Chapter VIII: Decline of the Judicial Combat

Iceland and Norway the first to prohibit it 199
Opposition of the Municipalities 200
of the Church 206
Influence of the Roman law 211
Decline of the Judicial Duel in Spain 214
Struggle over its abolition in France 216
Reforms of St. Louis 217
Resistance of the Feudatories 218
Reaction after the death of St. Louis 222
Renewed efforts of Philippe le Bel 222
Continued by his successors 227
Occasional cases in fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth
centuries 228
Final disappearance 235
Its later history in Italy, Hungary, Flanders, Russia, Scotland 235
Maintained in England until the nineteenth century 241
Traces of its legal existence in the United States 246

III.

THE ORDEAL.