Chapter X: Decline of the Torture System (3)

Modena, iron ordeal in, 299
Bishop of, claims jurisdiction of duel, 163

Modestinus, his estimate of torture, 446

Modestus tortured by Fredegonda, 455

_Moine de Caen_, 516

Monasteries, their interest in ordeals, 415
torture in, 560

Monks as compurgators for monks, 93
appear personally in duels, 156
torture of, 560, 568

Montaigne argues against torture, 576

Montano of Toledo, his ordeal, 305

Montargis, story of dog of, 228

Monte Cassino, test of relics by fire, 316

Montenegro, ordeal for witches, 333

Montesquieu denounces torture, 583

Montigny-le-Roi, ordeal for witches at, 331

Montfort, Simon de, restricts the duel, 208

Montpellier, limitation on duel, 146
on ordeal, 387

Montricher, Sire de, case of, 150

Monza, duel of abbey at, 158

Mt. Gerizim, its claims tested by fire, 314

Moore, Samuel, case of, 510

Morann, his miraculous chain, 272

Moravia, the duel in, 205

Mortuary mass in ritual of ordeal, 394

Motive extenuates perjury, 31, 268

Mowbray, Francis, condemned to the duel, 240

Mozarabic rite defended by duel, 132
tested by fire, 313

Mstislas Davidovich exempts merchants from the duel, 204

Muh-Wang, his instructions to his judges, 252

Multiple oaths, 28

Municipal champions, 196

Muratori on ordeal for witches, 332

Murder (see _Homicide_).

Mutilation of defeated champions, 184
under torture unusual, 532

Myagh, Thos., his torture, 569

Myrc, John, instructions to priests, 242

Name written on paper and used in ordeal, 398

Namur, council of, sustains the duel, 238

Naples (see _Sicilian Constitutions_).
fire ordeal in 1811, 317
ordeals prohibited in, 422
punishment for suspicion in, 520
torture after conviction, 546
modern torture in, 587

Natives can decline duel with strangers, 141

Navarre and Castile, proposed duel between, 129
late introduction of torture, 469

_Neffn i kyn_, 41

_Nefninge_, 562

Negative proofs in Barbarian laws, 73
rejected, 74
unknown to Roman law, 272

Nehring, J. C., oil ordeal for witches, 331

_Nempdarii_, 563

Nero, his torture of Christians, 436

Netherlands, compurgation in, 81
ordeal of balance in, 335
bier-right in, 365
torture system in, 521
torture abolished in, 578

Neuwald on ordeal for witches, 327

New Granada, abuse of torture in, 540
modern use of torture, 582

New Hampshire, judicial duel in, 247

New Jersey, bier-right in, 367

New York, bier-right in, 396

Niam-Niam, ordeals among the, 256

Nicene creed, confirmation of, 379

Nicetius, St., power of his intercession, 378

Nicholas I. discourages the duel, 156, 207
forbids use of torture, 478

Nicholas, St., saves a convict from hanging, 381

Nicolas, Augustin, on torture system, 552, 577

Nieuport, laws of, on compurgation, 54, 66
no allusion to duel, 202
iron ordeal plebeian, 292

Nihilism, torture used to suppress it, 587

Nimrod exposes Abraham to fire ordeal, 303

_Nithstong_, 174

Nivard, Guillaume, case of, 493

Noailles, monks of, their duel, 196

Nobles can only be challenged by nobles, 150
allowed to employ champions, 193
subjected to cold-water ordeal, 323
their exemption from torture
under Wisigoths, 460
in Spain, 463, 466
torture of, in Champagne, 496
their liability to torture, 499, 500
exemption limited in Germany, 525
claim exemption in England, 570
and villeins, duels between, 149

Nod-men, 45, 60

Norgaud of Autun, his trial for simony, 59, 66

Normandy, formula of compurgation, 58
survival of compurgation, 79
duels in real estate cases, 146
limit of value for duel, 148
penalty for defeat in duel, 167, 169
_lex talionis_ introduced, 170
champions as witnesses, 183
punishment of defeated champions, 184
hiring of champions forbidden, 190
duel legal till 1583, 231
ordeal for all suspects, 388
ordeals become obsolete, 423
torture not used in, 487
torture introduced, 495

Normans not liable to duel with Saxons, 115, 394

Norsemen, their use of oaths, 26, 27
form of oath used by, 25
compurgation used by, 35
duel supersedes compurgation, 61
accusatorial compurgators, 97
use of judicial duel, 111
ordeal used by, 274
hot-water ordeal, 283
use of torture, 561

Northampton, Assizes of, on the ordeal, 322, 400

Norway, selection of compurgators, 50
oaths of compurgators, 59
accusatorial conjurators, 97
duel abolished, 199
ordeals prohibited, 422

Nôtre Dame de Paris, its liability to duel, 159
chapter of, adjudges the duel, 163

_Nouveaux indices survenus_, 518

Novara, Bishop of, claims jurisdiction of duel, 163

Nucius, Nicander, on torture in England, 568

Nullity of marriage, compurgation in, 93

Number of compurgators, 39
for clerics, 36

Nuns, torture of, 560

Nürnberg exempted from the duel, 204

Oaths, 21
in Roman law, 21
their purgatorial power, 22
guarantees required for, 25
reduplicated, 28
relics necessary for, 29
simplicity of, in Spain, 32
of clerics, 36, 414
of denial, in Wales, 55
of conjurators, 58
value of conjuratorial, 62
of conjurators modified, 71
disculpatory, in Suabia, 98
preliminary, in duels, 139, 166
not required in China, 252
as ordeals, 32, 371
among the Khonds, 258
among Aztecs, 259
among Ostiaks, 259
among Samoiedes, 259
in Islam, 263
in Greece, 269
in Rome, 270

Oath and ordeal alternative, 391
of master clears a slave, 390
convicts not admitted to, 392
of discharged prisoner, 550

O’Connors, duel of the, 243

Odin, his torture by Geirröd, 454

Odum wood, ordeal of, 255

Oelsner, his explanation of bier-right, 369

Officials exempt from torture in Spain, 463
of cities, their exemption, 495

Oil, boiling, ordeal of, 283
in Ethiopia, 256
among the Khonds, 258

Olaf, St., his ordeal, 296
his relics tested with fire, 316
saves a convict from hanging, 381
his use of the ordeal, 404

Olaf Trygvesson, his duel with Alfin, 115

Olaus Magnus on water torture, 510

Oldenkop on cold-water ordeal in witchcraft, 328

_Olim_, the, compurgation in, 76
cases of duel in, 224
cases of torture in, 491

Oodeypur, ordeal in 1873, 290

Opstallesboom, laws of, no torture in, 563

Oracles as ordeals, 260

Ordeal, the, 249
for _roturiers_, 58
combined with compurgation, 61, 389
administered by priests, 276
varieties of, 277
of boiling water, 278
of red-hot iron, 287
of fire, 303
of cold water, 318
of the balance, 334
of the cross, 336
of bread and cheese, 339
of the Eucharist, 344
of the lot, 352
of Bible and key, 357
of sieve-driving, 358
bier-right, 359
oaths as ordeals, 371
poison ordeals, 375
irregular ordeals, 377
of Holy Ghost, 381
for witches, 382
of the staff, 397
as preparatory to torture, 329
conditions of its use, 383
for accusers, 385, 389
in default of evidence, 385, 386
at demand of accuser, 386
of accused, 387
of both parties, 387
for ill-repute, 388, 392
in failure of compurgation, 390
and oath alternative, 391
as a punishment, 391
and compurgation alternative, 392
ritual of, 394
as a torture, 394
replaced by torture, 395, 429
champions in, 295, 337, 390, 398, 400
confidence reposed in it, 399
explanations of its injustice, 401
efforts to preserve its purity, 405
usually results in acquittal, 406
its relation to the Church, 408
fees and profits derived from it, 415
abuses of, 417
prohibited by the papacy, 418
suppression by secular law, 421
used to supplement torture, 481

Ordeal-iron, 288

Ordeal nut, 254

Ordenamiento de Alcalá, 216

_Ordines_ for ordeals, 276, 413

Ordonnance of 1254, 487, 490 of 1670, 517

Orissa, ordeals in, 258

Orleans, limit of value for duel, 147
punishment for suspicion in, 521
Bishop of, grants the duel, 162
claims jurisdiction of duel, 163

Orphans not liable to duel, 141

Ostiaks, oath-ordeal among, 259

Ostrogoths, compurgation not used, 34
judicial duel not used, 116
their use of torture, 456

Oswyn, his relics tested by fire, 316

Othlonus, case related by, 403

Otho I. favors the duel, 128
punishes refusal of duel, 131

Otho II. limits compurgation, 67
extends use of duel, 109, 118, 131
minimum limit for duel, 147
subjects the Church to duel, 155
restricts use of champions, 189

Otho of Bavaria sentenced to duel, 132

Otto Premizlas, compounding for the ordeal, 384
fees for ordeals, 416

Oudewater, scales for weighing witches, 335

Outlaws, torture of, in Iceland, 562

Outlawry for refusal of ordeal, 383
after success in ordeal, 400

Outsworn, 61
ordeal in such cases, 390

_Overcythed_, 61

Owner of slaves (see _Master_).

_Pabulum probationis_, 339

Pachymere, George, describes the ordeal, 299

Pain, insensibility of witches to, 556
methods of acquiring insensibility, 408, 557

Palencia, council of, 1322, prohibits ordeals, 424

Palermo, abuse of torture, 587

Pallor may justify torture, 537

_Panis conjuratio_, 339

Papacy, its opposition to the duel, 207
it opposes the ordeal, 409, 414
its final assault on the ordeal, 417

Paper with names of accused submitted to ordeal, 398

Pardon, promise of, in witch-trials, 558

_Parikyah_, 269

Paris, church of, its liability to duel, 157, 159
council of, 1212, restricts the duel, 209

Parker and Vaughan, duel of, 242

Parlement of Paris rarely prescribes compurgation, 76, 77
extension of its jurisdiction, 220
discourages the duel, 224
on lie as preliminary to duel, 229
its right to grant the duel, 230
forbids ordeal for witchcraft, 330
cases of torture before, 491

Parliament, English, rejects the Roman law, 566
declines to abrogate the duel, 244
debate on appeal of death, 245

Parricide, red-hot iron ordeal for, 291
punished with iron bands, 377

Parsis, ordeal among the, 265, 295

_Partidas las Siete, jura de juicio_ in, 22
privilege of bishops’ oaths, 36
negative proofs rejected, 74, 424
use of champions, 195
restrictions on duel, 214
regulation of torture, 462

Partial confession, 46

Pascal I. clears himself by compurgation, 36

Paterculus, account of duels ascribed to, 112

_Paterfamilias_, authority of, 444

Paternal kindred as compurgators, 45

Paternity, proved by compurgation, 55
by water ordeal, 285
by iron ordeal, 294
by recognition, 381
torture to discover, 561

_Patræ_, Hellenic, 15

Patriarchate of Constantinople, test of, 313

Patricians exempt from torture in Rome, 438
tortured by Messalina, 439

Patrick, St., restricts judicial duel, 109
perjury on his relics, 374

Patron, freedman not tortured against, 442

Paul, St., his Roman citizenship, 440

Paulus Jovius on Russian torture, 509

Peacham’s case, torture in, 568

Peasants, their right to the duel, 148
champions not allowed, 193
accused, can choose ordeal, 387

Pedro the Cruel, compurgation in his _Fuero_, 80

Pedro III. of Aragon challenged by Charles of Anjou, 105

Pedro IV. (Aragon) grants duel to Thomas Felton, 229

Peers of accused as conjurators, 43

Pehlvi, the ordeal in, 266

_Peine forte et dure_, 574

Pelagius I., his purgatorial oath, 28

Penance for perjured oaths, 30
for priest engaging in duel, 156
for the _sortes sanctorum_, 354

Penitentials, the, on oaths, 29

Penniwinkis, torture of, 573

Pennsylvania, bier-right in, 367

Pepin le Bref orders ordeal of cross, 336

_Peregrina judicia_, 418

Périgord, secrecy of trials forbidden, 496

Perjurers sent to ordeal, 392

Perjury, degrees of, 29
penance for, 30
retribution for, 31
punishment of, 168
by demoniacal possession, 372
conjurators liable for, 63
temptation to, in compurgation, 85
duel used for its suppression, 120
defeat in duel is equivalent to, 167
divine punishment of, in India, 267
allowed with sufficient motive, 268
ordeal of cross for, 337

Persians, ancient, ordeals among, 265

Peru, fees for torturing in, 511

Pescara, abbey of, duel adjudged to, 157

Peter, St., his assistance in duel purchased, 138
oaths on his relics, 372
power of his intercession, 378

Peter, Bishop, case of, 65, 390

Peter Cantor denounces the duel, 162, 207
argues against ordeals, 310, 401, 418
on refusal of ordeal, 411
on fees for ordeals, 416

Peter Bartholomew, his fire ordeal, 308

Petrobatalla of Soavo, 196

Petrus Igneus, his fire ordeal, 305

Phelipot de Monine, case of, 501

Philadelphia, belief in bier-right, 368

Philippe II. (France) enforces the _lex talionis_, 170
regulates weapons in duel, 176
his charter to Tournay, 54, 202, 386
restricts use of ordeals, 421

Philippe le Hardi allows duels, 222

Philippe le Bel prescribes compurgation, 77
represses the duel, 222
his Ordonnance of 1306, 167, 223
remonstrates against torture, 486

Philippe le Long exempts Jews from duel, 149
duel becoming obsolete, 228
prohibits secrecy of trials, 496

Philippe de Valois restricts abusive appeals, 228

Philip II. (Spain), his torture of Don Carlos, 468
regulates torture in Flanders, 521

Philip of Alsace, his charters, 202

Philippe le Bon abolishes the duel, 231

Philippines, ordeals in the, 257

Philotas, his torture, 433, 448

Phocion threatened with torture, 433

_Phratriæ_, Hellenic, 15

Piacenza, disappearance of duel in, 236

Picardy, use of duel in, 227

Piedmont, bier-right in, 365
perjury followed by death, 372

Pietro, Bishop of Florence, convicted by ordeal, 305

Pilgrim, torture of, in Bavaria, 473

Pisa, duel limited in, 200

Piso, conspiracy of, 437

Pitto, his duel with Adalulf, 113

Pius IV., his trial of Cardinal Caraffa, 541

Pius V. orders torture to discover accomplices, 516

Plaintiff (see also _Accuser_).
value of his oath, 98
obliged to accept the duel, 140, 141
punishment of defeated, 167
can demand ordeal, 386

Plantagenets endeavor to use torture, 565

Plead, torture for refusal to, 541
punishment for, 574

Plebeian ordeals, 292

Ploughshares, red-hot, ordeal of, 287, 289

Plouvier and Mahuot, duel of, 232

Poison ordeals in Africa, 254
in Madagascar, 256
among the Khonds, 258
Bitter Water among Hebrews, 262
in Greece, 270, 375
in India, 375

Poisoning, duel necessary in cases of, 144
red-hot iron ordeal for, 291
use of torture for, in Rome, 439

Poitiers, council of, 1100, on simony, 66

Poland, _wer-gild_ in, 16
prolonged use of compurgation, 83
duel abolished, 239
torture introduced, 509
modern use of torture, 588

Polus, Philippe, case of, 555

Pons of Andaone, his improvised ordeal, 285

Popes, their opposition to the duel, 207
to the ordeal, 409, 414
they prohibit the ordeal, 417

Poppo, Bishop, converts the Danes by the ordeal, 295

_Præjuramentum_, 95

_Prauda jeliezo_, 274

Prayer before duel efficacious, 138
preliminary to ordeal, 280
escape from ordeal by, 298
in fire-test of relics, 315

Pre-Aryan races of India, ordeals of, 258, 291, 344

Precautions before duel, 138
against magic arts in ordeal, 407

Prelates as temporal seigneurs, 161
assert jurisdiction over the duel, 162
their interest in ordeals, 415
liable to ordeal, 417

Prerogative, royal, torture under, 567

Presles, Raoul de, his torture, 494

Pressing to death, 574

Previous offences, torture to discover, 501
in Germany, 546

Pricking for witches, 571

Priest, hand of, oath taken on, 30

Priests (see also _Clerics_).
disculpatory oaths of, 28
number of conjurators for, 36, 43
their oaths, 36
penance for engaging in duel, 156
administration of ordeals by, 276, 409
sinful, warning of Eucharist, 346
the ordeal part of their functions, 413
their control of the ordeal, 414
their influence augmented by ordeals, 417
forbidden to minister in ordeal, 419
their exemption from torture in Rome, 438
torture the slaves of their churches, 554

Privileges of administering ordeals, 415

_Procès ordinaire_ and _extraordinaire_, 499

Professional champions, 184

Profits of jurisdiction over duel, 218
derived from ordeals, 415

Proof required of accuser, 74

Property acquired by duel, 111
Dante approves of, 211

Prosecutor to be present at ordeal, 405

Protestant clergy degraded before torture, 527

Prussia, ordeals introduced by the Teutonic knights, 423
torture restricted, 579
still used, 582

Prudentius, his description of tortures, 449

Pselli, ordeal to prove legitimacy, 273

Psillus seeds, 408

Pseudo-Isidor on clerical immunity, 414

Publicity of criminal procedure, 471, 496
withdrawn in inquisitorial process, 513

Publius Syrus, his estimate of torture, 447

Punishment of conjurators, 64
of defeated witnesses, 120
for refusing duel, 131
of default in duel, 144, 145, 173
of defeat in duel, 167
of defeated champions, 184
of hired champions, 191
ordeal as, 391
torture as, 579
without conviction, 519, 528
for refusal to plead, 574
corporal, none in Barbarian laws, 451

_Purgatio canonica_, 37

_Purgatio vulgaris_, 282

Purgatorial power of oaths, 22

_Purrikeh_, 269

Pyrrhus, his indestructible toe, 314

Quæstors, their functions as torturers, 444

Quarrel over compurgation, 39

Quercy, secrecy of trials forbidden, 496

_Question avec réserve des preuves_, 518
_définitive_ or _préalable_, 515, 517, 547
not allowed in Rome, 445
used in Massachusetts, 569
in Denmark, 562
abolished in France, 585
_ordinaire_ and _extraordinaire_, 516
_préparatoire_, 515, 517
abolished in France, 585

Quintilian, his estimate of torture, 447

Quintus Curtius, his estimate of torture, 448

_Rachinborgs_, 53

_Radenicht_, 47

Raguald, code of, torture not used in, 563

_Raith_, 38

_Raithmen_, 39
their character, 45
their oath, 60

Rajmahal, hill-tribes of, 14
ordeals in, 258
red-hot iron ordeal, 291
ordeal of salt, 344

Ramayana, ordeal in, 267

Ramgur, ordeal of endurance at, 339

Ramon de Peñafort, his definition of duel, 117
condemns the duel, 209
denounces ordeals, 420

Rank, distinction of, in duel, 141, 149
prevents torture under Wisigoths, 460
high, entitles to use of champions, 194

Raoul de Caen on lance of St. Andrew, 309

Raoulin du Pré, torture of, 500

Rape, duels of women for, 153

Ratification of confession under torture required, 463, 482
in France, 514
of evidence given under torture, 542

Ratisbon, compurgation in, 80
exempted from duel, 204
Diet of, adopts Caroline Constitutions, 524

Raymond d’Agiles on lance of St. Andrew, 309

Raymond Bernard of Foix, his duel, 222

Rebellion, torture retained for, in Prussia, 579

Receiver and thief, duel between, 136, 171

Recipe for unguent against fire, 408

Records of court altered by the duel, 135

_Recreantise_, 168

Red-hot iron ordeal—
in Ethiopia, 256
in Madagascar, 257
among the Khonds, 258
among the Arabs, 264
in Greece, 270
among Slavs, 274
its use in Europe, 287
in India, 289
a patrician or plebeian ordeal, 291, 293
cases of its use, 294
universality of its employment, 298
used for sorcery and witchcraft, 300, 409
miraculous cases, 301
used in cases of heresy, 411, 419

Red water, ordeal of, 254

Redemption of hand for compurgators, 64
for champion, 168

Reduplicated oaths, 28

Refusal of duel, penalty for, 131
of ordeal, burning for, 411
to plead, torture for, 541

Reginger accuses Henry IV., 133

Regulations of the duel, 166

Reims, the _jusjurandum in jure_ in, 22
champions denied to witnesses, 121
restriction on champions, 194
duel in archiepiscopal court, 162
Archbishop of, convicts heretic by ordeal, 411
Council of, 1119, on compurgation, 57
sanctions ordeal, 412
in 1157, uses ordeal for heretics, 411
council of, 1408, on torture, 505

Reinward of Minden, his murder, 363

Relics, importance of, in oaths, 29
necessary in Wales, 30
not required at the gallows, 563
oaths on, 372
tested by hot-water ordeal, 283
tested by fire, 314

Remy of Dorchester cleared by the ordeal, 295

Réné of Lorraine grants the duel, 233

Reparation of insults to champions, 188

Repentance secures escape in ordeal, 297, 310, 402

Repeated accusations, 45

Repetition of torture illegal in Castile, 466
three times in Britanny, 504
forbidden in France, 513, 517
practised in France, 515
authorized, 529
unlimited, 500
for retracted confession, 463, 548

Report, common, justifies torture, 537

Representation in succession, 129

Repute, liability to ordeal depends upon, 384, 388, 392

Reserving the evidence, 519

Responsibility of accuser, 384, 385, 386, 440, 445, 446, 449, 458, 460
of conjurators, 64
of judge, 458, 460, 465, 467, 507, 515, 523, 533, 565
of the kindred, 14, 18, 19

Restoration, torture under, in Spain, 583

Restrictions on the duel, 140
on use of champions, 189
on torture eluded, 529

Results of ordeal in doubt, 405

Retraction of confession in Sicilian Constitutions, 482
under torture, 463
questions concerning, 548
torture for, 522
absolves accused, 550
of evidence, witnesses tortured for, 550

Retribution for perjury, 31

Revenues derived from ordeals, 415

Reversal of judgment, penalty of, 124, 126

Rhine, ordeal of the, 273

Rhodians, use of torture by, 433

Rice, swallowing, as an ordeal, 258

Richard I. at the funeral of Henry II., 360
torture of his page, 474

Richard II. challenges Charles V., 106

Richardis, Empress, undergoes the ordeal, 293

_Richstich Landrecht_, on use of lawyers, 70
appeal from judgment, 127
duel necessary in homicide, 142
infamy of champions, 188
ordeal for convicts, 393
ordeals in 14th century, 424
no allusion to torture, 480

Rickius on hot-water ordeal, 283
on cold-water ordeal in witchcraft, 329
on ordeal of balance, 335

Riculfus tortured by Fredegonda, 455

Riga, its merchants exempted from the duel, 204

Rights connected with the duel, 219

Riom exempted from duel, 203

Ripuarian Laws, duel in, 113, 118
fire ordeal used, 305
ordeal of the lot, 353
ordeal in failure of compurgation, 390

Risbach, council of, 799, prescribes iron ordeal, 291

Rituals of ordeals, 276, 394, 413

Robbers not to act as champions, 186

Robbery, torture for, in Prussia, 579

Robert the Pious, his notion of perjury, 31
forbids ordeal of Eucharist, 349

Robert III. (Scotland), torture not used under, 572

Robert Curthose tests his sons by the ordeal, 294

Robert the heretic convicted by ordeal, 411

Rodolph I. limits the duel, 205
his charter to Styria, 213
intervenes against torture, 476

Rodolph II. confirms privilege of Lorraine, 238

Rodriguez de los Puertos, case of, 540

Roger of Naples, his charter to Bari, 201

Roman law, grades of proof in, 21
importance of oaths in, 21
its influence on compurgation, 72
rejects negative proofs, 74
its centralization, 78
its influence on the duel, 211
its influence on ordeals, 426
its regulations of torture, 435
its influence on the Goths, 456
its influence in Germany, 524
its influence in Scotland, 572
rejected in England, 566

Romans, traces of ordeals among, 270

Rome, guarantees of oaths, 26
oaths of priests in, 36
council of, 384, condemns torture, 477

Rosbach, Emerich von, his work on criminal law, 525

Rotharis, his law on compurgation, 47
forbids withdrawal of confession, 52
prescribes the judicial duel, 113
restricts the judicial duel, 114

Rotruda, St., her relics tested with fire, 316

Roumania, modern use of torture, 588

Royal courts not liable to appeal, 126

_Ruaille_, 168

Rumor suffices to justify torture, 537

Russia, the _Mir_, 15
_wer-gild_, 15
early use of duel, 110
no limitation of weapons, 178
duels with foreigners prohibited, 178
use of champions, 195
exemption of German traders, 204
duel abolished, 238
use of ordeals, 274
water and iron ordeals, 292
converted by ordeal of fire, 310
household ordeal for theft, 334
bier-right, 359
ordeal in all cases, 386
for accuser, 389
torture introduced, 509
abolished, 581
used in political cases, 587

Sachentages, 477

_Sachsenspiegel_—
value or purgatorial oaths, 23
compurgation, 81
appeals from judgment, 126
limitations on the duel, 141
difference of rank, 151
champions for the dead, 152
guardians must provide champions, 153
penalty for defeat in duel, 171
penalty for default in duel, 173
weapons provided for the poor, 175
advantages equally divided, 177
regulations of use of champions, 181
disabilities of champions, 188
duel condemned by Gregory XI., 210, 420
use of hot-water ordeal, 283
accused selects the ordeal, 292, 383
land titles settled by ordeal, 324
ordeal for convicts, 393
no allusion to torture, 480

_Sachsische Weichbild_—
formula of oath, 26
purgatorial oath of father, 41
compurgation, 81
kinship an impediment to duel, 141
wounds sufficing for duel, 142
difference of rank, 151
penalty for defeat in duel, 171
penalty for default in duel, 173
use of champions, 181
infamy of champions, 187
hiring of champions forbidden, 190
duel only in criminal cases, 204
the dead cleared by ordeal, 294
ordeal for convicts, 393

_Sacramentales_ (see _Conjurators_).

Sacrifices as guarantee of oaths, 26

Sacrificial ordeals, 258

_Saighi_, 18

St. Adrian of Zala, abbey of, 157

St. Aignan, chapter of, challenges a knight, 159

St. Albans, abbey of, its claims for the duel, 162

St. Andrews, bishop of, exempted from duel, 159
witch-pool of, 330

St. Aubin, abbey of, its duel, 158

St. Bascul, council of, 395

St. Bonnet, customs of, 219

St. Brieuc, Bishop of, orders the duel, 164

St. Disier, torture not used in, 497

St. Martin-des-Champs, use of torture, 499

St. Omer, its traders exempted from the duel, 204

Saint-Pé, abbey of, its fees for ordeals, 415

St. Quentin, challenging of courts, 124
council of, 1235, complains of St. Louis, 217

St. Remy, abbey of, decrees the duel, 163

St. Sergius, case of priory of, 137

St. Sever, abbey of, gains land by ordeal, 323

St. Vaast d’Arras, abbey of, 164

Saints’ tombs, oaths on, 372

Salaried champions, 192, 196

Salic law, use of compurgation in, 34
number of compurgators, 42
compurgation in default of testimony, 52
penalties of conjurators, 64
accusatorial conjurators, 94
judicial duel in, 112, 118
ordeal of hot water, 274, 282
hot-water ordeal for Antrustions, 323
enforcement of the ordeal, 383
compounding for the ordeal, 384
ordeal in failure of compurgation, 390
torture of slaves, 452

Salisbury, Bishop and Earl of, duel between, 139

Salt, blessed, used in ordeal, 281
lumps of, used as ordeal, 257

Salvation, exclusive, results of belief in, 589

Salzburg, council of, 799, prescribes the ordeal, 409

Samaritan legend of fire-test, 314

Samoa, punishment of perjury, 374

Samoiedes, oath ordeal among, 259

Sanballat, his triumph in fire-test, 314

Sancar, his ordeal, 290

Sanctio of Orleans, his trial for simony, 61

Sand-bag used in duels, 244

_Sandemend_, 562

Sanila and Bera, duel of, 117

Sapor I., his religious reforms, 267

_Saraad_, 55

Saracens, duels with Christians forbidden, 151

Saragossa, council of, 592, tests relics by fire, 315

Sardinia, perjury on relics, 374

Sassanids, ordeals under the, 267

Sassy-bark, ordeal of, 254

Satan, aids witches in ordeals, 300, 327, 328, 332
in torture, 555

_Satane_ ordeal, 258

_Sathee_, 344

Savonarola, his _Sperimento di fuoco_, 311

Saxon laws (see also _Sachsenspiegel_)—
purgatorial oaths in, 23
reclamation of stolen horse, 26
judicial duel in, 114

Saxons offer duel to Luitzes, 130

Saxony, torture in 1130, 474
no defence allowed to accused, 544
exile for retracted confession, 549
abolition of torture, 580

Sayn, Count, his compurgation, 89

Scandinavian nations, torture not used by, 562

Scavenger’s Daughter, the, 569

_Scheingehen_, 365

Schoolmen on duel and ordeal, 209

_Schwabenspiegel_, value of oaths, 24
purgatorial oath of father, 41
compurgation retained, 80
faith in judgment of God, 102
judges must be vigorous men, 123
appeals from judgment, 126
theory of guilt, 136
limitations on the duel, 141
difference of rank, 150
cripples must provide champions, 152
duels of women, 153
penalty for defeat in duel, 171
penalty for default in duel, 173
penalty of bail of defaulter, 174
disabilities of champions, 188
hired champions forbidden, 190
use of hot-water ordeal, 283
accused selects the ordeal, 292, 383
ordeal in default of evidence, 387
for convicts, 393
no allusion to torture, 480

Schwartzenberg challenges von Hutten, 238

Schwerin, Synod of, condemns the duel, 210

Scialoja, his work on torture, 525

Scipio, oath administered by, 271

Scober, James, a witch-pricker, 571

Scone, abbey of, its jurisdiction, 162

Scotland, use of compurgation, 34
selection of conjurators in, 44
compurgation in default of evidence, 53
compurgation for the aged, 57
compurgation retained, 82
first evidence of duel in, 162
champions as witnesses, 183
use of champions, 192
charters exempting from duel, 201
restrictions on duel in towns, 203
persistence of duel, 239
cold-water ordeal for slaves, 323
cold-water ordeal for witchcraft, 330
cases of bier-right, 361
bribes in ordeal forbidden, 406
ordeals disused, 421
use of torture in, 572
abolition of torture, 574
witch-burning in 1722, 575

Scottish Marches, duel universal, 145
liability of clerics to duel, 158
death does not release from duel, 174

Scourging as torture, 466, 467
a torture for children, 528
for retracted confession, 549

Scribonius on cold-water ordeal in witchcraft, 327

_Scuz iarn_, 288

Sebakemsauf, violation of his tomb, 430

Secrecy of inquisitorial process, 496, 513, 546

_Secta_, 84, 96

Secular law, exemption from, for clerics, 414
jurisdiction of prelates, 161
legislation against ordeals, 421

Security required of combatants, 173

_Seguidors_, 51

Seigneur, his power over the villein, 490

Sejanus, plot of, 435

Selection of compurgators, 38
of mode of compurgation, 383

Selingenstadt, council of, 1023, prescribes the ordeal, 410

Semites, ordeals among, 260
torture among, 430

_Semperfri_, 150

Senan, St., his golden bell, 397

Senchus Mor, duel prescribed in, 109

Senckenberg reprints Zanger’s treatise, 578

Senlis, case of torture in, 491

Sens, Archbishop of, compelled to duel, 159

Sentence of torture, appeals from, in Castile, 465, 467
consultation over, in France, 507, 513
appeal from, in Germany, 545
deliberation required for, 547
its revision in Saxony, 580

Sepulture denied to duellists, 207, 210

Serfs allowed to bear testimony, 122
cannot challenge freemen, 140
and master, no duel between, 146
duels between, 149
cold-water ordeal for, 322

Servia, survival of the duel, 239

Servitude must be proved before torture, 438

Severity of ordeal, 394
of torture, limitations eluded, 532
of the strappado, 543

Severus, Sept., on evidence of slaves against masters, 444

_Sexhendeman_, 47

Shadrach, Mesach, and Abednego, their ordeal, 304

Shakespeare, his description of bier-right, 360

Shaving of witches to neutralize charms, 556

Shaving, sin of, in laymen, 403

Shells used in ordeal, 257

Sheriff selects compurgators, 48
his presence required at ordeal, 406

Shower-bath, punishment of, 510

Shrewsbury, Countess of, her case, 570

Shrift of combatant, 242

Shrines of saints, oaths on, 372

_Shu-king_, its theo-philosophy, 252

Siawush, fire ordeal of, 266

Sicily, modern use of torture, 587

_Sicularum Constitutiones_—
no compurgation in, 75
defendant allowed choice of weapons, 177
champions as witnesses, 183
punishment of defeated champion, 185
champions provided at public expense, 190
severe restriction on duel, 212
ordeals prohibited, 422
use of torture, 482

Sieve-driving, ordeal of, 358

Sigurd Thorlaksson, case of, 404

Silanus, prosecution of, 443

Silence under torture does not acquit, 519

Simancas on compurgation for heresy, 89
on universality of torture, 468
disapproves deceit in witch-trials, 559

Simon de Montfort limits the duel, 208

Simony, trials for, 59, 62, 350
compurgation for, 92

Simple ordeals, 278, 287, 391

Simplicius, St., of Autun, his ordeal, 305

Sinking requisite in cold-water ordeal, 318

Sins, previous, cause failure in duel, 137
cause failure in ordeal, 403

Sita, ordeal undergone by, 267

Skevington, Sir Wm., invents a torture, 569

_Skirsla_ or ordeal of turf, 274

Slavs, communities among, 15
prolonged use of compurgation, 83
use of judicial duel, 110
ordeals used by, 274
of Mecklenburg, ordeal introduced, 277

Slaves cleared by master’s oath, 22
ordeal in default of master’s oath, 390
their right to the duel, 148
ordeal for, in Rome, 272
red-hot iron ordeal for, 291, 292
fire ordeal for, 306
cold-water ordeal for, 322
ordeal of the lot, 353
subjected to ordeal, 394
as vicarious victims in ordeal, 396
torture reserved for, in Greece, 433
their evidence requires torture in Greece, 433
tortured as witnesses in Rome, 441
restriction on, 445, 446
by their owners in Rome, 444
torture of, under Ostrogoths, 457
under Wisigoths, 458
under Barbarians, 451, 452
in civil suits in Germany, 530
of churches tortured by priests, 554
unprotected in Iceland, 562
not tortured against their masters in Rome, 442
except in treason, 443
other exceptions, 444
under Wisigoths, 459
in Spain, 464
tortured, damage paid to master in Rome, 445
among the Barbarians, 452
in Castile, 468
thief sold as, in Wales, 564

Slavery, its extent in Greece, 433
its extent in Rome, 441

Slavonia, use of compurgation, 84

Sleeplessness, torture of (see _Vigils_).

Smith, Sir Thos., on use of torture, 567

Snake-fang, ordeal of, 254

Soaper’s case, in appeal of death, 247

Soavo, champion of, 196

Soest, accusatorial conjurators in laws of, 97
exempted from duel, 202

Soissons, Bishop of, uses ordeal for heretics, 410
Chapter of, duel in its court, 224
council of, 853, uses the ordeal, 410
the vase of, 450

Solidarity of the family, 14
in Lombard Law, 48

Somali, ordeals among the, 256

Son to be tortured in presence of father, 543
his evidence against parents in witch-trials, 554

Sophocles, ordeals enumerated by, 270

Sorcerers, loss of weight by, 326, 335
tortured in Rome, 439
their punishment by Theodoric, 457
their evidence not received, 523
unconscious, 553

Sorcery forbidden in duels, 139
in ordeal, 407
duel in trial for, 230
red-hot iron ordeal for, 291, 300, 409
use of cold-water ordeal, 325
torture in accusations of, 469
used to justify torture, 539
detention after torture without confession, 551
torture necessary in trials for, 554

_Sortes sanctorum_, 354

Southampton, ordeal of Bible and key, 357

South Carolina, compurgation in, 88
appeal of death in, 247

Spain (see also _Wisigothic Laws_).
_jusjurandum in jure_, 22
purgatorial oaths, 24
simplicity of oaths, 32
use of compurgation, 34, 75
selection of compurgators, 49
compurgation of Alfonso VI., 67
negative proofs rejected, 74
compurgation in the _Fuero Viejo_, 80
duel among Celtiberians, 108
introduction of Roman ritual, 132, 313
Catalonia, limitation on duel, 146
Aragon, limit of value for duel, 148
difference of rank in duels, 151
ordeals for women, 154
use of champions, 195
charters exempting from duel, 202
restrictions on the duel, 214
use of hot-water ordeal, 281
red-hot iron ordeal, 288
paternity proved by iron ordeal, 294
Arian relics tested by fire, 315
truce of God enforced by ordeal, 323
ordeal of Eucharist, 351
bier-right, 366
ordeal for loose women, 393
escape of adulteress in ordeal, 403
decline of ordeals, 423
torture under the Goths, 458
mediæval and modern, 462
irregular use of, 476
abolished in 1811, 583

_Speculum Saxonicum_ (see _Sachsenspiegel_).

_Speculum Suevicum_ (see _Schwabenspiegel_).

_Sperimento di fuoco_ of Savonarola, 311

Spies, use of in witch-trials, 558

Spiritual courts, duel in, 155
ordeal in, 409
torture in, 510

Spoon, ordeal of the, 264

Spot, insensible, of witches, 571

Sprenger admits lawfulness of duel, 213
objects to ordeal in witchcraft, 300
no allusion to cold-water ordeal, 326
his explanation of bier-right, 369
recommends deceit, 559

_Sringa_, 375

Staff, ordeal of, 397

_Stalla hringr_, 95

Stansfield, Philip, case of, 361

_Stapfsaken_, 274

_Stare ad crucem_, 336

Stars, duel to end when they appear, 178

Starvation and cold employed as torture, 530

State questions decided by duel, 130

Statute of Gloucester, 242

Staundford, Sir Wm., on ordeals, 426

Steil, historic duel at, 129

Stephen, St., supplies champions for abbey, 157
ordeals not in his laws, 277

Stephen V. condemns the ordeal as a torture, 395

Stephen VII. condemns Formosus, 382

Stercorarian heresy proved by ordeal, 411

_Stockneffn_, 49

Stonyng’s case, torture in, 568

Strangers, fire ordeal for, 306
subject to torture in Greece, 433

Strappado, the, 466, 467
description of, 516
five degrees of, 543

Strassburg, heretics convicted by ordeal, 297, 419

Stream of water, torture of, 510

Style’s “Practical Register,” 86

Styria, duel restricted in, 212

Styx, oath of the gods on its water, 371

Suabia, use of oaths in, 32, 24
accusatorial conjurators, 98

Subico of Speyer takes ordeal of Eucharist, 348

Substitutes in the ordeal, 295, 337, 390, 398, 400
for torture, 578, 580, 582, 583

Succession, law of, decided by duel, 129

Sudra caste, oaths required of, 25
cold-water ordeal used for, 320

Suidger of Munster, his improvised ordeal, 302

Sunset, duel to end at, 178

Superstition, its persistence, 427

Surlet, Gilles, case of, 505

Suspicion, ordeal for, 388
punishment for, 519
of incontinency, compurgation for, 87
of heresy, compurgation for, 88, 90

Swaddling cloth of Christ tested by fire, 315

Swantopluck of Bohemia, his use of torture, 476

Sweden, selection of compurgators, 49
prolonged use of compurgation, 82
accusatorial conjurators, 97
red-hot iron ordeal, 287, 298
paternity proved by the ordeal, 294
fees to priest for ordeal, 416
prelates liable to ordeal, 417
ordeals prohibited, 422
torture not used in, 563

Swinefield, Bishop, his hired champion, 192

Switzerland, torture abolished, 581

Synagogues, oaths taken in, 28

Syrians, duels with Franks, 151

Szegedin, witches tried by ordeal in 1730, 332, 335

Tacitus, his account of the Germans, 112

Tacitus (Emp.) on evidence of slave against master, 444

Tahiti, ordeal in, 257

_Talio_, the, applied to the duel, 143, 169
used in Ashantee, 255
in Rome, 440
applied to accusation of slaves in Rome, 445
for accusers under Wisigoths, 459
adopted by the Church, 513
rejected in inquisitorial process, 513

Tangena nut, ordeal of, 256

Tanner on number of witch-trials, 560

Taoism, its influence in China, 252

Tarbes, Cathedral of, its revenue from ordeals, 415

Tarragona, council of, 1244, on heresy, 89

Tassilo, allusion to ordeal by, 274

Tears, inability of witches to shed, 556

Teeth, question as to, in duel, 144

Templars offer to undergo the ordeal, 299
use of torture on, 486
torture of, in England, 511

Temple, the, oaths taken in, 27

Temporal jurisdiction of prelates, 161

Tempting of God in the ordeal, 207, 411

Terouane, torture in 1127, 474

_Testes synodales_, 41

_Testimonis_, 51

Testimony (see _Evidence_).

Teutberga, her divorce, 281

Teutonic Knights introduce the ordeal, 423

Texas, torture used in, 588

Thangbrand, Deacon, 199

Thebe, people of, float in water, 326

Theft, Russian ordeal for, 334

Theodore, penitential of, on oaths, 30

Theodore Lascaris prescribes the ordeal, 299

Theodoric tries to suppress judicial duel, 115
his use of torture, 457

Theodosius I. exempts priests from torture, 438

Thibaut of Champagne, his grant to church of Châteaudun, 415

Thief and receiver, duel between, 136, 171

Thieves convicted by the duel, 135

Thomas of Gloucester, his rules of duel, 171, 241

Thomas, Christian, opposed to torture, 577

Thumb, indestructible, of Pyrrhus, 314

Thuringians, kinsmen as champions, 180
minimum limit for duel, 147
red-hot iron ordeal, 291

Tiberius, his use of torture, 435
his devices to elude the laws, 443

Tibet, hot-water ordeal in, 269

_Tiers-État_, influence of, 200

_Tiht-bysig_ man sent to ordeal, 392

Tirel, Hugues, case of, 77

Tison, Marie, case of, 585

Tithes, contested, settled by ordeal, 410

Titles to land settled by duel, 182, 197
by cold-water ordeal, 324

_Tobbach_, 18

Toledo, council of, 683, on abuse of torture, 461

Tombs of saints, oaths on, 372

Tonga, punishment of perjury, 374

Tongue, red-hot iron ordeal applied to, 264, 289, 291, 293

Tooth-relic of Buddha tested by fire, 314

Toribio, St., limits fees for torturing, 511

Torture, 429
as preliminary to compurgation, 91
ordeal as preparatory to, 329
used as torture, 394
its influence on ordeals, 426
in Egypt and Asia, 400
in Greece, 432
limitations on, in Rome, 445
estimate of evidence under, in Rome, 446
under the Barbarians, 451
its use by the Goths, 456
in mediæval and modern Spain, 462
its repetition illegal, 466
under the Carlovingians, 469
its use for extortion, 476
condemned by the Church, 477
its reappearance in 13th century, 479
unlimited repetition, 500
to discover previous offence, 501, 546
is ecclesiastical law, 511
to discover accomplices, 484, 515, 517, 546, 562, 570, 584
of witnesses, 440, 453, 459, 533, 541
its influence on judges, 534
its abuse by judges, 539
in surplusage after conviction, 546
without confession is acquittal, 551
as punishment, 579
indispensable in witch-trials, 554
witches insensible to, 556
devices to elude, 558
use of, is homicide in England, 565
to compel pleading in England, 575
its decline and abolition, 575
substitutes for, 578, 580, 582, 583

Toulouse, duel forbidden there, 224
exempted from torture, 495

Tournay, charter of, 54, 392
exempted from duel, 202

Tours, council of, 813, on use of chrism in ordeal, 407
council of, 925, prescribes the ordeal, 410

_Tout Lieu de S. Disier_, 497

Towel of Christ tested by fire, 316

Towns, champions of, 196

Tower of London, torture in, 569

Townships, responsibility of, 42

Trade, its influence adverse to duel, 204

Trahent, André de, case of, 397

Trajan on evidence of slave against master, 443

Trallian laws, 15

Transylvania, witches tried by ordeal, 322

Travancore, ordeal abolished in, 284

Treason, duel necessary in cases of, 144
torture for, in Rome, 435, 438, 443
its extension in Rome, 436, 437
torture for, in Spain, 459, 463
torture of witnesses in cases of, 541
torture for, in Denmark, 562
torture for, in England, 568
nobles not tortured for, in England, 570
torture retained for, in Prussia, 579

Trebinje, ordeal for witches in 1857, 333

Trent, Bishop of, tried for simony, 62, 71
council of, prohibits the duel, 237

Trèves, Holy Coat of, 422
council of, 1227, forbids iron ordeal, 419

Treviño exempted from duel, 202
ordeals prohibited in, 424

Trial by jury, rise of, 48
by combat, 101

Tribal responsibility, 42

Tribur, council of, 895, on accusatorial conjurators, 96
prescribes the ordeal, 291, 410
ordeal for those outsworn, 390

Triple ordeals, 278, 287

_Triumviri capitales_, their functions as torturers, 444

Truce of God, enforcement of, 58, 323

_Trux iarn_, 287

Tucca, her ordeal, 271

Tudors, use of torture under, 566

Turks, divination among, 265
use of ordeal for witches, 333

Turf, ordeal of, 274

Tuscany, torture abolished, 586

_Twelfhendeman_, 47

Twins in Wales are one person, 177

_Twyhindus_, 47

Tyndareus, oath exacted by, 26

Tynemouth, priory of, its champion, 197

Uberto of Tuscany recognized by his son, 381

Ueberlingen, case of bier-right, 363

Ulpian, his estimate of torture, 446

Ulric of Cosheim, 133

Umbrians, judicial duel among, 108

Uncertainty of compurgation, 91

Unguents as protection in fire ordeals, 408

Unitas Fratrum, use of lot by, 355

United States, wager of law in, 88
appeal of death, 246
bier-right, 366
divining rod, 428
use of shower bath, 510
use of torture, 588

_Untersuchungschaft_, 582

Upstallesboom, laws of, ordeals obsolete in, 422

Upton, Nicholas, his work on the duel, 231

Urim and Thummim, 261

_Urpheda_, 550

Urraca, Queen, authorizes duel, 132

Usury, torture in cases of, 529

Uta, Queen, her compurgation, 40

Utrecht, case of fisherman of, 402
torture abandoned in, 577

_Vadiare legem_, 57

Vaisya caste, oaths required of, 25
cold-water ordeal used for, 320

Valdebran, abbey of, relic tested by fire, 317

Valence, council of, 855, represses abuse of oaths, 22
denounces the duel, 207
1248, denies counsel to accused, 487

Valenciennes, duel in 1455, 232
fees for torture in, 548
petitions for abolition of torture, 585

Valentinian I. exempts decurions from torture, 438

Valentinian II. applies _talio_ to accused slaves, 445

Valerius Maximus, his estimate of torture, 447

Vallombrosa, fire ordeal in, 305

Valtelline, limitations on torture in, 508

Value of conjuratorial oath, 62
of extorted confession, 462, 548, 550

Vannes, council of, 465, condemns the _sortes sanctorum_, 354

_Var nirang_, 266

Varieties of ordeal, 277
of torture, 536
in Greece, 434
in Rome, 449
in Castile, 465, 467
in England, 476
in Russia, 509
in France, 514, 516
in Scotland, 573
in Roumania, 588

Vasistha, ordeals unknown to, 268

Vassal and lord, no duel between, 146

Vaughan and Parker, duel of, 242

Vedas, ordeals in the, 267

Vehm-Gericht, accusatorial conjurators in, 99

Venezuela, use of torture, 583

Vengeance, legal recognition of, 13

Venice, rules for compurgation, 57
bier-right in, 365
use of torture, 507

Vercelli, Bishops of, their jurisdiction over duels, 164

Verdiersville, bier-right in, 368

Vermandois, appeals in, 125
nobles of, claim the duel, 227

Verona, council of, 983, on the duel, 131
limitation on duels, 146
penalty for defeat in duel, 169
champions appointed by the city, 189
regulations for champions, 195
ordeal of cross, 337
torture used in 1228, 481

Vestal virgins, exempt from taking oaths, 36
ordeals of, 271

Vezelai, heretics tried by ordeal, 411

Vicarious ordeals, 281, 295, 390, 398, 400
in Africa, 256
poison ordeal, 376

Vich, council of, 1068, orders the ordeal, 323

_Vidames_, 198

Vienna exempted from duel, 204
case of bier-right in, 364

Vienne, council of, 1311, case of Boniface VIII., 226
restricts torture in Inquisition, 511

Viescher, his treatise on the duel, 103

Viga Glum’s saga, 27

Vigils of Marsigli, torture of, 535, 552
insanity caused by, 588
severity of, in England, 570
severity of, in Scotland, 572
of Florence, 552
of Spain, 552

Villadiego, his description of torture,466

Village communities, 14

Villein not allowed to challenge judge, 124
and gentleman, duels between, 149
his subjection to his seigneur, 490

Villeneuve, case of torture in, 491
consuls exempted from torture, 499

Villon, his water torture, 514

Virgin Mary orders a duel, 209

Virginia, bier-right in, 366

Viry, jurisdiction of duel at, 163

_Vishanaga_, 376

Vishnu, his complicated ordeal system, 268

Vives, J. L., opposes torture, 576

Vladislas II. (Hungary) restricts the duel, 237

Vola, Zierkin von, his duel, 171

Voltaire opposes torture, 584

Volterra, Bishop of, his jurisdiction, 161

Voluntary perjury, penance for, 31

_Vomeres igniti_, 287

_Vorogeia_, 334

Vuillermoz, Guill., case of, 555

Wafer, consecrated, power of, 347

Wager of Law, the (see _Compurgation_).
its derivation, 57

Wager of Battle (see _Duel_).

Waldemar II., his Constitutions, 41
prohibits ordeal, 422
jury-trials in his laws, 562

Wales, solidarity of the family in, 15, 19
compensation for injuries, 17
responsibility for children, 20
oaths of absolution, 24
reduplicated oaths, 28
oaths on relics, 30
reverence for relics, 32
compurgation, 38
number of compurgators, 40, 44
character of compurgators, 45
compurgation supplants evidence, 55
_juramentum supermortuum_, 56
oath of conjurators, 60
judicial duel not used, 110
difference of rank in duels, 151
twins, their advantage in duels, 177
champions, reward of, 186
ordeals in suits with Saxons, 276
confession of accomplice at the gallows, 563

Wang-i, his two servants, 252

Warfare, private, among the Barbarians, 16

Warning to accused before torture, 532

Warrantors, 121

Water Ordeals (see _Hot Water_ and _Cold Water_).

Water from idol as ordeal, 344
torture, 514
torture of stream of, 509
will not receive perjurers, 319
or witches, 326

Weapons of witnesses blessed, 120
provided for pauper combatants, 175
choice of, 176
equality of, 177

Weight, loss of, by witches, 325, 334

Welf II. of Altorf subjected to ordeal, 323

Welf of Bavaria, 133

Wells, poisoning of, in France, 503

Wenceslas of Bohemia abolishes torture, 473

_Wer-gild_, 14
its character, 17
in Greece and Rome, 15
in Russia, 15
in Poland, 16
in Iceland, 18
in Ireland, 18
in Denmark, 18
in Wales, 19
of clerics, 20
among Moslem, 29
its connection with compurgation, 38
in Frisia in 14th century, 563
oath rated by, 47

Werner, J. F., defends use of torture, 578

West Prussia, ordeal for witches in, 322

Westminster, Abbey of, claims jurisdiction of duel, 162

Westphalia, accusatorial conjurators in, 97
cold-water ordeal in witchcraft, 327, 328, 331

Whipping as torture, 466
torture in cases involving, 530

Widows, exemption from duel in Bigorre, 146
torture of, among Gauls, 452

Wier on cold-water ordeal in witchcraft, 326, 328

Wife to be tortured in husband’s presence, 543

William I. (Engl.), introduces judicial duel, 115
penalty for defeat in duel, 168

William Rufus utilizes the ordeal, 295

William the Lion forbids bribery in ordeal, 406

William Clito, his privilege to St. Omer, 204

William of Ely and the Archbishop of York, 70

William of Utrecht, his ordeal of Eucharist, 351

Wills, fraudulent, torture of slaves in cases of, 443

Wilson, Christian, case of, 362

Wisigothic Laws, their authors, 458
oaths in, 22
compurgation not used, 34, 75
exclude evidence of kinsmen, 38
influence of Roman law, 116, 457
judicial duel not used, 116
judicial duel revived, 117
late introduction of ordeal, 275
ordeal preliminary to torture, 395
use of torture, 458

Witch-bridle, 572

Witchcraft, its influence on criminal law, 553
evidence of, insufficient, 554

Witches, Satan aids them in trials, 300, 555
loss of weight by, 325, 334
tortured for confession in Russia, 509
their evidence not received, 523
detected by boys with greased boots, 539
escape by revoking confession, 548
detention after torture without confession, 551
cruelties practised on, 552
their insensibility to torture, 556

Witch-mark, 571

Witchpool in Bay of St. Andrews, 330

Witch-pricking, 571

Witch-trials, red-hot iron ordeal for, 291, 300, 409
use of cold-water ordeal, 325
special ordeals for, 382
all rules set aside, 554
torture indispensable in, 555
shaving in, 556
use of deceit, 558
torture in, in England, 570
severity of, in Scotland, 572, 574

Withdrawal from duel forbidden, 144

Witikind, his duel with Charlemagne, 130

Witness, judge cannot act as, 509

Witnesses, are not conjurators, 38, 51
compurgation in default of, 52
confirmed by conjurators, 56
outweigh conjurators, 62
challenging of, 103, 120, 121
penalty of defeated, 120
come armed to court, 120
must be capable of fighting, 122
champions not allowed to, 121
champions for, 194
their protection in France, 123
seven necessary to avoid duel, 142
must offer battle, 143
defeated, lose a hand, 167
become champions, 182
champions debarred as, 187
women admitted, 228
allowed to give false evidence, 268
must be of the same race, 275
subjected to ordeal, 389
names of, given to accused in Castile, 469
examined in presence of accused, 504
contradictory, tortured together, 542
confrontation of, with accused, 517
necessary to justify torture, 523
their uselessness in witch-trials, 555
torture of, in Rome, 440
unknown to Barbarians, 453
practised in Castile, 464
in Milan, 506
not tortured in Piacenza, 507
tortured in Germany, 530
in modern times, 541
in advance, 542
for retracted evidence, 550
in monasteries, 560
slave, tortured in Greece, 433
restrictions on torture in Rome, 445, 446
their torture under Ostrogoths, 457
under Wisigoths, 459

Women incompetent as prosecutors, 18
admitted as compurgators, 50, 92
not received as witnesses, 122
admitted as witnesses, 228
allowed champions in duel, 152
liable to duel, 153
ordeals for, in Spain, 154
hot-water or iron ordeal for, 292
buried or burned alive in capital cases, 503
buried alive for defeat in duel, 153, 170
burnt for defeat in duel, 173
abuse of, in cold-water ordeal, 417
tortured in Rome for poisoning, 439
pregnant, not subject to torture in Rome, 446
not tortured in Spain, 463, 466
exempt from torture in Germany, 523, 528
tortured in Iceland, 561

Worms exempted from duel, 205
council of, 829, prohibits cold-water ordeal, 322
council of, 868, on ordeal of Eucharist, 348

Wounds, severity of, requisite for duel, 142

Writings tested by fire, 313

_Wunden kampffbaren_, 142

Würtemburg, torture abolished, 581

Wurzburg, council of, 1298, prohibits ordeals, 423

Yahveh-worship, its seat tested by fire, 314

York, Archbishop of, and William of Ely, 70

York, miraculous escape in ordeal, 297

Ypres, selection of compurgators, 48
exempted from duel, 201
torture not used in, 497

Zabolcs, council of, 1092, on fees for ordeals, 416

_Zadruga_, the Slavonic, 16

Zala, Abbey of, its champions, 157

Zanger, Johann, his treatise on torture, 524, 578

Zends, ordeal among, 265, 295
torture not legally used, 431

Zerbst, effective torture in, 579

Zerubabbel, his defeat in fire test, 314

Zoroaster exposed to fire ordeal, 266
converts Gushtasp by the ordeal, 295

Zug, modern use of torture, 588

Zurich, priest of, uses unconsecrated host, 345

FOOTNOTES

[1] Legg. Villæ de Arkes § xxviii. (D’Achery Spicileg. III. 608).

[2] See Pictet, Origines Indo-Européennes (Paris, 1878, T. II. pp. 372-6; T. III. pp. 5-8), for the philological evidence of the development of society from the family in all the Aryan nations.

[3] Vendidad, Farg. IV. 24-35 (Bleeck’s Translation, Hertford, 1864, pp. 30-1).

[4] Manava Dharma Sastra, VIII. 295 sqq. Comp. Maine’s Ancient Law, pp. 260 sqq.

[5] Yajnavalkya, II. 272 (Stenzler’s Translation).

[6] Even among the remnants of the pre-Aryan races of India the same customs are traceable. Early in the present century Lieutenant Shaw described the hill-tribes of Rajmahal, to the north of Bengal, as recognizing the responsibility of the injurer to the injured; compensation was assessed at the pleasure of the complainant, and the kindred of the offender were compelled to contribute to it, exactly as among the barbarians who occupied Europe (Asiatic Researches, Vol. IV.).

[7] Dicæarchi Frag. (Didot, Frag. Hist. Græcor.).—Apollodor. Biblioth. II. vi. 2-3.—Diodor. Siculi IV. 31.—Plut. Quæst. Græc. 46.—Maine’s Ancient Law, p. 127.

[8] Tit. Liv. I. 26; V. 32.—Appiani de Bell. Hannibal. xxviii.—Dion. Halicar. II. 10; XIII. 5.

[9] Esneaux, Hist. de Russie, I. 172 sqq.

[10] Jo. Herburti de Fulstin Statut. Reg. Polon. tit. _Homicid._ (Samoscii, 1597, pp. 200 sqq.). In cases, however, of homicide committed by a _kmetho_, or serf, upon another, a portion of the _wer-gild_ was paid to the magistrate.

[11] See an abstract of Bojisic’s work on the customs of the southern Slavs, in the “Penn Monthly” Magazine, Phi’a, Jan. 1878, pp. 15 sqq.

[12] Gradually, however, a portion of the composition money was attributed, under the name of _fredum_, to the king or the magistrate, as a compensation for readmitting the criminal to the public peace.

[13] Ll. Edwardi C. xii. (Thorpe’s Ancient Laws, I. 467).

[14] Gwentian Code, Bk. II. chap. vii. §8. (Aneurin Owen’s Ancient Laws, etc. of Wales, I. 701.)

[15] Senchus Mor, I. 259 (Hancock’s ed. Dublin, 1865).

[16] Grágás, Sect. IV. cap. cxiv.

[17] Ibid. Sect. VIII. cap. lv.

[18] Jarnsida, Mannhelge, cap. xxix.—Cf. Legg. Gulathingenses, Mannhelgi, cap. xii.

[19] Constit. Eric. Ann. 1269 § vii. (Ludewig, Reliq. MSS. T. XII. p. 204).

[20] Dimetian Code, Bk. II. ch. i. §§ 17-31.—Bk. III. ch. iii. §4.—Anomalous Laws, Bk. IV. ch. iii. § 11.

[21] Dimetian Code, Bk. II. chap. xxiv. § 12.

[22] Roisin, Franchises, etc. de la ville de Lille, pp. 106-7.

[23] Charta Balduini Hannoniens. (Martene, Collect. Ampliss. I. 964.)

[24] Capitul. Lib. IV. cap. 15.

[25] Concil. Tribur. an. 895, can. iv.

[26] Dimetian Code, Bk. II. chap. i. § 32.

[27] Venedotian Code, Bk. III. chap. i. § 21.

[28] The oath may be regarded as the foundation of Roman legal procedure—“Dato jurejurando non aliud quæritur, quam an juratum sit; remissa quæstione an debeatur; quasi satis probatum sit jurejurando”—L. 5, § 2, D. XII. ii. The _jusjurandum necessarium_ could always be administered by the judge in cases of deficient evidence, and the _jusjurandum in jure_ proffered by the plaintiff to the defendant was conclusive: “Manifestæ turpitudinis et confessionis est nolle nec jurare nec jusjurandum referre”—Ibid. l. 38.

[29] Ll. Wisigoth. Lib. II. Tit. ii. c. 5.

[30] Concil. Valentin. ann. 855, c. xi.

[31] Ll. Ripuar. Tit. XII. § 1; ix. 17.—Capit. Ludov. Pii. ann. 819 add. ad L. Salicam, c. 15.—Capitul. L. IV. c. 29.—Ivonis Decr. XVI. 239.

[32] De presbytero vero, si quilibet sacerdos a populo fuerit accusatus, si certi non fuerint testes qui criminis illati approbent veritatem, jusjurandum erit in medio, et illum testem proferat de innocentiæ suæ puritate cui nuda et aperta sunt omnia; sicque maneat in proprio gradu.—Gregor. PP. II. Epist. XIV. ad Bonifacium. Cf. Hincmari Remens. Epist. XXII.