, 263

Congestion--
and inflammation of testicles, description and treatment, 152
brain, description and treatment, 106
liver, description, symptoms, and treatment, 45
spinal cord, description, symptoms, and treatment, 110
bladder, description and treatment, 233

Conjunctivitis--
causes, symptoms, and treatment, 344
infectious catarrhal, symptoms, treatment and prevention, 345

Connecticut, foot-and-mouth disease, 388

Constipation--
cause and treatment, 36
young calves, cause and treatment, 253

Contagious--
abortion--
causes, 165-172
prevention and treatment, 170
diseases, disinfection of premises, 363
inflammation of the udder, description, prevention,
and treatment, 237
mammitis, description, prevention, and treatment, 237
pleuropneumonia--
cause, incubation, and symptoms, 369
definition and history, 366
post-mortem appearance, 373
prevention and treatment, 377
scouring, acute, in newborn calves, description, prevention, and
treatment, 261

Contused or lacerated wounds, description and treatment, 298

Contusion of lips, wounds, and snake bites of mouth, symptoms and
treatment, 14

Copper poisoning, description and treatment, 56

Cornea--
eye, description, 341
ulcers, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 347

Corneal dermatoma, description and treatment, 349

Corneitis, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 345

Cough, examination, 89

Cow, pregnant, hygiene, 160

Cowpox, description, symptoms, and treatment, 240, 438

Cows, milk, protection from flies, 503

Cramps of hind limbs during pregnancy, cause, 162

Cranium, fracture, description and treatment, 278

Creeps, description, symptoms, and treatment, 267

Cresol--
compound solution, composition and use, 366
use in foot-and-mouth disease, 393

Croupous enteritis, description, symptoms, and treatment, 35

Crude petroleum--
danger to cattle in use against ticks, 494
dip for destroying cattle ticks, 491

Cud, loss, description, 27

Cuts, barbed-wire, description and treatment, 297

Cyanosis, cause, 81, 253

Cysts--
dental, description and treatment, 318
dermoid--
and sebaceous, description and treatment, 330
description and treatment, 318
description, 308
extravasation, description, 317
mucous, description and treatment, 319
parasitic, description, 317
proliferation, description and treatment, 319
serous, description and treatment, 318

Dairy business, injury by foot-and-mouth disease, 384

Dandruff, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 329

Deformities, hoof, causes and treatment, 338

Dehorning, description, 292

Delaware, foot-and-mouth disease, 388

Demodectic mange, description and treatment, 517

Denmark, foot-and-mouth disease, 386

Dental cysts, description and treatment, 318

Dermis, description, 320

Dermoid cysts, description and treatment, 318, 330

Diabetes--
insipidus, cause and treatment, 118
mellitus, description, 123

Diarrhea--
and dysentery, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 34
calf, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 32
causes, symptoms, prevention, and treatment, 254-261
_See also_ Gastrointestinal catarrh.

Dickson, William, and William H. Lowe, chapter on
"Surgical operations", 289-302

Digestive organs, diseases affecting, chapter by A. J. Murray, 14-50

Dilatation and hypertrophy of heart, description, 82

Diphtheria, calf, description, cause, treatment, etc, 464-469

Dipping--
bath, cattle, temperature, 490
remedy for screw worms, 506

Dips--
arsenical, protection of hands in use, 493
cattle, for ticks, 494-498
mange and scab, 513, 514

Disinfection, house, methods, 363

Dislocation, eyeball, treatment, 353

Dislocations, bones, description and treatment, 282

Diuresis, causes and treatment, 118

Dogs, ear tick, 518

Drainage, usefulness in prevention of fluke diseases, 527

Drenching tube, use in eradicating worms, 522

Dropping, following calving, description and treatment, 233

Dropsy--
abdomen, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 47
abdomen of calf, description and treatment, 180
chest, description and treatment, 99
general, of calf, cause and treatment, 180
hind limbs and between thighs, during pregnancy, cause, 162
membranes of fetus, description and treatment 162
navel, description and treatment, 253
womb, description and treatment, 162

Dysentery--
and diarrhea, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 34
chronic bacterial, description, treatment, etc, 498
red, note, 531
_See also_ Gastrointestinal catarrh.

Dyspepsia, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 29

Ear tick, spinose, presence in cattle, horses, dogs, etc, 518

Ears--
abscess affecting, treatment, 355
cartilage, necrosis affecting, 357
diseases affecting, chapter by M. R. Trumbower, 355-357
enchondroma, description and treatment, 357
foreign bodies lodging in, symptoms and treatment, 356
frostbite, symptoms and treatment, 357
fungoid growths, cause and treatment, 356
internal inflammation, symptoms and treatment, 355
lacerations, cause and treatment, 357
scurvy, cause and treatment, 356
ticks affecting, treatment, 518

_Echinococcus granulosus_, hydatid, description, 528

Ectropion of the eyelid, description and treatment, 350

Eczema--
description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 325
epizootic, reference, 383

Edema--
causes, symptoms, and treatment, 330
malignant, description, symptoms, and treatment, 472-474

Elephantiasis, description, 330

Emaciation, symptom of foot-and-mouth disease, 383

Emphysema, description and treatment, 98, 334

Enchondroma, ear, description and treatment, 357

Encysted stomach worm, description and treatment, 523

Endocarditis, description and treatment, 81

Enemata, uses and methods, 9

Enteritis--
causes, symptoms, post-mortem appearance, and treatment, 35
croupous, description, symptoms, and treatment, 35
simple. _See_ Gastroenteritis.

Entropion, eyelid, description and treatment, 350

Epidermis, description, 320

Epilepsy, description, cause, and treatment, 107

Epistaxis, cause and treatment, 93

Epizootic aphtha, reference, 383

Ergotism--
and mycotic stomatitis, differentiation, 536
description and treatment, 69

Eruption, vesicular, of genital organs, description,
symptoms, and treatment, 401

Erythema, description, causes, and treatment, 323

Eversion--
bladder, description and treatment, 218
eyelid, description and treatment, 350
womb, cause and treatment, 215

Extra-uterine gestation, description and treatment, 163

Extravasation cysts, description, 317

Eye--
and its appendages, diseases affecting,
chapter by M. R. Trumbower, 340-354
aqueous humor, description, 341
capsule, description, 342
caruncula, lacrimalis affecting, 344
choroid coat, description, 342
cornea--
description, 341
ulcers affecting, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 347
description, 340
foreign bodies penetrating, treatment, 351
lens, description, 342
muscles, description, 343
parasites affecting, treatment, 349, 531
puncta lacrimalia, description, 344
retina, description, 342
roundworms affecting, treatment, 524
sclerotic membrane, description, 341
vitreous humor, description, 342

Eyeball--
description, 340
dislocation, cause and treatment, 353
hairy tumor affecting, description and treatment, 349

Eyelashes, inversion, treatment, 350

Eyelids--
description, 343
ectropion affecting, description and treatment, 350
entropion, description and treatment, 350
eversion, description and treatment, 350
inversion, description and treatment, 350
laceration, cause and treatment, 351
tumors affecting, description and treatment, 350

Face bones, fracture, description and treatment, 277

Farcy, cattle, description and treatment, 501

_Fasciola hepatica_, description, 526

_Fasciola magna_, description, 526

Fatty degeneration, heart, description, 82

Feed, character, analyses, effect on milk, 256-258

Feeding--
character, effect on digestive organs, 12
value as remedy for stomach worms, 521-523

"Feeding-lot" method of freeing cattle and pastures from ticks, 494-497

Fetlock--
fracture below, treatment, 282
sprain, causes and treatment, 269

Fetus--
developing outside womb, description and treatment, 163
membranes, dropsy affecting, description and treatment, 162
prolonged retention, description and treatment, 164

Fever--
milk, description, symptoms, and treatment, 226-237
parturition, description, symptoms, and treatment, 226
southern, splenetic, or Texas. _See_ Texas fever.

Fibroma--
interdigital, description and treatment, 338
tumor, description and treatment, 311

Fibrous periostitis, description and treatment, 266

_Filaria cervina_, worm found in the eye, 349

_Filaria lablato-papillosa_, parasitic roundworm of cattle, 524

_Filaria oculi_, description and treatment, 349

Fissure of the wall of hoof, description and treatment, 338

Fistula, milk, description and treatment, 245

Flies--
injurious to cattle, 502-506
larval, note, 502

Flooding from womb, description and treatment, 214

Fluke disease, control by use of lime, 526

Flukes, prevention by drainage, 526

Fly--
Spanish, poison, description and treatment, 70
stable, breeding places, 503

Fly preventives, injury to cattle by poisoning, 503

Flytrap, use against stable flies, 503

Fluke, disease of cattle, 526

Flukes, liver and lungs, description, 526

Foods, character, effect on digestive organs, 12

Foot--
diseases affecting, chapter by M. R. Trumbower, 335-339
foul, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 336
soreness, description and treatment, 335

Foot rot, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 336

Foot-and-mouth disease--
benign, simple, or noninfectious, 535
danger to man, 394-395
description, cause, symptoms, etc., 383-395
diagnosis, 391-392
eradication by slaughter, efficacy, 394
incubation period, 384
losses other than by death of animal, 384
mortality, 384, 391
occurrence in various countries of world, 385-386
prevention and eradication, 392-394
similarity to mycotic stomatitis, 536
symptoms, 383, 389-391
symptoms in man, 394
United States, outbreaks, 386-389

Forage, insects on, description of poisonous effect, 70

Formaldehyde gas, liberation by use of permanganate, 365

Foul in foot, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 336

Founder, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 335

Fractures--
below hock and fetlock, description and treatment, 282
compound, comminuted, and complicated, 271
description of different kinds, and treatment, 271-282
face bones, description and treatment, 277
general symptoms and treatment, 272, 273
hip point, causes and treatment, 280
horns, description and treatment, 277
limbs, description and appliances for treatment, 281-2
lower jaw, cause and treatment, 278
metacarpus and metatarsus, description and treatment, 282
pelvis, description and treatment, 178, 279
ribs, cause and treatment, 281
special, descriptions and treatment, 277
spinal column, description and treatment, 279
vertebra, description and treatment, 279

France, foot-and-mouth disease, 385

Froesch, note on destruction of foot-and-mouth infection, 395

Frostbites--
ears, symptoms and treatment, 357
treatment, 334

Fungi, poisonous, description of poisoning, 70

Fungoid growth of the ear, cause and treatment, 356

Fungus hematodes--
cause and treatment, 353
description, 316

Furunculus, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 328

Ganglionic division of the nervous system, 103

Gangrene, danger in castration of cattle, 300

Gangrenous septicemia, symptoms and treatment, 472

Garget, description and treatment, 233

Gas--
cause of swelling in calf, treatment, 181
under the skin, symptoms and treatment, 334

Gastroenteritis, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 33

Gastrointestinal catarrh, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 29, 32

Generative organs--
diseases, chapter by James Law, 147-214
discussion, 147

Genital organs, vesicular eruption affecting, description,
symptoms, and treatment, 401

Germany, foot-and-mouth disease, 385-386

Gestation, extra-uterine, description and treatment, 163

Gid, parasite of sheep and cattle, 528

Glands, skin, location and use, 321

Gnats, buffalo, description and remedy, 505

Goiter, cause, description, symptoms, and treatment, 310

Gonorrhea, description and treatment, 156

Gravel--
description and cause, 130
effect of different feeds, 132
in prepuce or sheath, treatment, 144

Great Britain, foot-and-mouth disease, 386

Grubs, cattle, description, 507

Gullet--
diseases affecting, description, symptoms, and treatment, 17-22
wounds and injuries, cause and treatment, 22

Gut tie, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 41

_HÊmatopinus eurysternus_ and _H. vituli_,
description and treatment, 508

_HÊmonchus contortus_, description and treatment, 519

Hair balls, cause, 29

Hair, description, 320

Harbaugh, W. H.--
chapter on "Diseases of the heart, blood vessels,
and lymphatics", 73-86
chapter on "Diseases of the nervous system", 101-112

Haw, inflammation and enlargement, description and treatment, 354

Health, public, relation of actinomycosis, 447

Heart--
blood vessels and lymphatics, chapter by W. H. Harbaugh, 73-86
description, 73
dilation and hypertrophy, description, 82
examination of, 77
fatty degeneration, description, 82
injury by foreign bodies, description, symptoms, and treatment, 78
misplacement, description, 83
palpitation, description, 78
rupture, description, 82
valves, diseases affecting, symptoms and treatment, 82

Heat prostration, symptoms and treatment, 108

Heaves, description and treatment, 98

Heel, ulcerations, causes and treatment, 337

Hemaglobinuria or hematuria, description, symptoms, and treatment, 119

Hematodes, fungus, description, 316

Hemoptysis, description and treatment, 99

Hemorrhage--
danger in castration of cattle, 300
treatment, 83

Hemorrhagic septicemia, causes, symptoms, etc, 397-401

Hepatitis, symptoms and treatment, 45

Hernia--
bowel, description and treatment, 38
danger in castration of cattle, 300
peritoneal, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 41
rennet, description and treatment, 38
rumen, description and cause, 37
stomach, description and treatment, 38
umbilical, description, causes, and treatment, 41, 252
uterus, cause and treatment, 162
ventral, description and causes, 37

Hides, injury by cattle ticks, 484

Hip point, fracture, causes and treatment, 280

Hip sprain, cause and treatment, 270

Hock--
fracture below, description and treatment, 282
fracture, treatment, 281

Hollow horn, imaginary disease, 27

Hoof--
deformities, causes and treatment, 338
loss, causes and treatment, 336
split, description and treatment, 338
wall, fissure affecting, description and treatment, 338
wounds and pricks, treatment, 338

Horns, fracture, description and treatment, 277

Horses--
dose of vaccine against anthrax, 457
ear tick, note, 518

Hoven, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 22

Hydatids--
and flukes affecting the lungs of animals, 526
description and treatment, 526

Hydrocephalus, description and treatment, 179

Hydrophobia. _See_ Rabies.

Hydrothorax, description and treatment, 99

Hygiene, pregnant cow, 160

Hygromata, description and treatment, 317

Hyperplasia, reference, 303

Hypertrophy--
description, 128
heart, with dilation, description, 82

_Hypoderma bovis_, new warble fly, 507

_Hypoderma lineata_, warble fly, description, 507

Illinois, foot-and-mouth disease, 388

Immunization, northern cattle against Texas fever, manner, 500

Impetigo, description, causes, and treatment, 327

Incised wounds, description and treatment, 295

Incontinence, urine, cause and treatment, 130

Incubation period of infectious diseases, 362

Indiana, foot-and-mouth disease, 388

Indigestion--
calves, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 32, 253
causes, symptoms, and treatment, 26, 29, 31

Induration--
tongue. _See_ Actinomycosis.
womb mouth, description and treatment, 176

Infectious aphtha. _See_ Foot-and-mouth disease.

Infectious catarrhal conjunctivitis, symptoms,
treatment, and prevention, 345

Infectious catarrhal fever, description, symptoms,
and treatment, 469-472

Infectious diseases--
cattle, chapter by John R. Mohler, 358-511
classification of symptoms and lesions, 359
general discussion, 358
incubation periods, 362
treatment, discussion, 362

Infectious ophthalmia, or infectious catarrhal conjunctivitis, 345

Inflammation--
brain and its membranes, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 103
contagious, of the udder, description, prevention,
and treatment, 237
ear, symptoms and treatment, 355
haw, description and treatment, 354
kidneys, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 123
liver, symptoms and treatment, 45
mucous membrane of mouth, symptoms and treatment, 17
navel veins, description, symptoms, and treatment, 249
parotid gland, symptoms and treatment, 18
pyemic and septicemic, of joints of calves,
symptoms and treatment, 251
sheath and penis from bruising, prevention and treatment, 155
sheath, causes and treatment, 153
spleen, description, 45
testicles, description and treatment, 152
traumatic, of the stomach, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 34
udder, description, symptoms, and treatment, 234
urachus, causes and treatment, 248
urethra, description and treatment, 156
vagina, causes and treatment, 223
veins, description and treatment, 86
womb, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 224

Inflammatory diseases, skin, description, symptoms,
and treatment, 320-334

Inhalation of medicines, manner, 10

Inoculation, use against hemorrhagic septicemia, 401

Intercostal muscles, rheumatism affecting,
description and treatment, 100

Interdigital fibroma, description and treatment, 338

Intestinal parasites, description and treatment, 523

Intestines, roundworms affecting, kind and treatment, 532

Intussusception, causes, symptoms, post-mortem
appearance, and treatment, 35

Invagination, cause of obstruction of bowels,
symptoms, and treatment, 35